Chapter 2 2. Market songs
The one who is most familiar with urban life is Liu Yong.
Unlike Zhang Xian, Yan Shu and Ouyang Xiu, Liu Yong was not satisfied in his life.He had participated in the imperial examination five times, but failed four times.The reason, according to unreliable unofficial history, is that the emperor who advocated Confucian orthodoxy was dissatisfied with his creation of profligate sounds for singing girls, and Song Renzong even criticized the words "let's fill in the lyrics".So Liu Yong wrote a song "The Crane Soaring to the Sky" after he failed the ranking, claiming that "a gifted poet is naturally a gentleman in white clothes", and threatened to "bear the false name and sing in a low voice".
The emperor was even more unhappy, so he simply blocked it to show his success.
Frustrated in the officialdom, then go to the love field.Therefore, Liu Yong, who claims to "write lyrics according to the order", is like Du Mu, a poet of the Tang Dynasty who "dreams of Yangzhou once every ten years". With tears in his eyes, he was speechless.Where to wake up tonight, the willow bank, the wind and the moon.
There is also this song "Butterfly Love Flower" that is very popular:
This is how the famous saying through the ages came about.
I really don't know if it's unfortunate or lucky.
But anyway, Liu Yong became the favorite of the singers.Because whether a singer is popular or not depends not only on her color skills, but also on whether she can become the first singer of the latest popular song.Therefore, the singers can't wait to keep Liu Yong.It is said that even the funeral expenses of the husband after his death were funded by them.
Liu Yong also lived up to the high hopes of the singers.He is not as prudish as other people who also wrote "erotic words", but according to market demand, he uses a lot of folk slang to write lyrics for popular songs.For example: Needlework and thread, sit with Iraq.Or: without that, once the hatred is gone, there will be no music and books!
Such clear words, of course, are not tolerated by self-proclaimed noble scholars.In the first year of Song Renzong Jingyou (1034), Enke and Liu Yong were promoted to the rank of Jinshi, but the Ministry of officials did not grant officials.When Liu Yong complained to the government, Prime Minister Yan Shu asked: This talented man wrote ditties, right?
Liu Yong replied: Just like Mr. Xiang, you also write lyrics.
Yan Shu said: There is no "sit with needle and thread with Iraq" in the old man's lyrics.
This is prejudice, of course Liu Yong will not accept it.What's more, Liu Yong is not incapable of elegance.It is said that the "Three Autumn Osmanthus, Ten Miles Lotus" that attracted the idea of throwing a whip across the river suddenly came from his pen.
Liu Yong is capable of both the vulgar and the elegant, and appreciates both the refined and the vulgar.
What is the result?
Where there is well water, there are people singing Liu Yong's songs.
The so-called "place with well water" is the market.Because in the settlement era without a dedicated commercial area, goods were often bought and sold next to public wells.Later, the settlement developed into a city, with streets and shops, and the well still existed, and even became the city center.That's right, there will always be people at the well, and there will be business and business opportunities for those people.
The name of the market comes from this.
There was such a well in Kaifeng, the capital of Song Dynasty.It is located on the west side of the intersection not far from the city. To the east of the well is a vendor selling Buddhist utensils with parasols, and to the west of the well is a clinic and a large pharmacy.The shed on the south side of the opposite road may be a tea stand for gossiping, or a bookstore for listening to stories. The south side of the tea stand or bookstore may be a pawn shop.Diagonally opposite the well is a large-scale business hotel called "Jiuzhu Wangyuanwaijia".
This is a typical marketplace.
What tells us all this is "Along the River During the Qingming Festival".It is the work of Zhang Zeduan, a painter of the Northern Song Dynasty, and it is now in the Palace Museum in Beijing.The meaning of Qingming may be Qingming Festival, Qingmingfang (a place name in Kaifeng) or the prosperity of Qingming; Shanghe may mean "river of the emperor" or "go upstream".
Even this dichotomous explanation, however, has been disputed.They believe that the picture is not Bianhe, nor Kaifeng, but a satellite city.Others believe that this painting is not a realistic work by Zhang Zeduan during the reign of Huizong in the Northern Song Dynasty, but a recollection of Kaifeng (Bianliang) by one or some painters in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Therefore, this painting became a mystery.
However, it should be no problem to say that it is an urban genre painting of the Northern Song Dynasty.
It is also not a problem that Liu Yong is probably very familiar with all this.Because he not only stayed in Kaifeng for a long time, but also lived in Hangzhou, Suzhou, Yangzhou, and Chengdu, all of which are places where people are feasting, feasting, green, and luxurious;He should be very clear about what city life is.
What can testify is his "Jintangchun".
This is a bit like the libretto of "Erren Zhuan", in which a female artist should play the infatuated young woman who is broken in love.She believed that "a woman is the face of someone who pleases herself", and she had been "combed in a bun, lazy to paint" by her lover who had never heard from her; Hairy.
But how?After succeeding, he broke the appointment again and again.
Thus, a plan to deal with that guy was formed in her mind: next time he comes again, don't open the door.Even if you let him in, you won't go to bed.Until the night was getting deeper and the itching was unbearable, then he would rebuke carefully and repair it slowly, and he would definitely make him bow his head, confess his guilt and change his past.This is very enjoyable just thinking about it.
It is also not difficult to imagine that the performance site must be full of applause.
Undoubtedly, such stories and emotions only belong to ordinary people, and such people can be found everywhere in "Along the River During the Qingming Festival".Among other things, there are quite a few idlers waiting on Hongqiao just to watch the excitement.The silk merchants and tourists who came to Beijing from the Bian River on a large passenger ship should also be enthusiastic audiences of such performances, just like people who come to New York and Paris to go to Broadway and see the Moulin Rouge.
The entertainment venue in the Song Dynasty was called Goulan Washe.Goulan is also called Goulan, and its original meaning is tortuous railing. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, it refers to the performance shed in the tile house, which is equivalent to a theater.Washe is also called Wazi, Washi, and Wasi, which means Wahe when you come, disintegrate when you go, easy to get together and easy to disperse, and play on every occasion, so it is used to refer to performing arts places for citizens' entertainment.It is inevitable that there will be pornographic or erotic content in the performance, but Goulan Washe became synonymous with brothel, and the next step was to change from Wazi to kiln after the Ming Dynasty.
There are quite a few Goulan tile houses in Kaifeng, which is what Meng Yuanlao's "Tokyo Menghualu" tells us.Like "A Picture of Shanghe During the Qingming Festival", this book records the actual situation of Kaifeng during the eighth emperor Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty.It is said that at that time there were more than 50 fences in the area of the east corner building alone, and one of the largest tiled houses, the "Elephant Shed", accommodated thousands of people.
One of the juggling is sumo, also called poking.Judging from the Song paintings, Tanbo is very similar to Japanese sumo wrestling, except that the players are not so fat.In addition, there were also female sumo athletes in the Song Dynasty, who once entered the palace to perform.There is also a shop and market in Washeri, Kaifeng, called He Lou, which is a shop and market specializing in selling counterfeit goods.
It is not surprising that Liu Yongci is very popular.
However, the significance is extraordinary.
We know that there was no concept of "citizen" in China.Even if there is, it is different from Western citizens (Citizen) or ancient Greek citizens (Polites).The citizens of ancient Greece were people in the city-state (Polis), and the citizens of the West were people in the city (City), but the citizens of ancient China were not so simple.Their more common title in history is not even "citizens", but "city people".
People in the city are businessmen, because both commercial places (markets) and commercial activities (buying and selling) are called "markets".It's just that, according to the division of labor of "trading merchants and merchants", only those who have been engaged in transactions in fixed commercial areas for a long time need to register with the government.A fixed commercial area is a market place, and such people are Jia people, and their household registration is called a city registration, which clearly implies discrimination of status.Those listed in the city are not even allowed to be officials for generations.
Those who can be officials are scholars.Scholars and city people are divided into high and low.
However, things changed in the Song Dynasty.City registration was abolished, and the agency that collected transaction tax was also moved to the city gate.So the whole city is legally regarded as a commercial district, and all city residents are citizens.In this way, the "scholars" who were originally opposed to the "city people" cannot remain unchanged, as evidenced by Liu Yong singing for the city people as a scholar.The rise of market culture is irresistible.
Then go to the well to have a look.
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