Chapter 12 5. The Mystery of Emperor Jianwen

Zhu Di became the emperor as he wished, but the whereabouts of his political opponent Jianwen Emperor Zhu Yunwen has become an eternal mystery.The fire in the Nanjing Palace hundreds of years ago has long been wiped out, and people's search for Emperor Jianwen has not stopped. 1.conflicting historical records Regarding the ending of Emperor Jianwen in the palace, the official "Records of Emperor Taizong of Ming Dynasty" records as follows: When I saw smoke rising from the palace, I hurriedly dispatched Chinese envoys to rescue him.It's too late.He used his corpse in the fire, and it was still in vain.Cried up and said: "Sure enough, if it is dementia? I came to help you to do good, but you didn't forgive me, and you came here so suddenly?... Renshen, prepare for the funeral of Jianwen Jun. Send officials to offer sacrifices, and stop for three days.

The Veritable Records of Emperor Taizong of the Ming Dynasty was compiled during the Xuande period. Due to political reasons, the official records must represent official interests.Therefore, it is not credible that some crucial and subtle things are often concealed or written in a curved way.According to the records of "Real Records", Emperor Jianwen was burned to death, and he was also buried.Some said it was the gift of the prince, and some said it was the gift of the son of heaven.Whether it is the ceremony of the emperor or the ceremony of the prince, it is extremely grand. If so, has anyone seen the funeral ceremony?Where is the grave?Under the political situation at that time, it was in Zhu Di's interest that Emperor Jianwen was burned to death.If Emperor Jianwen was burned to death, the hope and expectation of the people of the world could be cut off, and Zhu Di could be the emperor with peace of mind.Emperor Jianwen lived in this world, which was a heart disease of Zhu Di and his son.It is reasonable to infer that even if there is a little possibility of deceiving people, Zhu Di will hold a funeral for Emperor Jianwen and build a tomb.It is precisely because Zhu Di couldn't even deceive himself that he couldn't hold a funeral and build a tomb. The records in "Records" are based on the political interests of those in power. They declared that Emperor Jianwen was dead, just to make the people of the world die and the followers of Emperor Jianwen die.No one has seen the mourning or the tomb. The record in "Records" is undoubtedly a big lie.It is precisely because this lie is so easy to see through that the people simply do not believe that Emperor Jianwen is dead, so there are various speculations and rumors.

Several other incidents contributed to the emergence of various rumors and legends. 2.Did Monk Puqia hide Emperor Jianwen? A clue revealed in "History of Ming Dynasty" is a cause of speculation among the people. Legend of Yao Guangxiao in "Ming History": (Yongle) In March of the sixteenth year (Yao Guangxiao) entered the pilgrimage (Zhu Di), at the age of eighty and four.He was so ill that he could not go to court, and he still lived in Qingshou Temple.The car driver came to watch again, and the conversation was very cheerful. He gave a golden spit pot and asked what he wanted to say.Guangxiao said: "Seng Puqia has been around for a long time, and I would like to pardon him."At the beginning, when the emperor entered Nanjing, there were rumors that Emperor Jianwen had escaped as a monk, and Pu contacted him to know the certificate, or said that he had disappeared from Pu's contact.The emperor banned Puqia for other affairs, and ordered Hu Wei and others to look for Emperor Jianwen in the matter.Not available for a long time.Puqia has been sitting for more than ten years, and finally, the emperor ordered him to come out with his words of filial piety.

Puqia was the chief recording monk of Emperor Jianwen, why did Ming Chengzu Zhu Di close Puqia?Because he heard two rumors: "It is said that Emperor Jianwen escaped as a monk, and Pu contacted him to know the certificate", "or it was said that Pu contacted him to hide".But whether it is "youyan" or "oryan", neither is a definite reference, nor is it enough to confirm that Emperor Jianwen fled as a monk, or that Emperor Jianwen hid in Puqia.Yao Guangxiao is the master monk of Zhu Di, the king of Yan. He and Pu Qia served Emperor Jianwen and King Yan respectively. Although the release of Puqia, who had been tied down for a long time, was unavoidably out of sympathy, it can also be understood that he did not believe that "Emperor Jianwen escaped for a monk" or "hidden Puqia", so he wanted to excuse Puqia before his death .However, Yao Guangxiao's disbelief does not mean that the people do not believe it.On the contrary, these two suspicions spread farther and farther, and became more and more abundant.

3.Mysterious Hu Wei, Zhang Sanfeng Since the legitimate emperor's whereabouts are unknown, it seems reasonable for the usurper emperor to send people everywhere to check his whereabouts.Although some people don't believe the legends about Emperor Jianwen's exile in various places, they also suspect that Emperor Jianwen did not die in the fire, but escaped from the palace in the chaos.So some books such as Shen Defu and others in the Ming Dynasty appeared such sayings: Emperor Shao (Emperor Jianwen) also came out of the tunnel, and his traces are very secret. In the name of Emperor Wen (Emperor Zhu Di of Ming Dynasty) sending Hu Yutuo to visit Zhang Sanfeng, it is really suspected that he hid himself and started trouble.He sent the eunuch Zheng He to float across the seas and travel through the countries without any influence.Although the position of heaven is not endless, there are many people who have enough wisdom for self-sufficiency.

One of the volumes of "National History Weiyi" written by Huang Jingfang in the late Ming Dynasty also said this: Hu Wei was sent to the southwest, looking for lakes, Hunan, Guizhou, and Zhudong, and Zheng He was sent southeast, looking for Ou, Yue, Fujian, and Guangxi.There are almost no traces of Yu overseas.Tang poetry "Go up to the poor and fall to the underworld, and the two places are both boundless."Different scenarios of the day. Zheng He's voyage is discussed separately.Let me talk about Hu Wei first.Who is Hu Ming?This man is mysterious. "History of Ming Dynasty" and "Biography of Hu Wei" say:

In the first year of Yongle (Hu Wei), the household department was moved to Shizhong.Emperor Hui collapsed in the fire, or said to flee, and the old ministers followed him more, the emperor doubted it.In five years, he was sent to issue various books on the imperial system, and visited the immortal Zhang sloppy. He traveled all over the world, counties, counties, towns and towns, and secretly inspected the emperor Jianwen.Because of this, I was away the longest, and I returned it in fourteen years.So it is also hidden from the people.It is not allowed to beg for mother's funeral.Promoted to the left servant of the Ministry of Rites.Seventeen years later, he came back to visit the prefectures of Jiang, Zhejiang, Hu and Hunan.In the 21st year, he returned to the court and paid homage to the emperor in Xuanfu.The emperor had already gone to bed, and when he heard that he had arrived, he hurriedly summoned him to come in, so that he knew what he had heard was correct.The four drums are missing.First, before the arrival, it was rumored that Emperor Jianwen crossed the sea, and the emperor dispatched several generations of his ministers, Zheng He, to sail to the Western Ocean, and the doubts began to be resolved.

Hu Wei is a secret detective sent by Zhu Di.However, according to Hu Wei's biography, the mission of his tour was not only to visit Emperor Jianwen, but to have several tasks: to issue various books on the imperial system; to visit the immortal Zhang Sloppy;In addition, there is another important task. "Ming History" and "Hu Wei Biography" also say: The crown prince supervised the country in Nanjing, and the king of Han slandered the prince for Feiyu.The emperor (Zhu Di) changed his official position to Nanjing, because he was ordered to be honest.At the end of the day, the seven affairs of Shangjian (Emperor Prince) were carefully arranged, and there was nothing else to say about sincerity, respect and filial piety, and the emperor was happy.

It turned out that the king of Han and the crown prince competed for the right to inherit and slandered the crown prince. Zhu Di didn't trust the crown prince, so he sent Hu Wei to investigate secretly.Hu Wei was in charge of the household department at that time.The system of the Ming Dynasty stipulated that the six departments "in charge of attendants, admonitions, filling vacancies, picking up relics, and inspecting six departments and one hundred divisions."As a spokesperson for Shizhong, he doesn't care about the affairs of the court.Of course, some officials can also name themselves in the six departments and undertake special tasks assigned by the emperor.All Hu Mi's tours are secret missions. Even if Zhu Di is away on an expedition, even if Zhu Di has already gone to bed, he has to rush to report.But the problem is that no one knows what the two of them said at Zhu Di's bedside.

It is precisely because Hu Wei's whereabouts are very mysterious, and the whereabouts of Emperor Jianwen is unknown at this time, it encourages people's associations and speculations.I suspect that the author of "History of the Ming Dynasty" was also disturbed by folklore, and wrote the guesswork into the history book: "Emperor Hui collapsed in the fire, or fled, and the old ministers followed, and the emperor doubted it."Among Hu's various tasks, there is one that can be confirmed, and that is to visit the immortal Zhang Sloppy. 4.Immortal Zhang Sloppy Zhang Sloppy's real name is Zhang Sanfeng, and he is called Zhang Sloppy because of his lack of frills. He belongs to the stream of immortal warlocks. "History of the Ming Dynasty" included it in the biographies of Fang Ji, saying, "It may be said that Sanfeng was born in the Jin Dynasty. He was the same teacher as Liu Bingzhong at the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, and later learned Taoism in the Taiqing Palace in Luyi, but none of them can be tested." "History of the Ming Dynasty" generally adheres to the "no words, strange powers and gods" style of writing, so it generally does not record things about gods and ghosts, but it still records some so-called strange behaviors of Zhang Sanfeng: it is said that he is "height and great, with a turtle-shaped crane back, big ears and round eyes. , must be like a halberd. In cold and heat, you can only accept a coir raincoat. What you eat, you will use up your bucket. You may eat once for several days, or you may not eat for several months. Books and scriptures are never forgotten, and there is no constant travel, or clouds can travel thousands of miles in a day. Good play Harmony, as if there is no one around. I tasted the various rocks and ravines in Wudang, and the speaker said: "This mountain will flourish in a different day." It was buried in the coffin. When it was buried, there was a sound in the coffin, and it was revived when it was opened. I traveled to Sichuan and saw the king of Shu Xian. After returning to Wudang, I went to Hunan and Han, and the traces became more and more fantastic." , The traces are mysterious, unfathomable, and it shocks the emperor, which is beyond the reach of those who are born to be favored." Zhu Yuanzhang heard his name, and in the 24th year of Hongwu, he "sent envoys to find it." "In Yongle, Cheng Zu sent Hu Wei, who was in charge, and Zhu Xiang, his servant, to visit with seal books and incense coins, and traveled through the barren land for several years." Later, Zhu Di "ordered Zou Jin, Minister of Industry, Zhang Xin, Marquis of Longping, etc , more than 300,000 governors, and Wudang Temple, cost millions of dollars. Once it is completed, it will be named Taihe Taiyue Mountain, and an official will cast a seal to guard it, which is in line with Sanfeng's words."

Zhu Di sent Hu Wei to search for Zhang Sanfeng, and it was because Zhu Yuanzhang "sent envoys to find him but couldn't find it".Moreover, Hu Yi brought Zhu Di's "Seal Book", which is undoubtedly accurate.Today we can see the majestic Wudang Taoist temple built in those years, which has been called the first jungle of Taoism in the south.Therefore, to say that Zhu Di sent Hu Wei to visit Zhang Sanfeng was to visit Zhang Sanfeng, which is not an excuse, unlike the search for Emperor Jianwen, which is only guesswork and possibility. The occurrence of another incident made the legend about Emperor Jianwen more and more chaotic.That is the appearance of Yang Yingxiang. 5.Is Yang Yingxiang Emperor Jianwen? Shen Defu's "Wanli Yehuo Pian" records: In the year of Jiaxu (the second year of Wanli), today (Ming Shenzong Zhu Yijun) Yuri said, he asked his minister about the death of Lord Jianwen. Zhang Juzheng said to him: "There is no examination of this matter in "National History", but it is said that during the orthodox period, it was published in Yunnan Post. There is a poem written on the wall, which says "I have been living in the rivers and lakes for dozens of autumns". An imperial emissary asked him about it, and he said that Emperor Jianwen wanted to return to his homeland. So he was summoned to the palace to raise him. It was seventy or eighty years old, and I don't know later. The end." Gai Jiangling (Zhang Juzheng) never remembered that this happened in "Yinglu". The "National History" mentioned by Zhang Juzheng is "Ming Shilu".The "Yinglu" mentioned in the notes is the "Records of Ming Yingzong".Zhang Juzheng was the chief assistant of the cabinet in the early years of Wanli. He had served in the court for a long time and was at the core of the ruling. The record of this matter in "Ming Yingzong Shilu" can be found in Ding Si in November of the fifth year of Zhengtong: A monk over ninety years old, from Yunnan to Guangxi, said: "I am Emperor Jianwen. Zhang Tianshi said that I have suffered for forty years, and now the number is full, so I should return to the country." Ye Si'en said to himself.Cen Ying sent him to the capital.The official will call it.His name is Yang Yingxiang, a native of Junzhou. He became a monk in the 17th year of Hongwu and traveled to Beijing, Yun, Gui, and even Guangxi.Jin Yiwei, who was ordered to die, died.The twelve accomplice monks all guarded the border. This was a fraud case, and the facts are clear. Several monks conspired to impersonate Emperor Jianwen by Yang Yingxiang, an old monk in his nineties.The incident failed, the old monk was imprisoned in Jinyiwei prison and died, and the accomplice monk was sent to the border guards.The case is closed. Emperor Jianwen was born in the tenth year of Hongwu (1377) and was only sixty-three years old in the fifth year of Yingzong Zhengtong (1440).The old monk has a name and a surname, which is recorded in "Records", and the people in prison would not have dared to invent it back then.After 22 years of Yongle, 11 years of Hongxi and Xuande, and 5 years of Zhengtong, 38 years have passed since Emperor Jianwen.At that time, the society was stable. Even if Emperor Jianwen was alive, he had no soldiers in his hands and would not pose a threat.There is no need for the imperial court to be afraid of his appearance.In fact, the court's handling was also measured. Only one person, Yang Yingxiang, was imprisoned and died, and the rest were fined and sent to the border. The conclusion is that Yang Yingxiang was not Emperor Jianwen, and Emperor Jianwen did not appear. However, the exposure of Yang Yingxiang's fraud case not only did not stop people's mouths, but gave people more room for imagination.There are more and more folk legends about Emperor Jianwen.In the Wanli period, there were actually detailed records with complete details.Even some so-called serious scholars can't help being confused by it.The history of the country Weiyi said: "Cheng Jizhi's Essays from the Dead and Xu Zhongbin's "To the Body" were published, and the obscurity of more than two hundred years began to be revealed, and the doubtful cases were fully resolved." 6.The Embarrassment and Contradiction of Compiling "History of Ming Dynasty" in Qing Dynasty After the fall of the Ming Dynasty, all the stakeholders in the Jingnan Battle were no longer alive.Historians can write this period of history calmly, but the whereabouts of Emperor Jianwen are still unclear.The Qing Dynasty officially organized manpower, and Zhang Tingyu presided over the compilation of "History of Ming Dynasty". There was a heated debate on the whereabouts of Emperor Jianwen. In the end, "History of Ming Dynasty" recorded the ending of Emperor Jianwen as follows: The capital fell, the palace was on fire, and the emperor did not know where to end.The king of Yan sent out the corpses of the emperor and the empress, put them in the fire, and buried them in Renshen after eight days. Or cloud: The emperor escaped from the tunnel. In less than forty characters, there are three theories about the whereabouts of Emperor Jianwen: 1. He did not know where he ended up; 2. He was burned to death; 3. He died by tunnel. From the invasion of Nanjing by the Yan army (the fourth year of Jianwen, 1402) to the thirteenth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty (1735), more than three hundred years have passed, and there is still no conclusion about the whereabouts of Emperor Jianwen.Those who participated in compiling the history of the Ming Dynasty were all well-educated people from the government and the public, and when compiling the history of the Ming Dynasty, they collected a large amount of official and private historical materials, which were carefully analyzed and studied. "History of Ming Dynasty" is famous for its rigorous style and meticulous narrative. Confused about the whereabouts of Emperor Jianwen, there are many lawsuits. 7.The Legendary Traces of Emperor Jianwen What is the situation in the legend? Legend has it that Zhu Yuanzhang, Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, saw that Zhu Yunqi was weak, and left a sealed iron box before his death, and asked Zhu Yunqi to open it when he encountered a catastrophe.The Yan army invaded Nanjing, and the situation was critical. Emperor Jianwen Zhu Yunwen opened the iron box, which contained a razor, a certificate and an imperial decree: "If you want to live, you will become a monk with a certificate, and go to the honey land. Otherwise, you will commit suicide." So Emperor Jianwen fled by burning the palace.Emperor Jianwen came out from the gate of hell, and a boat stopped by the desk, and the Taoist priests were waiting for him.Emperor Jianwen and others went southeast, and Qi Tai, Minister of the Ministry of War, chased him to Guangde, but he failed to catch up and was captured.Legend has it that Emperor Jianwen once lived in Dongming Temple in Qiantang. The Siru Building in the temple has a special shape and is not built by ordinary people.Some people say that Emperor Jianwen was welcomed into Sichuan by the king of Shu by boat, and later entered Yunnan from Sichuan, and hid in the home of Mu Sheng, the Duke of Guizhou.Yan Zhen, Shangshu of the Ministry of Industry, met Emperor Jianwen unexpectedly in Yunnan when he was on a diplomatic mission. He was caught in a dilemma.After that, Emperor Jianwen traveled to Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, Shaanxi and Guizhou.The mountain forest temple where Emperor Jianwen lived left many relics and some poems: For example, writing a poem at Yongqing Temple in Sichuan: Zhang Xi has been traveling for a long time, and the mountains, clouds, water, and moon are chanting leisurely. The heart of the dust is exhausted, and there is no need to be invaded by the world. In Guangxi it is written: In the 40th autumn of the southwest, Xiao Xiao's white hair has already filled his head. Where is the home of hatred in the universe?Jianghan is ruthless and the water flows by itself. The clouds in Changle Palace dissipated, and the sound of rain in Chaoyuan Pavilion stopped. The willows in Xinpu are green every year, and the old wild ones keep crying. Inscribed on the wall by Luo Yongan, Chief Justice of Jinzhu, Guizhou: The wind and dust suddenly invaded the south overnight, and the destiny sneaked into the hearts of the world, When the phoenix returns to Danshan, the red sun is far away, and when the dragon returns to the sea, the blue clouds are deep. Ziwei has a phase star, and the jade leak sinks silently. Thinking of the Forbidden City in the moonlight tonight, the sixth palace still looks forward to the arrival of Cuihua. After reading it, I knocked the chimes lazily, and laughed to see the yellow house send the tuan ladle. There are thousands of layers of mountains in the south, and Tianmen is thousands of miles away in the north. Duan Duan has forgotten to fly a phoenix chariot for a long time, and the cassock is replaced with a dragon robe. Where do the officials know today?Only flocks of birds face morning and evening. Legend has it that by the fifth year of Zhengtong (1440), Emperor Jianwen had been in exile for thirty-nine years. In a temple in Si'en, Guangxi, a monk from the same temple stole Emperor Jianwen's poems and went to see Cen, the prefect of Si'en. Ying, who called himself Emperor Jianwen.Shocked, Cen Ying arrested all the monks and sent them to the chief secretary to be reported to the court.A group of monks were sent to the capital, and they were in Beijing at this time.After the imperial envoy Tingyu, the monk claimed: "I am more than ninety years old, and I want to bury my grandfather's mausoleum." The imperial envoy said: "Jianwen Jun was born in Hongwu for ten years, and he was sixty-four years old in the fifth year of Zhengtong. How can he be ninety years old?" ?” Suddenly missed the point, after interrogation, it was learned that this monk was from Baishali, Junzhou, and his name was Yang Yingxiang.Therefore, the monk died and was imprisoned in Jinyiwei, with twelve servants guarding the border.This is the incident recorded in the "Records of Yingzong". The matter should have ended here, but folklore used its imagination, saying that at this time Emperor Jianwen really "thought of returning to the south" at this time, so he told the truth to the local officials.The imperial envoy secretly reported to the court and sent a group of people to the capital.The imperial court sent Wu Liang, an old eunuch who had served Emperor Jianwen, to identify the authenticity of Emperor Jianwen.When Emperor Jianwen saw Wu Liang, he said, "Aren't you Wu Liang?" Hold the pot in your hand, and put it on the ground. Is it Yun Feiye?" Wu Liang fell to the ground and cried.Emperor Jianwen had sunspots on his left toe. Wu Liang stared at it and hugged Emperor Jianwen's feet, crying so hard that he couldn't look up.Ashamed, Wu Liang retreated and died.So Emperor Jianwen was welcomed into Xi Nei.Cheng Ji, who was traveling with Emperor Jianwen, heard the news and said: "Fang is finally in office today." He went to Yunnan to burn the nunnery and dismiss the disciples.After Emperor Jianwen entered the palace, the palace people called him Laofo.Later, Emperor Jianwen died of his life and was buried in Xishan without seal or tree. Reading similar records, we feel that people are weaving stories carefully, lest there will be loopholes and they will not be able to justify themselves.Even so, we still see many contradictions and differences in these records. For example, "Remains of Emperor Jianwen" (that is, "Remains of Records") says that Emperor Jianwen returned in the first year of Xuande (1426) Bingwu Mengchun. "The young emperor came from the south of the Yangtze River to return to the capital", and he claimed that "I am over seventy this year". (Actually, if Emperor Jianwen is not dead, he should be forty-nine years old) When Emperor Jianwen met the old eunuch, he said something else: "I gave you three peach fruits on Qixi Festival. Next, eat one and cherish the other. I asked you why you hid it, and you said to me: "I have my father and elders at home, and I want to cherish this and offer it." ?" The old eunuch suddenly came to his senses, and cried loudly.So all the old ministers came to visit for a while.After the identity of Emperor Jianwen was confirmed, Xuanzong ordered him to be "raised generously in the palace of the kings".But soon, "died overnight".Later, he was "buried in the suburbs with a public ceremony". Zhu Yunming's "Wild Records" also has roughly the same records.Lang Ying's "Seven Revised Class Drafts" said: "Emperor Jianwen was buried in Xishan, and the monument was called 'Tomb of the Great Master of the World'". The so-called burial in Beijing Xishan refers to the Haidian District outside the Fucheng Gate of Beijing today. It is said that it is located in the Chinese Painting Research Institute in the West Third Ring Road.The Baitaan pagoda in the courtyard is the mantle pagoda built after Emperor Jianwen was buried. There are so many rumors about the whereabouts of Emperor Jianwen that there are too many to count. ▲Emperor Jianwen first hid in Puji Temple in Wu County, Jiangsu Province, and later, with the help of Yao Guangxiao, hid in Huangjia Nunnery on Qionglong Mountain. After his death, he was buried on Qionglong Mountain. ▲Emperor Jianwen once hid in the Foluo Temple in Pingchang, Sichuan, and was buried on the hillside behind the temple after his death.Because Emperor Jianwen often cried facing the capital in the temple, later generations renamed Pingluo Temple as Wangjing Temple. ▲Emperor Jianwen fled from Dali, Yunnan to Yuexi River, Yibin, Sichuan, and lived in seclusion in Longxing.It is even said that Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty came to Yuexi to investigate the relics of Emperor Jianwen. ▲Lion Mountain in Wuding, Yunnan Province. It is said that Emperor Jianwen once stayed in the Zen Temple on this mountain.There are three statues of monks painted in color in the temple. The middle one is wearing cassock and leaning on a dragon chair. It is said that it is the statue of Emperor Jianwen.The statue was made in the early years of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty.The three characters "Ming Huidi" are written on the front of the niche.The couplet in front of the pavilion reads: "The monk is the emperor, and the emperor is also the monk. The mantle has been passed down for decades, and Zhengjue is still the same as the emperor; High." It is said that more than ten scenic spots in the temple, such as the double tree of heaven and earth, the green cypress of dragon and phoenix, and the dragon in moon pool, are all related to Emperor Jianwen. ▲In Longxing Ancient Town in Chongqing, it is said that Emperor Jianwen once served as a monk in the Longzang Temple here, hence the name "Longxing". ▲ Baolun Temple in Ciqikou, Chongqing, where it is said that Emperor Jianwen once lived in seclusion.Later generations changed the name of Baiyan Mountain to Longyin Mountain.Baolun Temple is also called Longyin Temple. ▲ There is a Sanqing Palace on Sanqing Mountain in Yushan County, Shangrao, Jiangxi. It is said that Emperor Jianwen used to live in seclusion under the alias of Quanzhen Taoist Zhan Biyun. Also, since Emperor Jianwen was not burned to death and lived in various places for decades, it is also possible to leave descendants.There is such a saying in the legend recorded by Zha Jizuo in the early Qing Dynasty. Zha Jizuo's "Zuiweilu" Volume 32 "Jianwen Yiji" records: "Emperor Jianwen brought a son to the Zheng family in Pujiang, and then took a concubine and gave birth to four sons." "Walk to Leifeng Temple in Fuzhou. Sanbao (that is, Zheng He) went to the ocean to cross it, worshiped and wept on the ground, rubbed his feet for him, and the emperor asked Sanbao to do something. Weeping is wrong, don't go."It is also said that after Emperor Jianwen escaped from the palace, he traveled around, lived in seclusion in Wuchang in his later years, and was buried in Hongshan in Wuchang after his death.Emperor Jianwen changed his name to Rang Luan, implying that when he transferred Luanyu, his descendants would take Rang as their surname.Recently, a descendant with the surname Rang produced the "Genealogy of the Rang Family", based on which it is inferred that the Rang surname in Hubei is a descendant of Emperor Jianwen.Recently, members of the He clan in Jinshi, Xiangtan, Hunan, also deduced from their genealogy that their ancestor He Bihua (named Ruchuan) was Emperor Jianwen. He came to Xiangtan for refuge and changed his surname to He, and lived here for hundreds of years.In fact, it is not only in Hubei and Hunan who claim to be after Emperor Jianwen.According to the investigation of Mr. Wang Chongwu, a senior historian of the Ming Dynasty, during the Anti-Japanese War, "Dali folk families still had Emperor Hui as their originator" in Yunnan. 8.Doubtful, hard to prove But many of these legends cannot be verified or cannot withstand scrutiny.Take the incident recorded in "Ming History Chronicles" that Yan Zhen, Minister of the Ministry of Industry, committed suicide after meeting Emperor Jianwen in Yunnan on his way to the envoy.During the Yongle period, there was indeed a Shangshu of the Ministry of Industry whose surname was Yan, but his name was Yan Zhenzhi, not Yan Zhen.Moreover, he was sent to Jiaozhi by Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang in the 28th year of Hongwu.Yan Zhenzhi became an official during the Jianwen period, and was appointed again during the Yongle period. However, during the Yongle period, he did not go on a mission. Instead, he inspected Shanxi as Minister of the Ministry of Industry. As a result, he died of illness when he arrived in Zezhou. In the records of Zha Jizuo's "Sin Wei Lu", there are as many as 23 different versions about the death of Emperor Jianwen.Because there is no definite evidence, as a serious historian, Zha Jizuo proposed "Sixteen Debates" or "Sixteen Doubts", refuted them one by one, and denied them all. Why did the emperor go away, and fifty or sixty people heard about it, and there has been no defeat since then?Doubt one. The gate of ghosts can come out, so why do you need to guide the water again?Doubt two. Since Jinchuan was opened, the courtiers were terrified and didn't know where it came from. How dare the ministers outside rush into the palace?Can the ministers enter but the emperor cannot exit?Doubt three. When did the soldiers become menacing?And the Kagura Taoist said in his dream, and the boat is on standby?Doubt four. And twenty two people believe in the place where Wang Sheng lived, and there are five doubts. There are also many people in the desert, but they must think that they will do their best to deal with the emperor. There are six doubts. Those who have died must be falsely accused of falsehood. There are seven doubts. Zhong Bin's family is Wu, Wu's people have no trace of those who seek fame and fame?Doubt eight. Have to get together, doubt nine. The imperial edict of Ge was also early, and this was a counter-case, but Yi Chengzhi was in the presence of Shi Shi, and he was suspicious. If you suspect that Zhongbin is hiding the emperor, you must ask for it. If you can go away with a smile, you have eleven doubts. After Hu Suifu in Xiangyang, I have twelve doubts. I traveled to Yunnan again and again, and I met the emperor, and I suspected thirteen. The emperor has good eyes and crowns, and Zhongbin who travels thousands of miles away is again suspicious. Don't you hear that Hu Yu's coming out, and he's ridiculing the rooftops?Doubt fifteen. There is nothing else to say about the relationship between the meeting and the meeting, but it is trivial and the offering is sixteen doubts. Faced with various questions, he finally said: According to the theory of exodus, there are three out of twenty in the legend, is it true that none of them is true?But it is said that there are three out of twenty, but none of them is true.The truth is nothing more than one.That is to say, the posthumous posthumous title of the emperor originally comes from the word "Xunguo".After this factual record, historians had no choice but to divide the case into "Xiaoguo" to compare with "Jingnan".The author can't help but lie, and hundreds of generations will be safe.However, the righteousness of humiliation and concession is still an explanation for escape. Zha Jizuo's rebuttal came after the death of the Ming Dynasty.As early as the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, that is, when the legend of Jianwen Xun State was very prosperous, Shen Defu, a man of that time, had some arguments.He said: When Emperor Jianwen died, if he had accompanied his old ministers at that time, it would have been revealed immediately.Recently, there is a person who engraved "Zhi Shen Lu" among them, saying that his ancestors were once heroes of Jianwen.Because his attendant absconded as a monk, he pretended to be a master and apprentice and traveled all over the country. Fortunately, his family visited several times.At this time, the Sujia Second Mansion was approaching Jinling. Why did they come and go freely in the past?Kuang Hu Zhong'an (Hu Wei)'s mission also traveled all over the world from Dinghai to Bingshen, and he began to report his life after ten years.According to the legend of Guan Zhong'an, there is no need to come to the poor countryside and the towns.Hu is a native of Changzhou, and he only traveled three homes to this place, and he also traveled to and from Kongdao.How can Jianwen's monarchs and ministers be able to Luo Gongyuan's invisibility?Fortunately, the person who wrote the forgery did not know the system of the dynasty, and the so-called official ranks did not exist at the beginning of the country.And create slang talk in vain, self-declared failure.People who don't study for a while, and don't know things, are sometimes confused.That is to say, there are some famous scholars who know their hypocrisy, but mourn for them and beg for mercy, and make prefaces for them, which is really appalling and hateful!To cover this big lie, it was acted out from the old monk Yang Yingxiang's false entrustment.If it is passed on to the world, it will be a lot to learn from mistakes.Also, "Chuan Xin Lu" states that Emperor Xuanzong was the son of Lord Jianwen, and it was passed down to Shizong after Jianwen.This language is especially surprising.Covering the second son of Song Taizu Liuchai Shizong, and the fact that Emperor Shun was the youngest son of Song Duan Wang Hezun at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, and attached to the ears of the meeting.It is not self-confident, but it is called "passing the letter". How is this different from the person who made the history of Erling recently?A mediocre person claims to be a believer, so how can others believe in it?This is all due to Shi's dereliction of duty in this dynasty. 6.Emotions take the place of facts, politics overshadow the truth How to explain so many legends about Emperor Jianwen since the Ming and Qing Dynasties? As far as the law of the formation and development of myths or folklore is concerned, borrow the words of Mr. Hu Shi: The evolution of the story is like a snowball, getting bigger and bigger, but it can't stand the sunshine, historians' research. The occurrence and evolution of the legend about Emperor Jianwen is in line with this law.Because of the unknown whereabouts of Emperor Jianwen, people's various speculations and legends have been aroused, and the legends continue to expand and enrich, and the more they are said, the more mysterious they are, and the more they are said, the more rounded they are. Like many evolving legends, the pursuit of Emperor Jianwen's whereabouts has become a purely emotional concern for many people, far away from history or academics.To sum it up: (1) Under the political pressure and the taboo of being a venerable, historians in the early Ming Dynasty could neither criticize Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang nor Ming Chengzu Zhu Di, let alone describe the truth. (2) In order to promote their political ambitions, the Ming people were full of sympathy and longing for Emperor Jianwen. In order to place their memory on Emperor Jianwen and his loyal officials, they would rather believe in legends than delve into the historical truth.In order to promote the concept of loyalty to the emperor and martyrdom, he even deliberately exaggerated non-existent legends. (3) Historians in the early Qing Dynasty avoided the truth either because of their own experience or because of the political environment.Those who regard themselves as survivors use Jianwen and historical events to entrust their thoughts of their homeland and reflect on the pain of the collapse of the Ming Dynasty; the subjugated ministers who surrendered to the new dynasty are notorious, and dare to refer to those books that promote loyalty as fake books? (4) Under the guidance of orthodox concepts, old historians cared about the length of "calligraphy". In order to excuse the rulers, they did not hesitate to obliterate the facts. Give way, Zhu Di deserves to be in the reunification, and so on. Also, the Qing Dynasty encountered the same embarrassing situation at the beginning of its entry into the customs.They drove Li Zicheng away, claiming to avenge his father for the Ming Dynasty.After Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself, the whereabouts of his son were still unknown.The Qing Dynasty controlled the central government, but the anti-Qing forces were still very strong.Some anti-Qing and Ming-ming forces took the Third Prince Zhu as their banner to resist the Qing Dynasty.Therefore, at that time, the Qing government strongly advocated that the third prince Zhu was dead, and it was absolutely impossible to hide among the people.This, like the life and death of Emperor Jianwen, is a political issue.Therefore, some officials who wrote history in the early Qing Dynasty understood the meaning of those in power, and advocated the theory that Emperor Jianwen was burned to death, so as to avoid people from alluding to the third prince Zhu. 7.conclusion not conclusion Regarding the whereabouts of Emperor Jianwen, we can still use the words of Mr. Wang Chongwu, a senior Ming historian: "Official books distort history, unofficial history is groundless, and none of them is believed in history." Therefore, from Wang Shizhen and Qian Qianyi in the late Ming Dynasty to early Qing Xu generations, all think about this period of historical events, but in fact there are very few inventors, sincerely because of the lack of historical materials. "Before no new material is discovered, our conclusion is: (1) Whether Emperor Jianwen was burned to death or fled to death, we might as well keep two theories. (2) Even if Emperor Jianwen really died, all the details in the legend are not credible.