Chapter 23 4. Management of the Western Regions

"Yuan Taizu pacified the Western Regions, using all the kings and son-in-laws as the rulers, and changed the name of the previous generation to the Mongolian language."After the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, the forces of the Yuan Dynasty still had extensive influence on the Western Regions.In order to finally eliminate Guyuan's influence in the Western Regions.Restricting the development of the later Tatars and Oirats in this area, while Zhu Yuanzhang and his son worked hard to manage the Northeast, they also adopted a very positive attitude towards the management of the Western Regions.The Ming people called it "controlling the Western Regions in the west, separating the Qiang and Rong in the south, and covering the Hulu in the north."And compared it to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's "breaking the right arm of the Huns".

Ma Wensheng (1426) said: "My great ancestor, Emperor Gao, was ordered by heaven to sweep away Hu Yuan and unify the world. Anyone who came to pay tribute from the four barbarians will not be rejected, and the future will not be strong. The same is true for the Western Regions. It is really an ancient emperor. The way to control the barbarians and the barbarians is over. I am Emperor Taizong Wen. After inheriting the great rule and opening up the frontiers, I began to attract the four barbarians, and the tribute from the Western Regions was especially prosperous." First of all, the Ming Dynasty continued to send envoys to the various tribes in the Western Regions. The military divisions were given to Fu An and Guo Ji, the Beiping Inspector Chen Dewen, the eunuch Wang An, the Honglu Temple Chancellor Liu Timur, the official minister Chen Cheng, and the Zhongguan Ba ​​Tai. , Li Da, and Guo Jing have all been envoys to the Western Regions.Chen Cheng was sent as an envoy in the 11th year of Yongle and returned in the 13th year of Yongle. He experienced Halle, Samarkand, Bieshabali, Iduhuai, Badaheishang, Dielimi, Shalu Haiya, Sailan , Keshi, Yangyi, Huozhou, Liucheng, Turpan, Yanze, Hami, Dashigan, and Buhuaerfan. He wrote "Records of the Western Regions", which states that its mountains and rivers, customs and products, made Ming North Korea has a new understanding of the Western Regions.

Zhu Di adopted various sympathetic policies towards the various tribes in the Western Regions, striving for their submission to the Ming Dynasty, at least maintaining a peaceful relationship of tribute and freedom of coming and going.In the first year of Yongle, Zhu Di said to the ministers of the Ministry of Rites: "From now on, people from other countries who wish to enter China should listen." In the second year of Yongle, Gengxu, Zhu Di "watched the court at Fengtianmen, and all the Hus from the northwest came to pay tribute." Li Zhigang, Minister of the Ministry of Rites Said: "The Hu in the northwest, your Majesty Fusui, all aim at Xianghua, and the border has been peaceful."Zhu Di said: "People always say that barbarians can be ruled by not being ruled. Husbands like good and evil, and human feelings are the same. How can it be different from Huayi? If you caress him well, you may not come. Tigers are violent, and petting them can make them tame. What's more Captives are also hungry, hungry, thirsty, and those who have people's hearts, so why not tame them! But those who come, just treat them with sincerity." For those who come to do business, Zhu Di advocated that "it is better to be thick than to be thin", "people from afar come here for righteousness, It should be thickened and paid, and the common people can see the court's gentleness."

Native officials and leaders of the Western Regions, and former Yuan officials belonged to the Ming Dynasty one after another, and they continued to come to the interior to pay tribute.The imperial court gave the prince or made him the commander of the capital, commanded thousands of households, and pacified them, and gave them imperial seals and crowns as ministers.Merchants from the Western Regions also came to the mainland to do business.The tributes and cities in the Western Regions include jade, borax, slag, leopards, lions, camels, and famous horses. There are a lot of horses.The imperial court gave banquets to those who came to pay tribute, and gave them cloth, silk, clothes, porcelain, gold and silver, banknotes, and horses and so on.

For the economic development of the Western Regions, like the mainland, the imperial court also provided them with seeds and agricultural tools, and helped them build water conservancy projects so that they could live and work in peace and contentment. (1) Hami Hami was the focus of the Ming Dynasty's management of the Western Regions.At the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Huna Shili, the former king of Yuansu, still lived in Hami.In the thirteenth year of Hongwu, the governor Pu Ying trained troops in Xiliang, "sent troops to conduct business travel", and suddenly "sent envoys to pay money".In the fourteenth year of Hongwu, Hami returned to Alaoding to pay tribute, and Zhu Yuanzhang sent him to the place where I was afraid of my son to summon all the people.In the twenty-fourth year of Hongwu, Song Shengchong, the commander-in-chief of the army, and Liu Zhen, the governor of the capital, challenged Hami, beheaded King Bieer and Tie Mu'er, and Asang'er, the Duke of the Kingdom, and other 1,400 people, and captured his prince Bie Lie's subordinate Qianqi. One hundred and thirty people. "Fan Rong is intimidating and subduing, and his military power is extremely powerful in the Western Regions."

At the beginning of Yongle, Zhu Di sent envoys Yibrajin and others to Hami to give orders, and promised to enter the Chinese market with horses.Hami Anke Tie Mu'er sent people to pay tribute to horses, and Zhu Di ordered them to "separate ranks" and "give rewards straight away", so as to "reciprocate generously and come generously". "Anyone who has a horse and wants to sell it after paying tribute will listen to Shaanxi from the convenience of the market" and "restrain the army and the people not to harass it." In June of the second year of Yongle, Anke Tiemu'er was granted the title of King Zhongshun. Anke Tiemu'er was the younger brother of Yuansu King Hunashili.Anke Timur sent envoys to invite Xi Jue.Zhu Di said: "The former princes are not enough to discuss, but now they can be changed to the imperial court because they can return to their hearts. It is also possible to guard their land and appease their people." So he sent the commander Huo Alutu and others to grant him the title of Zhongshun king.In this way, Hami changed the name of the old Yuan vassal and officially entered the territory of the Ming Dynasty.This is a direct fight with Bei Yuan for Hami.Less than a year after Anke Tiemu'er was banned, he was killed by "Yibei Khan Guili Kuva".It can be seen that the Tatar forces are still penetrating into the Western Regions.Zhu Di ordered to take off his heir.Tuotuo, the son of Anke Tiemuer, was captured in China in the 24th year of Hongwu when Song Sheng was begging for Hami.Zhu Di came to the throne and "seeked it", "raised him", and returned it to his hometown in the first year of Yongle.Getting rid of his heirs made the relationship between Hami and the imperial court closer.Tuotuo was expelled by his grandmother, Zhu Di regarded Tuotuo as "established by the imperial court", and issued an imperial edict to condemn him for "disregarding etiquette" and "I don't know that there is an imperial court".Hami was clearly under the jurisdiction of the imperial court.

In March of the fourth year of Yongle, Dingsi established Hamiwei, with its leader as the commander, thousands of households, township officials, seals, and royal officials.Zhongshun Wangfu set up officials such as experience, long history, Ji Shan, etc., and Zhou An was a general of the Han people.Liu Xing, Gu Sicheng and others acted.It is very special among the kings with the surname of Yi that the establishment of the palace officials is very special, and its system is almost the same as that of the kings with the surname of Zhu.In addition, giving King Zhongshun a golden seal and building a royal city for him are different from other prison guards.This not only shows the importance attached by the imperial court to Hami, but also shows the degree of its actual control and management.The setting of Hamiwei officials is also controlled by the imperial court.In December Jiawu of the fifth year of Yongle, Zhu Di ordered He Fu to say: "It is necessary to play Hami Command Fadu and want to set up a general officer to manage government affairs. You have to judge whether it is possible, and who to appoint... It is advisable to think about it." If you are familiar with the plan, you can hear it.” The decrees and edicts of the imperial court must be promulgated in Hami, which is almost the same as that of the inland counties.After Tuotuo's death, in the ninth year of Yongle, Litie Mu'er was granted the title of King of Loyalty and Righteousness.In the end of eternal happiness, Hami tribute envoys came and went frequently.

During the Jiajing period, Hu Shining, Minister of the Ministry of War, said: "In the past, Emperor Taizong Wen established Hami because of Hu Yuan's heritage and was able to stand on his own. I borrowed it for a false name, and I enjoyed the actual benefits." Although not all borrowed "" False fame", but the Ming enjoys its benefits.The Ming people called Hami the "leader of all tribes".Its geographical location is very important, "as the throat of the Western Regions", "Tianfang and other thirty-eight countries pay tribute, they must pass through Hami." Therefore, the Ming Dynasty used Hami to "translate the tribute table and scout back", "translate the stationery Naifa".In addition, Hami is 1,500 miles away from Suzhou in the east and 1,500 miles away from Turpan in the west. Externally, it is used to contact the Rong and barbarians, to check their rebelliousness and control them, and internally, to protect Gansu and defend our border counties", which plays an important role in the management of the Western Regions, and in turn, to contain the Oirats.

(2) On June 24th of the 10th year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang issued the "Edict to Xipan Handong and Bili and Others": The emperor who is in charge of the heavens, teachings and every local official who should be in Xifan, I will take all the strong and evil people, and I will sit on the ground in the big seat.For all the superiors, people from all over the place came to worship me. After seeing me, they were given rewards and titles, and taught him to be happy in the same place.Like this, it has been ten years.There is only one fire man named Biriba in West Panhandong, why didn't he send him here, and why didn't he share his horses, cattle and sheep with me?Today, I will send someone to send my words to Zephani, and every time they know about it, if the accepting messenger is confirmed and sent to the future, he will not be recruited.If you don't send someone to send it, I will go there with my troops... I am now in charge of the misfortune and fortune in front of me!

As an emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang used both gentle and military tactics. As long as they recognized the jurisdiction of the Ming Dynasty, they would "reward them with titles" and "still be happy in the local area", otherwise they would send troops to conquer. During the Hongwu period, Anding (established at the beginning of eight years, abolished in ten years, reestablished in twenty-nine years), A Duan (established in eight years, abolished later), Quxian (later merged into Anding) were gradually established in the land of Sali Uyghurs. Wei), Handong (established in thirty years) Zhuwei.It also once occupied Chijin Mongolia and had a good relationship with Shazhou.

In Yongle, control over the area was greatly strengthened.Quxianwei (three years) and Aduanwei (four years) were restored, and Shazhouwei and Chijin Mongolianwei were newly established (thousand households were established in two years, and guards were established in eight years). (3) The tribes of Bieshabali, Halie, Liucheng, Huozhou, Turpan, and Samarkand all maintained the relationship of envoys and tributes with the Ming Dynasty.In the thirty-fifth year of Hongwu (the fourth year of Jianwen), in December, Jiayin, Zhu Di "sent envoys to Harleigh, Samarkand and other places, and gave the chief to weave gold Wenqi. Send envoys to the edict of Bili Wanghei Those who are children of fire will be given ■coins. Those who are black children of fire are also descendants of the Yuan family."Focus on fighting for "Yuanshi Miao descendants" to consolidate the frontier. Samarkand is to the west of the tribes, where the main tent of the Timur Empire was located.Its master Timur was the consort of the Yuan Dynasty, and the Ming people called it Timur the consort.At that time, Timur had settled in Central Asia, his mighty virtue was flourishing, and he was "respected by the officials as Genghis Khan", and his ambition was not small.Fu An, who was sent by the Ming Dynasty, threatened and lured him to descend to the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains, and was detained in Samarkand.Timur made people guide Fu An to travel tens of thousands of miles of mountains and rivers to boast of the vastness of his country.Timur colluded with the former Yuan clan Wanzhebal (Ben Ya lost his face) in an attempt to advance eastward.Zhu Yuanzhang was afraid that the large number of returnees who stayed in Liangzhou in the Yuan Dynasty would collude with him, so he sent a thousand or two hundred people back to Samarkand at one time.In the third year of Yongle, Timur and Wan Zhetu conspired to lead an army of 200,000 to march eastward.Upon hearing the news, Zhu Di ordered Song Sheng, the commander-in-chief of Gansu Province, to "train soldiers and horses, reprimand them, plan grain storage, and prepare for them in advance."In the second year, Timur died on the way to the east, and a big war was avoided.The Timurid Empire fell into disintegration, and its power declined rapidly.His grandson, Harlei, was the heir to the king, and he had a good relationship with the Ming Dynasty.Zhu Di sent envoys to pay homage to the old king, and gave silver coins to the new king and the tribe.After that, "he will pay tribute at the age of one or three every year."This is actually another struggle against the remnants of the old Yuan. During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, it had effective jurisdiction and extensive influence over the Western Regions.Clan leaders are loyal to the court.In May Dinghai of the eighth year of Yongle, Suzhou Wei returned to Hala Maya for rebellion. He killed the guards and commanded Liu Bingqian, etc., and sent people to help Hami, Shazhou, Chijin.Chijin Mongolian Talini said: "You have received the great kindness of the Emperor of Ming Dynasty, and endured it as injustice! I lived in peace, farm tools and seeds were all given by the government, and I dredged the waterway to irrigate the field. I took advantage of it. Such kindness, I You can’t repay me, but follow me against you! Now I’m waiting for you to go out of the city, and I will invite you to kill me to repay the country.” In the third year of Yongle, King Hami Zhongshun died for the Tatar Khan Guilikudu. crime.For disputes between the various tribes, the imperial court often intervened.In the fifth year of Yongle, the envoy of Shami Chagan came to say: "Samarkand is the original place of his ancestors, please restore it with soldiers." Zhu Di advised him to "take things under consideration, and be careful not to move lightly to take danger and humiliation."In March of the 14th year of Yongle, there was a gap between Bie Shibali and Harlie, and each had the ambition to fight. Zhu Di gave a seal letter to Nahei Shijihan and Harlei, "Let everyone release their grievances and be good neighbors, protect their people, and enjoy the benefits of life." The blessing of peace".Therefore, "the Western Regions are afraid of the emperor's mighty spirit, and they are salty and pay tribute, and dare not attack each other." During the Hongwu period, the forces of the Yuan Dynasty still remained in the Western Regions, and the chieftains rebelled and plundered every time.Zhu Yuanzhang often used military power on him.During the Yongle period, there were not many remnants of the Yuan Dynasty in the Western Regions. Zhu Di mainly used persuasion and appeasement methods to quell the rebellion in the Western Regions, and did not use troops lightly.In the eleventh year of Yongle, the old Han rebelled into Chijin Mongolia and became a border trouble.Zhu Di ordered Yang Rong to go to Shaanxi to discuss the strategy of marching with Li Bin, Marquis of Fengcheng.Yang Rong also said: "Out of Jiayuguan, thousands of miles are dangerous, there is no water and grass, the salary and roads are not passable, it is cold, and the soldiers and horses are exhausted. You can't use troops to strike China. That clown should come back." Zhu Di followed his words.This decision is wise. In the peaceful exchanges with the Western Regions, Zhu Di was also more clever than his father.Zhu Yuanzhang once sent an envoy to Bie Shibali and said: "Those who are appointed by heaven to be the king of the world will follow the way of heaven and treat them equally, so that people from all countries, big and small, and people with different recipes and different kinds of people will be as long as they are. , to protect the country and the people...Wang Qiyi insists on great sincerity, good contacts, and continuous missions, won't he protect the country for a long time?" Zhu Yuanzhang believed that "Western Hui Hui merchants entered China's mutual market, and the frontier officials did not stop them", "The merchants of the Er countries can make huge profits, and the battlefield is safe. It is China's great benefit to the Er countries."This kind of one-sided and arrogant attitude is far inferior to Zhu Di's "govern the barbarians and di people by not governing them" and "but those who come, treat them with sincerity".Zhu Yuanzhang heard that the horses produced in the Western Regions were very different, so he sent envoys to ask for them.The chief, Jin Xi, had no choice but to hurt his foot to offer it.It is not enough to imitate small profits to lose people's hearts.Zhu Di emphasized that "Huairou is far away, and friendship is generous", and rewards are given preferentially, and the ceremony is too grand. Although it is not wasteful, it has the effect of winning people's hearts.Ding Wei in October of the fourth year of Yongle, he returned to his teeth and thought about entering the jade bowl.Zhu Di didn't accept it, and ordered the Ministry of Rites to send it back. He said that Shangshu Zheng Ci said, "This thing is in the treasury, but I don't use it." "The captive is greedy and deceitful. If I accept it, I must pay him generously. There will be those who are strange to this, and they will follow. What is the benefit of the country."Zhu Di did not despise the jade bowl, nor was he stingy with the reward.It is commendable that he can focus on the national interest.