Chapter 2 1990s BC (100-1000BC)

1. In spring, on the tenth day of the first lunar month, the Minshan Mountain (east of Ruoergai County, Sichuan Province) in Shu County (Chengdu City, Sichuan Province) of the Western Han Dynasty (capital Chang’an) collapsed, and earth and rocks poured into the river (Minjiang River, originating from Beimin Mountain, Songpan County, Sichuan Province At the southern foot of the river, it flows south to Yibin City, Sichuan Province, and flows into the Yangtze River), which blocked the riverbed for three days, and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River dried up.Liu Gengsheng (Liu Xiang), the commander of the Zhongba Corps (Lieutenant of Zhongba), was shocked and said: "Once upon a time, during the Zhou Dynasty, Qishan (northeast of Qishan County, Shaanxi Province) collapsed, and the three rivers (Jingshui, Weishui, and Luohe) collapsed. At the same time, it was exhausted (this happened in the first 780 years, when the twelfth king of the Zhou Dynasty, Ji Gongni, was in power), and as a result, Ji Gongni was killed. Qishan was the old base of the Zhou Dynasty. The Western Han Dynasty originally started in Shuhan (Western Chu Overlord Xiang Yu granted Liu Bang the title of King of Han. His capital was Nanzheng, and he owned Hanzhong County, Ba County and Shu County. Refer to 206 BC). Scanning Sheti, Dajiao Erxing, from Sanxing to Chenxing, the government of the Western Han Dynasty may not escape collapse."

2. On February 20th, Emperor Liu Ao (43 years old) of the Western Han Dynasty (the 12th Emperor Cheng) granted Chunyu Chang the title of Marquis of Dingling. 3. In March, Liu Ao went to Yong County (Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province) to offer sacrifices to the Five Color Emperor. 4. In order to show off the strange birds and monsters in the Royal Garden (Shanglin Garden) to foreign dignitaries, Liu Ao ordered West Chang’an City (Youfufeng) to mobilize people to go deep into Nanshan (Nanshan, referring to Qinling, also known as Zhongnanshan). The Tang Dynasty was The place where hermits are concentrated occupies an important position in history), from Baogu (Baohe River Valley, Liuba County, Shaanxi Province) in the west, Xiegu (southwest of Mei County, Shaanxi Province) to Hongnong County (northeast of Lingbao County, Henan Province) in the east ), went south to Hanzhong County (Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province), set up a net to catch wild animals such as bears and leopards, loaded them on sill carts, and transported them to the Bear Shooting Pavilion in Changyang Palace (Zhouzhi County, Shaanxi Province).Build barriers around and put all the animals inside.He ordered foreign warriors to fight with wild beasts with bare hands, and after killing them, they belonged to him.Liu Ao came to watch in person and was very excited.

1. In spring, the first month, Liu Ao (the 12th emperor) of the Western Han Dynasty (capital Chang'an) went to Ganquan (northwest of Chunhua County, Shaanxi Province) to worship the gods. 2. King Zhongshan (capital Lunu) Liu Xing (Liu Ao's younger brother), Dingtao King (capital Dingtao) Liu Xin (son of Liu Ao's younger brother Liu Kang), all went to the capital (capital Chang'an) to congratulate.Liu Xing was only accompanied by the prince's master (fu), while Liu Xin took the three highest officials of Fengguo: Prince's master, Fengguo's prime minister (prime minister), and the commander of the capital Dingtao garrison area (lieutenant).Liu Ao was a little strange, and asked Liu Xin, Liu Xin said: "The central government stipulates that the monarch of the feudal state can be accompanied by officials at the ministerial level (two thousand stones) of the feudal state. And the prince's master, the prime minister of the feudal state, and the commander of the capital's garrison area, They are all minister-level officials, so bring them all.” Liu Ao taught the nephew to recite again, and Liu Xin could not only recite, but also explain clearly.

Another day, Liu Ao asked Liu Xing: "You only take the master with you, what are the legal roots?" Liu Xing couldn't answer.Teach him to recite "Book of Books" ("Shangshu"), but Liu Xing can't go on.The two brothers had a meal together, Liu Ao had already put down his chopsticks, but Liu Xing was still eating slowly.After finally eating enough, when he said goodbye and went down the steps, the garter loosened, and he didn't know it yet.From this, Liu Ao judged that the younger brother did not have the ability to undertake important tasks. He thought that his nephew Liu Xin was capable, and kept praising his ability.

At this time, among the princes, only Liu Xing and Liu Xin were the closest in blood.Liu Xin's grandmother, Empress Dowager Fu (Liu Shi's youngest wife, Fu Zhaoyi, refer to the first three or three years), came to the court with her grandson, and gave precious treasures to the queen Zhao Feiyan and Zhaoyi Zhao Hede, and also to the powerful cavalry general king root.And Zhao Feiyan, Zhao Hede, and Wang Gen, seeing that Liu Ao has no son, are also planning to pave the way for the long-term future.Because of this, he also took advantage of Liu Ao's tone, praised the emperor's nephew Liu Xin for his handsomeness, and suggested that Liu Ao designate him as the legal heir.Liu Ao admired his nephew's intelligence, so he personally presided over the "coronation ceremony" before sending him back to China.This year (nine years ago), Liu Xin was seventeen years old.

3. In March, Liu Ao went to Hedong County (Xia County, Shanxi Province) to worship the God of Houtu. 4. Two meteorites fell in Duguan (northeast of Juancheng County, Shandong Province). 5. Wang Gen recommended Gu Yong, so he recruited Gu Yong to be Minister of Agriculture and Forestry (Da Si Nong).Gu Yong went up and down more than forty times, the content was roughly the same, and he concentrated his efforts on attacking Liu Ao and the beauties in the harem.Gu Yong is a member of Wang's family, and Liu Ao knows him very well, so he doesn't trust him very much.The Minister of Agriculture and Forestry had been in office for more than a year, but he was sick and asked for leave for three months. Liu Ao refused to extend the leave, so he was dismissed.Died a few months later. (The sick leave of senior officials in the Western Han Dynasty is only three months. If the time limit is exceeded, they will be automatically dismissed. Under normal circumstances, the emperor always gives special preferential treatment and allows extensions. The term is called "gifting".)

1. In spring, the first month, Liu Ao (forty-five years old this year), the emperor of the Western Han Dynasty (capital Chang'an) (the twelfth emperor) gave amnesty to the world. 2. Liu Ao knew that there was no hope of having a child, so he summoned the Prime Minister (Prime Minister) Zhai Fangjin, the Supreme Supervisor (Censor Doctor) Kong Guang, the Right General Lian Bao, and the Later General Zhu Bo to the inner palace to consult their opinions: Liu Xing, Liu Xin, who is more suitable to inherit the throne?Zhai Fangjin, Wang Gen, Lian Bao, and Zhu Bo agreed: "King Dingtao (Liu Xin) is the emperor's nephew. "Book of Rites" says: "The sons of brothers are also my sons. As long as you are the heir , is the son.’ Therefore, King Dingtao should be adopted under the name of the emperor.” Only Kong Guang objected, he thought: “According to the etiquette, the choice of heir should be based on the closeness of blood. The Book of Books Pangeng records: The succession of kings in the Shang Dynasty is "brother end brother and brother" - after the elder brother dies, the throne is passed on to the younger brother. The King of Zhongshan (Liu Xing) is the son of the first emperor (Liu Xun) and the emperor's younger brother, and should be established as the heir .”

Liu Ao thought that Liu Xing lacked talent.More importantly, according to the etiquette regulations of the patriarchal system, the tablet after the death of the elder brother cannot enter the temple at the same time as the tablet after the death of the younger brother, so Kong Guang's opinion is rejected. On February 9th, Liu Ao ordered Liu Xin to be crown prince.In order to appease the disappointed Zhongshan King Liu Xing, Feng Shen, Liu Xing's uncle, was granted the title of Marquis of Yixiang, and 30,000 households in the beneficiary of Zhongshan State (the capital Lunu) were added as compensation.Ren Hong, Commander of the Capital Chang'an Garrison (Zhi Jinwu), and Interim Minister of vassal affairs (Shou Dahonglu), were sent to meet Liu Xin in "Jiejie".Liu Xin wrote a letter of resignation and said: "My talent is stupid, so I should not occupy the prince's palace. I would like to temporarily stay in the Dingtao State Hotel in the capital, and go to the palace to say hello sooner or later, and return to Fengguo after His Majesty gives birth to the prince." Liu Xin Ao replied: "Understood."

On February 14, Kong Guang demoted the Minister of Justice (Tingwei) because his comments did not suit the emperor's wishes.He Wu was promoted to be the Supreme Supervisor. 3. Initially, the former emperor (the eleventh emperor of the Yuan Dynasty) Liu Shi (the father of Liu Ao) issued an edict to search for the royal descendants of the Shang Dynasty, and found that the surname of the royal family has been divided into more than ten surnames (such as: surnamed Hua, surnamed Dai, surnamed Huan , surnamed Xiang, and surnamed Le), it is impossible to find out the direct blood relatives of the royal family.Both Kuang Heng and Mei Fu believed that Confucius should be a descendant of Tianyi, the first emperor of the Shang Dynasty (this happened in the 1950s when Liu Xi was in power and Kuang Heng was prime minister. This year, Mei Fu’s old story Rehash).Liu Ao approved and named Kong Ji the Marquis of Yin Shaojia.

In March, Kong Ji and Zhou Chengxiu Hou Ji (name unknown) were promoted to duke together, with fiefs of 100 li each. 4. Liu Ao went to Yong County (Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province) to offer sacrifices to Emperor Five Colors. 5. At the beginning, He Wu served as Minister of Justice, and wrote a letter suggesting: "In modern times, government affairs are complicated and heavy, and the ability of the prime minister is not as good as that of the ancients. But the position of prime minister is also in charge of the affairs of the 'three publics', so the country cannot be governed. Please restore the ancient 'Three Dukes' system." Liu Ao accepted.

In summer, in April, a seal ribbon was issued to Quyang Hou Wanggen, the supreme commander of the national armed forces (Da Sima), the establishment of the supreme command, and the removal of the position of Hussar General. (In the first 119 years, Liu Che established the "Da Sima", which was only the highest honor. In the first 67 years, Liu Bing has resumed the "Da Sima", which is still an empty title, without power and responsibility, without seals and ribbons , and there is no official office. This year, the gold seal and purple ribbon were issued, the headquarters was established, and the authority of the Hussar General was all absorbed, so there is no need for it to exist).He Wudang, the chief inspector, was promoted to Da Sikong (the third of the three lords), granted the title of Marquis of Fan Township, and his salary was exactly the same as that of the prime minister, so that the structure of the "three lords" was complete. 6. In autumn, on August 9th, Liu Xing, king of Zhongshan (filial piety), passed away. 7. In the Hun Khanate Che Yaruo Shan Yu (seventeenth term) died in a convulsion.The younger brother, Tongan Nangzhi Yasi succeeded to the throne, and he was called Wuzhuliu Ruodan Shanyu (eighteenth term).Feng's younger brother, Shuanle, was the virtuous king of the left, and Suodayu was the virtuous king of the right.The government of the Western Han Dynasty sent the royal guard commander (General Zhonglang) Xia Houfan, and the deputy commander (deputy captain) Han Rong to the Xiongnu. Someone suggested to Wang Gen: "In the north of Zhangye County (Zhangye City, Gansu Province), the Huns have a piece of land (North Badain Jilin Desert, Alxa Right Banner, Inner Mongolia), which is wedged into the frontier of the Western Han Dynasty. It produces strange wood, which can be used to make arrow shafts; It also produces the feathers of vulture eagles, which can be used to make flying arrows. If we can acquire this piece of land, it can enrich the people's livelihood in the frontier area. The country has the benefits of expanding its territory, and the general can be famous forever." Wang Gen reported to Liu Ao.Liu Ao considered that if the emperor came forward to ask Shanyu, if the Xiongnu refused, it would not only hurt the emperor's prestige, but also make the Western Han Dynasty lose face in front of the barbarians.So Wang Gen adopted another method, telling Xiahou Fan what Liu Ao meant, and ordered Xiahou Fan to submit it to Shan Yu as a personal opinion. When Xiahoufan arrived in the Huns Khanate, during the talks, he said by the way: "I once inspected that the Huns Khanate had a piece of land, which was wedged into our frontier fortress alone and approached Zhangye County. On the side of the Western Han Dynasty, three commanders (captains) were sent along the border. Garrison (two militia commanders, one stationed at Jianshuijinguan, one stationed in Juyan, and the other stationed in Fanhe in the reclamation area), hundreds of soldiers, the weather is cold and harsh, and the watch task is hard. It is best for Shan Yu to put this The land is presented to the emperor and assigned to the Western Han Dynasty. The Western Han Dynasty can reduce two commanders and hundreds of soldiers to repay the emperor's kindness. And the emperor's return must be even heavier." Zhi Yasi asked: "Is this what the emperor said? Or did you mean it?" Xia Houfan said, "Of course it's what the edict says, but I'm also thinking about Shan Yu." Zhiyasi said, "That place is Wenzhou. I don’t know the geographical situation and property situation of the area under the jurisdiction of the king of 駼 (駼, pronounced tu), wait for me to send someone to investigate.” Shortly after Xiahou Fan and Han Rong returned to China, they went to the Xiongnu Khanate again and formally made a request for land cession.Tongan Nangzhi Yasi said: "Since Huhanye Shanyu (the fourteenth Renji Houzha) came to me, it has been five generations. Your country has never asked for this land. Today, you suddenly asked me for it. , What is the reason? I have already asked King Wenqiu that the tribal chiefs in the western part of the Hun Khanate depended on this land for the manufacture of tents and timber for vehicles. Moreover, it was the land left by their ancestors (referring to Han Xie Shanyu). I dare not lose it." Xia Houfan returned home and was relegated to the prefect (prefect) of Taiyuan County (Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province).Later, Tongan Nangzhi Yasi sent an envoy to Chang'an, and wrote a letter to Liu Ao, reporting the passage of Xiahou Fan's request to cede the land.Liu Ao replied with an imperial edict: "Xiahoufan falsely preached the imperial decree and asked Shanyu to cede land. He should be executed according to law. However, he has been amnesty twice (this year, next year, and the year after). The response to the Western Han government should be in the first five or four years), and now Xiahou Fan is transferred to Jinan County (Zhangqiu City, Shandong Province) to prevent him from contacting the Xiongnu.” 8. In winter, on October 14th, Wang Gen fell ill and was dismissed. 9. Liu Ao believes that since the crown prince Liu Xin inherited the "Da Zong", he can no longer have a father-son affection for his biological father Liu Kang. In November, Liu Ao named Liu Jing, the grandson of Liu Xiao (Liu Bing's son), King of Chu (Xiao) (capital Pengcheng), as the successor of Dingtao King (capital Dingtao).Liu Xin is going to write a letter to thank Ende (after Liu Xin succeeded his uncle Liu Ao, his father Dingtao King Liu Kang’s incense was cut off. Liu Jing succeeded Dingtao King, that is, Liu Kang’s sacrifice continued. So Liu Xin thanked this measure) .Yan Chong, the prince's teacher (Prince's young Fu), thought: "Since you are someone else's heir, you can no longer have the family relationship between father and son, and you should not thank you." But Zhao Xuan, the prince's master, thought: "You should thank him." Liu Xin believed Zhao Xuan's words Liu Ao was very unhappy when he suggested to do it, and issued an imperial edict asking: "Why do you thank me?" The court secretary (Shang Shu) immediately impeached Zhao Xuan.Zhao Xuan was relegated to the Minister of Supply of the Palace (Shaofu), and Shi Dan, the Commander of the Imperial Guard (Guang Luxun), served as the Prince's Master (Prince Taifu). In the beginning, when Liu Xin was a child, her grandmother, Empress Dowager Fu (Fu Zhaoyi), fed her personally.When he was crowned the crown prince, Liu Ao issued an edict: Empress Dowager Fu and Liu Xin's mother Ding Ji should all stay in Dingtao Kingdom and cannot follow to the capital.The grandparents, mother and son couldn't see each other.After a while, the Empress Dowager (Wang Zhengjun) planned to let Empress Dowager Fu and Ding Ji visit Prince Liu Xin's house every ten days.Liu Ao protested and said: "The crown prince (Liu Xin) inherits the great rule, and he should serve His Majesty (Wang Zhengjun), and he should no longer have the affection of grandparents, mothers and children." Wang Zhengjun said: "When Liu Xin was young, Empress Dowager Fu hugged him. Take care of him. Let her go to the Prince's house now, but treating her as a nanny will not hinder anything!" So Empress Dowager Fu was ordered to go to the Prince's house, but Ding Ji was still not allowed to go there even though she was his mother. Bo Yang said: Traditional feudal society relied on the patriarchal system established by the Confucian school to maintain order.The main spirit is: adopting someone else as a son is someone else's son.There can no longer be the feeling of father and son, mother and son for relatives.This is a purely rational decision, which must be done so that the center of power can be stabilized and the incense of ancestor worship can continue.Intellectuals of the Confucian school have worked hard on this aspect and persisted the most. The problem is: "Adopted to be someone else's son, he is someone else's son." It is easy to do, the first feature is the address, originally called "Uncle", began to be called "Papa", and for the relatives, changed to "Papa". "Uncle" and "aunt" clearly indicate the position of family relationship.However, the second characteristic: "There can no longer be a relationship between father and son, mother and son for relatives." It is very difficult to achieve, so we have to resort to brutal and high-pressure methods.However, family affection is constantly suppressed, as long as this juncture is encountered, there will be disturbances in the political arena.Liu He, the ninth emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, secretly worshiped his own father once, which constituted one of the crimes for being deposed (refer to June 74 BC).Now, Liu Xin ran into this knot again.On the surface it seems to have been completely resolved, but it can be seen from the subsequent historical development that the dispute will never stop. We really don't understand why the Confucian school must cut off the absolutely unbroken family relationship?It can be called as one of the four great bores in the world; the other three are: one is the emperor's title (and posthumous name), one is the emperor's year name, and the other is the taboo of the big guy's name. 10. Chun Yuchang, the security commander of the Imperial City (Weiwei) and court attendant (Servant), is deeply trusted by Liu Ao. Liu Ao loves him very much, and his power and dignity are overwhelming.Make friends with princes, marquises, governors with full powers (mu. At this time, there is no "mu" and should be "inspectors"), and county chiefs (guards).The bribes given to him by the outside world and the rewards given to him by the emperor amounted to hundreds of millions, making him completely indulged in sensuality.The deposed Empress Xu's sister, Xu Wei (sound mi), is the wife of Long Luohou (Sihou) Han Bao (son of Han Zeng).After Han Bao's death, Xu Wei was a widow, and Chun Yuchang had an adultery with her, and further adopted her as his concubine (it must not be easy for her to be condescended to be someone else's concubine with her honorable status as a Marquis).Since Empress Xu was deposed (refer to the previous 18 years), she moved to Changding Palace, and asked her sister Xu Yu to bribe Chunyu Chang, not to restore her status as a queen, but to restore her freedom, and she was satisfied to be able to become Jieyu again (this kind of humiliation mood, makes people sad).Chun Yuchang accepted the money, chariots, horses and various clothes and utensils as bribes from Empress Xu, and accumulated more than ten million yuan.Chun Yuchang lied to Empress Xu that he would do his best for her in front of Liu Ao and try to teach her to be the queen of the left.Every time Xu Yu went to stay with his younger sister in Changding Palace, Chunyu Chang wrote to Xu Yu, full of words that teased Queen Xu, insulted and frivolous, and said everything (Chun Yuchang was frivolous, which is understandable. Xu Yu's flesh and blood sisters, but heartless).This situation lasted for several years. At that time, Quyang Hou Wanggen was still in power, and he had been ill for a long time, so he repeatedly offered to resign.Chun Yuchang is also a relative of the emperor (the son of Wang Zhengjun's sister), and he is a senior official at the ministerial level. According to the order, he may succeed Wang Gen.Wang Mang, a court entourage, director of cavalry (Captain Cavalry), and special state official (doctor Guanglu), harbored suspicions about Chun Yuchang and hoped to remove this obstacle in his future. material.Therefore, when serving Wang Genbing, he said: "Chun Yuchang was very happy to know that the general has been ill. He thought that he would take over your position and preside over the government. He even discussed with intellectuals and rich children in advance about appointing officials and titles." Attack Chunyu Chang's privacy.Wang Gen yelled, "Why didn't you tell me this happened?" Wang Mang said, "I don't know what the general means, so I dare not speak up!" Wang Gen said, "Quickly report to the Empress Dowager (Wang Zhengjun)! Wang Mang begged to see his aunt, Wang Zhengjun, and stated in detail that Chunyu Chang was proud and extravagant. He planned to replace Wang Gen, colluded with the deposed Empress Xu in Changding Palace, and accepted her bribes.Wang Zhengjun trembled with anger, and said, "How dare this child be so rude? Go and report to the emperor!" Wang Mang then reported to Liu Ao.Because Chunyuchang was the son of his mother's sister, Liu Ao only ordered Chunyuchang to be dismissed without any other crime, and sent him back to the feudal state (Chunyuchang was granted the title of Marquis of Dingling; Dingling, now northwest of Yancheng County, Henan Province). At the beginning, Hongyang Hou Wangli was unable to assist the government (refer to the previous one or two years), and he suspected that Chun Yuchang had sabotaged it, and hated Chun Yuchang to the bone.Liu Ao fully understands this situation.When Chun Yuchang was sent back to the feudal kingdom, Wang Rong, Wang Li's eldest son (legal heir to the title), asked Chun Yuchang to give him the vehicles and horses of the guard of honor (they would be useless after returning to the feudal kingdom).Chunyu Chang agreed without hesitation, and gave him precious jewels, begging Wang Rong to send it to his father Wang Li.Wang Lisui changed his attitude, and went to the "Personal Envoy Secret Zuo" (Secret Affairs), requesting that Chunyu Chang stay in the capital, saying: "The imperial edict states that it is for the sake of the Empress Dowager, so there is no need to send him back to the feudal kingdom." Liu Ao When Wang Li suddenly pleaded for his enemy Chun Yuchang, he became very suspicious and handed it over to the relevant unit for investigation.Relevant units arrested Wang Rong, and Wang Li panicked and forced Wang Rong to commit suicide.Unexpectedly, Liu Ao became more suspicious, thinking that there must be a greater crime in it.At this time Chunyu Chang was already on the way back to Fengguo.Then Chunyu Chang was arrested, imprisoned in Luoyang Zhao Prison, and severely investigated.Chun Yuchang fully confessed how he teased Empress Xu and promised to make her the left empress.As a result, he was charged with "treason and immorality" and executed in prison.His wife was exiled to Hepu County (northeast of Hepu County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region), and his mother-in-law Wang Ruo (sister of Wang Zhengjun) was sent back to her hometown of Weijun Yuancheng (northeast of Daming County, Hebei Province).Liu Ao sent Kong Guang, Minister of Justice, to Changding Palace "with festivals" to force Empress Xu to commit suicide by taking poison. Prime Minister Zhai Fangjin impeached: "Hongyang Hou Wangli is cunning and dishonest, please arrest and interrogate him." Liu Ao said: "Wang Li is my uncle, I can't bear to teach him to be punished by law, so I sent him back to his feudal country (Hongyang Kingdom, today South of Yexian County, Henan Province).” Zhai Fangjin impeached Wang Li’s later general Zhu Bo and Sun Hong, the governor of Julu County (Pingxiang County, Hebei Province), and they were dismissed.Chen Xian, the former special state official (doctor Guanglu), was expelled back to his hometown together (Zhu Bo is from Duling, Sun Hong is from Chang'an, and Chen Xian is from Xiangxian County).Chen Xian knew that he was in decline and could not rise again, so he died of grief and anger. 11. Prime Minister Zhai Fangjin is more than enough in terms of wisdom and ability to handle affairs. He is also proficient in laws and regulations, has rich administrative experience, and is good at using Confucian classics. He is praised as reasonable.Liu Ao regarded him very highly.Zhai Fangjin is very good at trying to figure out Liu Ao's intentions, so all suggestions and actions are in line with Liu Ao's ideas, and he approves them all.When Chunyu Chang was first employed, only Zhai Fangjin made friends with him attentively, praised him often, and concealed things for him.When Chunyuchang committed the crime of "big treason" and was punished, Liu Ao believed that Zhai Fang was a high-ranking official, so he deliberately kept him out of the lawsuit.But Zhai Fangjin knew it well, felt ashamed, claimed to be sick, and asked to resign.Liu Ao reported back: "Chun Yuchang has used his life to cleanse his evil. Although you have a close relationship with him, isn't it said in ancient books: 'If you make a mistake in the morning, you will correct it in the evening, and the gentleman will praise it.' What are you still suspicious of? Please concentrate Take care of yourself, don’t delay the treatment, and take care of yourself.” Zhai Fangjin just went to work, and in order to draw a clear line, he immediately impeached Chun Yuchang’s close friends, the special mayor of the capital Chang’an (Jing Zhaoyin) Sun Bao, the mayor of West Chang’an (You Fufeng) Xiao Yu, More than 20 senior officials (two thousand stones) above the state supervisor (inspector) will be dismissed from their posts.The garrison commander of Hangu Pass (Xin'an County, Henan Province) (Captain of Hangu) Jianping Hou Duye (grandson of Du Yannian) always despised Zhai Fangjin.Zhai Fangjin impeached Du Ye again: "Accept the letter from Hongyang Hou Wangli, asking him to take care of Chunyu Chang, committing a crime of disrespect." Du Ye was dismissed and sent back to Fengguo (Jianping Kingdom, northwest of Yongcheng County, Henan Province). Liu Ao believed that Wang Mang was the first to expose treachery and was loyal and upright.But Wang Gen was seriously ill, so he also recommended Wang Mang to take over his position. On Bingyin day in November (November Xin Weishuo, there is no Bingyin), Wang Mang was appointed as the chief Sima (the second of the three princes).This year (eight years ago), Wang Mang was thirty-eight years old. Wang Mang was suddenly promoted, and succeeded four uncles (Wang Feng, Wang Yin, Wang Shang, and Wang Gen) to preside over the government. He planned to make his prestige far surpass that of his predecessors.All the taxes paid to him by the people of the feudal country were distributed to talented people.He was very frugal, his mother was ill, and the three princes and the wives of ministerial officials went to the Wang residence to greet him. Wang Mang's wife personally opened the door and greeted him. Her clothes did not reach the ground, and her coat was just long enough to cover her knees.The noble ladies thought she was a servant girl, but when they questioned her, they were all surprised that she was the wife of the supreme commander.Wang Mang's reputation is similar to this. 12. Prime Minister Zhai Fangjin and Da Sikong (the third of the three) He Wu jointly stated: "The great righteousness shown in "Spring and Autumn" is: use noble people to govern lowly people, and not use lowly people to control noble people. People. State supervisors, whose position is lower than junior state officials (600 shi), supervise ministerial officials (2,000 shi). state pastoral), to conform to the ancient system." In December, Liu Ao issued an edict to abolish the supervisory officer and install a full-fledged governor with a salary equal to that of the minister (two thousand shi). 13. The county government of Qianwei County (Yibin City, Sichuan Province) picked up 16 ancient stone chimes (sound qing) by the water, which the central officials thought was auspicious.Liu Gengsheng (Liu Xiang) took the opportunity to speak to Liu Ao: "Universities (Piyong) should be set up at the center, and middle schools and primary schools (Xiangxu) should be set up at the local level, to promote rites and sacred music, to spread the sound of elegant praise, to praise people's humble behavior, and to educate the world. If this can be done, the country is still not good. Governance has never been done before. Some people may say: "We can't rely entirely on etiquette." The main purpose of etiquette is to cultivate talents. If there is any mistake, it is for the sake of etiquette. Mistakes also occur in punishment, and sometimes even cause death or injury. However, the criminal law used today is not the criminal law of the Gaoyao era in the 23rd century BC. The relevant officials please formulate the criminal law and follow the instructions of the king. Increase what should be increased, and reduce what should be reduced, in order to adapt to this era .Only regarding ritual and religious sacred music, but declined, saying: "Don't dare." It is daring to kill people, but not daring to cultivate talents. Just because the sacrificial utensils and musical instruments are not complete, they simply give up. Sacred music) fails and confuses. "Using ritual, religious and sacred music to compare the criminal law, the criminal law is minor. But we just discard the important ones and only grasp the minor ones. The ritual, religious and sacred music is the foundation of governing the country, and the criminal law only plays a supporting role. Now the foundation is abolished, and the supporting role is regarded as the most important. If it is so important, it is impossible to rule the world. Even here in the capital (the capital Chang’an), there are violent and unfilial offspring, even sentenced to death, but they still cannot be eradicated. Belief). The Western Han Dynasty succeeded the weak Zhou Dynasty for thousands of years, and inherited the disadvantages left by the brutal Qin Dynasty. The people were infected with bad habits, greedy and treacherous, and did not understand benevolence and righteousness. They did not understand the truth. Time and effort, but relying solely on the criminal law will not be able to change the hearts of the people." Liu Ao delivered the memorial to the senior official meeting.The prime minister and Da Sikong jointly asked to establish a university in the capital Chang'an, and sent people to the southern suburbs of Chang'an to select a location and lay down wooden stakes.However, it has not started work, so it is considered a strike. At that time, someone suggested: "Confucius is only a commoner, but he has 3,000 disciples. And the students of the Son of Heaven are so few." One thousand people. Refer to the first four or four years.) Therefore, Liu Ao ordered the increase to three thousand people.However, a year later, the original thousand people were restored. Liu Gengsheng was confident that he was trusted by Liu Ao, so he often complained about the grievances suffered by the royal family surnamed Liu.To ridicule Wang's family and high-ranking officials, the words are bitter and sincere.Every time Liu Ao wanted to appoint him as a minister, he could not get the support of senior officials of the Wang family, prime ministers, and supervisors (censors), so he could not be promoted.Stayed in the ranks of state officials (doctors) for more than 30 years before and after, and died in office.Thirteen years after his death, Wang Mang usurped the power of the Western Han Dynasty. (According to the "thirteen years after death", it is speculated that Wang Mang's new dynasty was established in AD 9, so Liu Gengsheng should have died in AD 4.) 1. In spring, the first lunar month, Liu Ao (the 12th emperor) of the Western Han Dynasty (capital Chang'an) went to Ganquan (northwest of Chunhua County, Shaanxi Province) to worship the gods. 2. On February 13th, Prime Minister (Prime Minister) Zhai Fangjin passed away. At that time, Mars was close to Antares (I don't understand how Mars is close to Antares. But the significance of the display is very serious. Astrologers believe that if the astrology is so mutated, the Chinese emperor will have a disaster of death).Li Xun, a counselor of the Prime Minister's Office (Prime Minister's Office of Cao), and a native of Pingling (Xipingling Township, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province), signed a report to Zhai Fangjin, saying: "The celestial phenomena are changing one after another, and they are more clear. God's rebuke is happening every day. It is increasing. How can you escape the more serious fate of killing than being repelled and exiled? There are more than 300 people in the mansion (referring to the number of staff in the prime minister’s mansion), and it is up to you to make a wise decision: only by sacrificing yourself can the danger be diverted." Zhai Fangjin worried, I don't know what to do.It just so happened that the court guard (Lang) Ben Li (Ben, sound fei), who is proficient in astronomy and astrology, insisted that the minister should replace the emperor and be a disaster.Liu Ao then summoned Zhai Fangjin.After Zhai Fang returned to the mansion, he lingered lingeringly and did not act immediately.Liu Ao couldn't bear it, so he issued an edict to reprimand Zhai Fangjin: because he failed to fulfill his auxiliary duties, political chaos, natural disasters and man-made disasters came at the same time, and the people were impoverished.Then, he said coldly: "I planned to dismiss you, but I couldn't bear it. Now I send the Secretary-General of the Palace (Shang Shu Ling) to reward you with ten stones of fine wine (sound dan) and a fat cow. You have to be kind Take care." Zhai Fangjin knew that he could not escape from this disaster, so he committed suicide that day. Liu Ao kept Zhai Fangjin's death a secret.So when I received the news of Zhai Fangjin's death, I deliberately expressed my shock and condolences.The Minister of Dispatch (Jiuqing) will present the ribbon with the seal letter specially issued by the emperor to allow the burial, and reward the chariots and horses and the cemetery. .Liu Ao also personally went to the mourning hall to offer sacrifices to the mourners several times.The etiquette is grand, far exceeding other prime ministers. Sima Guang said: Yan Ying said: "God's will cannot be doubted. Destiny cannot be changed." Fortune and misfortune are predestined, how can they be transferred to others?Once upon a time, Mi Zhen, the thirteenth king of the Chu Kingdom (King Zhao), and Zi Touman, the twenty-eighth king of the Song Dynasty (Jinggong), couldn't bear to transfer the disaster to their ministers, saying: "Transfer the disease of the stomach to the arm. What are the benefits?" ("Zuo Zhuan · Ai Six Years": A red cloud appeared in the sky, shaped like a fire bird, holding the sun and galloping. Mi Zhen sent someone to the Kingdom of Zhou to ask the head of the observatory, who said: " A catastrophe may befall the king, but if you use spells, you can transfer this catastrophe to the prime minister or the supreme commander." Mi Zhen said: "What good is it to transfer the stomach disease to the arm or thigh? "Historical Records Song Weizi's Family": When Zitouman was the king, Mars was close to the heart star, and the astrology official Ziwei suggested: "You can transfer the disaster to the prime minister." Zitouman said: "The prime minister is my limbs. Ziwei said: "It can be transferred to the people." Zitouman said: "The king depends on the people." Ziwei said: "It can be transferred to the crops." Zitouman said: "Once there is famine and the people are in trouble, I will return Whose ruler should I be?" Ziwei sighed and said, "Although God is in the sky, he can hear the faint voice of the lower world. If the ruler speaks three words full of love, the sparks will definitely stay away." Continue to observe, and it is far away from the heart star. Three times.) If the calamity could be diverted, the benevolent king would not have the heart to do it.What's more, it is impossible to transfer.If Zhai Fangjin was not guilty of capital crimes, but killing him to inherit the changes of the day is an insult to God; if Zhai Fang committed a capital crime, but he dared not execute him publicly, but instead gave him a rich funeral, it is an insult to the people.Liu Ao deceived both heaven and man, but he didn't get any benefits because he didn't know the destiny. 3. In March, Liu Ao went to Hedong County (Xia County, Shanxi Province) to worship the God of Houtu. 4. On March 18, Liu Ao died in Weiyang Palace (forty-six years old this year). Liu Ao has always been strong and has no diseases.At this time, Liu Yan, King of Chu (Si) (capital Pengcheng), and Liu Li, King Liang (capital Suiyang), were coming to the capital to have an audience. They would leave tomorrow to return to Fengguo and stay in the White Tiger Hall of Weiyang Palace.Liu Ao was going to appoint Zuo General Kong Guang as chancellor, but the Marquis' seal and edict had already been written.At dusk, it was business as usual.In the early morning, Liu Ao got up, bent over to put on his clothes, shoes and socks, and when he straightened up, his arms suddenly became paralyzed, his clothes fell off, he could not speak, and died shortly after dawn.There was an uproar among folk rumors that Zhaoyi and Zhao Hede should be responsible.The Empress Dowager Wang Zhengjun ordered Wang Mang to form a collegiate court with the Procurator (Censor), the Prime Minister, and the Minister of Justice (Ting Wei) to investigate the cause of Liu Ao's death.Zhao Hede committed suicide. Ban Biao said: My aunt used to serve as Jieyu in the harem (that is, the Ban Jieyu who was almost killed, refer to the previous 18 years), my elders, fathers, sons and brothers, served the bed nets in the palace, and told me repeatedly: "Emperor Cheng (The Twelfth Emperor Liu Ao) was neatly dressed and loved grooming. Whether riding or walking, he didn't look around, didn't shout loudly, and didn't ask about trivial matters ("Don't look inside, don't speak quickly, and don't point fingers personally." "The Analects of Confucius. "Xiangdang" described Kong Qiu's words, and Ban Biao borrowed it to describe Liu Ao). He presided over the court meeting in the Jinluan Palace and didn't talk much. He was as dignified as a god, serious and gentle, completely the appearance of the emperor. He was knowledgeable, penetrating ancient and modern times, Calmly listen to the frank reports of the officials, and all the memorials and speeches have substantial content. It is a peaceful and prosperous age, and the upper and lower are harmonious. However, he is drunk and lustful, Zhao Feiyan sisters disturb the court, and the Wang family controls the government, which makes people sigh. Since Since 32 BC, the family with the surname Wang has controlled the destiny of the country. Later, Emperor Ai (the thirteenth emperor Liu Xin) and Emperor Ping (the fourteenth emperor Liu Jizi) were short-lived, and Wang Mang then usurped the power. Due to the authority of the Wang surname, long established. Bo Yang said: Liu Ao's death, just looking at the official historical data, died unremarkably.However, he may be the first king in Chinese history to die from aphrodisiacs.It's not that he was the first to take the aphrodisiac, just that he was the first to die of an aphrodisiac overdose.Like other kings, Liu Ao was obsessed with beautiful women's breasts all his life.And Zhao Hede is even more beautiful among beauties.However, this is the greatest sorrow of men. A woman's excessive sexual behavior does not affect her continued sexual behavior, but once a man has excessive sexual behavior, his sexual ability will decline.The reason why a man is called a man is reflected in the intensity of his sexual behavior. If a man is ridiculed by a woman or accused of being impotent, it is the most embarrassing humiliation.In order to maintain the dignity and sexual enjoyment of men, some people often turn to aphrodisiacs.However, any aphrodisiac is harmful to the body.There are vivid descriptions of Ximen Qing's death. The death of Liu Ao is just a reprint of "The Death of Ximen Qing", with the same song but the same effect.刘骜到了最后，连走路都有点迟钝，对娇艳欲滴的赵合德，束手无策，必须握着赵合德的玉足，才能勃起。于是，法术师（方士）呈献仙丹，这种仙丹在烈火中烧炼，需要一百天才可以炼成。先用大缸贮满了水，把仙丹放到水中，水立刻沸腾。再换新水，经过十天之后，方才不沸，然后吞食。每次一粒，功效如神，赵合德的芳心大悦，而且不久就认为，如果吃一粒有一倍大悦，吃十粒则将有十倍大悦。最后，一次就教刘骜吞下十粒，御床上颠鸾倒凤，“笑声吃吃不止”。然而到了午夜，刘骜陷于昏迷，好容易挨到天亮，有点苏醒，勉强下床，就在穿裤子袜子的时候，一头栽倒在地，急抬到床上，精液凶猛涌出，不能停止，裤子被子，全被玷污。刹那之间，气绝身亡。 刘骜一死，赵家姐妹势力瓦解，十余年累积下来的怨毒，开始爆发。王政君下令宫廷事务总管（掖庭令）、宰相、司法部长（廷尉），组织合议法庭，审讯赵合德，调查她谋杀皇帝的阴谋。 赵合德现在第一次遇到靠绝世美貌不能克服的困难，哀哭说：“我一向把刘骜看成一个婴儿，玩弄在股掌之上。我所受的宠爱和荣耀，冠于天下。怎能在公堂之上，跟官廷事务总管这一类芝麻小官，争辩床上男女的事？”然后用手捶胸，呼唤丈夫：“你往哪里去了？”自杀身死。 男人真是一种奇怪的动物，似乎天生的是性的奴隶。一个民间幽默故事，可帮助我们加强印象。一个老头娶了一位少妻，终于一病不起，医生警告他：“你骨髓已尽，只剩下脑髓了。”老头大喜说：“脑髓还可供我战上几次？”中国君王们的寿命，大都十分短促，在这上面可找到答案。我们并不嘲笑或轻视刘骜，每个男人都可能犯同一毛病。而事实上每个君王也无不如此，只不过刘骜之死，留下史料而已。但我们可以发现，叔孙通建议的“君尊臣卑”，所产生的中国特有的隔离式的宫廷制度，除了对人民有害外，对君王本身，也灾难无穷。 5、刘骜逝世当日（三月十八日），孔光在刘骜灵堂前，就任宰相，接受侯爵（博山侯）印信及绶带。 6、富平侯张放，得到刘骜逝世消息，怀念悲痛，哭泣过度，也跟着逝世。 荀悦曰： 张放并不是不爱刘骜，但只不过是爱，而并没有忠心。爱而不忠，是仁义的蟊贼。 Bo Yang said: 忠可以不爱，而爱无不忠。忠基于义，爱基于情。张放对刘骜的爱，纯洁笃实，一心倾慕，不羼杂任何渣汁。他可以不死，也没有人要他死。亲情如王政君，没有为儿子死。爱情如赵飞燕，没有为丈夫死。而张放却为友情丧生，不贪图富贵，不贪图荣誉，只是追求至友于地下，这种罗曼蒂克的情操，值得我们尊敬。 我们可以责备张放忠得不得其法，没有想出一条正确的效忠道路，不能责备他是仁义的蟊贼。因为，爱，就是忠，就是仁义的化身。 7、皇太后王政君下诏：恢复首都长安南北郊祭祀天地大典。（古代，天子冬至日在首都南郊“園丘”，祭祀天神。夏至日在首都北郊“方泽”，祭祀地神。前一四年，刘骜撤销南北郊祭。本年恢复。） 8、夏季，四月八日，太子刘欣（本年十九岁），继位皇帝（十三任哀帝），晋谒刘邦（一任帝）祭庙，尊皇太后王政君当太皇太后，皇后赵飞燕当皇太后。大赦天下。 刘欣即位最初几个月，厉行节俭，减少各项费用，收回政权，政事由自己裁决。政府气象，焕然一新，大家认为国家终于建立正常秩序。 9、四月己卯日（四月己亥朔，没有己卯），把刘骜安葬延陵（陕西省咸阳市北四千米）。 10、太皇太后王政君，命刘欣的祖母傅太后、娘亲丁姬，每隔十天，前往未央宫探望孙儿、儿子。 刘欣下诏问宰相、大司空（三公之三），说：“定陶（共）王（首府定陶）刘康的娘亲（傅太后），应该住什么地方？”宰相孔光，早就听说傅太后性格刚强凶暴，工于心计，爱弄权术。当刘欣在襁褓中时，便亲自抚养，直养到长大成人。而刘欣之能坐上皇帝宝座，傅太后又尽了全力（结交皇后赵飞燕等，参考前九年）。孔光深恐傅太后干预政治，不希望皇帝跟这样的祖母早晚接触，于是建议，说：“傅太后应另行兴筑宫殿。”只大司空何武建议，说：“傅太后可以住在北宫。”刘欣接受何武建议。北宫建有“紫房双层大道”，直通未央宫。傅太后遂利用这条双层道，每天都去看她的孙儿，而且还企图当中央的“皇太后”（目前她只是封国的王太后），改变称号，跟王政君一样，亲属也都能封爵掌权，使刘欣无法坚持“大宗”立场。（宗法制度下，封国王太后不能跟中央皇太后匹敌，小宗亲属不能享受大宗亲属的特权。） 高昌侯董宏，迎合祖孙二人的心意，上书说：“秦王国五任王（庄襄王）嬴异人（嬴楚），亲娘本是夏女士，但他被华阳夫人认领当儿子。他即位后，二位都称'太后'（参考前二五〇年），所以，应该尊称定陶共王太后（傅太后）为帝太后。”刘欣把奏章交给主管单位。大司马（三公之二）王莽，左将军、关内侯（准侯爵）兼主管宫廷机要（领尚书事）师丹，联合弹劾，说：“董宏明知道'皇太后'是最尊贵的称号，现在天下一统，却去引用偏处一隅而又灭亡了的秦王国的故事，作为例证，使圣明的西汉王朝陷于错误，不是恰当的建议，大逆不道！”刘欣刚刚坐上宝座，权力还没有稳固，为了表示谦让，遂采纳王莽、师丹的意见，把董宏贬成平民。傅太后大发雷霆，强迫刘欣，非要当中央皇太后不可。刘欣转向太皇太后王政君求情，王政君遂下令尊刘欣的老爹定陶王（共王）刘康为恭皇。 11、五月十九日，刘欣封傅女士当皇后。傅女士，是傅太后堂弟傅晏的女儿。 12、王政君下诏：“《春秋》规定：'儿子尊贵，娘亲也跟着尊贵。'（母因子贵。参考《春秋公羊传·隐元年》）所以，应尊称定陶太后傅太后为'恭皇太后'，丁姬为'恭皇后'，各自设置左右总管（詹事），采邑如同长信宫和中宫。”（王政君住长信宫，赵飞燕住中宫。也就是傅太后比王政君，丁姬比赵飞燕。）追尊傅太后的老爹（名不详）当崇祖侯，丁姬的老爹当褒德侯。封刘欣的舅父丁明当阳安侯，舅父的儿子丁满当平周侯，岳父傅晏当孔乡侯。再封皇太后赵飞燕的老弟宫廷随从（侍中）、特级国务官（光禄大夫）赵钦当新城侯。太皇太后王政君下令王莽辞职回家，把政权交给刘欣的亲戚。王莽遂上书请求辞职，刘欣派宫廷秘书长传达皇帝命令，勉强王莽继续任职。又派宰相孔光、最高监察长（大司空）何武、左将军师丹、皇城保安司令（卫尉）傅喜，向王政君报告：“皇上听到太后的诏令，十分悲痛。大司马（王莽）如果拒绝继续供职，皇上就不敢主持政府。”王政君再命王莽复行视事。 13、刘骜时代，郑国那种淫荡的音乐歌曲（周王朝末期，封国之一的郑国，其音乐歌曲，被视为淫荡），非常盛行，供职在宫廷的名歌手丙彊、景武者流，都成巨富，声誉满天下。皇亲国戚（王姓家族及淳于长等）跟皇帝之间，竞争比赛，看谁的美女歌舞压倒对方。 刘欣当定陶王时，就讨厌这种事，而性格上又不喜欢音乐。于是，到了六月，刘欣下诏：“孔丘岂不是说过：'不要听郑国的音乐，郑国的音乐淫荡。'（上的话）兹撤销音乐署（乐府。前一二〇年，七任帝刘彻设立音乐署），郊祭大典所用的音乐（首都南郊祭天、北郊祭地），跟古代兵法上的军乐（武乐），都记载在儒家学派的经典之中。郑国、卫国以外的音乐，改属于其他单位。”裁减的人员超过原来的一半。然而，人民长久以来，习惯于传统音乐，而政府又没有制定其他高尚的音乐代替。所以，富豪之家跟官吏人民之家，喜爱一如往昔。 14、王莽保荐中垒兵团指挥官（中垒校尉）刘歆（刘更生的儿子。歆，音xin），有才干品德，担任宫廷随从（侍中），稍后升迁到特级国务官（光禄大夫），地位尊贵，又受到宠幸，遂改名刘秀。（从现在开始，以后的一段长达半世纪之久的日子里，一种类似基督教《新约·启示录》的神秘暧昧预言书简，不断出现，称之为“图谶”“谶语”或“符命”。掌权人物相信它的权威，遂支配中国政坛，引起流血、政变、篡夺。只因一部《河图赤伏符》怪书上有句怪话：“刘秀发兵捕不道，四夷云集龙斗野，四七之际火为主。”刘歆遂改名刘秀，企图应验这项恍惚的预言。）刘欣又命刘秀（刘歆）负责审核儒家学派的五经（《书经》《礼经》《春秋》），完成他老爹刘更生未完成的大业（参考前二六年）。刘秀于是综合群书的精华，编成“七略”：《辑略》《六艺略》《诸子略》《诗赋略》《兵书略》《术数略》《方技略》（《辑略》，群书摘要。《六艺略》，儒家学派的六经。《诸子略》，儒家学派之外的其他学派学说。《诗赋略》，包括屈原、荀况、扬雄等著作。《兵书略》，有关权谋、武器、战略、战术。《术数略》，有关天文、历法、占卜、阴阳五行。《方技略》，有关医学、神仙），共六部，包括三十八种著作，五百九十六家言论，共一万三千二百六十九卷。在叙述中国学术思想时，把思想家分为九个学派：一、儒家学派。二、道家学派。三、阴阳家学派。四、法家学派。五、名家学派。六、墨家学派。七、纵横家学派。八、杂家学派。九、农家学派。认为：“当初，王道衰弱，封国国君纷纷独立自主，君王们各有喜爱，九种学派，一时兴起，各自提出主张，坚持他们的理念，互相传播，希望说服各国国君。主张虽然不同，看起来好像水火不能相容，但事实上，却又互相阐扬。'仁'和'义'，'敬'跟'和'，相反而相成。说：'天下人的目的只有一个，可是走向目的地的道路却多得很。天下人的灾难也都相同，可是因应的方法却有一百种。'而今，从每一个学派中，找出它的特点，深入研究它的主旨，发现虽然都有欠缺，但综合它们的意见，大致上不过是儒家学说的支派或末梢下游。他们那些人如果遇到圣明的君王，只要加以修正，都可以成为国家的栋梁之才。孔丘说：'古代的礼仪已经失传，但是可以在荒村僻壤中看到。'现今，距离圣人的时代，已很遥远。当时的道德跟治术，都已消失，无法追寻。而我们所列举的九种学派，岂不胜过荒村僻壤？如果专心研习儒家学派的六艺（诗、乐、射、艺、书、数），再参考九家学派的学说，抛弃短处，采取长处，就可以精通万种方略。” 15、河间（惠）王（首府乐成）刘良，能够继承祖先献王刘德的高尚品德（刘良是刘德的六世孙。刘德以品德谨厚，闻名当时，曾向七任帝刘彻呈献“雅乐”。参考前一三〇年），刘良的娘亲王太后逝世，刘良守丧礼仪，完全依照规定。刘欣下诏褒奖，增加采邑到一万户，作为皇族的榜样。（一个亲王仅只为娘亲穿戴丧服，完全依照规定，竟使皇帝动容，可看出大多数“白马王子”连最重要的孝道，已经不能维持。） 16、最初，董仲舒曾劝说刘彻（七任武帝）：“秦王国采用公孙鞅的变法，废除井田，人民可以自由买卖。终于，富豪的土地一望无际，贫农却穷得连竖立一个锥子的地方都没有。一个县城，有人像君王那样，神圣不可侵犯。一个乡村，有人像爵爷那样，金钱财富，堆积成山。这种情形下，小民怎么能不困苦？井田制度虽然难以实行，但我们也应该尽量恢复：限制人民购买土地的数量，不使它超过太多。阻止富贵之家吞并，取消随时杀害奴隶婢女的特权，减轻赋税，减少差役，使人民得到休息，然后才可以谈到建立国家秩序。”刘欣即位后，师丹重提此事，再作建议：“而今，经过一连几代的太平盛世，富有的官员和小民，家产数目，都有几百万之多，而贫农的穷苦，越发凄惨，请政府限制私有土地的数量。” 刘欣交给高阶层官员会议讨论。宰相孔光、大司空何武奏报：“从封国亲王，到侯爵、公主，土地都应限制最高数额。关内侯（准侯爵）、官吏、人民，最多不能超过三十顷，奴隶婢女不能超过三十人（这段话，含糊不清，《汉书·哀帝纪》：亲王、侯爵可以在他们的封国购买土地。留在首都长安的侯爵跟公主们，可以在首都长安购买土地。准侯爵的关内侯、官员、小吏、人民，都可以购买土地。但一律不可以超过三十顷。亲王、刘姓侯爵的奴隶蜱女数目限定二百人，异姓侯爵跟公主的奴隶婢女数目限定一百人，关内侯、官员、小吏、人民的奴隶婢女限定三十人），奴隶婢女的期限是三年，满期时即应恢复自由。不恢复自由的，政府即行接管。” 这个奏章呈报上去之后，土地跟奴隶婢女的价格，急剧下跌，有权势的皇亲国戚认为对自己不利，乘着刘欣的诏书还没有颁下，从中竭力阻挠，结果不能实行。刘欣仅下诏：“设于齐国（首府临淄）的皇家织造厂（三服官），刺绣绮罗，十分艰难，浪费太多，以及其他有害的织绣等工作，全部停止，不要再向京师运送。撤销'任子令'（西汉王朝部长级以上官员，任职满三年，可以保荐同一个娘亲的兄弟或自己的儿子当宫廷禁卫官或政府中级官员。这种人当官，完全靠血缘关系，而不由于学识品德，一直成为攻击的对象，本年废除），废除'诽镑讥讽法条'。宫中年龄三十岁以下的宫女，一律遣送出宫，使她们婚嫁。判决服役的奴隶婢女，年龄超过五十岁，免除刑罚，恢复平民身份。增加低级官员（三百石以下）的俸禄。” 17、刘欣在未央宫摆设筵席，宫廷内务官（内者令）把傅太后的座位，设在太皇太后王政君的一旁。大司马王莽，在最后一次检查场地时，看到这种安排，责备内务官（内者令）说：“定陶太后（傅太后）不过是封国的臣属，怎么可以跟至尊的太皇太后（王政君）平起平坐！”下令把座位搬到下面。傅太后气得浑身发抖，拒绝参加宴会，把王莽痛恨入骨。王莽只好再度呈请辞职。 秋季，七月一日，刘欣批准王莽辞呈，赏赐他黄金五百斤和四匹马驾的安车，送回侯爵府宅。很多高级官员对王莽这项卫道的壮举，十分赞美。刘欣于是更加恩宠，特别派遣禁宫中级侍从官（中黄门）到王莽家，供给差使。每隔十天，由宫廷送去一桌酒席。为了安抚王姓家族的情绪，刘欣再下诏增加曲阳侯王根、安阳侯王舜、新都侯王莽、宰相孔光、大司空何武等采邑户数，多少不等。再命王莽位置“特进”，担任御前监督官（给事中），每月一日和十五日，到金銮宝殿上朝见，朝见时的礼节，跟三公相同。又下诏把红阳侯王立，征召返回京师（首都长安。去年，王立被遣回封国）。 傅太后的堂弟、右将军傅喜，学问丰富，有品德节守。王莽既被罢黜，政府官员全体认为傅喜将接替王莽的位置。最初，刘欣加封傅太后、丁太后（丁姬）娘家人官爵时，只有傅喜谦虚退让，声称患病在身，不肯接受。傅太后刚刚插手政治，傅喜不断进言规劝。傅太后对这位性格退缩的堂弟，深感不满，不愿他掌握大权。 七月四日，刘欣下诏擢升左将军师丹当大司马，封高乡亭侯（《汉书·师丹传》及《恩泽侯表》，都说封高乐侯），赏赐傅喜黄金一百斤，解除他右将军职务，以特级国务官身份，在家养病。任命宫廷禁卫官司令（光禄勋）淮阳国（首府陈县）人彭宣当右将军。 大司空何武、宫廷秘书长（尚书令）唐林，上书说：“傅喜行为谨慎廉洁，忠心为国，是一位最恰当的辅政大臣，而今因患病之故，忽然被遣返家宅，人民大失所望，一致认为：'傅姓家族的贤能人才，只因为他的见解跟傅太后不合，而被逐出政府。'文武百官，莫不痛惜失去英才。要知道，忠臣是国家的卫士。鲁国的治理衰乱，全看季友是不是掌权（公元前七世纪，鲁国国君姬同，有兄一人：姬庆父，弟二人：姬牙、姬友。姬同逝世，姬牙准备拥戴姬庆父，季友毒死姬牙，立姬同的儿子姬般嗣位。姬庆父杀姬般，立姬般弟姬启，但不久又杀姬启，企图篡夺。季友乃再立姬启的老哥姬申）。楚王国的国际地位，全看成得臣是不是仍在人世（公元前七世纪，楚王国跟晋国在城濮会战，楚军大败。然而晋国国君姬重耳仍愁眉不展，直到楚王国把统帅成得臣诛杀，才转忧为喜）。魏王国全仗恃王子魏无忌，才能维持主权完整（参考前二四七年）。项羽的西楚王国，则由范增一人，决定兴亡（参考前二〇六年、前二〇四年）。百万精锐的雄兵，不如一个贤能的人才，所以秦王国使用千两黄金，挑拨赵王国政府不再信任廉颇（参考前二五四年）。西汉王朝散发万两黄金，使项羽对范增猜忌怀疑（参考前二〇四年）。傅喜能列身政府，是陛下的光辉，也是傅姓家族兴起或退废的契机。”刘欣一向也尊重傅喜，所以，明年（前六年），把傅喜召回。 18、建平侯杜业，上书攻击曲阳侯王根、高阳侯薛宣、安昌权张禹，竭力赞扬朱博。刘欣在小时候就知道王姓家族骄傲蛮描，气焰不可一世，心里一直都不愉快，只因为刚刚登上宝座，不得不表示