Chapter 31 22 Wandering Years-1

Anti-war activist award Pauling can feel proud again.The news media flooded the forest range station with phone calls, from which Pauling learned what happened.On the day when the Partial Test Ban Treaty came into effect, the Nobel Prize Committee of the Norwegian Parliament announced, unprecedentedly, that it would award two Nobel Peace Prizes at the same time: one was awarded to Pauling, which was the peace prize of the previous year (1962), Because the Peace Prize was not awarded that year, the Committee did not explain; the other award was the Peace Prize in 1963, which was awarded to the International Red Cross.

The news came so suddenly that Pauling was not mentally prepared.He spent four hours telling the reporters who came to the forest ranger station from all over the world about his mixed feelings of surprise and surprise.He repeated over and over that he was so happy that what he had done for peace was finally being recognized.Once when he was meeting with reporters, a stranger's voice suddenly interrupted: "God bless you, Dr. Pauling!" Everyone around was as excited as he was. It is not unheard of for Americans to win the Nobel Peace Prize—Marshall Bunche had won the Nobel Peace Prize in the 1950s—but this one was special and made big news.When Pauling hung up the phone and returned to his hut, the media had already begun to hype the great event.Writers and photojournalists flocked to the small airfields at Monterey and Hearst Castle in St. Cynon, and then rented cars and headed south to this ranch far away from the city.Seeing this, the Paulings decided it would be better to drive back to Pasadena.

①Marshall (George Catlett Malshall, 1880-1959), a five-star general of the U.S. Army, served as the Chief of Staff of the Army during World War II (1939-1945), and later served as a special envoy to mediate the Chinese Civil War (1945-1947), Secretary of State (1947- 1949), Minister of National Defense (1950-1951), put forward the "European Review Plan" (the "Marshall Plan") and won the 1953 Nobel Peace Prize. ② Ralph Johnson Bunche (Ralph Johnson Bunche, 1907-1971), an official of the U.S. State Department, one of the founders of the United Nations, served as the Director of the United Nations Trusteeship Department in 1947, and was later promoted to Deputy Secretary-General. He contributed to the mediation of international disputes and won the Nobel Prize in 1950. peace prize.

When they arrived at the house, they found that many journalists had pitched tents in Eva's garden.The camera was panning constantly, the camera lights were flickering, telegrams were flying in from all directions, and the phone was ringing endlessly.Pauling had no time to catch his breath and held a brief press conference.At the meeting, he first thanked the Nobel Prize Committee, and then talked about his own views, thinking that this award may make the activities for peace a respectable cause in the United States.Afterwards, he pushed away the reporters who surrounded him, trying to get rid of all this as soon as possible, and return to real life down-to-earth.

Pauling's heart was filled with joy.How many years have passed, because of his participation in activities for peace, how many people have criticized, abused and suppressed him.Now, he finally cleared his innocence.Since the world has recognized the value of his work in this way, how can anyone say that he was led astray by others?When he talked about this with Eva, he realized another meaning: no one in history has won two Nobel Prizes that were shared by one person alone.Eva was quick to point out that Marie Curie had won twice, but Pauling said she shared one with someone else, while both of his awards were his own.

At least in a literal sense, he won both awards alone.However, Pauling certainly agrees with some of the congratulatory telegrams that Eva is eligible to share the Nobel Prize, and Eva herself does not deny that she deserves to share this honor. "We take this honor as a testament to what we've been doing for so many years," Eva wrote to a friend, while referring modestly to her own politics at Pauling role in. "Of course you know that my husband would have liked to stay quietly in his own laboratory and conduct his scientific research. However, people are more important than scientific truth..." Every time a statement about this Nobel Prize is issued, Pauling would always be very careful to mention that it was also an acknowledgment of Russell's work, of the efforts of peaceful people all over the world who opposed nuclear weapons.

However, that being said, he still got the award after all.In Pauling's eyes, this was more precious than any other award he received. "I got the Nobel Prize in Chemistry just because I did what I liked to do, and I did it more productively...and I was in a good mood at that time. What I was doing at that time was the only thing in the world I was doing. Something you can do and love doing. It would be nice to be awarded a Nobel Prize for doing something you love. But, as I have said, I always have something to do,” he told one of his interviewees. The reporter said so.On the other hand "I've given five hundred lectures on fallout, on nuclear war, on the need to stop nuclear testing in the atmosphere, on the need to eventually eliminate war. You know, I don't like giving these kinds of lectures ...I was doing things that didn't interest me, I was only doing it out of morality and conviction. In a sense I was forced...So when I learned in 1963 that I Having been awarded the Nobel Prize, I feel that the sacrifice we made was worth it."

The Nobel Peace Prize gave Pauling more room to maneuver. The prize alone was $50,000—equivalent to his three-year salary at Caltech—and he and Eva immediately planned to use the money to build a modern new home. , to replace the old cabin at Deer Lodge Ranch. At the same time, his intention to leave Caltech became more determined. By noon on the day Pauling returned to Pasadena, the local papers carried Dubridge's reaction to the recent honor of his brilliant and troublesome professor: "The Nobel Peace Prize is a tribute to Dr. Noble reward for a long and relentless effort to demonstrate before the world the dangers of nuclear war and the importance of a test-ban agreement," the Caltech president said.However, he then added the wrong sentence: "Although many people disapproved of some of the methods he used and some of the activities he engaged in, it has clearly been proved that he has had a great influence on world opinion."

Pauling was looking for an excuse to leave Caltech, and Dubridge's statement made him make a final decision.In Pauling's mind, as the only living person who has won the Nobel Prize twice, he has always regarded the school as his home, which has raised the school's international reputation to a new level.Dubridge's response, however, was to emphasize what many believed was his "method and activities" wrong.There was no personal congratulations to be found, no indication of school pride.Eva's lungs nearly exploded when she read the statement; Linda called the principal's office to berate Dubridge "in a very angry tone" for his treatment of her father.

Reactions from others at Caltech have been mixed.Everyone in Pauling's research team was smiling, and they hung a placard on Pauling's office - "Pauling sets the pace for a peaceful race" - and everyone happily gathered together to drink champagne and share a big cake , have expressed warm congratulations to Pauling.Corey knew better than anyone that Pauling had paid a heavy price in scientific research in order to fulfill his commitment to the cause of peace. Therefore, he walked into Pauling's office and hugged him tightly silently, What an exciting scene! However, the Department of Chemistry and the school were surprisingly calm. It was rare to hear a few words of congratulations, and there was a perfunctory taste in them.And there is no sign of any kind of celebration.

The social reaction to Pauling's award also varied greatly.Numerous left-wing tabloids, as well as several major ones, most notably The Washington Post, offered their congratulations.In the mainstream press, however, most were uncharacteristically critical—they would normally do their best to flatter a new Nobel laureate.Some newspapers published editorials saying that if anyone deserved the award, it was Kennedy, who stood firm in the Cuban missile crisis and taught the Soviets that they had better sit down and negotiate with the United States.Kennedy won peace the way Americans love it: by forcing his opponents to submit.But Pauling, on the contrary, adopted the method of appeasement and raising traitors. As the "New York Herald Tribune" said, he "only knew how to hold up placards to oppose the war." The "Chicago Tribune" and the "Wall Street Journal" stated that awarding Pauling was actually a reward for the pro-communist movement in the United States.The magazines run by Luce are even more outrageous.For example, "Time" magazine even took advantage of Pauling's opportunity to win the award to list the Communist Front organizations that had contact with Pauling; "Life" magazine published an article with extremely sinister intentions: Dr. Pauling may have been eminent as a chemist, but his absurd political views have never been taken seriously by American public opinion." The article concludes that the award "is very important to the United States. Serious insult".Within a few days after the news of the award was announced, not only was Pauling not touted by these magazines, but he had to take up the pen and write to Luce himself, "expressing my personal anger and contempt for your journal." ① Luce (Henry Robinson Luce, 1898-1967), the publisher of American magazines, created the magazines "Time", "Fortune" and "Life", and is one of the most powerful people in the history of American journalism. Pauling had served as president of the American Chemical Society, so he had expected the group to congratulate him, but again he was disappointed.The Journal of the American Chemical Society looked at the prize-winning matter with cold eyes, and actually took an attitude of ignoring it. It only vaguely mentioned this matter in a small paragraph printed on the back cover of the first issue, Pauling was surprised by the unanimous indifference of many and was emotionally hurt.However, as usual, he swallowed his breath, acted very frankly, and pretended to be indifferent. However, deep down, he was very restless.The overjoyed mood of winning an award was quickly replaced by disappointment and melancholy.Pauling's heart was deeply hurt by the attitude of people to the news, both nationally and at Caltech.He reacted swiftly, if somewhat recklessly, and changed the course of his life as a result. On October 18, exactly a week before receiving the Nobel Peace Prize, Pauling gave a press conference at his Medel apartment.Amidst the twirling of the camera and the clicking of shots, he read a prepared statement: He was taking leave of absence from Caltech to work at the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions.Located in Santa Barbara, the center is an advisory think tank specializing in political and social issues.When answering a reporter's question, he denied that there was a "rift" between him and Caltech; he said that he went to another place to find a job, which reflected his personal choice after weighing the weight and value, and that he had already established a "rift" before winning the award. Intend.He suddenly announced the end of the question and asked the reporters to leave. A few days earlier, when Dubridge's remarks had just appeared in the newspapers, Pauling had notified Roberts, dean of the chemistry department, that he intended to leave Caltech permanently—"not without regret," he wrote to Roberts. Write, "After all, I have spent more than 41 unforgettable years with my colleagues here." - Roberts hurriedly conveyed the news to Dubridge.In the next few days, some people who didn't know much about the inside story tried to mediate this matter to see if Pauling could be kept—even Pauling once hoped that Dubridge himself would come forward to persuade him to stay— —But Dubridge didn't mean that at all, he was thinking of getting the thorn out once and for all, and seemed unwilling to put it off any longer. Except for Pauling's family and a small number of people in the school, Pauling's press conference will surprise everyone else in the school.Most of the Chemistry Department, including those who had been with him for forty years, had learned of his departure from the newspapers.Then, in a quick series of meetings in the chemistry department, Pauling reassured those working on his research projects that they would be taken care of and that he had made arrangements for them to continue working at Caltech. Until his research funding ran out. Then, suddenly, his people were gone. Most staff at the school were stunned.Dubridge remained calm, and everything was running as usual, as if Pauling had never worked in the school.Apart from a few perfunctory words, he expressed regret for Pauling's statement on behalf of the school, but did not respond in any other way.A few weeks later, Delbrück and several of his colleagues in the biology department-scientists who understood the value of Pauling's latest research and supported his campaign against nuclear testing-managed to lure Pauling into Came back for a small party celebrating his Nobel Peace Prize.The gathering, which took place on the platform between the Kerkhoff Laboratory and the Ecclesiastical Laboratory, paled in comparison to the grand celebration that took place when Pauling first won the Nobel Prize.Many biologists showed up; quite a few chemists didn't.The attendees put on an air of glee, but an air of gloom and loss prevailed throughout the afternoon.This is true for Pauling, so why not for Caltech? In the weeks since Pauling left Caltech, he has been busy moving to Santa Barbara.He also told the American Chemical Society that he was quitting the organization. Despite the negative media reaction—perhaps for that reason—Pawling, now more famous, was able to find a living outside of chemistry.The U.P. voted him science's No. 1 newsmaker in 1963, and peace activists encouraged him to run for the presidency, or at least for the Senate. Pauling can still ensure that he is a figure of media attention. In late April, a celebration meeting commemorating the centenary of the National Academy of Sciences was held in Washington. Pauling once again took the limelight at the meeting, publicly criticizing Kennedy's newly announced plan to send a man to the moon.He called the moon landing a "despicable" move.He said that the money it costs to answer one question about the moon can be used to answer thousands of important questions about human health. The Washington Post quoted him on its first page.Pauling's speech threatened to cast a shadow over the centennial of the National Academy of Sciences, so the next day General Assembly President Frederick Seitz felt compelled to find an opportunity to separate Pauling from the reporters.He dragged Pauling into a room and explained to him that at such an occasion dedicated to celebrating scientific achievements, attacks on the government should be avoided at all costs.Pauling agreed that, for the benefit of the Academy, he could say no more.When they returned to the scene, a reporter asked, "Did Dr. Sitz reprimand you?" Pauling looked at him for a moment, laughed, and asked in turn, "Who would?" People can encourage him to do what, but no one can tell him to force him. At the age of 62, Pauling began to leave his 40-year career, bid farewell to the laboratory he personally designed and built, resigned from the professional society he had served as chairman, and started a new life from scratch. That's how he sees it all.However, in the eyes of many people, Pauling seems to have cut down his spiritual pillar, and in the next ten years, he will live a wandering life. see you again oslo For the rest of 1963, the Paulings remained busy.Eva ran all over the streets and alleys in Santa Barbara, and finally found a cottage suitable for them to live in on Hot Springs Road in the quiet Montejido area.In front of the house is a beautiful garden.So they began to make plans to move, and the two decided that their house in Pasadena would not be put on the market, and that Linda and Cam would move in.Eva and Pauling also talked to an architect they hoped to build a new house in Deer Lodge Ranch.In addition, they are busy preparing to visit Norway in December to attend the Nobel Prize awarding ceremony. In the second half of November, Pauling, like the rest of the country, learned that President Kennedy had been assassinated, and within a few days everything ground to a halt.In terms of international policy, despite the differences of opinion between Pauling and Kennedy, he still admired the young president's decisive style of handling affairs, appreciated his broad-mindedness in inviting himself to the White House, and appreciated that he still respected him even though he knew that he had differences of opinion. The unrestrained manner of treating each other with courtesy. "I liked Kennedy," Pauling said later, "even though I had a fight with him." In the months that followed, every time he spoke about the cause of world peace, Pauling would take the initiative to praise Kennedy for his work in signing the important role in the Test-Ban Treaty process. When Pauling and his party arrived in Oslo, the Kennedy assassination had a direct impact on him.When the Pauling family stepped off the plane, a group of journalists and officials from the Nobel Prize Committee stepped forward to greet them, but there was no official representative of the United States.The US embassy made an excuse to say that they are in mourning for the president.However, for the first time in living memory, the home countries of Nobel laureates have not sent representatives to welcome their award-winning citizens to Norway to accept their prizes.Garner Jain, chairman of the Nobel Prize Committee, was annoyed by this, but Pauling dismissed it, thinking that this was another Cold War gesture by the US State Department, and he had become accustomed to it. Amidst the warm welcome of the surrounding crowd, Pauling told everyone with a smile that his four children and grandson Linus III were also there.They plan to participate in various activities, watch the torchlight procession and listen to a series of speeches during the three days. The award ceremony was held in the festival building of the University of Oslo and was well attended.Pauling made a brief speech as he accepted the award, saying the honor also goes to Einstein, Russell and "thousands of others" who have worked hard for the cause of peace.At the end, there is also a special mention that one person who has fought for a just cause has the right to share this reward with him: Eva Helen. "She was a tireless and forever encouraging companion and comrade in the struggle for peace and against oppression," he told the audience. "I am here, on her behalf and in my own name, to express my heartfelt thanks to all of you." After the celebration, the Pauling family did not return home immediately, and they went on sightseeing and traveling in several Scandinavian countries.They spent Christmas with friends in Oslo, taking in the icy landscapes of Sweden and Norway, before arriving in Copenhagen to celebrate the New Year. In early January, they flew back to New York.At this time, peace people around the world finally found time to organize a rally to pay tribute to Pauling.The event was co-sponsored by Russell, Cousins, Schweitzer and dozens of other celebrities, and the location was in the grand ballroom of the yacht hotel.About 3,000 people attended, including ambassadors from Hungary, Ceylon, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Indonesia, and official representatives from Canada, Algeria, Brazil, the Soviet Union, Israel, India, and Norway.So many people packed the room to hear historian Henry Steele Comaghi identify Bollingby as an ancient Athenian citizen.He said that these ancient Athenian citizens, like Pauling, "understood that the secret of happiness lies in freedom, and the secret of freedom lies in a brave heart." That night, Pauling pushed the meeting to a climax with his Nobel speech , At the end, the venue resounded with stormy applause for a long time. It was an exciting and grand occasion, but coming to such a meeting after a long journey was a physical test.Pauling was as energetic as a young man—after this meeting, he dragged his tired body to give a series of speeches in the eastern United States—but the endless activities and the vicissitudes of life caused The emotional tension finally dragged him down.Once, when a cold wave hit New York, the Paulings had to walk a mile in the snow to get back to their hotel, and both of them caught a cold.By the time their speaking tours are over—they meet a lot of people wherever they go, and love to see large, enthusiastic audiences—the cold has turned into a nasty rhinitis. By the time they returned to California in February, both were exhausted and sick.Next, I started to move again, and started a new life. santa barbara "We're so busy," Eva wrote to a friend in the summer of 1964. "I'm so impatient, I can't wait to finish a lot of things at once. Besides, the task of moving to Santa Barbara is much more difficult than we originally expected." Eva just moved things out of Medel's apartment, Linda and Ka Tom moved in.Grandchildren, boxes and packages big and small, people coming and going, everything is a mess.In Santa Barbara, stuffing Pauling's books into the smaller house, along with personal effects, was another chore.In addition, they had to make plans to build a new house on the ranch, give lectures at many places, and try to settle in a new town. The lively scene brought by the Nobel Prize began to calm down.The Paulings found Santa Barbara a very disappointing place.In Los Angeles, they cultivated a group of liberals as their backing, but here they could not find so many supporters for a while; Los Angeles is a super-large city, and in this isolated town, it is unavoidable to be somewhat closed and dull. Feel. "It appears to be a rather remote place," Eva wrote to a friend. "We miss all our old friends dearly." The Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions is also different from Pauling's original imagination.The agency was created by the Ford Foundation for the Republican Party to "advance the principles of individual liberty enshrined in the American Declaration of Independence and the Constitution."To implement this vague program, the center has held a series of seminars, produced several publications and held several formal meetings. In other words, a lot has been talked about verbally.Pauling was interested in the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions because the institution was headed by Hutchins.Hutchins had been president of the University of Chicago, a liberal figure respected by Pauling.Pauling had hoped to use this center and its think tanks to finally bring together all forces to achieve the goal he had been striving for for many years: to establish a moral system based on science, with the help of this system , Just as scientists answer questions about nature, they answer questions about politics and society one by one.He himself wrote in his notebook: "The strategic steps I envisage are: (1) analyze world problems; (2) identify some basic problems or understand the principles to be followed; (3) discuss these principles and decide on other trade-offs (the principles to be adopted will constitute a moral system); (4) using this system, step by step, to lead to a series of theorems, which are the conclusions that should be adopted about the world. ① Bobert Maynard Hutchins (Bobert Maynard Hutchins, 1899-1977), American educator, president of the University of Chicago (1929-1951), chairman of the editorial committee of Encyclopedia Britannica (1943-1977), criticized the over-specialization of American education and tried to maintain Western education Tradition, defending artistic freedom, against teachers taking an oath of loyalty. This is a grand, optimistic, yet naive assumption that will never be realized in the Center for the Study of Democracy.Soon after they arrived in Santa Barbara, Eva worried that her husband would find out that the center was "just a name." “Hutchings was a bright and resourceful man,” she wrote, “but I think he was a rather superficial thinker, and he gave the impression that anything is possible if one is smart.” A few months later, Pauling began to agree with his wife.There is nothing wrong with talking about the Tao itself, but it should serve to achieve the goal.However, in the Democratic System Research Center, round after round of high-spirited discussions, in addition to seminars, they are still seminars. "My complaint with the research center," he said, "is that there is only so much talk and no acceptable conclusions." In addition to engaging in political activities, Pauling also intends to continue to do some scientific research work.However, the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions has neither the facilities for experiments nor the precedent for funding scientific research.Pauling only began to realize how important this was when he was applying for research grants.For example, in 1964, the Natural Science Foundation delayed Pauling's application for funding, on the grounds that he did not have a laboratory; he belonged to a research center, and from the perspective of scientific research, he could not be hooked at all.The NSF sought Oppenheimer's opinion, and he replied that the Paulings were very intelligent, "but it seemed absurd to suggest funding for research." So Pauling had to find another way out.For a while, UC Santa Barbara seemed like the right place; one of his former students, Fred Wall, had just been appointed chair of the university's chemistry department.Wall believes that being able to recruit a Nobel Prize winner to work in the department, even part-time, is a dream.Wall quickly proposed that Pauling take an auxiliary position in the department, and drafted what he considered to be a routine recommendation letter, which was cascaded up to the school for approval. Wall never expected that the chancellor of UC Santa Barbara would deny the proposal.Wall said with some embarrassment in front of Pauling that, considering Pauling's political activities, it might be very controversial to let him work at Santa Barbara.Pauling immediately wrote and called Clark Kyle, president of the University of California, asking him to make a decision.Wall recalled that some of Kyle's trustees—perhaps still fresh in their memory of Pauling's conduct at Headquarters during the Pledge of Allegiance controversy—claimed that they would not let Pauling Lin teaches at a branch of the University of California.The principal of the school just put the matter on hold. Pauling told Wall that from then on, he would never set foot on the campus of the University of California. Santa Barbara isn't faring much better, either. However, although Pauling became a citizen of Santa Barbara, he was also a citizen of the world. In 1964, he and Eva embarked on a peaceful journey again, visiting Mexico, England, France, Germany and Australia.At this time, Eva herself became a well-known peace activist, and she went to The Hague, the Netherlands, to attend the Women's Peace Conference.At the airport, she was delayed for so long that a local official told her, "They don't welcome demonstrators," and refused to let her in.In desperation, she had to call Pauling who stayed in the United States, and Pauling connected the Dutch embassy in Washington. After the other party clarified the situation, Eva was able to enter the country. At home, both of them are very busy with many things to do.Pauling spent much of his time working on an ambitious project called the "Triple Revolution," backed by the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions.It's a very broad proposal to transform American society for recent advances in weapons, automation and human rights.The main content of this proposal includes: guaranteeing that all Americans enjoy wages at least below a certain floor, making large-scale investments in high-speed public transportation, education and low-cost housing, and so on.When the proposal was made public, some attacked it as the stuff of "leftists, socialists, pacifists, and extreme economic theorists," and many more dismissed it at all.It is yet another example of the failure of the CDR's approach. In their spare time, the Paulings once planned to make a trip to Cuba, but failed; they tried every means to collect and research information related to the Kennedy assassination.Based on the evidence, Pauling was convinced that the murder was planned by a group of Texas businessmen, right-wingers and pro-Johnson supporters.In addition, he devoted more and more time to researching and talking about a new problem: the Vietnam problem. “I can’t quite tell why we do so much at once, maybe we always think we should be doing five times more than the average person,” Eva wrote. "However, I'm not sure if this idea is right." At this stage, she kept mentioning in the letter that she worried that they were under a lot of pressure in their lives. Candidate Goldwater is pessimistic about whether he will be elected. "Everything is fine here," Eva wrote, "except that the fascists are getting more and more rampant. . . This research center should perhaps be renamed the 'Center for the Study of the Failure of American Democracy.'" During the 1964 presidential campaign, the only bright spot finally appeared.Not because Johnson won—"There is some truth to the claim that Johnson became president, but Goldwater won the election," Eva writes—but because Pauling won. Twenty-five hundred ballots for him to be Governor of California. Two unhappy years followed.Pauling spent less and less time for the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, and more and more time for personal visits and work.The focus of both of them has shifted from the test ban to the Vietnam War.Pauling condemned the war not only as unconstitutional—his contention was that Johnson went to war without a declaration from Congress—but as unnecessary. In February 1965, the Research Center held an event called "World Peace" in New York, at which Pauling sharply criticized US policy.After the meeting, he drafted an appeal to world leaders in support of an immediate ceasefire and a political solution.Eight of the ten living Nobel Peace Prize laureates have signed the appeal.Pauling sent this appeal on Vietnam to many world leaders, and then tried to act as a mediator to pass Ho Chi Minh's reply to Johnson.However, the White House ignored his efforts. Pauling's only scientific tools now are pen, paper and slide rule. In the summer of 1965, he turned again to pure physics, working on a new theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus.On this issue, he also carried out research work from the point of view of atomic architects.He called his work "tight-packed sphere theory," and described the structure of the atomic nucleus in the same way that he described the structure of crystals.Taking into account the relevant size and charge distribution, he regarded the nucleus as a group of particles logically having a certain form.He also tried to apply a set of Pauling rules summed up in crystallography in the 1920s to nuclear physics.While this is a meaningful simplification of existing theory, it does not break much new ground theoretically.So when the result was presented publicly at a meeting of the National Academy of Sciences in 1965, it was only grudgingly accepted by some physicists. In February 1966, Pauling celebrated his 66th birthday.At this time, his mood became more and more irritable, and his energy became more and more scattered.He had no research assistants, no specific subjects, no politically compelling struggles worth devoting himself to. In other areas, however, he has waged several fights, and courts are preparing several suits from him.Several cases have been settled in previous years.For example, in the second case he assisted in appealing, the defendant was the Department of Defense, and the case went all the way to the Supreme Court, where it was finally ruled in mid-1964 that the plaintiffs had no standing at all. In addition, several cases of compensation still cost Pauling a lot of time and money. Among them, Pauling filed lawsuits against the newspaper founded by Bellingham and the Hearst Newspaper Group respectively. The result was an out-of-court settlement, and Pauling received only a fraction of the requested compensation -- $35,000, compared to the original $1 million requested.Two other newspapers, the Globe Democrat in St. Louis and the Daily News in New York, planned to meet Pauling in court.After years of preparation, the two cases finally went to trial.The two sides engaged in many prolonged verbal and verbal battles in court, but ended in a verdict in favor of the newspaper. 鲍林对两案的判决不服，准备上诉，因此，又花了几个月时间与律师交谈，提供证词，搜罗证人等。这对鲍林、爱娃和许多朋友都是一件累人的事。大家花费了大量的时间和金钱乘飞机在各地奔波，一而再三地证明，根据他们的观察，鲍林是一位伟大的科学家，决不是共产党员。《每日新闻》一案一直到1965年才结案，美国最高法院拒绝复议不利于鲍林的判决；《环球民主党人报》一案历经波折，拖到1966年才开庭复审，但最后结果无疑仍然偏袒报纸一方。 不过，鲍林提起的诉讼——或者扬言要诉讼——还是起了一些作用的。有时候，他发出威胁，声言要控告报刊业主，报纸往往会发表更正启事或者收回言论和声明。鲍林虽然在法庭上输了，但报刊的老板和编辑总算尝到了鲍林的滋味，要是他们胆敢使用错误的语言来伤害他，他这个人就会不惜工本在法律上与他们周旋。正是由于鲍林这种好斗的性格，一些重要传媒在描绘他的政治活动时，就不得不收敛一点了。 鲍林仍然不断地与人打官司。1963年，他雇用了里诺市的一名律师，控告《内华达卫报》这家反共小报。该报在他获得诺贝尔和平奖而发表的一篇文章中，重弹布登兹的老调，诬陷鲍林是隐藏起来的共产党员。1966年，经过几年时间开庭以前的准备，鲍林和迄今他感到最为机灵也最难对付的对手威廉·巴克利一起，走上了法庭。 巴克利，沙利文，“同伙人” 巴克利是依仗一些爱挑衅的自由主义人士和他们的改革起家的。他创办了反映保守派舆论的刊物《国民评论》，表明保守主义也有令人快乐的地方：机警，辛辣，思想深邃，等等。尽管这份杂志的发行量很小（即使在60年代中期，掏钱订阅的基本读者也只有10万左右），但巴克利的影响却比这要大得多：他在公众面前挥洒自如，不时地流露出在耶鲁大学的熏陶下那种特有的尖刻和辛辣，在辩论中可以无情地将对手剖析得体无完肤。因此，到60年代初，他已成为右派的一名首屈一指的代言人。 从1957年起，鲍林成了《国民评论》最喜欢攻击的目标。鲍林为了征集到许多人在他的第一份请愿书上签名，到处奔走和活动，为此，这家刊物的编辑将他称为“老练的同路人”。在以后的五年里，这家杂志嘲讽鲍林使用了“遗传学胡话”来为他的禁试活动辩解，称他将核试验的危险吹得“神乎其神”，他是一个'冲了邪的疯子”，是“骗子和说谎者”的代言人，云云。 鲍林对一切都未予理会。可是，到了1962年7月，他在《国民评论》上读到一篇名为“同伙人”的社论，将鲍林和另外一些人归并为信奉亲共路线的同伙，社论编辑将鲍林污蔑为“苏联政策的吹鼓手”，多年来“利用自己的名誉、精力、声音和文字一而再三地为苏联人献媚和效劳”。 多少年来，《国民评论》说了不知多少比这还要难听的坏话，但是，这一次，鲍林的态度改变了。1962年夏天，他在白宫前示威后几个月，鲍林在和平运动内部受到一些人日益严重的排斥，这些人将他视作激进好斗的人，认为他的禁试热情过于招摇了。这一次，他对巴克利的冷嘲热讽之所以不能容忍，可能是因为他情绪处于非常沮丧的状态，也可能是因为刚好碰到这样的时机：1962年，他的几宗要求赔偿的诉讼进展顺利，他感到，上法庭似乎是杜绝对他的活动进行歪曲报道的一种有效的手段。 1962年8月，巴克利收到了鲍林的律师米歇尔·列维·马塔从纽约发出的一封信。信中通知他，要是不在报上为“同伙人”一文作出更正和道歉，鲍林将以“恶劣诽谤”的罪名向法院起诉。巴克利将这封信转交给该刊的出版人威廉·拉什。拉什回函称：“鲍林要是认为《国民评论》对他进行了诽谤，那就大错特错了。《国民评论》杂志谁也不认识鲍林，甚至谁也未曾与他谋过面。”拉什还说，他们的杂志乐于更正任何不实之词。几个星期以后，《国民评论》又发表了一篇简短的社论，标题是“你是否受到了莱纳斯·鲍林的控告？”。文中提到鲍林已经“搬出了他的律师们……看来是要花一点时间同时做两件事，一方面是鼓吹与敌人合作的外交政策，另一方面是要诋毁那些反对他观点的人……”这篇社论唯恐人们还不能清楚这家杂志的立场，结尾处又严词批评了那些与鲍林达成庭外解决的报刊，称他们“也许是过于懦怯了，不敢奋起反击一位名声很大的同路人企图威胁舆论自由的猖狂举动。” 阵势已经摆开，双方律师开始了紧张的准备。1963年1月17日，鲍林的起诉得到受理：他要求巴克利、拉什，还有社论作者、〈国民评论〉高级编辑本哈姆，赔偿100万美元，因为他们的恶毒攻击给他的名誉造成了巨大的损失。