Chapter 13 1. Perspective of the Battle of Jingnan

Why did four years of war happen in such a good country?Why was a Taiping emperor kicked out of power?In addition to the different personalities, abilities, and employment of the two sides in the war, is there any other reason?Many commentators regard the Battle of Jingnan as a struggle to seize power within the royal family, and there is no profound social reason.However, after carefully analyzing the historical records before and after Jing Nan, we can't help but doubt this statement.Although due to the ban on destruction during the Yongle period, what we often get are only clues, but after carefully linking these clues together, we discover a very broad background.This not only enables us to make a more profound judgment on the political changes before and after the "Jing Nan", but also makes our evaluation of Emperor Jianwen and Emperor Yongle more accurate.

So, let us look at the battle of Jingnan. To see through the battle of Jingnan, we should also start with Jianwen politics.What the Jianwen monarchs and ministers implemented was a set of policies that were completely different from those of Hongwu. Their idea of ​​changing the ancestral laws and implementing the New Deal was very clear.Qi Tai, Minister of the Ministry of War, which Emperor Jianwen relied heavily on, said: "The "Emperor Ming Zu Xun" does not speak, but uses new methods." This shows their contempt for the old system of their ancestors and their determination to carry out reforms.

Let's take a look at the changes in criminal law before and after Jianwen. Emperor Jianwen grew up in the deep palace and received Confucian education since childhood.All books record his "benevolence and softness" and "filial piety". This character is reflected in his political life, which is contrary to Zhu Yuanzhang's severe punishment and cruel law. "Taizu's age is high, and there are thousands of opportunities at home and abroad. He tried to pay the emperor (Jianwen)'s ruling. The fashion is strict, and the emperor's aid is lenient. He still saves a lot of punishment and prison, and Xinxin loves him far and near."It is said that Zhu Yuanzhang once gave laws to the emperor's grandson, and the emperor's grandson "examined the scriptures and rites, consulted the criminal laws of the past dynasties, and revised seventy-three articles. When the world is at peace, the punishment has to be light. The so-called punishment is light and the world is heavy.".The content of the seventy-three articles revised by Jianwen is no longer available for examination.Some people have verified that what Jianwen changed is an example rather than a law.However, the change from strict to lenient is probably true.

Jianwen ascended the throne and continued to implement the policy of leniency.He said: "The law of the Ming Dynasty is often heavier than the previous law. It is not a law that has been practiced throughout the ages. The law is a great law, and the etiquette is in line with human feelings. The people of Qi are not as good as the etiquette. It is passed on to the world. There are divisions who uphold ethics, pardon suspected prisons, and share the blessing of peace with Wanfang." The result of this is that "those who have committed crimes to the death will live. Therefore, the Ministry of Punishment and the Metropolitan Procuratorate judged prisoners and reduced them by three years depending on the previous year. Second, people are more important than breaking the law."Therefore, in the second year of Jianwen (1400), the imperial edict said: "In order to file a complaint, Yi Yushitai is named the Metropolitan Procuratorate, and the Ministry of Punishment governs the prison. Today, the gods of the Lai Zongmiao Temple are quite simple, and the Metropolitan Procuratorate is still controlled by the Han Dynasty. The Shifu is dedicated to rectifying corruption and the disabled, promoting the good, rectifying government affairs, and turning education into a ministry." The change in this institution is the result of the reduction of prisons.

At the beginning of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang once said: "Water weakens the people and plays with it, so many people die. If the law is strict, people will know fear, and fear will make fewer offenders, so people's lives can be saved. Law is lenient, and people are slow, and slowness means many offenders." , People's lives cannot be guaranteed, so those who are successful should not lightly change the ancestral laws." Therefore, the situation in Hongwu was "too many punishments" and even "people who have never had a day without faults."Later, although he said that "punishment despises the world and weighs the world", his fundamental thinking has not changed.In the 30th year of Hongwu (1397), the penal law was introduced into one system, "to order the descendants to guard it", "if the ministers have a little discussion about changes, they will be charged with the crime of disrupting the ancestral system."It took some courage for Jianwen Emperor Heng to break the old rules and implement lenient punishment.In September of the second year of Jianwen, Emperor Jianwen issued an order to "pardon the officials in exile, and to recruit descendants of Hongwuzhong who were wrongly arrested or offended, and their descendants will be hired."Therefore, in the bureaucratic ranks of the Jianwen Dynasty, many people were deposed and deposed in Hongwu.This kind of measure is the actual negation of the Hongwu policy, and it is a kind of vindication.

Let's take a look at Tian Fu again. In his enthronement edict, Emperor Jianwen stated that he wanted to "give birth to the new government", "virtue is only good governance, and government is to support the people", and "it is expected to lead to the prosperity of Yongxi".Then he issued an imperial edict including amnesty for death crimes, lenient prison sentences, rents for scorpions, and famine relief.Every emperor came to power, as usual, he had to make some high-sounding articles, but Emperor Jianwen's edict was not completely routine, he really wanted to do something.In the winter of this year, he issued an edict to grant half of the next year's land rent.The imperial edict said: "Since I ascended the throne, the prisons, large and small, have been lenient and economical. I have not paid taxes alone, and farmers have been trapped. I will give half of the land rent next year." In the first month of the first year of Jianwen, an old-age edict was issued, ordering officials to redeem people. son.In March of the same year, he issued an imperial edict to the land tax of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and the people got the official household department.The imperial edict said: "Jiangsu and Zhejiang pay special attention to taxation, but Su Song allowed private renting to impose taxes, and specially punished the recalcitrant people for a while. How can it be determined that one side will be heavily impoverished? It should be noted and reduced. Now that the land tax is equal, the people of Su Song will still serve as the household department."

Taxes in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Susong areas are heavier than other areas, and people are not allowed to be officials and households. This is a problem left by Zhu Yuanzhang.When Zhu Yuanzhang first took over the world, it is said: "I am angry that the city will not go down for a long time, and the evil people are attached to the bandits (referring to Zhang Shicheng), and they are trapped in the rich house and they are even more stubborn. Because they ordered the renting books of the wealthy families to be paid to Yousi, so that As the number is a fixed tax. Therefore, the Su Fu is very heavy and punishes the disadvantages of the moment." "At the beginning, the Taizu treasured the government and the people's land tax in the world. Combining five spoons, there is no official land, one dou and two liters", while "official and private land in western Zhejiang are regarded as twice as good as other places, and those who have two or three stones per mu tax".Although there was a slight reduction in the future, the land tax in Susong and other places is still much higher than that in other places.The actual victims are of course ordinary farmers.Restricting Susong people from serving as officials in the Ministry of Households is to abstain from "Zhejiang and the two prefectures of Susong and Song Dynasty as the land of wealth", and "the subordinate officials of the Ministry of Households are full of traitors in eastern Zhejiang. Use his hands. And he is good at calculating, and treats the chief like a puppet."The Jiangsu-Zhejiang region was an important pillar of the Ming Dynasty's economy, and the court was afraid that people from eastern Zhejiang would seize financial power and pose a threat.This is a discriminatory policy.It not only brings harm to farmers in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, but also is not conducive to the economic and cultural development of Jiangnan area.The people are unbearable, so they use the method of fleeing and owed to resist, so that heavy taxation often becomes no taxation.Therefore, Emperor Jianwen's uniform land tax in Jiangsu and Zhejiang was not only beneficial to the country, but also benefited the common people. It was indeed a virtuous policy.

At the end of Hongwu, monks and Taoists in the south of the Yangtze River "occupied more fertile fields and ate away the common people".Therefore, Emperor Jianwen also restricted monks and Taoists from occupying land.In July of the third year of Jianwen (1401), it was ordered that "every monk and Taoist should keep five acres of land, exempt from rent and tax, for incense expenses, and the rest of the land will be given to the common people when they become officials." This is undoubtedly an act of loving the people. Emperor Jianwen was most attacked by changing the ancestral law and changing the official system.

Zhu Yuanzhang made many adjustments to the political system in order to control the central power.In the thirteenth year of Hongwu (1380), he dismissed Zhongshu Province, abolished the prime minister, and promoted the ranks of the six ministries to divide the power. "Everything is in the court."Zhu Yuanzhang warned his descendants: "In the future, when the descendants become emperors, they will not be allowed to establish a prime minister. If the ministers dare to ask for the establishment, the civil and military officials will immediately impeach the offender, Ling Chi, and the whole family will be executed." Emperor Jianwen disregarded the strict prohibition of the ancestors, and used Qitai He is the prime minister of the left, and Huang Zicheng is the prime minister of the right.From the perspective of those who maintain the old system and regard the ancestral teachings as fetishes, this is naturally outrageous.Zhu Di proposed "recovering the old history of the Emperor's Examination" and "the rules and regulations come from the emperor".This is not only to make the usurper famous with the help of conservative forces, but also to maintain the authoritarian imperial power.

The official system was changed, and Jianwen has been uninterrupted for four years.Some official system changes are insignificant, of little significance, or just change the name.But some changes are meaningful.Zhu Yuanzhang was promoted to the rank of six departments, while the six ministers were only second-rank. This was the highest rank for civil servants other than clan officials and Gonggu Fubao. No downshift".What he needs are domestic slaves of the feudal emperor, who can be disposed of by the emperor at will, from deposed to the death of the imperial staff.The court stick created by Zhu Yuanzhang caused the ministers to be physically and mentally destroyed and humiliated wantonly.The so-called "blood splashes on the jade steps, and the flesh flies off the gold", "the king treats his ministers like dogs".Shi Zhongbin and Lou Lian once used the "Quiet Ancestral Law" as an excuse to oppose the reform of the official system.Emperor Jianwen commented in Lou Lian's memorandum: "This is the so-called knowing one and not knowing the other. Can the six ministers be lower than the five mansions? The sacrifice of wine is still under the servants? If the emperor is here, he must be The ministers should not repeat it." He was dissatisfied that the six ministers were lower than the five government officials, and that the sacrificial wine was lower than the emperor's horse breeder, at least they should be equal in status.On the one hand, this improved the status of civil servants, and on the other hand, it also showed that he had no intention of controlling power too tightly.He relied on important ministers, let them do things freely, and respected their status, which was very different from Zhu Yuanzhang's extreme despotism.Zhu Di once said in his letter to Li Jinglong: "The ancestors said, dismiss the prime minister, set up five government offices, six ministries, the Metropolitan Procuratorate, the General Administration Department, Dali Temple and other yamen to manage the world's common affairs. In general, the imperial court is stable. When the descendants become emperors in the future, they are not allowed to establish a prime minister. If there is a memorial, the civil and military officials will immediately impeach the prisoner, Ling Chi, and the whole family. In charge of the world's army, horses, money and food, and general affairs, although there is no one prime minister, there are six prime ministers. People in the world, but they know that there are Shangshu Qitai and others, but they don't know the court." This passage vividly illustrates the situation of Jianwen's reform and Emperor Jianwen. It is different from Zhu Yuanzhang and Zhu Di's attitude towards ministers.

During the time of Hongwu, the status of royal officials was even lower.They were nothing more than tutors and clerks to the Prince.Emperor Jianwen added a royal official, stipulating that professors and friends should not be called ministers when they sit in front of each other, and they should treat each other like a guest teacher.Fang Xiaoru said: The vassals "respect the most, but they are arrogant and easy to grow, and the officials on the left and right are inferior, so they can't correct their mistakes." Knowing and respecting the virtuous and seeking friends, in order to achieve virtue."Restricting the arrogance of vassals and improving the status of civil servants complement each other. Emperor Jianwen repeatedly asked for advice, and he was able to accept advice from himself.Once, Emperor Jianwen "occasionally felt a little cold, and watched the court for a little feast", and Yin Changlong, the supervisory censor, made a remonstrance.The left and right said: "Let's tell it with illness." Emperor Jianwen said: "No, direct remonstrance is unpleasant." So he issued an edict: "Changlong's words are wrong, and the Ministry of Rites can issue them to the world. I also use self-policing." Yin Changlong again The minister in power said: "The dictatorship of treacherous ministers, the yin is prosperous and the yang is weak." The ruling is evil, so he is demoted.Emperor Jianwen said, "If you speak the truth and discard it, people will not eat my surplus", and ordered the restoration of the official.Even, there were two palace people fighting in the palace, and Emperor Jianwen also said that "one palace is not complete" and "felt ashamed and blamed himself".Compared with Zhu Yuanzhang, this style of work is really different from heaven and earth.In this way, Emperor Jianwen changed the six departments whose main duties were to supervise officials at all levels to Shizhong to pick up relics from left and right, highlighting their functions of restraining and admonishing the emperor, which was definitely not just because of "changing the name of Mu Gu".For the same reason, Jinshen Hall was changed to Zhengxin Hall, and Shenggong Hall was built, and "Ancient Books and Hadiths" were placed in it. . The Metropolitan Procuratorate was changed to Yushifu. As mentioned earlier, it was the result of lenient punishment and provincial prisons, but it also had some implication: There has been some change, but there is no time to change. Today, the emperor nourishes people with virtue, and the people are happy, and the litigants are on the decline, and the official name is restored to improve good governance... From now on, those who live in the government respect and inherit the sacred teachings, and everything that is convenient for the country and the people Those who say, those who are the worm of the people and the sick of the country should go. Don't indulge in selfishness and waste what you guard, and don't be intimidated by the situation and bend to what you should do. One assists the emperor with the way, teaches morality, and makes the people of Li It is as mellow as that of the Three Dynasties, and it does not bear the meaning of building a country and governing it. If it is not the case...it is because the name of the official is changed, but the real one is self-possessed, Xi Kezai!" It can be seen that not only the name is changed, but more emphasis is placed on it. Change the fact. At the same time, the Jianwen Dynasty merged provinces, states and counties at the local level, and streamlined the organization.This measure of Emperor Jianwen was taken in response to the excessive bureaucracy during the Hongwu period.As early as the end of Hongwu, people of insight had suggested that Zhu Yuanzhang should "save redundant officials and reduce counties".According to the rough statistics contained in the "Jianwen Dynasty Compilation" and other books, thirty-nine counties, nine prefectures, and a group of counties have been revoked in the past few years.Seventy-three inspection departments, 49 river park offices, 15 delivery offices, 48 ​​water horse stations, 109 tax bureaus, 41 tax bureaus and some were abolished. Daoji Division, Daohui Division, Daozheng Division, Senghui Division, Daohuisuo, Senggang Daoji Division, Salt Bureau, Salt Division, Tea Division, Approval Salt Introduction Office, Gate, save Fuzhou County School There are only a few sporadic additions to teaching one hundred and four and other officials.It is worth noting that most of the abolitions are related to taxation, and among the additions, there is only one river park.The abolition of a large number of tax bureaus, river parks and other institutions will undoubtedly reduce the burden on the people and benefit economic development.Ming Zhu Lu said: "(Jianwen) in four years, today's provinces and cities, tomorrow's provinces and counties; What a disturbance!" "This is the fault of Zhengxue (Fang Xiaoru). However, in later generations, the people will be left behind by many herds, and their salary will be reduced by redundant staff. , The road is unrestrained, and the two things of eliminating officials and provinces and towns are solid and there are enough people. It can’t be called Jianwen’s current politics, after all, it’s not.”Although the words are not very good, they make sense. The various measures implemented by Emperor Jianwen may be called Jianwen New Deal.The New Deal was guided by its political ideals. Emperor Jianwen was a faithful believer in Confucianism, "likes reading and classical articles".After he ascended the throne, he devoted himself to the rule of culture, "discussing the laws of Zhou officials with Fang Xiao Confucianism day by day", and devoted himself to restoring the rule of two emperors and three kings.Although the supreme rulers of all dynasties liked to use this to flaunt themselves, Emperor Jianwen was a naive politician, and his words did not seem to be out of tricks and deceit.This may be an important reason for his failure.Due to the incompleteness of historical records, we might as well examine his thoughts from the remarks of his main advisor, Fang Xiaoru. Fang Xiaoru is also a naive politician.He even wanted to restore the well field system in the Ming Dynasty.Its purpose is to "let everyone have a field, and each field has its own public, work together to solve problems, and help each other to save each other."He believes that "the rich will benefit from the rich, and the poor will benefit from the poor. Both are the root of chaos." People, why don't you go against it."He practiced benevolence and righteousness, restored the well fields, and tried to prevent the polarization of the rich and the poor, and eliminate the root of the disaster, so as to achieve long-term peace and stability.Clearly these propositions cannot be realized within a monarchical society. The Ming Dynasty was already the late period of monarchy society.During Hongwu's more than 30 years, the economy has developed considerably, but social contradictions have continued to sharpen.According to "Taizu Hongwu Records" alone, there were more than 180 peasant uprisings during the Hongwu Dynasty.In view of this, Fang Xiaoru, as a politician, aimed to find a way out for the society with the slogan of returning to the past, and tried to overcome the contradictions that society could not overcome at that time.It is easy to understand why he denounced Wang Shuying's objection to Fu Jingtian as "the common saying of the common people". The merit of Fang Xiaoru's thought lies in the development of Mencius' people-oriented thought.He said: "A king is one who can equalize the world." The reason why people elect a monarch is to "make people devote themselves to civil affairs."Therefore, "the reason why heaven establishes a ruler for the people is not to make the people serve the ruler."He criticized those later kings who reversed the relationship between the monarch and the people: "The job of knowing the people is to serve them, but they don't know that the job of the king is to support the people. Therefore, those who ask for the people will be detailed and exhaustive, and those who are self-sufficient will not be slack." Xiu." And then pointed out: "If the establishment of a monarch is not beneficial to the people, then what can we do with the monarch!" 270 years later, Huang Zongxi, a great Confucian in the early Qing Dynasty who is known as the enlightenment thought, wrote a brilliant book under the new historical conditions. "Ming Yi Waiting for Visit Record".In "Yuanjun", he fiercely criticized the monarchy. He said: "In ancient times, the world was the main one, and the king was the guest. Those who run the king's life are the world. Today, the king is also the king, and the world As a guest, anyone who finds peace in the world without a place is a king.” There is more than just the same words between them.And Huang Zongxi's "Confucianism in the Ming Dynasty", he tried to exclude those who "wiped out his master's hard work with one death", and Fang Xiaoru was the first to "take the livelihood of the people as his concern, and take the kingly way as his heart".Their hearts have something in common. Fang Xiaoru's thoughts are incompatible with Zhu Yuanzhang's extreme authoritarianism.Zhu Yuanzhang believed that "it is the common people's business to serve the superiors by doing military service", and "it is the share of the people who pay the labor force to serve the superiors."Otherwise, "the law of the country does not tolerate it" and "the law of heaven does not tolerate it."Then, it is easy to understand why he was dissatisfied with Fang Xiaoru, saying: "He is so proud!" and demoted him as a professor of the Shu Palace. The Jianwen New Deal brought certain benefits to the society, so the Ming people have the reputation of "four years of lenient government and severe frost".His "benevolence and righteousness" even spread far and wide in the Western Regions and North Korea. Until the Anti-Japanese War, "Dali Minjia still had Emperor Hui (Jianwen) as its originator."There are more legends about Emperor Jianwen in the Central Plains: "The fathers and elders have said that during the four years of Jianwen, after the revision of the Taizu Dynasty's laws and regulations, the court did everything with Dun, and the governance was almost equal to three generations. The scholar-officials at that time advocated etiquette and righteousness. , the common people enjoy profit and break the law again. The family is full of people, and the outside house is not closed. The government of the Kong Dynasty. Since ancient times, no monarch who has unfortunately lost his country has ever won the hearts of his subjects." These records and legends are enough to confirm the Jianwen New Deal. In addition, Zhu Yuanzhang won the world with martial arts, valuing martial arts and despising literature.Most of the Xunqi are generals in charge of the army, and the kings have also increased their authority by being able to control the armies.On the contrary, the status of civil servants is very low.He didn't pay much attention to the imperial examinations in terms of employment, but used the three methods of Jinshi, tribute examinations, and miscellaneous streams. It is not necessary to study to be an official.Wang Shizhen said: "At the beginning of the country, there was a lot of emphasis on military affairs, and there were not many literary affairs, and each of them probably advanced according to his own way."Zhu Yuanzhang's slaughter of heroes in his later years did not touch the fundamental status and various privileges of warriors.He killed only some senior generals who might pose a threat to the emperor.This policy of right-winging and despising literature was determined by the political situation at the time.Fighting the country depends on the soldiers, and strengthening the country also depends on the soldiers.But after more than thirty years of peace, this policy needs to change. Emperor Jianwen saw the changes in the situation, so he "returned to the left class" and focused on improving the status of intellectuals.He not only raised the rank of the six ministers, allowing civil servants to share more power, but also opened up imperial examinations to open the way for intellectuals to enter the political power.Fang Xiaoru said: "The emperor inherited it, respected the right culture and education, and the scholars advised them." Emperor Jianwen wanted to build a team to promote his political ideals.He also ordered excellent literature scholars as a supplement to the imperial examination.He even ordered "to merge with the guards" and "order the military guards to promote the sergeants who pass the scriptures", which is a bit embarrassing for the Wubians. How can these circumstances help us see through the Jingnan battle? First of all, the Jianwen New Deal negates Hongwu politics to a certain extent, and it will inevitably offend the vested interest groups in the Hongwu period.This group will inevitably oppose it, and try its best to maintain Hongwu's political tradition from being damaged, and everything that has been changed must restore the old system. Secondly, Jianwen’s New Deal offended at least two groups of people. One was the princes, whose rights and status were greatly damaged by Emperor Jianwen’s policy of cutting vassals.The second is a large number of generals, because the improvement of the status of civil servants will inevitably restrain their rights and interests.It is inevitable that these two groups will be dissatisfied with the Jianwen New Deal. In this way, when we look back at the Battle of Jingnan, we will draw the following conclusions. First, Zhu Di had to put forward a political slogan sufficient to launch the Battle of Jingnan, and this slogan was "restore the old system of the ancestors."He accused "treacherous ministers in the court" of disturbing the ancestors to become a law, and claimed that "Jing Nan" and "Qing Emperor's Side" were based on the maintenance of the ancestral system. Second, if Zhu Di wanted to overthrow Jianwen's monarchs and ministers, he needed to rely on forces dissatisfied with Jianwen's New Deal, and these were the princes and generals. Summarizing these two points, we can see that the Battle of Jingnan was fought by Zhu Di and the prince's army group, who tried their best to maintain the ancestral system; by Zhu Yunqi and the Wenchen group, they wanted to implement the New Deal. Therefore, it can be said that the struggle between Jianwen and Yongle was a struggle between innovation and conservatism, a struggle between the emperor's literati group striving to implement enlightened politics and the conservative prince's military group.One side wants to maintain and expand its own vested interests and oppose system reform, while the other side hopes to participate in more political power, change the old system, and implement new policies.That's the essence of this struggle. Jianwen New Deal is an "unfinished symphony".Due to the sluggishness of the army, the short time, and the lack of comprehensive and stronger measures of the New Deal, these naive politicians failed to win the support of wider social forces.A "benevolent and soft" emperor supported by Zuoban literati was quickly defeated in front of the powerful princely army group. This conclusion can be fully proved by the historical facts before and after the Jingnan Battle.The Jianwen New Deal has been mentioned above. The slogan of "returning to the old" was also clearly written in Zhu Di's letter to the court and his call to arms.The soldiers whose status was threatened gathered under the banner of "restore the old system" and "kill Zuoban civil officials", openly rebelled against King Yan or lingered on the sidelines, becoming the backbone of Zhu Di's support. "Crime Records" records: King Yan was in trouble at the beginning, suffering without a name, entrusting Yunqing to the side, not enough for the warriors to be angry, and after the two victories, all the soldiers who died in the northern expedition from Geng (Bingwen) and Li (Jinglong) let the emperor (Jianwen Emperor) have Edict: "Every time this child refuses to fight with his heart, he will be defeated and scorned, and his descendants will make up for it." Ru used to persuade Dazong (Zhu Di) to show his favor, saying: "Since ancient times, the death of a king has been punished without hearing of it. He is ordered to return to his father's position, and he will be exempted from corvee even if he dies." We have already analyzed the reasons why the soldiers refused to fight with their hearts, and here we can see that Zhu Di and others are fighting for this power with their hearts.Historical records record that "the great generals" also "have two hearts, so they became ancestors and went to the river, and they collapsed without a fight." "Soldiers and soldiers often disperse and refuse to face the enemy", and they die until they lose their country.Zhu Lu of the Ming Dynasty said: Zhu Yuanzhang "focused on the right martial arts", so "the left class can't look forward to luck, and there is no long or short effect. It is just a system, a revision of the imperial edict, and a competition to deliver the decree. As far as the emperor Jianwen, note thinking Lectures, Tian Wu competes in literature, Jin gentry are close to each other and Jie Zhou is sparse. Therefore, the Imperial Academy has a posthumous posthumous title of Xi, and Shang Shu is a first-ranker. There are hundreds of people without worry, and Gai Zhengu had an original idea. But the military officials led two people in their arms, and they rebelled one after another. They were eager to fight, and there were as many as a thousand people who were willing to be captured. They are all generals, commanders and commanders." .He sighed, "The two dynasties were close to each other, and they were not very close to the Liao Dynasty. What is the difference between civil and military separation and reunion"! When the Yan army entered Nanjing, the civil servants who greeted them were nothing more than "everyone is like a human being".In addition to the death of a large number of people, there were 463 people who "fleeed" while in office.Among the local officials, there are as many as "two hundred and ninety one people" who "watched the wind and disbanded" in the counties and counties of Beiping alone.They refused to cooperate with Zhu Di.Many people were killed generously, showing no fear under the extremely brutal torture. Fang Xiaoru even ignored the threat of killing the ten clans.why?In the words of the martyrs themselves, it is "two righteousness returns to the spring soil, and a little loyalty is in the emperor's township".In addition to fulfilling the righteousness of the monarch and ministers, the main thing is that they have their own political ideals and ideas.They would rather die for the Jianwen New Deal than return to the Hongwu-style tyranny.Under Zhu Yuanzhang's tyranny, "if it is improper, it will be reprimanded, and if it is offended, it will be punished. Covering Shuangxue has many uses, and the meaning of destruction is also quite a lot."Emperor Jianwen "focused on warming up the spring".Zhu Lu said in the poem "The Officials of Fang Zhengxue in Jinling": "Four years of lenient government and severe frost, although the destiny is new, it is forbearing to forget? I am loyal and bloody, and I will report the red family to the king." How much said They miss Yangchun and are willing to die for the Jianwen New Deal. "Although my apprentice dies with no regrets, I hope that Caimin will reach the sage through hard work."They also tried to use their own deaths to arouse the sympathy of the rulers for the people. The division of civil and military camps before and after Jing Nan is very clear. As for the prince, it goes without saying that Yan Shi went south to the Valley King Zhu Wei to open the Nanjing Chuanmen to welcome the surrender. King Ning Zhu Quan is Zhu Di's direct collaborator. , and both of them have an agreement to "divide the world when everything is done".The fact that the princes turned to Zhu Di for their own interests is irrefutable.So, how can it be said that there is no princely army group?