Chapter 3 2. Xiao Luan Tears

The "Five Hu and Nineteen Kingdoms Era" lasted 136 years and ended in the 1930s.The north was unified by the Northern Wei Empire, the Jin Empire in the south perished, and the Southern Song Empire prospered. "The era of great division then entered the second half - the "Northern and Southern Dynasties Era". The Northern Dynasties were the Northern Wei Empire, the Northern Qi Empire, and the Northern Zhou Empire; , Nanliang Empire, and Chen Empire. The Northern Dynasty in this century was the Northern Wei Empire, and the Southern Dynasty ended with the Southern Qi Empire. The melee in the "Northern and Southern Dynasties" was more intense and cruel than that in the "Five Hus Era".

1. In spring, on the second day of the first lunar month, the government of the Southern Qi Empire (capital Jiankang) sent Zhennan General Wang Guangzhi as the commander of the Sizhou (the state government set up Yiyang) military region (Suzhou); Tan Zhi was the commander of the Xuzhou (Northern Xuzhou · state government established Zhongli) military region (supervised Xuzhou); the right executive director of the State Council (Shangshu Youpushe) Shen Wenji was the commander of the Yuzhou (state government established Shouyang) military region (supervised Yuzhou); respectively Lead the armed forces of the states to resist the attack of the Northern Wei Empire.

On the third day of the first lunar month, Tuobahong (the seventh Emperor Xiaowen) of the Northern Wei Empire (the capital of Luoyang) issued an edict: "The residents north of the Huaihe River are not allowed to rob and plunder, and those who violate it (north of the Huaihe River) will be beheaded." It has already been the territory of the Northern Wei Dynasty)." On the twenty-fifth day of the first lunar month, Tuobayan, the governor (inspector) of Xuzhou in the Northern Wei Dynasty (the state government was established in Pengcheng), attacked Zhongli. Xiao Huixiu, the governor of Xuzhou in the Southern Qi Dynasty, refused to defend the city.Xiao Huixiu is Xiao Huiming's younger brother (Xiao Huiming, refer to May 22, 474).The supreme commander (general) Liu Chang of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the general of Pingnan Wang Su attacked Yiyang, and Xiao Dan, the governor of Sizhou in the Southern Qi Dynasty, resisted; He was the governor of Yuzhou (the state government set up Xuanhu).Liu Chang's temperament is narrow and impatient, and he treats the officers and soldiers under his command with a harsh and violent attitude. No one dares to say a word that is not pleasant to his ears. Ren Yanggu earnestly dissuades.Liu Chang was furious and wanted to kill someone with a knife, so he ordered Yang Gu to meet the main force of the Southern Qi army's counterattack.Yang Gu's expression is leisurely, his movements are elegant, and he is brave and decisive when resisting the enemy; Liu Chang is greatly surprised by him.

On the twenty-seventh day of the first lunar month, Nanqiu was under martial law, and Chen Xianda, the commander-in-chief of the national armed forces (Taiwei), was appointed as the "envoy" (he can kill the county chief and below), and the commander-in-chief of the Northwest Military Region's crusade army (the commander-in-chief of the northwest military force) , in the area of ​​Xinting (southwest of Jiankang City) and Baixia (north of Jiankang City), deploy defense patrols and strengthen momentum. On the twenty-ninth day of the first lunar month, Tuoba Hong, Emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty, led an army across the Huaihe River and went down.

In February, when Tuoba Hong arrived at Shouyang, the army was said to be 300,000, and the armored cavalry joined each other, and the rear team could not be seen at a glance. On February 5th, Tuoba Hong climbed Bagong Mountain (northeast of Shouyang) and wrote a poem to commemorate it.Encountered heavy rain on the way, Tuoba Hong ordered the umbrella cover to be removed, and the soldiers were exposed to the rain at the same time; when he saw a sick soldier, he personally comforted him. Tuobahong sent people to call the Shouyang defenders, and Xiao Yaochang (Governor of Yuzhou), Fengcheng Duke of the Southern Qi Dynasty, ordered Cui Qingyuan, a military councilor (joining the army), to go out of the city to talk.Cui Qingyuan questioned: Why did the army suddenly press down on the country?Tuobahong said: "Of course there is a reason. Do you want me to be straightforward? Or do you want me to hide the truth and hesitate?" Cui Qingyuan said: "I don't know your purpose, so it doesn't matter to hide and hesitate." Tuobahong said: "Xiao Why did Luan depose the emperor and ascend the throne himself?" Cui Qingyuan said, "It's not just this one time to depose the stupid and violent and establish a wise man, from ancient times to the present, what makes you so puzzled?" Tuoba Hong said: " Where are the descendants of Xiao Daocheng (the first emperor of the Southern Qi Empire) now?" Cui Qingyuan said: "The seven princes committed evil together (the seven princes: Xiao Zilong, Xiao Zimao, Xiao Zijing, Xiao Zizhen, Xiao Zilun, and the third emperor Xiao Zhaoye and the fourth emperor Xiao Zhaowen) , has been punished by the national law just like the rulers of Guan and Cai. The rest of the more than 20 princes, some are important high-ranking officials in the central government, and some are high-ranking officials in the local area." Tuoba Hong said: "If your master (referring to Xiao Luan) has not forgotten his loyalty, why didn't he select the close relatives of the royal family, like Ji Dan (Duke Zhou) who assisted Ji Song (the second king of the Zhou Dynasty, Cheng Wang), but took it himself?" Cui Qingyuan said: "Ji Chan has the character of a second-level sage, so Ji Dan can be his prime minister. Now, among the close relatives of the royal family, no one can compare with Ji Chan, and the current emperor (Xiao Luan) has no choice but to ascend the throne himself. Moreover, Huo Guang once abandoned A close relative of Liu Che (Emperor Wu of the Seventh Emperor of the Western Han Dynasty), Liu Bingji (Emperor Xuan of the Tenth Emperor of the Western Han Dynasty) was selected because Liu Bingji was more capable than others (Huo Guang deposed Liu He and supported Liu Bing, refer to the previous seven June of four years)." Tuoba Hong said: "Why didn't Huo Guang sit on the throne himself?" Cui Qingyuan said: "This is not an appropriate comparison. Our emperor can only be compared to Liu when he is sick, how can he be compared to Huo Guang! If so If Ji Fa (the first King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty) attacked Zi Shouxin (the last Emperor Zhou of the Shang Dynasty), he did not support Zi Qi (Wei Zi), and let himself be an assistant minister. Could it be said that he is greedy for the world?" Tuoba Hongda He laughed and said, "I'm here to Xingshi to inquire about the crime. If it's really as you said, the misunderstanding will disappear completely." Cui Qingyuan said: "'When the situation permits, advance; if you find difficulties, retreat.' It is the force of a sage." Tuobahong said: "Do you think I should adopt peaceful means or non-peaceful means?" Cui Qingyuan said: "Peace will benefit both countries and the people will be happy. Otherwise, the two countries will confront each other and the people will suffer. Is there any possibility of peace? Wait for His Majesty's Sacred Heart." Judgment." Tuoba Hong rewarded Cui Qingyuan with fine wine, dishes, and clothes, and sent him back to the city.

On February 9th, Tuoba Hong abandoned Shouyang and headed east along the Huaihe River. His heart was peaceful, and there was an endless stream of vehicles transporting crops and taxes. On February 17th, Tuoba Hong arrived in Zhongli.Southern Qi Emperor (fifth Ming Emperor) Xiao Luan (forty-four years old this year) sent Cui Huijing, Commander of the Capital's Eastern District Garrison (General Left Guard), and General Pei Shuye, General Ningshuo, to reinforce Zhongli.The Liu Chang and Wang Su corps of the Northern Wei Dynasty claimed 200,000 troops, surrounded by three layers of long walls and ditches, and joined forces to attack Yiyang; thousands of arrows and rocks were fired, and the defenders in the city used shields to protect themselves and resisted; General Wang Guangzhi led an army to reinforce Yiyang, which was more than a hundred miles away from Yiyang. He was afraid of the strength of the Northern Wei army and did not dare to advance; the city was in danger, and the fall was imminent; , Wang Guangzhi assigned all the elite troops under his banner to Xiao Yan.Xiao Yan set off at night, followed the path, and climbed Xianshou Mountain (southwest of Xinyang City, Henan Province) with Xiao Yi, the captain of the right-wing guard of the Crown Prince's uterus (the prince's right rate), a few miles away from Liu Chang and Wang Su's army.Liu Chang and Wang Su's troops were greatly surprised. They could not determine the strength of the enemy, so they did not dare to press.At dawn, the defenders in the city saw reinforcements. Xiao Dan (Governor of Sizhou) sent Secretary-General (Chang Shi) Wang Boyu out of the city to attack Liu Chang and Wang Su's troops. Retreat and retreat.

On February 20th, Xiao Dan and others pursued and defeated Liu Chang and Wang Su's army.Xiao Yi is the younger brother of Xiao Zhan (director of the Central Forbidden Army). At first, because of Yiyang's crisis, Emperor Xiao Luan of Southern Qi ordered Zhang Chong, the commander of the Qingji Military Region (the governor of the two prefectures of Qinghai and Jizhou), to open up a second battlefield, the Eastern Battlefield, and send troops to attack the eastern border of the Northern Wei Dynasty to reduce the number of troops in the West. The pressure on the battlefield (Qingzhou and Jizhou governments set up Yuzhou).Zhang Chong sent the commander (army leader) Sang Zuzu to attack Jianling (Xinyi City, Jiangsu Province), Yima (in the border of Shuyang County, Jiangsu Province), and Houqiu (north of Shuyang County, Jiangsu Province) in the Northern Wei Dynasty; Official Du Senghu attacked Huyan (west of Ganyu County, Jiangsu Province), Feng Shi (now unknown), and Jiqiu (south of Linyi City, Shandong Province) in the Northern Wei Dynasty; all of them were occupied.Wang Hongfan, the governor of Qingzhou and Jizhou, sent his military officer Cui Yan to attack Jicheng (Dishui Village, southwest of Rizhao City, Shandong Province) in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and they also occupied them.

Tuoba Hong, emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty, planned to go south to the Yangtze River. On February 22, Tuoba Hong set off from Zhongli.The prime minister (Situ) and the Duke of Changle (Yuanyi) Feng Dan were ill and could not act with the army.Tuoba Hong bid farewell to him in tears, the army advanced fifty miles, Feng Dan passed away (at the age of twenty-nine), and Tuoba Hong got the news.At that time, Cui Huijing, the garrison commander of the Eastern District of the capital of the Southern Qi Dynasty, and other troops were only a hundred miles away from Tuoba Hong's imperial camp. Tuoba Hong changed into light clothes and led thousands of people, rushed back to Zhongli at night, stroked the corpse, and cried loudly until At dawn, the crying and tears kept going.

On February 23, Tuoba Hong ordered all the troops to cancel the plan to go south to the Yangtze River.Feng Dan was buried in accordance with the previous example of Sima You (the younger brother of Sima Yan, the first emperor of the Jin Dynasty) (refer to 283).Feng Dan and Tuoba Hong were the same age, studied at the same table since they were young, and married Tuoba Hong's younger sister, Princess Le'an. Although he was not educated, he was honest and kind-hearted, so Tuoba Hong loved him very much. On February 28, Tuobahong sent people to the north bank of the Yangtze River to announce Xiao Luan's guilt.

Tuobayan, the governor of Xuzhou in the Northern Wei Dynasty, besieged Zhongli, but was unable to conquer it for a long time, and the soldiers died heavily. On March 9th, Tuoba Hong went to Shaoyang Island (in the Huaihe River in the northeast of Fengyang County, Anhui Province), and built a city on the island; he also built a city on both sides of the Huaihe River, connected the three cities with fences, blocked the Huaihe River, and cut off the Southern Qi reinforcements.Xiao Tanzhi, commander of the garrison in the western area of ​​the Southern Qi capital, sent his military officer Pei Shuye to attack the northern and southern cities and conquer them.Tuoba Hong intends to build a camp in the Huaihe River and send garrisons for a long-term military occupation to appease the newly attached residents.For this opinion, use the edict to ask Gao Lu, the governor of Xiangzhou (the state government is located in Yecheng), and discuss it with him.Gao Lu Shangshu thought: "The Art of War ("Sun Tzu's Art of War") said: 'Our army is ten times larger than the enemy, surround him; five times larger than the enemy, attack him.' Initially, the imperial army went south, and the Japanese It's just to support Cao Hu (refer to December last year), so there are not many troops dispatched. The enemy's land is vast from east to west, and we may not be able to succeed with a small number of troops. What's more, we now have to set up a base in Huainan (south of the Huaihe River) to garrison The army, recruit the new people! Once upon a time, Shizu (the third emperor Tuoba Tao) commanded hundreds of thousands of infantry and cavalry mixed corps with overwhelming power, and went south to Guabu (South Yangtze River Ferry, Liuhe County, Jiangsu Province), all counties and counties , all surrendered, leaving only a small town of Xuyi (Xuyi County, Jiangsu Province), which could not be conquered (refer to December 450). Therefore, when the squadron returned to China, he did not leave troops in a city, nor merged a street into the Territory. Don’t we have enough numbers? Just because the enemy’s big cities have not been leveled (such as Pengcheng and Shouyang), it is impossible to defend the small cities. To stop the flowing water, you must first stop the spring; to eradicate the trees, you must first dig up the tree Root. The source of the spring and the roots of the tree are still there, but we only work hard on the tributaries, branches and leaves, and finally fail. Shouyang, Xuyi, and Huaiyin (Huaiyin City, Jiangsu Province) are the most important strongholds in Huainan. If the three strongholds cannot Conquer a city, but stay in an isolated city. There is absolutely no way to protect it by yourself. The reason is self-evident. The enemy (Southern Qi)'s heavy troops are facing each other, and the long Huai River is blocking the way back. There are too few troops left behind, not enough for self-defense; stay behind There are too many troops, and food transportation will be difficult. After the southern expedition, the defenders are lonely, and the soldiers must be panic. Moreover, the summer is approaching, and the river will rise sharply. Our rescue operations will be very difficult. Qi will attack us with fresh troops The exhausted army defending the city, we use the hard-working army defending the city to resist the vigorous army of Qi. It's old, it's human nature. In the past, during the Battle of Pengcheng (the Fifth North-South War, refer to December 466), we captured an important base and consolidated our defenses. Tens of thousands (refer to October 480): Jiaocheng (west of Huaiyin City, Jiangsu Province) is a small city the size of a palm, isolated to the north of the Huaihe River, only eighteen miles away from Huaiyang. Between Wugu (unknown today) I have been besieged for a year, but I can't conquer it (refer to September 481). Compared with the past and the past, the difficulty now is doubled. The weather is getting hotter and the rain will gradually increase. I hope that your majesty will follow in the footsteps of the ancestors and turn the wheel back , Rotate the flag (the third North-South War, after Tuoba Tao went to the north bank of the Yangtze River, he retreated despite difficulties, refer to the first month of 451), first fully manage the new capital Luoyang, enrich the combat power, and then observe the changes and promote the empire Entity education. If China (Northern Wei Dynasty) can live in harmony, people from afar (Southern Qi Dynasty) will naturally submit to them." Premier of the State Council (Shang Shuling) Lu Xu Shangshu said: "The Yangtze River is vast and mighty waves, it is their (Southern Qi) great line of defense .In the southern land, the fog is thick, the weather is humid and hot, like a steamer. Our army is likeIf the effect is deep, many people must be infected with diseases.And we have just moved the capital, and we are still in the initial stage, everything has to start again, there is no official building for discussing political affairs in each court (province), and there is no place for hearing reports in each ministry (government). Long cloudy rains, long summer scorching sun, the epidemic of plague is unavoidable.Moreover, conscription into the army, transfer to servants, and all at the same time, the most sage king can't control this situation.Now, warriors wearing armor attack bandits and bandits (Southern Qi), old and weak soldiers outside, and engage in civil engineering and build palaces inside, only for transportation costs, and thousands of gold a day.How can you win by driving the exhausted pawns to attack the barbarians (Southern Qi) who are firmly defending the fortified city?His Majesty led the army southward in the winter of last year (494), but he was planning to show off the country's prestige along the Yangtze River and the Han River; now that spring is coming to an end and summer is about to begin, it is reasonable to demobilize the troops.I look forward to returning to Luoyang as soon as possible, so that the roots and trees will be strong, the Sacred Heart will no longer have worries about the future, and the billions of people will no longer be engaged in the labor of building cities and preparing for war.Then, send generals, lead the king's division, and march south. Why worry about them (Nan Qi) refusing to surrender! " Tuoba Hong agreed.

Cui Huijing, commander of the garrison in the Eastern District of the capital of the Southern Qi Dynasty, was stationed outside Zhongli City. He was deeply worried when he found that the Northern Wei Army had strengthened the city defenses in Shaoyangzhou.General Zhang Xintai said: "I'm afraid they will retreat! So building fortifications is just an exaggeration of their strength, hoping to deter us from pursuing them. If you suggest to them: both sides voluntarily cease fighting and return to the army, they will definitely accept it." Cui Huijing Agreed, Zhang Xintai was sent to the city to convey this proposal to the defenders, and Tuoba Hong then ordered the troops to be dispatched. Tuoba Hong crossed the Huaihe River to the north bank, but when the rear troops led by the five generals were about to continue retreating, the Southern Qi army had already occupied the pier of the small island, cutting off the retreat route of the five generals of the Northern Wei army. In the army, he was promoted to General Zhige.The military officer Xianbei (representative) Xi Kangsheng (nature "Daxi") applied for the recruitment; so he tied up a large number of rafts, loaded with firewood, and set fire to them in the wind, until they crashed into the Southern Qi fleet.Xi Kangsheng marched forward through thick smoke and fire, slashing wildly with a knife, and the army assembled by Nan Qi on the small island completely collapsed.Tuobahong immediately awarded Xi Kangsheng Zhige General. Tuoba Hong once ordered former general Yang Bo to lead 3,000 infantry and 500 cavalry as the rear troops.At that time, the river was rising in spring; a large number of reinforcements from the Southern Qi Dynasty were gathered, and the warships were like clouds, filling the river.Yang Bo set up camp on the south bank of the Huaihe River to resist the pursuit of the Southern Qi army. After all the troops of the Northern Wei Dynasty crossed the Huaihe River, only Yang Bo was left alone.The Southern Qi army rushed in from all directions and surrounded Yang Bo's camp. Yang Bo set up a defensive circle and personally fought hand-to-hand, killing and injuring many Southern Qi soldiers. come smaller.Tuobahong, the emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty, looked at the north bank of the Huaihe River himself, but he was helpless because the water of the Huaihe River was too high to send reinforcements.Fortunately, the water was low soon, and Yang Bo led 300 elite cavalry to break through the Southern Qi fleet, shouting: "I'm going to cross the river now, come here if I can fight." Then he led his army across the Huai River to the north.Yang Bo is Yang Chun's elder brother (about Yang Chun, refer to September 490). Since the main force of the Northern Wei Dynasty retreated, there were still 10,000 people left on Shaoyang Island, who did not leave the position in time, so they asked the Southern Qi Dynasty to exchange 500 war horses for a road back north.Cui Huijing planned to cut off their return and launch an attack. Zhang Xintai said: "The army who is eager to go home, don't stop him, even the ancients were afraid of this situation." ") The enemy is already in a mortal situation, and they are bound to die, and should not be ignored. Victory over them is not a prestige. Failure is a waste of all previous efforts. It is better to accept their demands." Cui Huijing agreed.Xiao Tanzhi, the commander of the garrison in the west of the capital, returned to Beijing (capital Jiankang) and reported to Emperor Xiao Luan of the Southern Qi Dynasty: "There are 10,000 dead bandits in Shaoyangzhou, but Cui Huijing and Zhang Xintai let them go and refused to do anything." Therefore. However, Xiao Luan did not reward Cui Huijing and Zhang Xintai. On March 15, Xiao Luan ordered the lifting of martial law. At first, Xiao Luan heard the news that Tuobahong planned to lead his war horses to drink water in the Yangtze River, and he was terrified; he ordered the governor of Guangling County (Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province) and the executive officer of the headquarters of Nanyanzhou (Guangling State Government) (Xingnan) Yanzhou incident) Xiao Yingzhou fortified the walls and cleared the countryside, and moved all the rural residents into the city; people were terrified, and planned to pack up their family property and flee across the Yangtze River.Xiao Yingzhou thought that the Northern Wei army was still far away, so he did not execute it immediately, and the Northern Wei army did not come.Xiao Yingzhou is the nephew of the first emperor Xiao Daocheng (son of Xiao Chifu). Xiao Luan sent Shen Wenji, the right executive director of the State Council, to reinforce Fengcheng Gong Xiao Yaochang and jointly guard Shouyang.After Shen Wenji entered the city, he prohibited the army from attacking, then opened the city gates and defended tightly. The Northern Wei army retreated soon. When the army of the Northern Wei Dynasty went south, Lu Chang, the envoy sent by the Northern Wei government to the Southern Qi Dynasty, and others remained in Jiankang (when the fourth emperor Xiao Zhaowen ascended the throne, the Northern Wei Dynasty sent Lu Chang as a congratulatory envoy, but when he arrived in Jiankang, Xiao Luan had already proclaimed himself emperor).People in Southern Qi hated Lu Chang very much, and gave him steamed beans for cattle and horses. Lu Chang was afraid, so he swallowed them, with tears and sweat running down his face.However, Zhang Sining, his assistant and royal concierge (visiter), refused to give in in terms of words and momentum, and died in the hotel.When Lu Chang returned to the Northern Wei Dynasty, Tuoba Hong scolded him and said: "Man, who is not dead! Why do you treat yourself like a cow and a horse? It is an insult to yourself and the country. Even if you are not ashamed of the ancient Su Wu (Su Wushi, refer to the previous Bayi Year), don’t you feel ashamed of Zhang Sining in modern times!” He deposed Lu Chang as a commoner. 2. On March 19th, Feng Xi, the Grand Master of the Northern Wei Dynasty (one of the Shang Sangongs), Jing Zhaogong (Wugong) died in the old capital of Pingcheng. On March 26, Tuoba Hong, Emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty, went to Xiapi (Beigupi Town, Suining County, Jiangsu Province). In summer, on April 2nd, Tuoba Hong arrived in Pengcheng. On April 3rd, Tuoba Hong held a memorial ceremony for Feng Xi.The Tai Tuo (Second of Shang San Gong) who stayed in Pingcheng, in charge of government secrets (recording official affairs), and Tuoba Pi, the Duke of Pingyang, was unwilling to move south. Together with Premier Lu Rui of the State Council, Shang Shu asked Tuoba Hong to drive back to Pingcheng to preside over the Feng Xi's funeral.Tuobahong said: "Since the beginning of the world, is there such a thing as the son of heaven, who went all the way to the funeral for his uncle! Now, Luoyang has just been rebuilt, how can you talk nonsense and lure the king into injustice! The Premier (Order) and Executive Director ( Officials below the servant) should be handed over to supervisory officials (censors) to be demoted or dismissed." Tuoba Hong issued an edict to welcome the coffins of Feng Xi and his wife, Princess Boling, and go south to be buried in Luoyang. The etiquette completely imitated Sima Fu (King Anping of the Jin Dynasty) precedent (refer to February 272). 3. When Tuoba Hong, emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty, was in Zhongli, the commander-in-chief of the defense of Qiuchi Town (Luogu City, south of Xihe County, Gansu Province) (the general of the town), and Tuobaying, the governor of Liangzhou (Luogu City, the state government), requested to lead the state government Under the jurisdiction of the troops, together with General Pingnan Liu Zao (who sent Liu Zao out in November last year), attacked Hanzhong (Nanzheng · Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province) of the Southern Qi Empire, with Tuoba Hong's permission.Southern Qi Liangzhou (state government Nanzheng) governor (inspector) Xiao Yi sent generals Yin Shaozu, Liang Jiqun, etc., led an army of 20,000 people, guarded the dangerous point, and built five fences to resist.Tuobaying said: "Their commander-in-chief is too young and has no power, so orders cannot be carried out. If I choose elite troops and attack one of their battalions with all my strength, the other four battalions will definitely not rescue them. As long as one battalion is conquered, the fourth battalion will be defeated." Flee all." Leading the army to attack the first battalion in a hurry, and conquered it, the other four battalions really collapsed.Tuoba Ying captured Liang Jiqun alive, killed more than 3,000 people and captured more than 700 people.The army of the Northern Wei Dynasty took advantage of the victory and drove straight in, reaching the city of Nanzheng.Xiao Yi then sent his general Jiang Xiu to counterattack, and Tuobaying responded to the battle, capturing Jiang Xiu's entire army; just as he was about to march, another army sent by Xiao Yi arrived on the battlefield; Fear, want to run away.Tuobaying loosened the reins on purpose, let the horse step forward slowly, with a peaceful expression, then climbed to a high place, looked at the enemy, pointed east and west, as if setting up a formation there: gather all the troops and move forward.Xiao Yi suspected that there was an ambush, hesitated, and gradually retreated; Tuobaying pursued, defeated Xiao Yi's army, and surrounded Nanzheng.Tuobaying strictly forbade the soldiers to rape, burn and kill, and forbidding to plunder violently. The people, regardless of distance, were convinced and scrambled to supply the army with food. Bo Yang said: The Chinese are really pitiful. They are under tyranny forever. Occasionally, when they meet an official who is neither corrupt nor violent, or an army that does not rape or burn, they will be grateful and take the initiative to send wine, meat, food and fodder, no matter you are Han people, Xianbei people, or anyone else, any nationality! Xiao Yi boarded the city and stood firm. Fan Jie, the military officer who led more than 3,000 people, got the news from other places and returned to reinforce Nanzheng.Tuobaying launched a surprise attack and captured Fan Jiexian's 3,000 men.After dozens of days of siege, the people in the city were terrified.Yu Yu, a confidential military counselor (recorder and member of the army), from Xinye County (Xinye County, Henan Province), sealed dozens of empty warehouses and instructed the soldiers: "It's full of corn, which can last for two years. You only need to guard the city." Only then did people feel at ease.Coincidentally, Tuoba Hong ordered the class teacher.Tuobaying ordered the old and weak soldiers to retreat first, and he personally led the elite troops to the rear, and sent someone to bid farewell to Xiao Yi.Xiao Yi thought there was fraud in it and dared not react.After Tuobaying retreated for a day, Xiao Yi still didn't dare to open the city gate.Two days later, the army was sent out to pursue.Tuobaying led his soldiers to dismount to fight, but Xiao Yi's army dared not advance.After following for four days and nights, Xiao Yi's army stopped.Tuobaying entered the Xie Valley (Taibai County, Shaanxi Province), and it was raining heavily. The soldiers cut down bamboo tubes, put rice in them, and roasted them with fire on horseback; they marched and ate without stopping.Before, Xiao Yi sent people to lure the Di tribes in Qiuchi and ordered them to raise troops to cut off Tuobaying's food road and return route.Tuobaying prepared to march, attacked bravely, and advanced while fighting. A stray arrow shot Tuobaying in the cheek, and finally the whole army returned to Qiuchi Town.Then crusade against the rebellious Di tribes and flatten them one by one.Tuobaying is the son of Nan'an Wang Tuobazhen.Xiao Yi is Xiao Yan's older brother (Xiao Yan is one of the "Eight Friends", refer to the first month of 484). When Tuobaying besieged Nanzheng, Emperor Tuobahong of the Northern Wei Dynasty issued an edict ordering Yongzhou (the state government was established in Chang'an), Jingzhou (the state government was established in Anding), and Qizhou (the state government was established in Yongcheng) to mobilize 6,000 soldiers. Reinforce the Nanzheng siege army, and return to the hometown to demobilize after conquering Nanzheng.Li Chongshangshu, a senior consultant (shiling) and the left executive director of the State Council, dissuaded him and said: "Qinchuan (southern Shaanxi Province) has a dangerous terrain and is adjacent to the Qiang or other barbarians. Since the western army was dispatched (referring to Pingnan General Liu Zaojun) ), salaries and food and fodder are constantly delivered. Coupled with the rebellion of the Di tribe or other barbarians, the army is exhausted and exhausted. Even the transportation of food and salaries has to be escorted by armed forces. The army hangs outside the mountains (at the southern foot of the Qinling Mountains). Although they are given special treatment and promised to be demobilized, the morale of the army is still terrified. If Nanzheng cannot conquer it, it will be in vain. If the people are forced to combine with the barbarians, how will things develop? , it is difficult to predict. My suggestion is: Please secretly order the states to wait until Nanzheng is conquered before setting off. If I use my ignorant opinion, I should not even do this. Why? Because the western road is dangerous, one can only Through a single person's path, there is a thousand miles long (referring to Baoxie Valley). The army penetrates into the Jedi outside the border, surrounded by enemies on all sides, and is trapped in a stronghold. When the enemy attacks, our reinforcements cannot arrive quickly. , Our food and fodder are exhausted, and it is impossible to transport them immediately. The ancients said: "Although the whip is long, it cannot hit the horse's belly." For the empire, Nanzheng is the horse's belly. Moreover, our country is vast, and there are nine states in the world. , there are already eight states (this refers to the nine states in "Yugong"). Nine out of ten people have surrendered. The only ones that have not been conquered are the north of the vast sea desert (the Rouran Khanate) and the south of the Yangtze River ( Southern Qi); the day to capture their king is just around the corner, so why not wait, it must be today. It is better to wait until the country is more developed and the food is more abundant, and then they will go to the stage to pay homage to the general and launch a war of destroying the country. Now, Shouyang Zhongli, Zhecheng (Fangcheng County, Henan Province) and Xinye, which are only a few steps away, have not yet surrendered. Since the eastern battlefield is unable to win and defend, how can the western battlefield rely on the expeditionary force? Protect the stronghold. If I must set up a base, I am afraid I will finally give it to the enemy. Secondly, the capital of the Central Plains is close to the territory of the bandits (Southern Qi), and it is necessary to recruit a large number of brave warriors to sweep Jianghui (Guide to the construction of the capital of Qi) Kang), if we rashly send out lone troops now, abandon them to foreign lands, and make them fall, I am afraid that when the army is dispatched in the future, no one will be afraid to stay behind! It will be impossible to make them fight to the death. It is the best policy to garrison Nanzheng." Tuoba Hong agreed. On April 15th, Tuoba Hong went to Xiaopei (Pei County, Jiangsu Province). On April 21st, Tuoba Hong went to Xiaqiu (Yanzhou City, Shandong Province). On April 22, Tuoba Hong went to Lucheng (Qufu City, Shandong Province) to offer sacrifices to Confucius himself. On April 23rd, Tuobahong appointed four members of the Kong family and two members of the Yan family (the descendants of Confucius’s student Yan Hui) to be officials respectively; he selected one of the descendants of Confucius as the eldest son, named Chongshenghou, and was in charge of the Confucian family. Qiu’s sacrificial matter (for the change of the title of the descendants of Confucius, please refer to the note of the first month of 221); and then ordered the Yanzhou government (to set up Xiaqiu) to renovate Kong Qiu’s tomb, re-establish the stone tablet, and inscribe the eulogy on the tablet. On April 30th, Tuoba Hong went to Shuangfeng (southwest of Chiping County, Shandong Province) and ordered Chengyan, the royal protocol executive (Yizhe Pushe), to prepare a boat, intending to enter the Yellow River from Surabaya, go upstream, and return west The capital is Luoyang.Cheng Yan dissuaded him, saying: "The Yellow River is dangerous, and it is not suitable for the lord of the world to sail." Tuoba Hong said: "I think that because Pingcheng has no water transportation, the people are poor. Now, the capital is moved to Luoyang, extending in all directions, and the people Still afraid of the risks on the water. That's why I deliberately took the boat to enlighten the hearts of the people." Chengyang King Tuoba Luan and others attacked Zheyang. The generals refused to obey each other's command and besieged for more than 100 days (since December last year). Everyone planned to stop the attack, but just stood still, hoping to trap the defenders to death.Only General Annan Li Zuo attacked alone, day and night, causing heavy casualties.Emperor Xiao Luan of the Southern Qi Dynasty sent Yuan Lisheng, the right-wing guard of the Crown Prince's uterus, as reinforcements.The generals of the Northern Wei Dynasty found that they were outnumbered and unable to resist, and were about to retreat. Li Zuo challenged alone, led two thousand people to meet them, and was defeated.So Lu Yuan, commander of Xiangyang (Xiangfan City, Hubei Province) vanguard (supervisor of Xiangyang vanguard military forces), led the troops to retreat: Yuan Lisheng pursued and defeated the Northern Wei army.Yuan Lisheng was the cousin of Yuan Rongzu (Yuan Rongzu, refer to the eighth day of the first lunar month in 466).Fang Boyu, the governor of Nanyang County (Nanyang City, Henan Province) in the Southern Qi Dynasty, and others defeated Xue Zhendu, the acting general of the Northern Wei Dynasty in Shahou (South of Nanyang City, Henan Province). (The seventh civil war ends here) Tuoba Luan and others went to Xiaqiu to meet the Northern Wei Emperor Tuobahong. Tuobahong reprimanded him: "You have frustrated and humiliated the prestige of the empire. You should be beheaded for your crime. In order to commemorate the move of the capital, you will be dealt with especially leniently." On May 1st, Tuoba Luan was demoted to one level, changed to the king of Dingxiang County, and 500 households in the fief were reduced; He was exiled to Yingzhou (the state government set up the military city of Zhaodu).Because Xue Zhendu and his cousin Xue Andu had contributed to Xuzhou (refer to October 466), he was allowed to retain his title and the position of governor of Jingzhou (the state government is located in Luyang), and all other part-time jobs exempt.Tuobahong said: "The promotion is enough to show his meritorious deeds, and the demotion is enough to show his crimes." King Guangchuan (King Gang) Tuoba passed away.Tuoba Xie is the son of Tuoba Lue (Tuoba Lue, refer to the first month of 480).Tuobahong said: "In ancient times, the kings had the ritual of mourning for high-ranking and important officials three times ("Hanshu": when the subjects of the wise king died, the king went to mourn in person. When the corpse was put into the coffin, the king cried again Mourning. When the coffin is buried, the king will go to mourn again), the Cao Wei Empire and the Jin Dynasty, when the king or duke passed away, the emperor mourned in the East Hall. Now it is re-regulated: the relationship between the prince and the king, mourning clothes should be worn For one year (term marriage), the king goes to pay homage three times; for nine months (great merit), the king goes to pay homage twice; for five months (minor merit) or three months (mast) The king will go to pay homage once; he will no longer go to the East Hall to mourn. The relationship between King Guangchuan (Tuoba Xie) and me (with my grandfather, the fifth emperor, Tuoba Jun), mourning clothes should be worn for nine months.” In Tuoba Xie When the body was about to enter the coffin (big burial), Tuoba Hong put on a plain "deep clothing" (a kind of loose robe, known as "kimono" after it was spread in Japan) to pay homage. On May 6th, Tuoba Hong went to Huatai (Hua County, Henan Province). On May 8, Tuobahong stayed in Shiji (east of Weihui City, Henan Province). On May 12th, Prince Tuoba Xun went out of Beijing to Pingtao City (Xingyang City, Henan Province) to meet his father. Tuoba Gan (Tuobahong’s younger brother), king of Zhaojun, was corrupt and licentious in Luoyang, the capital, breaking the law and discipline. Li Biao, the Chief Inspector (Lieutenant Yushi), advised him privately: "If your highness can't change, I dare not report to the emperor. "Tuoba Gan was content and didn't care.Li Biao went to impeachment, and Tuoba Hong ordered Tuoba Gan and Beihai King Tuoba Xiang (Tuoba Gan's younger brother) to go to the palace with Prince Tuoba Xun.After the three of them arrived, Tuoba Hong summoned Tuoba Xiang, but deliberately did not summon Tuoba Gan, and secretly sent his left and right attendants to observe his expression, and found that he was neither sad nor remorseful; Hundreds of army sticks, dismissed from official positions, and expelled home. On May 15th, Tuoba Hong returned to Luoyang, the capital, to visit the Royal Ancestral Temple. On May 16, Tuoba Hong cut the salaries of redundant officials to support national defense and military expenses. On May 17th, Tuoba Hong presided over the "Drinking Ceremony" (this is an ancient ceremony before the sixth century BC. After returning to the country, the monarch of the feudal country went to the ancestral temple and drank a toast because of going to war or attending a high-level meeting. For "drinking to the ceremony"), rewards are issued according to the merits of each person. On May 26, Prince Tuoba Xun (thirteen years old this year) held a crowning ceremony at the Royal Ancestral Temple. Tuobahong planned to change the customs and habits of the Xianbei people. He summoned all the civil and military officials in the Jinluan Palace and asked, "Do you want me to be far better than the Shang Dynasty and the Zhou Dynasty? Not as good as that?" Xianyang King Tuobaxi said: "We all hope that His Majesty can surpass the previous generation of sage kings!" Tuoba Hong said: "Then, should we change our way of life? May the politics of sage kings be innovated every day." Tuoba Hong said: "Do you want your wealth to be your own? Or do you want to pass it on to your descendants?" Tuobaxi replied: "I hope it will be passed on to a hundred generations." Tuoba Hong said: "Since this is the case, we must vigorously reform, get rid of the old and innovate, and you must not violate it." Tuoba Xi said: "If the order is issued by the superior, and the subordinates abide by it, who dares to violate it." If it is improper, the words are not smooth; even etiquette and music are impossible to create.' Now I plan to ban the Xianbei language and use Chinese completely. People over the age of thirty, Xianbei language has become a habit, and it may not be easy to change immediately, but Young people under the age of 30 are working in the government. They cannot keep their old accents. If someone deliberately speaks Xianbei, he should be degraded or dismissed from his official position. Everyone should be vigilant. Kings, dukes, ministers and all officials, Do you think it is right?" Everyone replied: "It is indeed according to your Majesty's instructions." Tuoba Hong said: "I discussed this issue with Li Chong, and Li Chong said: 'Everywhere, the people's language is not the same, how do you know? Whose speech is the pure voice? Whatever speech the emperor uses, that speech is the pure speech.' Li Chong said such words, he committed a heinous crime, and should be executed!" Then he looked at Li Chong and said, "You have failed the country, and you should be judged by the censor ( Censor) Take it." Li Chong took off his official hat, lowered his head and admitted that he had made a mistake.Tuobahong also blamed the officials staying in Luoyang: "Yesterday, I passed the street and saw women still wearing collars and small sleeves (Xianbei clothes). Why didn't you carry out my order?"Tuoba Hong said: "If what I said is wrong, you should fight it out according to reason. Why do you obey in front of your face and disobey behind your back?" On June 2, Tuoba Hong issued an edict: "It is not allowed to speak Xianbei dialect in the government, and those who violate it will be removed from office." On June 6th, Tuoba Hong sent his prince Tuoba Xun to Pingcheng to pay homage to the funeral of Grand Master Feng Xi. 六月十六日，拓跋宏下诏，征求散失的书籍：凡是呈献皇家图书馆（秘阁）所没有、但对当世有益书籍的，都优厚赏赐。 主管单位奏称：“广川王（拓跋谐）王妃早已逝世，安葬在代都（故都平城），不知道以谁为主安葬？”拓跋宏说：“鲜卑人南迁洛阳的，都应安葬邙山（洛阳城北）。如果丈夫死在代北（山西省北部）妻子灵柩可运冋代北合葬；如果丈夫死在洛阳，则不准把灵柩运冋代北合葬。其他散布各州的鲜卑人，由他们自己决定。” 六月十九日，拓跋宏下诏：“随政府南迁洛阳的鲜卑人，逝世后就要安葬黄河以南，不可以把灵柩运返北方。”于是，鲜卑人南迁洛阳的，全成为洛阳人。 六月二十日，北魏政府改变度量衡制度，采用长尺、大斗，完全依照《汉书·律历志》规格，重新制定（以一个中等黍米的长度为标准，一米为一分，十米为一寸，一百米为一尺，一千米为一丈。同样，以一个中等黍米的体积为标准，两千四百粒为一禽，两万四千粒为一升，二十四万粒为一斗）。 4、南齐帝萧鸾当初罢黜三任帝萧昭业时（参考去年七月），承诺萧谌当京畿总卫戍司令（扬州刺史）。然而，萧鸾登基后，却命萧谌当中央禁军总监（领军将军）兼南徐州（州政府设京口）州长。萧谌老羞成怒，说：“煮熟了的饭，连锅端给别人。”萧谌仗恃他的功劳，对中央政府的行政措施常常干涉，凡他所推荐的人选，就命国务院（尚书）想办法任用。萧鸾得到报告，顿起疑惧。可是，萧诞、萧诔正在前方率军跟北魏帝国作战，只好隐忍心头，没有发作。而现在南北大战结束，决定下手。 六月萧鸾游逛华林园，设下酒筵，款待萧谌和国务院总理王晏等数人，谈笑风生，尽情欢乐。散席之后，萧鸾挽留萧谌稍微多坐会。最后，萧谌告辞，走到华林阁，武装卫士一拥而上，把萧谌逮捕，押冋国务院。萧鸾派左右侍从官莫智明当面列举萧谌的罪状，说：“去年政变，没有你的支持，我不可能有今天。可是你一门之中，有两个州长；兄弟之间，有三人封爵（萧谌当南徐州州长、老哥萧诞当司州州长。萧谌封衡阳郡公、萧诔封西昌侯、萧诞封安复侯）。政府对你的回报，也只能到这种程度。可是，你却一直怨恨现状，盼望政局变化，甚至说：煮熟了的饭，却连锅都送给别人。今天，不得不杀。”遂斩萧谌（距萧谌杀萧昭业，整整一年），并斩萧湛的老弟萧诔。任命监督院宫廷监督官（黄门郎）萧衍当司州州政府总务官（别驾），逮捕萧诞，斩首。萧谌喜爱巫术和命相学，吴兴郡（浙江省湖州市）人沈文猷常对他说：“你的相貌，不亚于高帝（一任帝萧道成）。”萧谌既死，沈文猷也被斩首。萧湛死的当天（六月二十五日），萧鸾诛杀西阳王萧子明（年十七岁）、南海王萧子罕（年十七岁）、邵陵王萧子贞（年十五岁。都是二任帝萧赜子）。 六月二十八日，任命首都西区卫戍司令萧坦之当中央禁军总监。 5、北魏帝国相州州长高闾上疏，说：“邺城密皇后（杜女士，三任帝拓跋焘的娘亲，参考四二三年十二月）的祭庙，墙倒屋塌，请求整修。如果说密皇后的牌位已送到皇家祖庙配享香火，则应拆除。”拓跋宏下诏拆除。 仇池镇防卫总司令官拓跋英进攻南齐汉中郡时，沮水氐（陕西省略阳县东境氐部落）酋长杨馥之效忠南齐，攻击武兴王杨集始（时在武兴），大破杨集始军。 秋季，七月二十四日，南齐政府任命杨馥之当北秦州州长（空头官衔），封仇池公。 八月九日，北魏政府挑选英勇武士十五万人，担任羽林禁卫军、虎贲禁卫军，负责皇帝及宫廷、京师警卫工作。 金墉宫（洛阳城西北角）落成，在首都洛阳设国立大学（国子学）、太学、国立专科学校（四门小学）。 北魏帝拓跋宏游览华林园，参观已经颓废了的景阳山（曹魏帝国二任帝曹叡所建，参考二三七年十月），禁宫咨询官郭祚说：“仁爱的人喜爱山，智慧的人喜爱水（孔丘语），应该修复。”拓跋宏说：“曹叡过度奢侈，在前代已立下坏的榜样，我怎么能步其后尘呢？”拓跋宏喜爱读书，手不释卷，无论车上、马上，都不忘跟左右谈论道理。他能写出很好的文章，很多时候，在马上口授，由别人笔记，写成之后，用不着更改一个字。自四八六年以后，所有诏书及指令，拓跋宏都亲自书写。他喜爱贤才，乐意去做善事，迫切之情，好像饥渴之追求饮食。所接触的一些高官贵爵，常有民间那种平等相待的朴实心意，像李冲、李彪、高闾、王肃、郭祚、宋弁、刘芳、崔光、邢峦之辈，都以文学造诣、神态高雅受到亲近，全居高位，掌握权柄。创制礼仪音乐，成绩可观，有太平治世的规范。 诉讼监察官（治书侍御史）薛聪，是薛辩的曾孙（薛辨事，参考四一九年三月）。执法如山，弹劾纠举，不闪避强梁权势；拓跋宏有时打算宽恕或赦免的，薛聪总是据理力争，拓跋宏每每说：“我看到薛聪，不能不畏惧，何况别人！”自此，不法的权贵分子，大为收敛。薛聪累积功劳年资，升迁到直阁将军，兼禁宫咨询官（兼给事黄门侍郎）、散骑侍从官（散骑常侍）。拓跋宏外表上因薛聪有德行、能力，才擢升他的官职。实际上内心早把他当做心腹，皇家亲军卫士，全部交付薛聪管辖统御。所以终拓跋宏一生，薛聪官衔一直是直阁将军。金銮宝殿朝见之后，文武百官出宫，薛聪总留在后宫陪伴拓跋宏，谈论起来，夜以继日。对于施政的得失，薛聪动不动就提出规劝，拓跋宏多数都会应允。但薛聪沉默寡言，守口如瓶，外界不知道他心里到底在想什么。拓跋宏打算擢升他的官位，薛聪都苦苦辞让，不肯接受。拓跋宏也很体念他的心意，对他说：“上天给你的爵位己经很高，人间给你的爵位，无法使你感到荣耀！”（上天爵位，指仁义忠信。人间爵位，指荣华富贵。） 九月四日，仍留在故都平城的所有六宫眷属（皇后以及小老婆群）以及文武百官，全部抵达新都洛阳。 九月二十日，拓跋宏前往邺城，好几次去相州州长高闾的官舍，赞美他治理的成绩，赏赐十分厚重。高闾不断请求当他本州（高闾是幽州渔阳郡雍奴县人）州长。拓跋宏下诏，说：“高闾已到'悬车'的年龄（高闾年龄不详。薛广德退休悬车事。参考前四三年九月），又要求衣锦还乡（项羽说：“富贵不归故乡，好像穿着锦绣漂亮衣裳，却在黑夜里走路。”参考前二〇六年十二月）。只知道前进，不知道后退，欠缺谦让的美德，应降级为平北将军。但高闾仍是政府元老，所以我仍成全他的心愿，调任他当幽州（州政府设蓟城）州长，使贬降和保全都能兼顾，私恩和国法同时并行。”任命高阳王拓跋雍当相州州长，警告他说：“当地方政府首长，说困难固然困难，说容易也很容易。'立身行事公正，用不着下令，人民就会服从。'所以很容易。'立身行事不公正，就是三番五次下令，人民也不服从。'所以很难。” 6、九月二十三日，南齐政府改封南平王萧宝攸当邵陵王、蜀郡王萧子文当西阳王、广汉王萧子峻当衡阳王、临海王萧昭秀当巴陵王、永嘉王萧昭粲当桂阳王（以上除萧宝攸是现任帝萧寘之子外，其他各人都是一任帝萧道成、二任帝萧赜的子孙）。 7、九月二十九日，北魏帝拓跋宏从邺城启程返京。 冬季，十月二十一日，拓跋宏抵达洛阳。 十月二十七日，拓跋宏下诏：“各州应对所属官员作精密考核，指出他的优劣，分为三等呈报。”又下诏：“徐州（江苏省北部）、兖州（山东省西部）、光州（山东半岛东部）、南青州（山东省南部）、荆州（陕西省东南部）、洛州（河南省中南部）等六州，进入紧急状态，大军准备随时出动。”（拓跋宏命六州动员，仍有南征之意。） 8、十一月二日，南齐帝萧鸾下诏拆除文惠太子萧长懋（三任帝萧昭业的老爹）的东田别墅（参考前年正月）及兴光楼（萧长懋所建）。 十一月十四日，萧鸾给皇太子萧宝卷娶妻禇令璩当太子妃。amnesty.褚令璩，是褚澄的女儿（褚澄事，参考四七四年五月）。 9、十一月五日，北魏帝拓跋宏前往委粟山（洛阳城东南），勘查建筑祭祀天神用的圆坛。 十一月十四日，拓跋宏召集儒家学派高级知识分子，讨论祭天礼仪。皇家图书馆主任（秘书令）李彪建议：“从前，鲁国将要祭祀上帝时，一定先到学校预演；并请在祭祀的前一天，到皇家祖庙禀告。”拓跋宏同意。 十一月十九日，拓跋宏在圆坛祭祀天神。amnesty. 十二月一日，拓跋宏在光极堂召见文武百官，宣布九品等级的文官制度，作为改革官制等级的开始（从此开始，官称译名，也跟着改变。最显著的是趁此使门下省、集书省各官现身）。宫廷膳食部长（光禄勋·旧译“资政部长”，如今职掌有变，一并更改）于烈的儿子于登，依照法令条例，要求升官。于烈上疏说：“现在正逢圣明君王在位，臣属部下，理应谦让。而我的儿子于登，却援用别人的前例，要求升官，是我平常缺少教训之故，请陛下把我免职。”拓跋宏说：“这是有见识的人说的话，想不到于烈竟能做到。”于是召见于登，对他说：“我将推广教育文化到普天之下，因你老爹有谦让的美德、正直的风范，所以擢升你当太子宫翊军指挥官（太子翊军校尉）。”又加授于烈顾问院总顾问长（散骑常侍·旧译“散骑侍从官”），封聊城县子。 拓跋宏对文武官员说：“国家多少年来，有一件事最使人叹息的，那就是：没有人肯公开批评政府的过失。君王最怕不能接受规劝，臣属最怕不能忠心直言。从此之后，我用一个人，如果不恰当，你们就要坦白地指出他的缺点，如果有才能，而我没有发现，你们也应该推荐。这样的话，推荐有才能的人有赏，对不恰当的人而不批评的有罪，你们应该知道。” 10、十二月三日，南齐帝萧鸾下诏：整修晋帝国各皇帝的坟墓，特别增设若干守墓卫士。 11、十二月三十日，北魏帝拓跋宏在光极堂召见文武官员，赏赐给他们汉人的冠帽、衣服（要他们放弃鲜卑装）。 从前，北魏人从来没有用钱作为交易媒介，拓跋宏开始下令铸“太和五铢钱”（太和是拓跋宏使用的年号之一）。本年，冶炼设备初步完成。拓跋宏下诏：以后无论政府与民间都要用钱。 拓跋宏任命光城蛮（河南省光山县境蛮夷）酋长田益光当南司州州长，辖区里的郡长、县长，统由田益光选派。后来更在新蔡郡（河南省新蔡县）境内设立东豫州，命田益光当东豫州（州政府设新息）州长。 12、“氐王”（首府武兴）杨炅逝世。 1、春季，正月三日，南齐政府（首都建康）任命“氐王”（首府武兴）杨炅的儿子杨崇祖当沙州（州政府设景谷）州长（刺史），封阴平王。 2、北魏帝国（首都洛阳）皇帝（七任孝文帝）拓跋宏（本年三十岁）下诏，说：“鲜卑人（北人）把大地称为'拓'，把君王称为'跋'。我的祖先，原是黄帝姬轩辕（黄帝王朝一任帝）的后裔，我们的保护神是大地之神（土德王），所以姓拓跋（一任帝拓跋珪称帝时，追认姬轩辕为始祖，以及选择“土德”，参考三九八年十二月）。土，是万种颜色中最纯正的颜色——黄色，更是万物的元始，所以皇家“拓跋”，应该改姓“元”。功臣元老，从代都（故都平城·山西省大同市）南迁，凡是复音节的姓，一律改成单音节的姓。”于是，拔拔改姓长孙、达奚改姓奚、乙旃改姓叔孙、丘穆陵改姓穆、步六孤改姓陆、贺赖改姓贺、独孤改姓刘、贺楼改姓楼、勿忸于改姓于、尉迟改姓尉。其他所改的姓，多到难以记载（在此之前，所载北魏帝国若干重要人物，如长孙嵩、奚斤、叔孙建、穆崇、于栗磾等，都用他们后来所改的姓）。 元宏非常重视门第家世（自此开始，皇家正式姓“元”），因范阳郡（河北省涿州市）卢敏、清河郡（山东省临清市）崔宗伯、荥阳郡（河南省荥阳市）郑羲、太原郡（山西省大原市）王琼四大家族受到当世知识分子的推崇，元宏特别遴选四大家族的女儿到后宫，当自己的小老婆。陇西郡（甘肃省陇西县）人李冲，因才能见识卓越，深受元宏的信任，在政府中的地位至为尊贵重要；所有姻亲，都知名于世，元宏也娶李冲的女儿当小老婆——第三级“夫人”。元宏下诏，命监督院宫廷监督官（黄门郎·旧译“禁宫咨询官”）、宰相府左秘书长（司徒左长史）宋弁评定各州所有重要家族的门第家世，有很多家族地位擢升，也有很多家族地位贬降。元宏再下诏：“鲜卑人（代人）从前根本没有姓，也从不讲究家世，虽然是功臣或贤才的后裔，却跟贫寒卑贱小民的后裔丝毫没有分别。以致三公、部长级官员，他的直系或旁系血亲（功衰之亲）仍然是一个低阶层的小职员。现在规定：穆、陆、贺、刘、楼、于、嵇（可能是“奚”之误）、尉等八姓，自太祖（一任帝拓跋珪）以来，凡功勋显著，官位也高到极限——王爵、公爵，声名辉煌，天下景仰的，应把他们的名册，分别送交京畿总卫戍司令部（司州）、国务院文官部（吏部），后代子孙，不准担任地位低微的小官，跟'四姓'家族（卢、崔、郑、王），一同待遇。除此之外（除十二姓之外），应该列入高贵门第、高贵世家的，由政府另行订定办法。有人从前是部落酋长，而自四世纪九〇年代以来（一任帝拓跋珪称帝以来），三代做官，官位在御前监督官（给事中）以上，又被封王爵、公爵的，应该作为'国姓'。如果本来并不是部落酋长，但是自四世纪九〇年代以来，三代做官，官位在国务院执行官（尚书）以上，又被封王爵、公爵的，也可以作为'国姓'。但是，他虽然是部落酋长后裔，可是所担任的官职却不够显赫，则只能称为'贵族'；如果他并不是部落酋长后裔，即令官位非常显赫，也只能仍称为'贵族'。有关这种'国姓'和'贵族'的区别，都要谨慎考查，不允许伪造假冒。我特别指定最高监察长（司空）穆亮、国务院执行官陆琇等详细审定，务必公平。”陆琇，是陆馛的儿子（陆馛，参考四七一年八月）。 北魏帝国旧有制度：亲王的王妃和小老婆都来自八大家族（即自平城南迁的“八姓”）和品德清高的世家；可是咸阳王元禧却娶了一个奴隶户的女儿当王妃；北魏帝元宏大为震惊，严加斥责。遂下诏，一口气为他的六个老弟强行改娶六位王妃。诏书上说：“各亲王在此之前