Chapter 29 10. Relocation of the capital of Daning inland—an unexpected legacy

Zhu Di's seizure of the throne had a profound impact on the politics of the Ming Dynasty, and it also left hidden dangers for the northern border defense of the Ming Dynasty.In order to seize and consolidate the imperial power, Zhu Di used the frontier defense force to make it turn around and go south. The relocation of King Sai and the management of Beijing were all for the purpose of consolidating the rule and dealing with domestic opposition forces.Zhu Di's position was consolidated, but the northern frontier defense was empty.With the stability of the domestic order, Zhu Di shifted his focus to the grand cause of controlling the Siyi, in order to become an unrivaled king beyond the ages.However, his Mongolia policy did not achieve the desired effect.The northern border has plagued the Ming Dynasty for nearly two hundred years.

Ma Wensheng, Minister of the Ministry of War during the Hongzhi period of the Ming Dynasty, said: After Taizu Emperor Gao pacified the four seas, he considered that the northwestern border was close to the Hulu, and he was concerned about border troubles. Therefore, Ganzhou established the Shaanxi Xingdu Division, Ningxia established the Five Guards Office, Datong established the Shanxi Xingdu Division, and Xuanfu established the Wanjin Capital Division. The Daning Capital Division was set up in Yingzhou, and the Liaodong Capital Division was established in Guxiangping, Liaodong. The king was in Ganzhou, Ningxia, Datong, Xuanfu, Daning, and Liaodong. All the troops and horses were restrained, and they screened the royal family with their vassals.If there are bandits and thieves invading, the kings will be ordered to hang their seals to act as general troops to conquer and suppress. At the beginning, there were no general soldiers guarding the governors on each side.

Zhu Di's accession to the throne broke this pattern of northern frontier defense. Zhu Di is fighting for the world with a small army, he must first stabilize the rear, consolidate the territory, and need to expand his own strength.To stabilize the rear, two points are very important. One is that Zhu Quan, the king of Ning who is known as "good plan" and second only to King Yan in strength, should not be a hindrance; the other is that the Tatar tribes should not take the opportunity to make trouble. it is good. "History of Ming Dynasty" said: Chengzu started Jingnan from the king of Yan, followed by the king of Ning, and attacked Daning from Yongping and entered it.Conspired to threaten King Ning, and because he bribed the three guards generously, it was said that Cheng Zu went, King Ning went to the suburbs, and the three guards followed, and they all rose up with one call, so he embraced King Ning and entered the pass from the west.Chengzu re-elected 3,000 of his men to fight as surprise soldiers.The world is established, the king of Ning moved to Nanchang, and the capital was moved to Baoding, so he cut off all the land in Daning and gave it to the three guards to pay for his previous labor.

Here it is said that King Yan did three things after "Jing Nan": he moved to Nanchang, the king of Ning, moved to Baoding as the capital, and cut off the land of Daning.Zhu Di did not hesitate to weaken the northern frontier defense in order to seize and consolidate the throne, the price is too heavy. There are many records of the Ming people about "cutting all the land of Daning and giving it to three guards".However, there are no records in official books such as "Shilu" and "Minghuidian".Gu Yanwu, a scholar at the end of Ming and Qing Dynasties, said: "When the Jingnan army rose, the Sanwei barbarians made great contributions in the war, so they were given away (the land of Daning). The history of the country is not written, so there is no way to test it." Here are a few examples of private history:

Zheng Xiao: "An Examination of the Four Barbarians of the Imperial Ming Dynasty": At the beginning of Jingnan, the first robbery of Daning soldiers and the chieftains of Wuliangha led the tribes to follow the action, so Daning was awarded the three guards, and the king of Ning moved Nanchang, and moved to Baoding as the capital of Daning.Today, the three guards are the second tribute, and there are hundreds of tribute guards. Wang Shizhen: Volume 183 of "Previous Collection of Yanzhou Historical Materials" Wei Zhi: Emperor Wen started Jingnan from Yan, envoys invited bribes, and Wu Liangha made meritorious service in the battle with cavalry... Emperor Wen moved the king and his army to the interior, and gave Wu Liangha and others with his land, and the envoys were still three Wei, its official governor and commander of thousands of households, has a lot of errands. It is believed that the foreign vassals are given cattle, seeds, cloth, silk, wine and food every year.

Yan Congjian: Volume 23 of "Zhou Zi Lu of Special Domains": The Jingnan army rose up... all the troops of Daning and the three guards of Wuliangha Huqi were pulled out, and King Ning was taken into Songting Pass to aid Peiping.In the first year of Yongle, the imperial edict to the Wuliangha tribe said: ...the system is still in place today.Set up the three guards of Daning, Fuyu, Duoyan, Bier, etc. to command the army and civilians, and guard the border...the town of Daning was abolished, and the land was vacated to reward the three guards. Zhu Lu: On "Jianwen Calligraphy Draft":

In October of the first year of Jianwen, Jingnan soldiers rode into Songting Pass with Ning Wangquan and the army of Daning, and the three guards of Wuliangha, to aid Beiping and Daningkong. (Since Daning has been broken... I entered the city a little bit from the officials, and I gathered all the Hus and wanted to return to the city. I was on the verge of seeing King Ning and sent him to the suburbs. I ambushed the soldiers to embrace King Ning. Then I ordered the Hus and the guards to go out from the Ning Mansion. But the city was empty. Afterwards, Daning abandoned Duoyan and the captives, and moved the capital to Baoding.)

Tu Shufang: "Compilation of the Jianwen Dynasty and the Public": At the beginning of Jingnan, the king of Yan, the Wuliangha cavalry first came to help the Tatars, and then abandoned the old land of Daning and gave it to him, using the inner border as the boundary. Tan Qian: "Guoyan" Volume 17: When Yi Banner was first built, it first descended to Daning. Jian Wuliangha set up a battalion of 3,000 cavalry, not forgetting his virtues, and donated all the land in Daning to them, and cut off the town of Xiong to subdue Mang. In addition, there are quite a few articles that say the same thing.

On the Mongolian side, there is the "Outline of Mongolian Gold History" that records this matter. Translated by Zhu Feng and Jia Jingyan: Outline of Mongolian Gold History: Emperor Yongle commanded his own few guards and 6,000 people in Shanyang, and the 30,000 Jurchens by the water and the Han people from Heicheng organized an army to attack Emperor Jianwen, the grandson of Emperor Hongwu, and wiped out the silver seal on his neck.So...Emperor Yongle became the king...named Yongle Daming.For the support of the establishment, the six thousand people were given three hundred capitals.

Although this passage does not refer to the fact that Yi Daning was given to Wu Liangha, it strongly proves that there was a political transaction between Zhu Di and Wu Liangha during the Jingnan period. Mr. Wada Kiyoshi of Japan expressed doubts about the statement that Daning was sent to Sanwei.He believes that this statement is based on the fact that people sympathized with Emperor Jianwen.He said, "Sanwei is far away in the base area in the north. It has neither the possibility of being bought by Chengzu nor the possibility of threatening King Ning." "Cheng Zu not only did not get the assistance of the three guards, but he tried his best to control the three guards."Moreover, Cheng Zu also said, "To destroy these remnant captives today, but to keep Kaiping, Xinghe, Ningxia, Gansu, Daning, and Liaodong, and the border will be safe forever."Cheng Zu abandoned Daning, and had the plan of "Xu Tu's strategy".Only because of his death, the wish to reset Daning was not realized.

A similar statement appeared in the Ming Dynasty, or it was based on Hetian Qing's theory.Chen Renxi said in "Huang Ming Shi Fa Lu": The theory says: The borders of the three guards, Xuan and Liao, are the shoulders of Jimen. Since the loss of Daning, Xuan and Liao have been separated.Most of the world used the fact that Emperor Wen sent captives as an excuse. Yongle and Xuande had edicts to suppress arrests, and edicts to proclaim victory.And Emperor Wen tasted Jin Youzi, a scholar of the University of Chinese Language, and said: "Now we are guarding Kaiping, Xinghe, and Daning, and the border is fortunately safe."It is very clear that there is no intention of abandoning Daning that day.Daning abandons Si and Kaiping is difficult to defend, Kaiping abandons Gubei to worry about, Huma Yun disturbs, who is the most powerful?At the beginning, the three guards were used to detect captives, and they also slightly imitated the Han Dynasty and relied on Wuhuan to serve the Xiongnu.Or it can be said that the place of joy can be regarded as a gap, although the vassal is lost but the eyes and ears are there, the plan is not completely stupid.There is no art in the market, so much so that you can borrow your arms for things, such as raising eagles and throwing them away, so what! Although Chen Renxi made such a defense, it is still undeniable that Daning was lost in Zhu Di's hands: "Wu Liangha made great contributions to the conquest, and the Confucian Temple praised his achievements. He was ranked as the governor and favored as the three guards. And give it to the land." That is to say, "raise the eagle and remove the stalks from the hands", which is not without criticism, at least it can be blamed for "carelessness" and "mistakes in decision-making"!Lao Kan attributed the loss of Daning to the fact that Zhu Di and others believed too much in Wuliangha's "sincere money". If you don’t stand up, you are willing to abandon the land, and you don’t care about it. Isn’t it the hatred of the past?” After the fall of the Ming Dynasty, Gu Yanwu once went to Beijing to investigate the mountains and rivers. In any case, Zhu Di cannot escape the responsibility of abandoning Daning. Zhu Di started his career as the king of Sai, and he had a deep understanding of the power of the kings who defended the fort, so he was very vigilant against them.Except for King Yan, Zhu Quan, the king of Ning, was the most powerful among the kings on the frontier.Like King Yan, King Ning also had the ambition to fight for the throne.Zhu Di became the emperor, and King Ning became the most dangerous person.King Ning asked to move to the mainland, which fell into Zhu Di's arms.However, King Ning's invitation to Suzhou and Qiantang was not approved, and he finally moved to Nanchang. "Records of Emperor Taizong" contains: At the end of February in the first year of Yongle, after the Daning military revolution, the people's property withered, and the Ning Palace was changed to Nanchang. In March Renwu, the Northern Parallel Metropolitan Commander Division was changed to the Daning Metropolitan Commander Division, attached to the Governor's Mansion of the Rear Army, and set up Baoding's left, right, middle, front, and rear guards, attached to the Daning Metropolitan Division, and transferred to the left guard of the camp. In Shunyi, the right guard was in Jizhou, the middle guard was in Pingyu, the front guard was in Xianghe, and the back guard was in Sanhe.Set up the left, right, middle, front, and back five offices, which are still attached to the Daning Capital Division. If it is not intentional to abandon Daning, after the king of Ning moved inward, he could have retained the original Daning capital and defended it. The Daning capital was moved to Baoding in the south of Beijing, and its guards were also scattered around Beijing and in the original Daning. The land was completely undefended, apparently deliberately abandoning Daning.At the same time when the king of Ning moved in and abandoned Daning, Zhu Di showed great favor to the three guards of Wuliangha: In the fifth month of the first year of Yongle, Yiwei ordered Wuliangha Sanwei's official army (note: the three guards have been attached and have made great contributions in the war, so they are called the official army). ,... But those who come to the court will be appointed officials, so that they can still live in the local area, contribute at the age of the year, and do business and trade.The former elder brother, Nahai Timur, and Naha came out to Kou Guangning, and the guards captured and sent them to Beijing.I respect that he is a distant person, and each has the thoughts of his parents and wives. When Qu You died, he ordered Shangdu to return him and tell you to know. Not only the officials are awarded to each other, but also those who are bandits also enjoy it.Of course, Zhu Di's policy of Huairou Yuanren is consistent. The question is, why did he withdraw his defense from Daning even though he knew that Wuliangha was unreliable?In Zhu Di's third Northern Expedition, he used Wu Liangha's "party rebellion", and he returned to attack him. Why didn't he restore the defense setup in Daning?The Hetian family said: Zhu Di "collapsed in Yumuchuan before leaving the army, and his ambition to reset Daning was not rewarded."I think, with the prestige of Zhu Di's "five out of Mobei, three plows and captive courts", and the prosperity of conquering Jiaozhi in the south and going abroad, he is fully capable of restoring Daning, and there is no need to sigh for it when he dies.He can go far away from Mobei, and the border defense line has been greatly moved northward, so there is no need to set up defenses in Daning. It can be said that Zhu Di has no "will to reset Daning" at all! Looking at it further, whether it is the Ming Dynasty Chen Renxi, etc., or the Japanese Wada Kiyoshi, they have ignored a premise, that is, Zhu Di regarded himself as the master of the world.He thinks that he is a family from all over the world, regardless of internal and external, and Wu Liangha is his subject just like any other race. He can still treat those Zhu Di who are from far away from each other regardless of each other. Favor is very natural.Zhu Di himself did not think that he had given up on Daning, so he did not need to have the "will to reset Daning".The problem is that Zhu Di's grand conception of a family of four seas can maintain a certain situation when the national power is strong and the monarch is active. The borderlands that are close at hand are also difficult to control.Historical facts have proved that Zhu Di is very happy with his achievements, but Zhu Yuanzhang's steady and steady fight is more reliable than Zhu Yuanzhang's steady and steady. During the period when the Mongolian region broke away from the control of the Central Plains regime, Daning was a strategic location for border defense in the Ming Dynasty.Gu Yanwu said: "Daning lives a hundred miles north of Zunhua, along the mountains and seas to catch monoliths, and there is land beyond a wall. Monoliths, mountains and seas are all 700 miles away from the capital, which is exactly the same as Daning. The three kings of Gu, Ning, and Liao, together with Dai Shuo Ruoyun, moved the pheasants to the northeast of Pingfan, which is a deep plan!" At that time, Daning, Xuanfu, and Liaodong were listed as the first line of defense, and Zhu Yuanzhang also ordered Xu Daxi to go from the ancient north. To the east of Shanhaixiu pass, it is the second line of defense.Therefore, controlling Daning is very important for controlling Wuliangha and Jurchen and preventing the Tatars from advancing eastward. In order to manage Daning, Zhu Yuanzhang had spent a lot of painstaking efforts.In the 20th year of Hongwu, in order to deal with Naha, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered to build the four cities of Daning, Kuanhe, Huizhou, and Fuguo, and stationed troops to defend them. After that, he set up the commander of Daning and the three guards of Daning, left and right. , and with Muyu, Huizhou, Xincheng and other Weili.In the twenty-fourth year of Hongwu, King Ning took control of Daning and added more than ten guards.Zhu Yuanzhang even set up Confucianism in Daningwei, taught the military officers' children, set up professors and disciplines, "still select those who know Dada characters to teach Dada books", and "issue scriptures to broaden education".These were all canceled after Zhu Di ordered Daning to be pulled out in Baoding, and Daning "became an empty city".Zhu Yuanzhang's hard work was overwhelmed by Zhu Di's ambition to be emperor and his big and unreasonable plans. The three guards of Wuliangha were established in the 22nd year of Hongwu, and "everyone who has lived for a long time defected."After the Battle of Jingnan, although Zhu Di tried his best to win him over, he "wanted to receive the grace of the country, to be a foreign vassal forever, and to share the prosperity of peace."However, Wuliangha Sanwei "has become an ancestor of the world and is tired of controlling", from time to time he plundered the border fortresses, and even conspired with Benya to invade the border.Therefore, although Zang Ning will cause harm to future generations, it has already shown disaster during the Yongle period. The abandonment of Daning cut off the defense line from Liaodong to Xuanfu.Moreover, since Daning was abandoned, Kaiyuan was forced to be uninhabitable, so Han Wang Zhu Song had to be renamed Pingliang.In addition, Dongsheng's guards moved to the interior, and Kaiping moved to Dushi. The first line of defense in the north completely collapsed, and only the second line of defense near Beijing could be defended.Naturally, "the barbarians set me up for danger, broke into my court, wanted my officials, and disabled my officials and people", "there is a lot of trouble between Jifu".Many of the border troubles after Yongle were related to Wuliangha. In addition, the capital was moved to Beijing, and the threat became more and more serious.Later generations criticized this a lot! The orthodox Jisi, Jiajing Gengxu, and all the enemies who invaded the country came from here (referring to Daning), so (Wu Liangha) the yang was in harmony and the yin was inverse, and they also slept on the couch and snored. Taining and Fuyu often join forces with the eastern captives, while Duoyan often associates with the western captives.Those who are weak will beg for rewards, and those who are strong will be threatened.Rats and dogs steal when there are few, while many are called soldiers and invaders.Or marry with the Western captives to take advantage of their power, or lead the village to the Eastern captives and pretend to be their voices... make me exhausted, this thief is my ear. Many insightful people in the Ming Dynasty saw that there was a greater danger lurking in this situation, and they had plans to train troops and strengthen martial arts, and to restore Daning.University scholar Qiu Jun pointed out: "The northeastern part of the capital is very weak, and there may be foreign troubles at the same time." The frequent police in the northeast in the late Ming Dynasty fully proved Qiu Jun's prediction. In addition, at the same time that King Liao was moved inland, Zhu Di also moved King Gu from Xuanfu and King Liao from Guangning.King Sai moved inward, which certainly relieved the possible threat posed by the kings to the throne, but it also greatly weakened the defense force in the north.In this way, a situation in which the capital of the country is close to the front line and the emperor sits guarding the border is formed.Although Zhu Di was ambitious, he drove far and wide, and made great strides outside the Great Wall, but what was left to future generations was the pattern of retreat in the northern frontier. Zhu Di's mishandling remained in later generations, which greatly affected the stability of the Ming Dynasty regime.At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, many people pursued the responsibility for the demise of the Ming Dynasty, and they inevitably blamed Zhu Di.Fu Weilin said: "Taizong Dingding Youyan, who lives outside and controls the inside, faces the sea in the south. It is difficult to defend the border alone. However, the three guards in Daning are outward-facing, and the lonely stone hangs in the east. Victory has fallen, looking forward to the past, I would rather not sigh! Moreover, in the tens of thousands of miles of land, once the waves sink to land and sea, there will be some people who can’t bear to say that the frontier ministers played secretly in the Ming Dynasty. But to trace the beginning of the situation, I would rather not be guilty. Come on!" It is not wrong to ask Zhu Di to bear some guilt.