Chapter 2 The first part of the impact of the soul

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the first large-scale political movement against intellectuals was the ideological remolding movement in 1951-1952, and the demand for this kind of ideological remolding was put forward by the leading intellectuals themselves.This point is not only difficult for latecomers to imagine, but also for those who have come here, most of them have blurred memories.But judging from the literature records, this is indeed the case. In September 1951, Ma Yinchu, President of Peking University, first put forward the plan of carrying out ideological transformation and study among Peking University teachers, which was affirmed by Chairman Mao Zedong.

On the 29th of the same month, at the invitation of President Ma Yinchu, Premier Zhou Enlai went to Peking University to give a report on "Reform of Intellectuals". Representatives of teachers and students from various universities participated. On October 23, Chairman Mao Zedong said at the Third Session of the First Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, "Ideological remolding, first of all, the ideological remolding of various intellectuals, is one of the important conditions for my country to completely realize democratic reform and gradually implement industrialization in all aspects. one".

On November 30, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued "Instructions on Carrying out Ideological Reform and Organization Clean-up in Schools". As a result, the thought remolding movement was fully launched across the country. Of course, the reason why Ma Yinchu's ideological transformation plan was quickly affirmed by the top leaders and immediately promoted in an all-round way was because this plan just met the needs of the leaders, or it was originally proposed by the top leaders.From Mao Zedong's articles "On the People's Democratic Dictatorship" and the Five Commentaries "White Paper" published on the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China, he positioned many intellectuals as "liberals or democratic individualists", and he was already critical of them. Of course it must be reformed.It can be said that ideological remolding of intellectuals is the established policy of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

But from Ma Yinchu's actions, we can also see the enthusiasm of the intellectuals at that time to demand reform.They try their best to abandon the old self and strive to be a newcomer, keep up with the pace of the times, and conform to the rhythm of the revolution.Of course, this is also a pressing situation. Intellectuals who have come from the old society must accept transformation.Therefore, before Ma Yinchu put forward the study plan for ideological transformation, Zhu Guangqian published "Self-Review" in the "People's Daily" on November 27, 1949, and then Fei Xiaotong and Feng Youlan again in January-February 1950, in the "People's Daily" published articles such as "My Year" and "Summary of One Year's Study", talking about my experience in ideological reform in the past year.

But who would have known that later on, the more reformed the party, the farther away from the demands of the Communist Party, and the more it became the opposite of the revolution?Even Ma Yinchu himself, who advocated ideological remolding among intellectuals, was dragged down a few years later because he persisted in his academic opinions on the issue of population theory and refused to succumb to strong criticism. Pie typical. All I have to say here is "Alas!" At the same time, intellectuals were also mobilized to participate in social movements.There were too many social movements in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, and all of them involved schools.The three major movements have also turned into one after another: joining the army, joining the cadres, reporting counter-revolutionaries, criticizing "pro-American, worshiping, and fearing the United States" ideas, and the donation movement to resist the United States and aid Korea... mobilizing intellectuals to participate in social movements can create huge momentum on the one hand, On the other hand, it also enables intellectuals to change their thinking while participating in social change.Therefore, even the struggle against silver dollar dealers requires the school to send out a propaganda team to take to the streets to publicize.

The greatest impact was, of course, mobilizing the teachers and students of the Faculty of Literature and Law to participate in the land reform movement. The Fudan land reform team went to two counties in the Huaibei area: Wuhe and Lingbi, and participated in two phases of land reform work.The time was from October 7, 1951 to February 6, 1952, which lasted four months. At that time, university professors still had considerable prestige, so many things had to be done by the professor or named by the professor.For example, during the learning mobilization stage, the school organized a work team for teachers and students to watch a movie "The White-haired Girl" at the Victory Cinema (Fudan didn't have a projector at that time, so we had to organize everyone to go to the cinema to watch the movie), and the dean Zhou Gucheng The professor gave a mobilization report for half an hour before the screening, and the head of the task force was Professor Zhou Yutong, the deputy dean, and Professor Chen Shoushi was the director of propaganda, because he studied the history of land relations and peasant wars, but Chen Shoushi did not participate in any meetings to promote The actual work of the department was represented by Yu Zidao, the deputy director. Yu Zidao was still a student cadre at that time, and he was already able to take charge of it alone.

Of course, the professors are in name only, and the Fudan Land Reform Work Team is actually headed by the vice-captain Yu Kaixiang, who is the head of the party group of the Land Reform Work Team.But Yu Kaixiang couldn't decide on major issues, because he was an intellectual party member. First, he didn't understand the rural situation and had no experience in land reform; second, he himself had to undergo reform.The real decision-making power rests in the hands of the East China Land Reform Work Group, who will determine the composition, select the object of struggle, and decide how to deal with it.This regiment is composed of cadres who have already carried out several phases of land reform in northern Jiangsu, so they are considered veterans.

Despite this, the enthusiasm of the teachers is still very high, and they are very serious in their work.For example, a farmer was classified as a landlord. Based on the actual materials, they thought it was a wrong classification, so they jointly wrote a letter to the Land Reform Working Group to put forward their opinions, and tried to be fair.As for the illegal behavior among cadres, they have the courage to raise it and demand that it be dealt with.Therefore, when the land reform was over and the work team withdrew, the peasants were reluctant to leave some team members and enthusiastically retained them.

As for the inner activities of the teachers during this trip, we can see it from Professor Tan Qixiang's self-examination at the thought reform conference in the future.In the inspection, he talked about his motives for actively signing up for the land reform. In addition to "helpless", "being ordered to participate", and "passing the customs", he also said a few very noteworthy thoughts: "A sense of honor, think that such a It is very honorable for me to be a member of the staff of a major political movement”; “I don’t have any glorious history in my meritorious thinking, but I try to participate in the Land Reform Party, do something for the new society, and make a little contribution”; “ It is a matter of face, and I feel that if I can't participate in such a major political movement, I will be looked down upon by others"; "Gold-plated thinking, if you have participated in the land reform, you will have political capital." (According to Ge Jianxiong's "Tan Qixiang Prequel") Some of the ideas mentioned here are true, and we can see the mentality of the intellectuals at that time.In the past, Chinese intellectuals always regarded studying in Europe and the United States as gold-plated, but now they regard participating in land reform as gold-plated. It can be seen that the changes in the atmosphere of the times were not mentioned by the parties themselves, and it is difficult for people who came later to imagine.

According to the memories of the old gentlemen, there were many teachers who participated in the land reform at that time. The history department included: Zhou Yutong, Chen Shoushi, Tan Qixiang, and Hu Houxuan; Departments: Zhao Minheng, Cao Hengwen, Shu Zongqiao, Du Yuecun; Department of Economics: Zhu Bokang, Su Shaozhi, Chen Qiren.In addition, there are Quan Zenggu from the Department of Foreign Languages, Sun Guiwu from the Department of Sociology, Chen Wenbin from the Department of Law, and so on.Some of them also participated in county land reform committees.Of course, this is just a nominal role, used to symbolize a united front against feudalism.

However, because the cadres of the East China Land Reform Work Group regarded themselves as old revolutionaries and lacked respect for intellectuals, conflicts between the two sides also occurred from time to time.The most serious one was caused by the suicide of a cadre of the working group.This cadre pursued a girl from the Fudan Journalism Department and pestered her endlessly. The girl was so entangled that she had no choice but to report to the team leader. The team leader Ge Chiyin severely criticized the cadre and told him to stop pestering her.Unexpectedly, the cadre was enraged and shot himself. In order to deal with bandits and suppress local tyrants, the land reform work group had bullets.So the working group wanted to hold Ge Chiyin accountable and forced him to conduct a self-criticism.Ge Chiyin is a tough guy. He said that he was not wrong, and he resolutely refused to make a review.The work group went online and said that he forced the death of worker and peasant cadres—this was a very serious crime at the time.After investigation, Ge Chiyin pointed out that the cadre was born as a small businessman, and cited Mao Zedong's "Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society" as a basis to prove that small businessmen belong to the petty bourgeoisie and are not at the same level as workers and peasants.Mao Zedong's works were a guide for the revolutionary movement at that time, and no one dared to criticize them, so the matter had to be left alone.Fudan acquiesced to Ge Chiyin's behavior, and naturally did not deal with it. He was retained to teach at the school when he graduated, which shows that he still appreciates this person.But in 1957, Ge Chiyin was convicted of promoting the journalism theory of Professor Wang Zhong, the head of the department, and was labeled a rightist.I think it has something to do with his tough bones, because leaders don't like people with independent opinions after all. In the early 1960s, Ge Chiyin and I were neighbors. At that time, I saw him nodding and bowing his head, obediently, without any toughness at all. If he hadn’t heard the introduction from the old senior, he would never have seen his sharpness back then,—— He has been remodeled very well. Wuhe and Lingbi were originally two impoverished counties. The Huaihai Campaign had just been fought two years ago, and the walls of Lingbi County were still full of bullet holes. The Huaihe River was flooded last year, and they starved to death and were sheltered from the water together. Many people were killed by poisonous snakes on trees.According to Yu Zidao, he has visited many houses in Wuhe and Lingbi, but he has never seen a table with four legs, nor a house with a washbasin and towels. The best houses are only on the stove. An earthen pot is buried on the ground, and a little water can be heated when cooking, and an old cloth is placed in it, and the whole family takes turns to wipe their faces with this cloth.Some families share a pair of trousers with their father and son; some live in a straw hut by the embankment, and soak in the water when the flood comes; some people live in a house without a roof, so they have to hide when it rains.Even the landlord's house is dilapidated.Carrots and yams are the main food in the local area, supplemented with sorghum flour. These coarse grains, which have been carefully crafted and become the specialties of banquets, were too coarse to swallow at the time.The materials used to build houses are not kiln-fired bricks and tiles, but large clay bricks that are mixed with crushed wheat stalks, crushed straw and soil and pressed in molds.Historians Zhou Yutong and Tan Qixiang said that this is the level of housing construction in the Western Han Dynasty.As for the farming method, it was even inferior to the Western Han Dynasty, because cattle farming already existed in the Western Han Dynasty, but in Wuhe and Lingbi counties, there was not even a single cow, and farmers had to use hoes to plow the land. The teachers and students of Fudan have lived in big cities for a long time. Some students have a good family environment. They have never seen such a difficult life. Therefore, this experience is very beneficial for them to understand the society and understand the society. Great touch.But at the summary meeting, a practical question was raised: the ideology of farmers is relatively backward, what should intellectuals learn from farmers? Even the party members and cadres in the Fudan Land Reform Work Team cannot solve this problem, because they are intellectuals after all.I heard that Yu Kaixiang, the leader of the party group, quoted Mao Zedong's words, saying that Chairman Mao once affirmed the vanguard role of the student movement, and said that intellectuals were the first to be awakened during the democratic revolution.But a party school cadre from the Central Working Group said: Although Chairman Mao affirmed the student movement, he also said that many intellectuals should learn from workers and peasants. This is a matter of direction.The cadre also said firmly: Intellectuals should surrender to the workers and peasants. It was the first time for Fudan teachers and students to hear the term "surrender", and they felt it was very novel, shocking, and not understanding.But at that time, it was believed that those who came from the central government were always of a high standard, let alone those who came from the party school!So with the harvest and doubts, I went back to school. The land reform team returned to school, and the ideological remolding movement began. At this time, the Cultural and Educational Committee of the East China Bureau transferred a group of cadres such as Wang Ling and Zheng Ziwen from the East China Revolutionary University to Fudan to strengthen leadership. Wang Zhong, the leader of the academy, jointly formed the Fudan University Committee of the Communist Party of China, changing the original leadership team dominated by underground party intellectuals.Li Zhengwen served as the secretary of the first party committee.A "Study Committee for Simplification, Savings and Ideological Transformation" (referred to as the "Academic Committee") was established, with Chen Wangdao as the director, Li Zhengwen as the deputy director, and Wang Ling as the office director to specifically lead the ideological transformation movement. Simultaneously with the ideological remolding movement of intellectuals, there were also the "three evils" and "five evils" movements. The "Three Antis" are aimed at cadres, and the "Five Antis" are aimed at capitalists. They should have nothing to do with intellectuals, but because those who are opposed are all bourgeois ideology, they are also bounded.Therefore, the first stage of ideological remolding focused on anti-corruption and anti-bourgeois ideology. The school is originally a Qingshui government office, and the teachers don't manage the finances. Where did the corruption incident come from?However, the cadres of the East China Military and Political Committee specifically criticized the "wrong view" that "the school is a clean water yamen, and there is no corruption to reverse", so the teachers had to rack their brains to check.Most of the inspections are probably using official letter paper, envelopes—even old envelopes, using official telephones to make private calls, not returning books borrowed from the library, not compensating for lost library books, and so on.Even people who have never used official letter paper and envelopes should use this topic to check their thoughts. For example, Zhou Gucheng said in his self-examination: "I never use official letter paper and envelopes. It’s not for the public, but for yourself, and it’s not really caring for public property.”——This is obviously trying to find a topic for inspection.There are also people who checked that they received an extra month's salary in a certain school, but did not go to class; or how much manuscript fees they received but did not pay union dues;Zhou Yutong checked that he had made a small table and four chairs with the wood left by the enemy and puppets in front of the house; Hu Houxuan confessed that he had bought and sold oracle bones before liberation and made money from it. This is already a relatively obvious thing, old Fudan We still remember it.From what we see today, these are mostly trivial matters, but the academic committee at that time counted all of these within the scope of corruption. Li Zhengwen said in the summary report: The proportion of corruption among Fudan professors is 63.7%. There are 49.3%, which is a terrible figure.At that time, the big tiger (that is, the big corrupt criminal) that Fudan beat out was the head of the health department, Li. He once confessed at a school meeting that he had sold aspirin and penicillin privately, which caused a sensation.But after the exercise, he still sat in the position of chief of the health care section.Probably after investigation, the situation is not as serious as what he explained. In addition, it is an examination of bourgeois thinking.This is something everyone has a lot to say about.For example, Zhou Gucheng checks that he pays attention to clothing, pursues enjoyment, and likes to dance. "I have a lot of money in my pocket, but I often go to restaurants to eat"; Arrogant and arrogant”; “I don’t want to be an expert, but I think I’m a generalist”, “I’m so proud of my achievements, I don’t want to be an honest scholar”, “Irresponsible for teaching, bold and reckless, and tell students when I have a half-knowledge”, etc. (According to Tan Qixiang's meeting records recorded in "Tan Qixiang's Prequel") Others also discovered their bourgeois thoughts in this way, washed their hands and bathed, and washed away the dirt. This kind of inspection should also go deep into the business field.For example: Chen Guanlie, a professor in the Department of Economics, is an overseas student in the United States. He has studied Keynesian theory and taught courses on international finance and international currency. Therefore, he was accused of selling the theory of imperialism for the sake of American imperialism. He had no choice but to criticize himself. , and also appeared at the Denghui Hall General Assembly; Hu Qi'an, a professor of political science, is a British student studying Western political theory and the civil service system. Of course, this is also a bourgeois set. Theory and Civil Service. But it is not a matter of self-examination to pass the test, and it has to go through the evaluation of the masses.And the masses always say that you avoid the important and ignore the minor, or that the roots of your thoughts have not been dug deep enough, so you have to re-examine.Zhou Gucheng conducted a supplementary inspection after the public's review.Of course, everyone's measure is not the same. The degree of tightness does not depend on the masses, but on the leaders behind the masses.A senior who participated in helping teachers' ideological remolding told me that the leaders of their department had agreed with student activists to raise a feather duster to see if the teachers could pass the inspection.The leader is sitting on the rostrum, and there is a feather duster on the stage. If he lifts the feather duster, a certain teacher will pass the inspection. If he does not lift the feather duster, the students should chase after him and beat him.Of course, not every department has such a dramatic move, but it is a unified deployment to use the power of students to force teachers to explain problems. Under this kind of pursuit, Liu Dajie jumped to Huangpu to commit suicide. Mr. Dajie is a romantic wit with a romantic personality. He also engaged in novel creation in his early years, and his usual speech is false and true, which is inevitably a bit exaggerated.At the beginning of the thought reform movement, due to his lack of experience in this field, he didn't know how powerful the movement was, so he continued to brag casually with the students as soon as he sat down as usual.He has studied Western literature and written monographs on expressionism. Of course, he is familiar with the situation in Germany and France. He talks about the famous sites in Paris and the scenery of Berlin with his students, as if he has traveled in Europe.When it came to the inspection stage, the students asked him what he had done in Europe.In fact, he only studied in Japan and never went to Europe. Of course, he has no way to explain it.And Mr. Dajie is a person who loves face very much. After the exposure, he couldn't save his face. He couldn't think about it for a while, so he jumped to Huangpu.Fortunately, he jumped into the river during the daytime, and it was in a section of the river with a lot of traffic, so he was rescued immediately. The incident of Liu Dajie jumping in Huangpu is a big anecdote in Fudan. Every time old people talk about the thought reform movement, they must mention it.The above is what I heard from the discussions of old Fudan students.But I think there may be deeper reasons for Liu Dajie's diving.He was probably afraid that some historical issues would not pass.Because the latter stage of the thought remolding movement focused on investigating historical issues.Even Chen Wangdao's secession from the party was investigated, let alone others?Chen Wangdao was a member of the Shanghai Communism Initiation Group and the translator of the first full Chinese translation of the Communist Manifesto. He left the Communist Party only because he was dissatisfied with Chen Duxiu's paternalistic autocratic leadership and had conflicts. However, he never He has given up his belief in communism and has been engaged in revolutionary cultural work. He is a well-known left-wing cultural person. Now he is the president of Fudan University. The students still chase him after him, which made him cry several times. What about others?Who came from the old society without three or four friends and complex social experiences? However, Liu Dajie's move to Huangpu shocked the East China Bureau and the leaders of Shanghai.Chen Qiwu, deputy director of the Education Department of the East China Bureau, expressed his opinions on this matter and adjusted the deployment of the movement at the same time.Mayor Chen Yi also gave a report in Fudan, which was quite consoling to the intellectuals, so people said that he was a martial arts opera singer; although Shu Tong, the propaganda director of the East China Bureau, who came to Fudan to give a speech at the same time, was still very high-spirited. , People say he is a literary and martial arts singer.But the fierce offensive against intellectuals has eased after all.Soon after, Liu Dajie also made a typical speech at the general meeting of the school. He explained some of his historical problems, and he passed the test. Although the teachers all passed the inspection, these materials were included in the archives, and there was also an ideological appraisal made by the academic committee of the department. After that, they had to be taken out and hammered every time thereafter.Moreover, everyone's position is rearranged.When I entered school in the autumn of 1953, I heard people sing a doggerel: "Chen Wangdao, Lu Yudao, they are straight; Standing up and looking around at the people present, seeing Zhang Mengwen and Cao Hengwen, they made the next couplet.Although this is an impromptu essay, it does reflect the different situations of teachers after the Thought Reform Movement. Although students are an offensive force used to help teachers, they themselves are also being transformed.Students have fewer things to check, but also some accountability.So some people checked their motivation for enrolling, saying that they wanted to get ahead in college and had individualistic thoughts; some Shanghai female students paid more attention to clothing, wearing high heels, cheongsam, and perming their hair, which was naturally bourgeois hedonism; some people read, "John? Christopher", this is to accept the influence of individual heroism; there is also a classmate, because he admires his brother who is a reporter for the Central News Agency, and envies Western journalists, this is a serious class position issue... What's more, some children of capitalists still have the task of drawing a line and exposing their parents.In the Department of Journalism, there is a female student Wu Zhilian, who is the daughter of Wu Yunchu, the founder of Tianchu MSG Factory. Wu Yunchu is a representative of progressive national capitalists. In that year, Wu Zhilian became the key object of help from the Youth League branch.The Youth League Committee also specially sent a female cadre, Xi Shanshan, to do ideological work. This Xi Shanshan later became the wife of Jin Chongji, then secretary of the Fudan Youth League Committee.Probably this work was done successfully. There is a scene in the movie "The City That Never Sleeps", which is based on this, and the Fudan News Center (now the Japanese Research Center) also released the scene. However, some practices in the Thought Remolding Movement have done great harm to intellectuals.All personal privacy was exposed, and personal dignity was hit.The credo of Chinese intellectuals has always been that "scholars can be killed but not humiliated." If their personality is insulted, what self-esteem and confidence can there be?The personal dignity of the teachers was hit, and of course they lost the trust of the students, and the teaching work naturally could not be carried out normally. "Fudan University Annals" described the situation at that time: "After the ideological transformation, due to the decline of teachers' prestige among students, and some students' assignments of majors that did not match their own wishes, the phenomenon of student absenteeism was serious, and classroom order It was rather chaotic. At that time, the total number of students in the school was 2,301, and the number of absentees per week reached 444, accounting for 20-25% of the total number. , Some students freely enter and leave the classroom without permission, some are doing other homework or reading novels, some are talking, and some even sleep during class. During evening self-study, a considerable number of students play bridge, sing Beijing opera, chat, etc. in the dormitory There are also a small number of students who go to downtown Shanghai to dance, watch movies, and gamble, and cheating is also very serious during exams.” I once heard from seniors who enrolled in 1951 that when they were listening to Professor Zhao Jingshen’s class, some students because of He dozed off and bumped his head against Mr. Zhao’s protruding belly, but Mr. Zhao didn’t dare to speak. At that time, there were no desks in the classroom, and the students sat on chairs with notebooks on the armrests, and the teacher just stood there. Lectures are held offstage, so students in the first row can reach the teacher. The ancients said that "a barracks made of iron, soldiers of flowing water", the relationship between schools and students is also the same.Students who have undergone the Thought Remolding Movement will soon graduate and leave school. When we entered school, the classroom order had been restored, but the mental trauma suffered by the teachers was hard to heal.Chen Zizhan, a professor of the Chinese Department, was hurt during the thought reform movement and bid farewell to the classroom;And there are countless people who are dissatisfied.