Chapter 22 3. Management of Northeast China

The territory of the founding of the Yuan Dynasty "over the Yinshan Mountains in the north, the quicksand in the west, the Liaozuo in the east, and the sea in the south" was very large.After Yuan Shundi withdrew from outside the Great Wall, he still had considerable influence in the vast areas in the east and west, and tried to use his power to map the original land.If the Ming Dynasty occupies the Northeast and Western Regions, it can not only weaken the power of Gu Yuan, but also have the effect of encircling and restraining it.On the contrary, the Ming Dynasty was surrounded by Mongolian forces, which not only made it difficult to control Mongolia, but also affected the consolidation of the Ming regime.Therefore, controlling the Northeast and Western Regions was an important task in the early Ming Dynasty to deal with the old Mongolian forces in the Yuan Dynasty.Let me first talk about Zhu Di's management of the Northeast region.

At the beginning of Hongwu, Yuan general Naha sent troops to Liaodong, and the Nvzhi and Gaoli people in the northeast were still under his control.North Korea, known as Goryeo at the time, still maintained a vassal relationship with the Northern Yuan Dynasty.The monarchs and ministers of the Northern Yuan Dynasty tried many times to restore the Central Plains with the help of North Korea.Therefore, the Ming Dynasty must control the Northeast region and cut off the connection between Bei Yuan and North Korea.During the Jiajing period, Wang Zhigao, the right servant of the Ministry of War, said: "The north of Liao rejected the Hu, the south controlled North Korea, and the east controlled the territory of Fuyuzhenfan. The mountains blocked the sea, and the land was dangerous. China won enough to control the Hu, and the Hu won it. It is also enough to resist China. Therefore, its separation and reunion are actually related to the rise and fall of China." This passage accurately expresses the importance of the Ming Dynasty and the Northern Yuan Dynasty competing for the Northeast.

In December of the first year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang sent Fu Baolang Qisi to write a letter to King Zhuan of Koryo.In the second year, Qi Si was sent to Goryeo to become his king.In May of the second year of Hongwu, Xin Chou stopped the reign of Yuan to Zhengnian, and in July of the third year of Hongwu, Yiwei began to issue the reign of Hongwu. It was enshrined in Zhengshuo of the Ming Dynasty and the golden seal of Nayuan.However, at this time, Goryeo was still at both ends of the head and mouse, and had constant exchanges with envoys from the Northern Yuan Dynasty. At the same time, on the one hand, Zhu Yuanzhang continued to send envoys to invite the officials and people in the Northeast to join him, and on the other hand, he sent troops across the sea from Shandong to march towards Liaodong.In the first month of the fourth year of Hongwu, Pingzhang Liu Yijiang of Liaoyang Province.In the same year, the Dingliao Capital Guard was established in Liaodong, and in eight years it was changed to Liaodong Capital Commander Division, with jurisdiction over 25 guards, 138 institutes, and two prefectures and one alliance.A large number of generals and female leaders of the Northern Yuan Dynasty returned to the Ming Dynasty one after another.Zhu Yuanzhang successively granted the kings of Liao, Ning, and Han to Guangning, Daning, Kaiyuan and other places to control Liaodong.In the 20th year of Hongwu, the Ming army attacked Jinshan, and Naha surrendered.In the 22nd year, Zhu Yuanzhang directed the three guards of Duoyan, Taining, and Fuyu in the vast area of ​​the western part of the Northeast to punish the descendants of Naha. The sphere of influence of the Ming Dynasty in the Northeast was greatly expanded.In December of the 20th year, the Ming court consulted with the King of Koryo, with the Yalu River as the boundary, "there shall be no further invasion."In the 25th year of Hongwu, Goryeo changed its name to North Korea. After several twists and turns, the Ming Dynasty finally established friendly relations with North Korea and listed it as a "country not to be conquered" to warn its descendants.The connection between North Korea and Beiyuan was cut off, and Beiyuan's hope of restoring the Central Plains with the help of North Korea also fell through.The Ming Dynasty further consolidated its territory in the Northeast. During the Hongwu period, the Ming Dynasty's power reached the Songhua River, Mudan River and Yalan River.

During the Yongle period, the national power was strong, and Zhu Di was determined to conquer Tatar and Wala, and because the political center of the Ming Dynasty moved northward, he strengthened his management of the Northeast region.Li Chengxun, who once served as the right deputy capital censor and governor of Liaodong, said: "The capital of the country was established in Yan, and the family used the weight of the nine tripods to suppress the Hu people's utterances and slap their backs. Liao was in Houdian, and Xuanda Cuo stood against each other. In Sanxiong Town, use feudal vassals to protect the capital. If there is nothing wrong with the world, it will unite to resist Hu. If there is something wrong, hundreds of thousands of elite soldiers can be gathered, and the world will surely obey its strength."

Liaodong is close to Tatars, and Wuliangha Sanwei colluded with them during the period, causing border troubles. Therefore, the military still focuses on preventing Tatars from plundering.From August of the fourth year of Jianwen to December of the first year of Yongle alone, the capital of Liaodong continuously reported the military situation to the imperial court: "The barbarian bandits stealing from time to time", "The barbarian bandits near the Panshan station, and they plundered people and animals", "The barbarian bandits Yide Sai three Day and night, breaking down the gates will put the officers and soldiers at a disadvantage in the battle."Zhu Di kept ordering: "Strengthen the frontier preparations" and "Stick to the battlefield."

The second is to send envoys to appease the Han people, female straight people, and Tatars in the vast area of ​​​​the Northeast: In May of the first year of Yongle, Yisi gave Dongning Wei Qianhu Wang a hundred and seventy-six ingots of banknotes, seven colored coins on the inside and outside, and two gauze clothes.After getting the name, he first went to North Korea to appease the scattered sergeants in Liaodong to return to work.There are five hundred and twenty-five mouths of men and women coming and going, so it is admirable. On Gengchen in August of the second year, an envoy was sent to tell the scattered people of Tanzhou, saying: The emperor Taizu set up 30,000 guards, so he could support the soldiers and civilians...you have to live in Tanzhou...a thousand households are dispatched to Gaotahai Tie Mu'er waited for an edict.You will return to your original place with your parents and wives, and you will still live there. You will not live outside for a long time, and you will suffer for yourself.

Zhu Di was very concerned about the situation of Nvzhi, and personally asked about the local customs and mountains and rivers of Nvzhi.In the first year of Yongle, Zhu Di sent Xing Shu, the magistrate of the county, and Zhang Bin, the county magistrate, to tell Nu Ergan, "to appease the various tribes in Jilie".In the second year of Yongle, Wang Keren, a thousand households in Liaodong, was sent to Liaodong to appease Nvzhi. He planned to establish Jianzhou Wei, "to give seals, to be subordinate to each other, to encircle and graze, to live in peace, to do business, and to facilitate exchanges."Therefore, "From the northeast to Nu'ergan, there are various tribes of Jiliemi across the sea, and the east is adjacent to Jianzhou, Haixi, and the savage Nvzhi... The first prime minister of Yongle came and returned. The Ming Dynasty "set up guards because of the division of land", "select Its chiefs gave orders to command thousands of households and other officials to continue the custom, each to govern its own, and to pay tribute from time to time."

The establishment of Nuer Gandu Division was Zhu Di's major measure to consolidate and develop the northeast frontier and control Tatar. "Nu'er Gandusi was first named as Yuansanwan Household House. There is no research in the previous generation. It was originally the Marshal's House of the Eastern Expedition."During the Hongwu period, it was planned to recruit women from far away, because the road was far away from reaching Nuerqian.In February of the second year of Yongle, Guiyou, "Hulawen and other virgins and the leaders of the savages brought Radada to the court and set up slaves as guards. Four people including Ba Radada and Arasun were the commanders and acquaintances, and the ancient donkeys were the leaders. The Governor of the Thousand Households, issued a decree, a seal, a crown, a suit, a suit, and a difference in banknotes."In leap April of the seventh year of Yongle, the leader of Nuer Ganwei Hula Dongnu and others came to the court, "returning to the important place, it is appropriate to establish the Marshal's Mansion, so set up the capital. The commander of Dongningwei, Kang Wang, is the commander of the capital. Hu Wang Zhaozhou and others commanded the affairs of the capital and belonged to them. The year-old tribute Haiqing and other things were still delivered by dog ​​stations. In the ninth year of Yongle, the officials also lost. Ha led more than a thousand troops, and twenty-five giant ships arrived there. Officially opened the Nuergan Dusi. Recent studies on the Nuergan issue have yielded a lot of results, so I won’t go into details here, but I would like to make two points: (1) Theoretically, the Nuergan Commandery starts from the Sakhalin Island in the east. The Nanghar Guards ranged from Onan River Guards on the Onen River in the west, Jianzhou Guards in the Hun River area in the south, and Guli River Guards in the Xing'an Mountains in the north. However, the Nuer Gandu Division could not actually control these guards. "Da Ming Yi Tong Zhi": "Our Emperor Wen was resourceful and resourceful, sold the troubles before they were sprouted, and dispersed them to make them strong enough to stand on their own and powerful enough to resist each other. rather than intertwined.Therefore, there has been no trouble in the Northeast for a hundred years. According to the "Records of Ming Dynasty", all the guards entered the court and paid tribute, and they all directly and independently had a relationship with the imperial court. The capital belongs to the division.

(2) Most of the female guards are of the nature of confinement, and the original chiefs are hereditary to command and control, and the imperial court gives imperial seals to pay tribute to the capital on a regular basis.Kang Wang, who served as the commander of the capital of Nuergan, was originally the commander of Dongningwei, which belonged to the capital of Liaodong, thousands of miles away from Heilongjiang, so he must not be a native of Nuergan.In addition, Nuer Gandusi has an army, at least a small number of troops, and it is an official army controlled by the court.In the twelfth year of Yongle, in the ninth month of Renzi, Zhu Di ordered Liaodong Dusi to send three hundred soldiers to Nuergan Dusi to protect the seal. "Try first with two hundred soldiers, and finally, they all commanded the same acquaintance Kang Wang to ask for benefits, so they were destined, and they were sent back after two years."According to the meaning of the text, it seems that those who should be repatriated after two years should be the three hundred soldiers of Houyi.As for whether there are other troops besides the seal, it is not known.This fact shows that the Ming Dynasty controlled Nuergandusi more than other prison guards.In addition, the imperial court sent envoys to the capital of Nuergan continuously. From Yongle to Xuandezhong, the middle official Yi Shiha alone visited the land of Nuergan as many as seven times. under strong control.

The straight women of the guards in the Northeast often go to the interior to pay tribute or make pilgrimages. In order to show favor, the imperial court will reward them and confer titles on them.Zhu Di said this: "Donating tips to relieve serious troubles is inevitable." Due to economic reasons, Nvzhi needs to trade with the mainland, either in the form of tribute, or open the market on the border. In March of the third year of Yongle, Zhu Di ordered "to establish a market for the selection of aquatic plants in the Kaiyuan of Guangning." .In March of the fourth year of Jiawu, "the second horse market in Guangning, Kaiyuan, Liaodong was established. At the beginning, the foreign barbarians used horses to sell horses to the border, and ordered a secretary to change the price. As many people came, the second market was established. Thousands of households were ordered to answer. Nashiri waits for the Lord."This is the beginning of the establishment of the horse market.During the Yongle period, there were three horse markets in Eastern Liaodong, "one was at the southern pass of Kaiyuan City, for women from Haixi, one was five miles east of the city, and the other was in Guangning City, all of which were for Duoyan Sanwei barbarians."There is an official price for horses in the market, and the tribute is "remunerated directly".Regardless of Tatar or female straight, "those who come to the court and the mutual market should listen to their own convenience, but it is forbidden to attack soldiers and do not disturb them."Speaking of the horse market in Liaodong, Emperor Xuande once said: "The imperial court is not without horses and cattle, but it is a market with them. Because all the food they eat depends on China. If they are cut off, they must have resentment. The emperor allowed them to market each other. The benevolence of Huaiyuan." Of course, women needed food from the mainland, and they also sent local products to the Central Plains: horses, mink fur, ginseng, timber, fish and so on.Exports from the Central Plains included shareshares, shovels, cattle, seeds, and rice, salt, silk, satin and clothes.The significance of the market opening goes far beyond the economy. "There is a period for the opening of the market, there is a prohibition for preventing the market, there is a price for setting the market, and there is legislation for the drawing of the market. It is detailed and good." The commissioner of the imperial court committee managed it. The "drawing points" is an income of the government, but it also marks the effective management power of the government and the obligations of the border residents to the government, showing the influence of the court.

During the Yongle period, a large number of straight women joined the Ming Dynasty one after another.Those who request to live close to the interior or to graze in places with abundant water and grass must obtain the approval of the imperial court.The imperial court either chose a place to build a city for them, or promised it with a place rich in water and grass.Those who wish to live in the capital are also encouraged to "give clothes, colored coins, cattle, sheep, rice, and houses to live in."In April of the sixth year of Yongle, Zhu Di said to the Minister of War: Since I ascended the throne, most of those who come to the court from the Northeast would like to stay in the capital.Because of the hot weather in the south, he was specially ordered to live in the two cities of Kaiyuan, Zhihuo, and Zizai.The tribes belong to each other, and each lives together in peace.I have recently heard that there are people who are homesick and want to save their relatives, and I will show them in my opinion. If there are people who want to go, I will make it clear to the guarding officials and do not stop them. It is convenient, but it is not forced to live in it. It is free to come and go, and the policy is very enlightened.Later, due to the increasing number of immigrants, in order to appease them, Zizai and Anle Prefectures were placed in Ercheng, and the prefectures were managed by Zhizhou, Limu, Tongzhi, and Judge.Others such as Dongningwei, Sanwanwei, Kaiyuan, Jianzhou, Xiwenhewei, etc., there are also many straight women who apply to live, not only being approved, but also "given money, money for clothes, saddle horses, and their living quarters. Rice cattle and sheep will be given by the lawsuit."In order to facilitate the life of local residents and economic development, Zhu Di also took the initiative to send people to build the city and manage it.In September of the twelfth year of Yongle, he heard that the six cities of Futijin were fertile, so he ordered the command tower to be lost to Zhifutiwei City. "Let the residents live in the city, hunt, breed and herd at their own convenience, and merchants from all over the place who want to come and live here also listen, and they are still ordered to follow the instructions of the Ministry of War."The ethnic groups in Liaodong area are mixed, and there are also many Tatars living there. In April Gengwu of the tenth year of Yongle, "Order to build the Tucheng of Kaiyuan Ximen in Liaodong to deal with those who belong to the Tatars." For the poor residents of the border areas, the imperial court often gave relief.Zhu Di said: "Both at home and abroad, I am my own child. People from afar are naturalized, so it is especially appropriate to keep a shirt. That is to send people to distribute millet relief, so as not to make them lose their homes." The daily food of local residents and tribal leaders is often provided by the imperial court. Relief: "Give a little salt and rice cloth to support the chieftains, so that Baosai will not be stolen by border bandits." In the autumn and July of the twelfth year of Yongle, Wu Kai played: "The 30,000 Liaohai Sanwei in Kaiyuan collected grain at the age of 1, and only gave it to them. The officers and soldiers of this guard and the people in the two prefectures of Anle and Zizai. Recently, according to the destiny, they will send troops to the guards to carry food, and help Mao Lian and the Tatar guards in Jianzhou. The road is far away and the supply is insufficient. Those who have pity on the state hair will be given to each guard in Shenyang." Through the above measures, not only the northeast frontier was consolidated, but also the Northern Yuan forces fell into an unprecedented isolated position politically and militarily, which was very beneficial to the Ming Dynasty.The Ming people said: Liaodong "Since the past dynasties, the land has been counties and counties. Our dynasty has changed and set up guards, and we have set up Anle and Zizai prefectures alone in Liaoyang Kaiyuan to attach the barbarians inside. For those attached outside, the northeast is Jianzhou, Mao Lian, Nvzhi and other guards, and Duoyan, Fuyu, and Taining guards in the northwest. Divide the land and officials, and exchange tribute.Not only that, many female straight, Goryeo, and Tatar leaders have a very good relationship with the court.For example, at the end of the first month of the 16th year of Yongle, Mao Lianwei directed Meng Gebuhua to play: "There are more than 20 people in this guard, such as thousands of households, Ha Da, and so on. Every time they are dispatched, they can work hard. Please increase the number when you come to court." In order to persuade the future. Therefore, there are differences in promotions, and the repatriation is still issued." In February of the same year, Gengxu, the commander of Jianzhou Weidu, Li Xianzhong played: "The commander of the guards commanded thousands of households to appease the leader Harahu and others. , Capture traitors, tired of hard work, please be promoted as a persuasion. Then you will be promoted...all rewards and rewards will be given to you." Even when Zhu Di went out to conquer the frontier himself, he also conscripted local soldiers to accompany him.In June of the 19th year of Yongle, "Edict Zhu Rong, the commander-in-chief of Liaodong, and the commander of Liaodong, Wu Kai and Liu Qing: in the subordinate guards and Tatars, women straight, and Goryeo live in Anlezi, and select five thousand elites from the army of the state. , to Beijing at the rate of July."In the 20th year of Yongle's Northern Expedition, Mao Lianwei commanded Brother Meng Buhua and others, and led his children and subordinates to join the expedition. In addition, "the fertile land in eastern Liaodong can be harvested in one year, which can be used for several years. It can be harvested in several years, and sea transportation can be saved."Zhu Di paid great attention to the garrison fields in eastern Liaodong, "reducing soldiers and increasing garrison husbands, eight out of ten. There are many people in the village, and they are envied every year. The rice fields are connected for thousands of miles, and the garrisons face each other."Prosperity and development have emerged in the Northeast. At the same time, during the Yongle Dynasty, the relationship between the Ming Dynasty and North Korea was very good, and the Northern Yuan Dynasty could not take advantage of it, and it was even more impossible for the Tatars to expand eastward.In the Ming Dynasty's game of controlling Tatar and Wala, the management of the Northeast has a chance of winning.