Chapter 8 Volume 1 Chapter 5-2

Battle of Jena On January 26, 1806, Napoleon left Vienna and returned to Paris, where he was welcomed by numerous revelers.A few days later, an exciting news came: Napoleon's sworn enemy, British Prime Minister William Pitt died, and Britain asked for a peace treaty with France.William Pitt was the founder and advocate of the third anti-French alliance. He hoped that this alliance, which cost millions of gold to build, would prevent France from attacking Britain.However, the Battle of Austerlitz caused this alliance to fall apart. Members began to blame William Pitt, who was ordered by the opposition to resign. Pitt couldn't bear the mental shock, so he fell ill and died a few weeks later.Glanville succeeded as prime minister, and he appointed Fox, a sympathizer of the French Revolution, as foreign secretary.Fox had always opposed Pitt's foreign policy, and he sincerely hoped that France and Britain could live in peace.Fox therefore sent Lord Almoth to Paris for peace talks.

Napoleon expressed to Lord Almoth that he would return Hanover to the King if Britain signed a peace treaty on his terms.When the news reached Prussia, the court was outraged.Prussia exchanged two principalities for Hanover, but Napoleon's army continued to be stationed there only because Britain declared war on it.Now that Napoleon used Hanover as a bargaining chip in peace talks with Britain, the Prussian government felt that it had been greatly deceived.In particular, those who strongly advocated joining the anti-French alliance in 1805 were even more indignant. They asserted that if they had resolutely joined the anti-French alliance at that time, the defeat of Austerlitz would have been prevented, and the defeat of Prussia today would not have been prevented. In the face-to-face struggle with Napoleon, he was isolated and helpless.

At this time, in order to consolidate his rule over parts of western and central Germany, Napoleon decided to establish the Rhine League. On July 12, 1806, the monarchs of Germany signed corresponding treaties according to Napoleon's order, and the Rhine Alliance was formally formed.Participating in the alliance are Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden and other 16 western and southern German countries.The alliance elected Napoleon as its protector.In gratitude for the Emperor's "protection", the League was obliged to provide Napoleon with 63,000 soldiers in case of war.Many independent small states that had previously been subject to the Austrian Habsburg emperors were now subject to the monarchs of the Rhine League countries, and their territories were also included in the Rhine League countries.The "Holy Roman Empire" that existed for 1,000 years survived in name only. In August 1806, the Emperor of Austria abolished the "Holy Roman Empire" and the title of "Emperor of Germany" according to Napoleon's suggestion.

At the same time, Napoleon began to confer kings and knights on the high-ranking officials, brothers and relatives around him in the occupied areas.Marshal Murat is the Grand Duke of Clever and Berg, Berthier is the Grand Duke of Nachâtel, Louis Bonaparte is the King of the Netherlands, Talleyrand is the Grand Duke of Benignet, Bernadotte is Bent Cole The Grand Duke of Ernau, the Duke of Combaceres, the Duke of Parma, and the Duke of Chiacenza, Le Brun, were Napoleon's plenipotentiaries in these areas. The establishment of the Rhineland Confederation and the appointment of important officials in the occupied area made Prussia extremely disturbed.Prussia saw that Napoleon's power had penetrated into the heart of Germany, directly threatening the territorial integrity of Prussia, and anti-French sentiment was rising day by day. On April 8, 1806, Prussia issued an ultimatum to France, demanding that the French army withdraw from German land immediately.Napoleon simply ignored it. In June, Napoleon publicly announced to the Legislative Council that he had 450,000 troops and had enough funds to maintain them without borrowing or running a deficit.At the same time, he concentrated 200,000 troops to Alsace, Lorraine and the Rhine Union countries on both sides of the Rhine.What Napoleon did aroused the fanaticism of the Prussian war faction. They cursed the king as a coward who dared not touch the dwarf in Corsica, and at the same time condemned the leader of the peace faction, Haugwitz, as a traitor to the motherland. .The weak and incompetent king is gradually being controlled by the war faction.

On July 6, Ubri, a Russian diplomat, came to Paris, ostensibly to negotiate, but actually to find out how likely peace was between Britain and France.Two weeks later, Talleyrand and Ubri signed the first treaty of the Franco-Russian peace treaty.However, the Russian Emperor Alexander was not in a hurry to approve the peace treaty. He wanted to see the result of the negotiations between France and Lord Almoth. Britain and France bargained at the negotiating table and refused to give in to each other.At this time, an unexpected news came: Foreign Secretary Fox passed away.Fox was the only person in Britain who tried his best to negotiate a peace with France. With his death, the negotiations between Britain and France came to an end, and the Russian emperor refused to ratify the French-Russian peace treaty.

On July 24, Prussia and Russia reached a secret agreement on fighting against France.According to the agreement: Once the Franco-Prussian War breaks out, Russia will use force to assist Prussia.During this period, the relationship between Prussia and the United Kingdom was very delicate. Although the two countries were apparently in a state of tension over the Hanover issue, in fact, the United Kingdom was trying its best to encourage Prussia to fight against France and promised to provide a large amount of sterling support.In this way, the fourth anti-French coalition centered on Russia and Prussia and financed by Britain began to form again.

The Prussian military officers were full of enthusiasm, sharpening their knives, determined to seek justice for the insults and deceptions suffered by the motherland, and to take revenge on Napoleon's domineering.Queen Louisa and Prince Ferdinand became the leaders of this faction.The Prussian army began to move, and the regiments sang patriotic songs, passed through Berlin and Magdeburg, and headed west.The king and queen reviewed the troops concentrated in Magdeburg and its western regions on horseback. Regarding Prussia's diligent preparations for war, Napoleon had already received information. In August, Napoleon concentrated an army of 192,000 in southern Germany. On August 9, the King of Prussia announced general mobilization. On August 25, Prussia held its first military conference, at which it was decided to set up two legions, commanded by the Duke of Brunswick and Prince Hohenlohe.Another independent army was established, commanded by General Lücher. The 71-year-old Brunswick was appointed commander-in-chief.After that, the Prussian army and its allied Saxon army began to advance south. At the end of September, they assembled on a front 70 miles wide, with more than 70,000 men of the First Army commanded by Brunswick in the middle, and 55,000 men of the Second Army commanded by Hohenlohe on the left, including Saxony. Soldiers inside.On the right was the 50,000 independent army commanded by General Lücher, including two Saxon divisions.

The Prussian army was so powerful under Frederick the Great that some court officials, military generals, and Queen Louisa still believe in the might of his army.They believed that as long as the Prussian army gave Napoleon a brave blow, Napoleon's army would be completely defeated, and the royalists could stage riots in the rear. As a result, Napoleon's regime would be overthrown, and the Bourbon dynasty could be easily restored.However, these confident people ignore the fact that today is not the era of Frederick the Great. The logistics and weapons of the Prussian army are mostly at the level of the era of Frederick the Great 50 years ago, and their tactical thinking still sticks to the traditional The "line tactics" set, rigid formations, slow movements and orderly volleys of guns are still considered invincible, while the French army's loose formation and more laissez-faire shooting discipline are dismissed.The Prussians had little idea of ​​the mobility and tactical flexibility that the French army had developed after the French Revolution.The generals of the Prussian army are also old and conservative, and it is difficult for young and talented people to have the opportunity to be promoted exceptionally.These old conservatives blindly regarded themselves as veterans of Frederick's time, arrogant, indifferent to new situations and new tactics, and paid more attention to pomp and form than effectiveness.What's more serious is that the generals are not convinced by each other, and it is difficult to unify the command, which will inevitably lead to slow action and go their own way.All of these have predetermined the outcome of this war.

On September 25, Napoleon left Paris. 3 days later, arrived in Mainz.So far he knew little of the enemy's movements, strengths, or battle plans, all he knew was that Saxony and Prussia had made an alliance, and he had to deal with their combined forces.The French army was very unfamiliar with this new battlefield. Therefore, Napoleon insisted on collecting all possible information about the terrain before launching the battle. He sent engineer officers to scout the road from the Thuringian Forest to Prussia and Saxony. On October 1 Napoleon wrote to Berthier: "I would like you to keep in Würzburg the sapper officers who had made road reconnaissance, because I shall personally question them about the nature of the terrain. . . . Build a bread factory capable of feeding 80,000 men for four days. Bamburgh is the center of all military operations. If we are forced to do so, I think we can attack before 10 days."

In fact, the Prussian army at this time still did not have a clear battle plan. On September 24 and 25, generals of the Prussian army met at Naumburg to discuss the battle plan.Hohenlohe's opinion is: Brunswick's main army detours to the Thuringian Mountains, advances from the direction of Frankfurt, and defends the mountain with a part; The Xier army swam on the right flank and took a defensive position.Commander-in-chief Brunswick believes that one division of Hohenlohe's army should be used to deal with and contain the French army in the direction of Bailu Temple; the rest of the divisions will join the main force, cross the Thuringian Mountains, pass through Erfurt to Würz Fort took the offensive, cut off the French army's communication line, and raided its camp; Lucher's army advanced to Frankfurt Avenue to contain the French army advancing eastward.The two plans aroused fierce debate, and the two generals insisted on their own opinions and refused to give in to each other.Seeing this situation, King Pu had no choice but to make a compromise between the two plans. The main force crossed the Thuringian Mountains, and Hohenloney crossed the Franken Mountains, and entered South Germany at the same time.However, both parties are still not satisfied.At this time, someone proposed the fourth plan and the fifth plan.The meeting was held for 10 consecutive days, but still no results were reached, so the meeting had to be adjourned temporarily.

On October 3, Napoleon came to Würzburg and met with the engineer officers who were scouting the terrain, Colonel Bremen was one of them.Colonel Bremen once pretended to be a Saxony officer, and swaggered through the Prussian defense line. He passed through Coburg, Jena, Saalfeld, and finally arrived at Naumburg, bringing back a lot of important information and materials for Napoleon.After Napoleon listened to the report, he estimated that the enemy army was mainly deployed on the Jena-Eisenach line, and the left wing was exposed, with only a small army of 2,000 people covering it.Based on this judgment, Napoleon decided to concentrate the main force of the French army on the right wing, use the six cavalry divisions commanded by Murat as the avant-garde, carry out the main attack in the direction of Bairyu Temple and Hof, and boldly detour the left wing of the Prussian army; The troops commanded by Naparte held back the Prussian movement in the direction of Frankfurt and served as the general reserve of the French army.In order to implement the above plan, Napoleon divided the French army into three columns of left, center and right, and moved forward respectively.Lannes' Fifth Corps and Augereau's Dipp Corps advanced along the Coburg-Rudolstadt line on the left.In the center, Bernadotte's 1st Corps, Davout's 3rd Corps, Guards and most of the cavalry marched along the line of Bamburgh, Coburg and Persneck.Napoleon's stronghold followed the road.On the right, Soult's Fourth Army, Ney's Sixth Army, and the Bavarian Army marched along the lines of Ambeck, Bailusi, and Hof.Napoleon's army advanced in three parallel columns on a thirty-mile-wide front, each within striking distance of each other. Soult, the commander of the Fourth Army, who was in charge of referring to the French army on the right, played a pivotal role in this plan to turn around the left wing of the Prussian army.In order for him to have a precise understanding of his strategic plan, Napoleon took the trouble to explain his intentions to him in detail. On October 5, he specially wrote a letter to Soult, in which he said: "I will invade Saxony in three ways... When you reach Hof, the other columns will also reach the position parallel to you. I will usually be at the head of the central column. With such a vastly superior force concentrated on a narrow front, you will be able to see that I will not allow the enemy any chance. No matter how the enemy disposes, I will use twice as many attack him with his strength." "I believe cavalry is the most formidable part of the Prussian army, but with all your infantry, if formed into a phalanx, there is nothing to fear. However, in war any precautionary measure They must not be neglected. Be sure to carry 3,000 to 5,000 digging implements in each of your divisions, so that you can build a defensive position if necessary. Even a trench will be useful." "If the enemy you encounter is less than 30,000 men, you can join up with Ney and then attack them in a concentrated manner; but if the enemy has already occupied a well-defended position, you must act cautiously. After arriving at Hof, your first task is to cooperate with Robenstein, Ai Besdorf established contact with Schlez. I will be in Ebersdorf at that time. The information you get when you leave Hof can determine your next action, or move closer to the center, or move forward to Fatigue. According to From the reports I have received today, the enemy seems to be heading towards my left flank, since the main force seems to be in Erfurt." "I must insist that you always report to me anything you discover along the way, so that I may be informed. Changes in the enemy's situation. You may also think that it is a remarkable achievement to employ such a battalion of 200,000 men, which requires considerable skill and a lot of action." The reason why Napoleon explained his strategic plan in such detail is that he regarded this "battalion square", that is, three parallel columns of 200,000 men advancing on a front 30 miles wide, as the key to defeating the Prussian army. .Once he meets the enemy on the front, he can use one column to meet the enemy and use two columns to turn around; if the enemy appears on the side, the two armies can immediately spread out to the left and right to meet the enemy, and the rest of the troops will be used as support. On October 7, Napoleon received an ultimatum from the King of Prussia: All French troops were required to withdraw from the Germanic territory, otherwise, the "Evening Bell Incident in Sicily"① would repeat itself.This was Napoleon's best excuse to start a war.The French army began to march north through the sparsely populated Thuringia region, each carrying four days of rations.Ten days' supplies were also prepared at Würzburg, Bamberg and Forehan. ---------------------------①It refers to the anti-French movement launched by the people of Palermo in Sicily on the night of March 30, 1282.At that time, the bells of Vespers were used as a rallying cry against the tyranny of the French, and this movement spread throughout the island. The Prussian army did not unify its combat plan until October 5. The plan was: the main force would be concentrated on the front lines of Eisenach, Gotha, and Erfurt, and advance southwest; the left side would be covered by the Hohenlohe Army, and Ferdy The avant-garde commanded by the Prince of Sud marched south from Jena to Saarfeld, while the Saxon division of Taunzien advanced on Hof; Lucher's corps held the French on the right. The mobilization of the Prussian army was very slow, because at that time the Russians had not yet adopted the army organization, and the commander-in-chief's orders had to be distributed to 14 divisions.On the contrary, Napoleon's order only needs to be passed on to 6 army commanders. After receiving the order, each legion immediately set off, marching non-stop along the way, day and night. The battalion phalanx composed of six armies rolled forward as quickly as a steamroller. On October 8, Murat's advance guard met Taunzien's Saxon division at Hof.The French flag soldiers swept towards the enemy like a whirlwind. The Saxon soldiers had never seen such a strong formation, and they retreated in a hurry after a short battle.As soon as he retreated to Schillez, he ran into Bernadotte's avant-garde again.The Saxon division suffered heavy losses. On October 10, Marshal Lana approached the city of Saalfeld, where 9,000 people led by Prince Ferdinand, the avant-garde of the Hohenlohe Legion, were stationed here.Prince Ferdinand is young and promising, full of energy, but lacks actual combat experience and is headstrong.He desperately attacked the French army, and a fierce battle broke out between the two sides.Due to the limited strength of Prince Ferdinand, he was quickly defeated by the French army.But Prince Ferdinand still refused to admit defeat, and personally participated in hand-to-hand combat. A junior officer of the French army shouted: "Colonel, surrender, or I will tell you to go to God." Then, the officer raised his knife in return, and the point of the knife pierced the prince's upper body, and the prince fell dead on the spot. The initial defeat of the Prussian army caused great panic in Brunswick.Especially the death of Prince Ferdinand cast a cloud of gloom on the entire army.At this time, Brunswick suddenly realized that he had made a serious mistake: advancing towards Wurzburg just exposed his left and rear to the superior French forces.He therefore decided to retreat immediately to Magdeburg and the Elbe Valley in order to cover his lines of communication with Berlin.Lücher's army on the right was also ordered to retreat to Weimar, while Hohenlohe's army was ordered to concentrate its forces on the plateau west of Jena to protect the left flank. On October 11, Soult's right-wing column had reached Ryuen, Bernadotte's central column was north of Auma, and Lannes on the left had entered Saalfeld.Soult sent back a message on the night of the 9th, saying that the enemy was retreating from Yuen to Gila. Napoleon concluded that the main force of the enemy would be concentrated here and was preparing for a major battle here.Presently, however, Murat reported that his cavalry had passed Gila without sight of the enemy, and that the Saxon troops seemed to have retreated westward through Rhoda to Jena.Napoleon had to overturn the previous judgment.The three columns of the French army are now quite concentrated, but Napoleon still has no idea of ​​the enemy's deployment. It was only after midnight on October 11 that Napoleon received a report from Murat at Omagh, and only then did he have a clue as to the position of the enemy.At this time, the French army intercepted some enemy documents.From the analysis of the documents, Napoleon estimated that the main force of the Prussian army was between Erfurt and Weimar. At 4 o'clock in the morning on the 12th, Napoleon issued instructions to Lana: "All intercepted documents show that the enemy has lost his mind. They talk day and night, but they don't know how to make a decision. You should be able to understand that our army is concentrating, and I want to cut them off. The roads of Berlin. Now it is necessary to attack the enemy fiercely in order to break them individually and prevent them from concentrating." At the same time he gave Murat another order: "I will be at Gila before noon. You know I am still encircling the enemy, but I must have information about their intentions. The post office at Chaz may be able to give you some information." .As you advance, attack all enemies with courage. Marshal Davout is sending all his cavalry directly to Naumburg. With your cavalry you should be able to sweep the entire plain of Leipzig." Napoleon was now so confident of his victory that he wrote to Talleyrand: "The situation unfolded exactly as I had calculated in Paris two months ago; I never missed it, and everything convinced me that the Prussians had no chance .Their generals are complete idiots." After dealing with busy military affairs, Napoleon never forgot to write a letter to Empress Josephine, which was his habit. At 2 o'clock in the morning on October 13, he wrote to Josephine: "My affairs are going quite smoothly, everything is just as I hoped. . . Walking 45 to 60 miles and gaining weight. I go to bed at 8 and wake up at midnight." At 9 o'clock in the morning on the 13th, the four armies of Soult, Augereau, Ney, and Lannes were ordered to gather troops in Jena, ready to cross the Saale River, and go to attack the army that was concentrated between Weimar and Erfurt. The main force of the Prussian army.At the same time, Napoleon ordered Bernadotte's and Davout's troops to attack the left flank of the Prussian army immediately after hearing the sound of the Jena guns. At 3 o'clock in the afternoon on the 13th, Lana sent a report saying that the army had occupied the city of Jena and drove 12,000 enemy troops to Weimar.In addition, the French also found 30,000 enemy troops stationed on Weimar Avenue, 3 miles west of Jena.Napoleon was very excited. He asserted that a big battle with the main force of his army was about to begin, and that the Prussian army could not grow its tail. One hour later, Napoleon arrived in Jena. He hiked to the Landrafen Heights, one and a half miles northwest of Jena, and carefully observed the positions held by the enemy outposts.He ordered Lannes to hold the high ground to cover the crossing on the Saale near Jena. On the night of the 13th, heavy fog enveloped the Saale Valley and the surrounding highlands. With the help of this thick fog, the French army moved their troops along the narrow and winding paths all night without anyone noticing. Just as Napoleon expected, the Prussian army assembled 180,000 troops in Weimar and Jena before the 13th, which was an absolute advantage over the French army.If you can actively fight at this time, you can still compete with the French army.However, the war was approaching, and the strategy of the Prussian army was still divided.One opinion held that the Prussians should turn to the north, while the other held that they should attack while the French crossed the river. The military meeting was held in the base camp for 9 hours, and the discussion remained unresolved for a long time.Such a lengthy meeting was held when the military situation was urgent, and precious combat opportunities and time were lost, and the French army was able to gather more troops to form a siege of Jena. On the 13th, the Prussian army was shocked when they learned that the important Naumburg had been occupied by the Davout army.Brunswick had no intention of a decisive battle, so he agreed to transfer the main force to the north.The retreat of the Prussian army was tantamount to fleeing in fear of the enemy, which made the already unclear and unified combat plan even more chaotic and morale was extremely low. After the French army assembled Jena, they prepared to attack. At dawn on October 14th, the weather was extremely cold and the morning fog was getting thicker. Surrounded by a group of guards, Napoleon rode to the middle of the troops to check the preparations before the battle.They marched with torches, deliberately making loud noises.Napoleon talked to soldiers and officers from time to time to encourage their fighting spirit. He repeatedly declared that the situation of the Russian army today is the same as that of the Austrian army at Ulm a year ago.Wherever Napoleon went, there was cheering.The cheers passed through the thick fog and reached the Prussian barracks. All the Prussian soldiers were terrified and had a premonition of doom. At about 6 o'clock, Napoleon ordered an attack, and the French army marched through the fog.Napoleon never expected that they were only facing the Hohenlohe Army as the rear guard at this time, and the main force of the Prussian army had already quietly retreated north.As soon as the battle began, the French had the upper hand, and several of Hohenlohe's divisions were beaten to pieces.The Lana Army continued to attack and advance, and Hohenlohe ordered 20,000 people to line up in a dense horizontal line to launch a fierce attack on the Lana Army.Seeing that the enemy was outnumbered, Lana ordered the army to take a defensive position.In an instant, the French army disappeared, and only bullets and a series of artillery fire flew towards the densely packed Prussian army from behind the house, from the orchard, and from the broken wall.Thus, the strangest and most unfortunate incident in military history occurred: a very magnificent infantry line stood in an open area for two full hours, allowing the French army to shoot relentlessly, without any power to fight back, because They couldn't find a target to fight back at all.The Prussian army suffered casualties. Seeing that the situation was critical, Hohenlohe urgently sent someone to ask for help from Lücher's army in Weimar.Lucher's army is only 10 kilometers away from here, but it has been delayed.The Saxon division also failed to enter the battle in time.At the same time, the French army arrived one after another: the two divisions of Soult's corps had entered the right flank of Lannes' corps; Near Saxony on the right flank; five divisions of the Cavalry Corps will also be assembled on the battlefield. At around 10:00, the dense fog dissipated, and the warm sunshine shone on the mighty and majestic French troops, which looked so energetic and high-spirited.The Prussian army was dying under the attack of the French army.Seeing that the situation was not good, Hohenlohe finally desperately put all the reserves into the battle, trying to hold out until the arrival of Lücher's reinforcements. At around 12:00 noon, Napoleon realized that it was time to launch the final attack, and immediately put all the reserves, guards, and cavalry into battle, and rushed towards the shaken Prussian army.Unable to resist, the Prussian army fled along the hillside. The French army pursued and fought fiercely, and the Prussian army suffered countless casualties.At the same time, the three Saxon divisions guarding the Weimar Highway were all surrounded and wiped out. At this time, Hohenlohe was still holding on to the last hope that the reinforcements would arrive immediately, so that the scattered troops could hide behind the reinforcements, so as not to wipe out the whole army.However, General Lucher was not as anxious as he was.After receiving the request for help, he arranged 15,000 people in an orderly manner and walked slowly.It was not until 2 o'clock in the afternoon that Lucher's vanguard encountered the French army.The Prussian army lined up neatly and took steady square steps. They had just approached the French army, and before they had time to form a fighting stance, they were overwhelmed by the swarming French army. Within 15 minutes, more than half of the troops were lost, and the surviving Prussians turned around and fled towards Weimar.Under the pursuit of the French standard soldiers, Lucher was seriously injured and almost died. At 4 o'clock in the afternoon, the French army formed a column to pursue the defeated remnants of the Prussian army.They swept everything like the autumn wind sweeping the fallen leaves. They did not take prisoners, did not listen to begging for mercy, and killed the Prussians when they saw them.When night fell, the French army chasing to Weimar triumphantly returned to Jena amidst cheers of victory.Up to this point, Napoleon still believed that what he had defeated was the main force of the Prussian army. When Napoleon returned to Jena, a Mintobrian captain of the Third Army had been waiting there for a long time.The captain reported to Napoleon that the Third Army had defeated the main force of the Prussian army commanded by Brunswick of 50,000 at Auerstadt, including the King of Prussia and his stronghold.Napoleon couldn't believe his ears. He said loudly to Tobrien: "You marshal think of one person as two people!" On the night of the 13th, King Prussia and Brunswick led the main force of the Prussian army to retreat northward from Erfurt and Weimar, passing through Auerstadt, more than 20 kilometers northwest of Jena. King Prussia decided to camp here. At this time, Davout's army, which had occupied Naumburg, received an order from Napoleon to choose the shortest route and reach Apolda, north of Jena, as soon as possible, threatening the enemy's left flank.Davout's army moved immediately. At 6 o'clock on the 14th, Davout's vanguard arrived at the village of Hansenhausen in the northeast of Auerstadt. In the dense fog, they happened to meet Schmetau's infantry division and Blücher's cavalry division in the avant-garde main force of the Prussian army.The vanguard of Davout immediately formed a phalanx, concentrated their firepower, and repelled four attacks by the Prussian bannermen.Schmidt's infantry division was blocked by fire and it was difficult to continue advancing, so they confronted the French army. At about 10 o'clock, the follow-up divisions of the Davout Army arrived one after another, but the follow-up troops of the Prussian Army also arrived at this time.More than 50,000 Prussian troops violently attacked Davout's 20,000 people from the left and right flanks, and Davout was in a very dangerous situation. At this time, the Bernadotte army near Auerstadt knew that Davout was in danger, but refused to save him.Bernadotte had a bad relationship with Davout, and he felt it would be demeaning to assist Davout in combat.Fortunately, the Prussian army was still sticking to the "line tactics" of intensive horizontal formations, and the rigid phalanx was quickly killed by the flexible firepower of the French army.Seeing the tenacious resistance of the French army, Brunswick, the commander-in-chief of the Prussian army, personally led a regiment of grenadiers to charge. He did not want to be hit in the eyes by projectiles, causing fatal injuries, and was carried out of the battlefield.The Prussian army had no leader, each division fought independently, and was soon at a disadvantage. The Prussian king had to order a retreat in the direction of Weimar, preparing to join the Hohenlohe and Lücher armies and fight again tomorrow. On the way of retreating, King Pu collided head-on with the remnants of the defeated soldiers on the battlefield of Jena. He couldn't help but looked up to the sky and sighed: everything is over.The two defeated armies joined together to form a chaotic flow of people, fleeing desperately in the direction of Weimar.The French flag soldiers were chasing closely behind, their swords whistling in the ears of the defeated soldiers, and everyone was terrified.Queen Louisa, the heroine who had not long ago been a morale booster on the battlefield, also fled on horseback at this time.Two French standard soldiers followed closely behind with their sabers raised, and the queen was frightened out of her wits.After finally reaching the gate of Weimar, a powerful French dragoons galloped towards her again.Seeing that the situation was not good, the queen rushed into the city desperately.The city gate was closed, and the queen finally took her life. The King of Prussia, who had intended to teach the poor boy of Corsica a lesson, suffered a complete defeat a week after the battle began. Especially on October 14th, the French army won the two major battles of Jena and Auerstadt at once, and the Prussian army was almost wiped out.Napoleon was very satisfied with the heroic fighting of his subordinates, and even more praised Davout for defeating the main force of the Prussian army of 50,000 with an inferior force of 20,000.But there was one person who made Napoleon very unhappy, and that was Bernadotte.He was very annoyed that Bernadotte had not come to Davout's rescue.He said in front of a group of officers at Naumburg: "If I bring him before a court-martial, he will be shot. I don't tell him that, but he doesn't understand what I think of his behavior." He has a strong sense of honor, and he will not be unaware that his actions are shameful." Because Bernadotte's wife was Napoleon's past lover and the aunt of Joseph's wife, Bernardo He was not severely punished. The Prussian army continued to retreat, and Napoleon estimated that the natural retreat direction of the Prussian army was Magdeburg. Therefore, on October 15, the French army divided into three groups and began the famous pursuit in the history of war.As the Prussians retreated, their numbers dwindled and their despair and panic increased day by day. In the early morning of the 16th, Mehlendorf, the commander of the retreating troops of the Prussian army, surrendered to Murat with an army of 10,000 in Erfurt.King Pu was afraid of the pursuit of the French army on the right, so he did not dare to return to Berlin, but went east to Russia for help. On October 20, Hohenlohe avoided the French army and gathered more than 40,000 remnants from various legions to defend Magdeburg.These remnants were all unarmed and dejected. Hohenlohe expected that this team would be invincible, so he led 24,000 people to retreat to Stettinburg in three routes. On October 28, Hohenlohe was surrounded by Murat's regiments in Prenzlau, and had to surrender with 10,000 troops, 1,800 horses, and 64 guns. Just the day before Hohenlohe surrendered, Napoleon triumphantly entered Berlin with four field marshals, cavalry grenadiers, and guard light cavalry.The mayor of Berlin respectfully handed over the keys to the capital to Napoleon and asked him to pardon Berlin.Napoleon ordered shops to stay open and life went on as usual.The citizens of Berlin greeted Napoleon with fear and respect, showing absolute obedience.Napoleon came to the square in the center of Berlin, where a bust of Frederick the Great stood.Napoleon lowered his sword head and took off his hat to pay tribute to Frederick the Great, and the officers followed suit.In the Prussian palace, Napoleon found the sword of Frederick the Great, his neck armor, the ribbon of honor and the alarm clock. He had these things brought back to Paris and handed over to the Invalides for preservation. He said: "The captured Prussian king Of all the treasures of my country, these trophies are my favorite. I will give them to the veterans of the Battle of Hannover, who will treasure them as symbols of the victory of the great army and the vengeance wrought after the defeat of Rosbach Arise." On the same day, Napoleon also ordered the commemorative column erected by Frederick the Great to commemorate the defeat of the French at Rosbach to be transported back to the capital. After Napoleon entered Berlin, he ordered his troops to pursue the last remnants of the Prussians.At this time, Blücher and the Duke of Weimar gathered more than 20,000 people from the scattered and fleeing defeated soldiers, and fled northward.Along the way, he was fiercely pursued by the three Marshals Bernadotte, Soult and Murat.Blücher entered Lübeck, near the Danish border.The King of Denmark, out of fear of Napoleon, firmly refused to allow Blücher to enter. On November 7, the three marshals entered Lubeck, and a fierce street battle began.Blücher's mob was no match for the French army. In a short while, 6,000 soldiers were killed or captured. Blücher rushed out of the city with 14,000 men.In the evening, on the plain in the outskirts of Lubeck, Blücher and his team were surrounded by the French army and had to lay down their weapons and surrender. Despair and dismay prevailed in Prussia under the heavy blows of the French army, and many mighty castles surrendered in terror and terror without offering any resistance.Magdeburg is the last Prussian fortress that has not yet surrendered. On November 8, General Kleist led all the defenders to surrender to the French army. This so-called first-class fortress fell into the hands of the French army.At this point, the Prussian campaign was all over, and almost all Prussian cities were under the control of the French authorities. Napoleon had never been so proud of himself.The Prussian army, bred in the martial spirit of King Friedrich the Great, and boasting that it was the strongest in Europe, was beaten to the ground by him.In just one month, Prussia, one of the four major European countries, disappeared. The whole of Europe was shocked, and the small German countries were even more terrified. They hurriedly sent people to Potsdam Palace to express their submission to Napoleon.他们跪拜在他的面前，祈求宽恕和庇护；他们向他阿谀奉承，保证自己对他的忠诚之心。拿破仑陶醉在胜利之中，似乎整个世界已踩在他的脚下。 普鲁士国王、路易莎王后以及他们的小朝廷极可怜地在其他地方流浪之后，躲藏到普鲁士王国边境小城美默尔城。普王没料到他的各邦在这么短的时间里都落入拿破仑之手，很后悔发动这场战争。他致书拿破仑请求休战，拿破仑回答说：“太晚了！但是不要紧，我希望停止继续流血，准备听取不至于损害这个国家的荣誉和利益的任何条件。"他召来了迪罗克将军，告诉他：“代表我看望每一个伤兵，发给他们需要的一切慰问品。然后去找普鲁士国王，如果他提出合理的建议就报告我。” 于是，普法双方开始谈判。拿破仑提出：将易北河以西的地方全部割让给法国；普鲁士赔偿军费１亿法郎；承认萨克森及易北河以西的德意志诸邦加入"莱茵同盟"；普鲁士将华沙、波森交还给法国等。后来又提出将但泽等９个要塞让与法国。尽管条件很苛刻，但因普军已溃散，普王只好在１１月６日暂时承诺了这些条件。 拿破仑被战争的胜利捧到了不可一世的地位，自我意志无限扩张，谋求新的胜利、新的荣誉、新的权力、新的空间已成为他生命中不可缺少的一部分。他决定要给英国以致命的打击，１８０６年１１月２２日，拿破仑在柏林颁布了着名的“大陆封锁令"，强迫整个大陆屈从自己的意志，同英国在经济上打一场殊死战。 外交大臣塔列兰被召到波茨坦宫谒见皇帝，皇帝命令他立即向一切附庸国或半附庸国发出"大陆封锁令"。这一法令宣布英国各岛处于被封锁状态，禁止欧洲大陆各国同它们有任何通商往来；法国及其盟国军队不论在何处发现英国货物和臣民，将分别予以没收和监禁；任何违反此令的船只，都将作为战利品加以扣留。总之，凡是法国势力所及之处，都不得同英国有任何交往，否则都被认为是犯罪，是对拿破仑尊严的背叛。拿破仑命令元帅们尽可能逐步完全地占领北海和波罗的海沿岸地方，在那里派上法国税吏和宪兵，以杜绝和消灭走私行为。 欧洲以沉默的、恐惧的顺从态度接受了封锁法令。这一法令暂时斩断了英国和欧洲的联系，这对一直用别人的手发动一次又一次反法联盟的英国是一次极为沉重的打击。英国还从来没有同如此强大的对手较量过，它的英镑暂时失去了作用，它唆使别人为自己火中取栗的政策暂时失去了活动场所，英国第一次面临着整个欧洲大陆的挑战。这是一次殊死的搏斗，英国为了摆脱困境，又一次去找它的盟友俄国，告诉亚历山大，如果他再恢复同拿破仑的斗争以拯救普鲁士，英国将给予他财政上的支持。英国也去找了奥国，但奥国仍对奥斯特里茨战役中的惨败心有余悸，而且奥国也极愿意看到普鲁士的毁灭，因为普鲁士在１８０５年没有参加第三次反法联盟。尽管奥国在犹豫不决，但在彼得堡，英国如愿以偿了。 １１月２１日，普王在奥斯泰罗德召开御前会议，讨论和约之事。会上意见分歧极大，斯坦因、福克斯和贝米等重臣坚决反对这些丧权辱国的条件，而主和派豪格维茨等则主张忍让。正在争论之时，传来消息说英国已说服俄国帮助普鲁士对付法国，俄国军队已在西进之中。普王精神为之一振，决定拿起武器再战，以雪亡国之耻。 １２月１日，普王下诏整顿军队，严惩失职将领。什切青、马格德堡等要塞守将，因不战而降，被撤职查办；作战不力而降、临阵脱逃者也处以严刑；英格尔里本因弃守库斯特林而被处死。普鲁士军民激于覆军亡国之痛，也都愿意武装再战。 法国派往各国的间谍很快将英俄谈判的情况报告给了拿破仑皇帝。拿破仑一面实施大陆封锁的各种措施，一面征召军队，准备将俄国军队消灭在西进途中。 波兰战役俄国急于报奥斯特里茨失败之仇，１５万人的军队开进波兰，气势汹汹地朝法军旗去。 拿破仑也不示弱，立即发出向东挺进的命令，他要在即将到来的冬季里给俄军以打击。他认为不能等待春天再行动，届时俄国人将会集中一支巨大的兵力，而且奥国也可能会被诱惑加入他们的阵营。然而，在严寒的冬季，与尚不知其实力与潜力的俄军交战无疑是一次艰巨而冒险的行动。法国大军团共１４万人，要前进１０００里去打一场艰苦的战役，不仅要供应军粮，而且还要重新装备过冬用具和补给冬衣，同时所经过的地区都是些森林、沼泽等人口稀少的地带。不过，这些并难不住拿破仑，耶拿战役之后，他曾发布一道命令，规定了柏林城以及其鲁士各附庸所应进贡的物品及数量。这时，各普鲁士城市奉命制造２８万件大衣和２５万双军靴，还要组成６座总医院，包括一个专门治疗性病的医院在内。柏林要制造６０００床医院床垫和９０００件医院床单。 同时，拿破仑积极展开外交活动。首先，他利用波兰人民的独立情绪建立了一支波兰军队。波兰在１７９５年第三次被奥地利、普鲁士和俄国瓜分以后，人民一直渴望摆脱被压迫的困境，结束被瓜分的局面。拿破仑为了取得波兰人的支持，保障未来作战中后方交通线的安全，同时也想在与沙俄的冲突中争取建立一个中间缓冲国，敏锐地抓住了有利的时机和条件，积极支持波兰人实现独立的愿望。他号召波兰人拿起武器，与法军并肩战斗，把瓜分者彻底打垮。波兰人积极响应了拿破仑的号召，迅速组织起一支３００００人的部队，支持法军的行动。 拿破仑还煽动了俄国边境的土耳其和波斯的反俄情绪，这两个国家在俄国南部边界制造了不少麻烦。他们出兵侵入了多瑙河下游，在高加索占领了沙俄的领土，迫使俄国派出一部分军队越过普鲁特河，去征服土耳其和波斯。这样，当拿破仑在波兰扎扎实实地进行战争准备工作时，沙皇却分散了精力，陷入了拿破仑为他准备的两面作战的圈套。 拿破仑以惊人的旺盛精力和广泛的活动才能完成了这一系列的准备工作之后，立即开始了他的军事行动。１８０６年１１月，法军开进波兰，受到波兰人民的热烈欢迎。１１月末，拿破仑得到消息说，俄军的先头部队已经进入华沙，他命令缪拉和达武立即前往迎敌。 拿破仑的大本营设在波兹南，波兰贵族纷纷派代表团来到这里，恳求拿破仑立即重建独立的波兰王国。拿破仑出于多方考虑，虽表示支持波兰人的独立，但没有提出任何重建波兰独立国家的实质性措施。他知道一旦他立即采取行动重建波兰独立国家，奥国会因失去波兰这样一个富庶而重要的省区而重上战场，俄国人也将因失去波兰领土而作殊死的战斗，这与俄国仅仅为履行作为普国的盟国的义务而作战是不同的。那时，法军面临的敌人将是强大的。他对他的后任秘书拉普说：“我喜欢波兰人，他们的热忱性格令我高兴，我愿意使他们成为独立的民族，但那是谈何容易的事，这蛋糕分到手的人太多了，奥地利、俄罗斯、普鲁士各得一块，而且，火头一经点燃，谁知道大火烧到何处为止。我首要责任是对法国的，我不能为了波兰而牺牲法国的利益。总之，我们得把这事交给宇宙的主宰——时间，不知时间告知我们该怎么办。” 缪拉奉命率６６０００人前去占领华沙和普罗次克之间的维斯瓦河一线。面对法军的推进，俄军前卫指挥本尼格森放弃华沙，向北撤退到纳雷夫河上，以待后续部队开来。１２月１９日，拿破仑把他的大本营由波兹南迁到华沙。２３日，将法军分成左、中、右三路，开始渡过维斯瓦河，向俄军发起全面进攻。 面对来势汹汹的法国三路大军，年老的俄军总司令卡门斯基感到有被切断退路的危险，决定继续向东北方向撤退，但他手下的两员大将本尼格森和霍夫顿拒绝撤退，他们坚持要以纳雷夫河为依托，阻止法军东进。于是，俄军在维希库夫、普乌土斯克和戈维明一线展开，以待法军来攻。 １２月２６日，法军右翼拉纳军对普乌土斯克的本尼格森阵地发起勇猛攻击，没想到俄军炮火十分猛烈，拉纳几次冲锋均被击退，损失惨重。拿破仑又集中苏尔特、达武、奥热罗三个军向坚守戈维明阵地的霍夫顿发起进攻，霍夫顿军同样进行了顽强的抵抗。经过一天的激战，俄军被迫放弃阵地，向东北方向撤退。这天的天气十分恶劣，时而下雨，时而飘雪，纳雷夫河谷变成了沼泽地，泥泞满路，有些地方竟至人陷过膝，马陷及腹，车陷过轴，俄军放弃了一切火炮，有秩序地撤走了。法军因损失较大以及道路难行，无法继续追击俄军。 战斗过后，双方都在吹嘘自己的胜利。１０月２９日，拿破仑给皇后约瑟芬写信道： “亲爱的，我只能告诉你一句话，我现在正住在一间破谷仓里，我已击败了俄国人，并夺获了３０门炮和他们的辎重，俘获了６０００人。但天气极坏，不断地下雨，而且泥深过膝。” 俄国的本尼格森在给亚历山大的报告中也吹嘘说，他在普乌土斯克将拿破仑打伤了。不管双方如何吹嘘，他们心里都明白：自己的对手是强大的，是不容易对付的。 面对恶劣的天气及各种必需品奇缺的状况，法国部队已不像往常那样热情高涨，而是口出怨言，意气沮丧。当拿破仑骑马经过部队时，再也听不到"皇帝万岁"的欢呼声，听到的只是长途行军后的痛苦呻吟声。北方的严冬、路面的泥泞以及士气低落使得拿破仑认为继续作战已不可能，他决定让军队就地宿营过冬，以待来年春季采取行动。 俄军退到了纳雷夫河上游的沃姆日阿及其以北地区。由于卡门斯基年老体弱，力不从心，在前次作战中远远落在战场后面，沙皇只好免去了他的职务，命令本尼格森接任俄军总司令。本尼格森见法军停止军事行动，也让俄军宿营过冬。 这时，一个意外事件打破了拿破仑的冬营计划。内伊的第６军宿营在沃斯特鲁达地区，由于此地人烟稀少，难以满足部队就地补给的需要，内伊擅作决定，派出一支部队向北面较为富饶的地区进行一次突袭，以取得更多的给养。内伊的鲁莽行动给本尼格森造成一种错觉，以为法军又开始了作战行动，于是，他立即率领６３０００人向西前进，企图将内伊赶过维斯瓦河。１月２５日，俄军迅速反攻到莫龙格地区。这一突如其来的反击，严重威胁到法军左翼和托伦这个前进补给基地的安全。１月２５日，贝尔纳多特的第一军向莫仑格开进，挡住了俄军的进攻。 拿破仑对内伊的鲁莽行动极为恼怒。此时开战，对法军非常不利。可事情既已如此，拿破仑只得迅速作出反应。１月２９日，他命贝尔纳多特军实施机动防御，采取诱敌深入的方法，且战且退，把俄军诱到维斯瓦河一线，其余兵力则向敌侧后实施大迂回，切断敌军退路，然后加以合围歼灭。贝尔蒂埃立即派人将皇帝的命令送往各军。法军开始顶着鹅毛大雪飞速行军，拿破仑的大本营也以惊人的速度搬迁着，１月３０日上午６时从华沙出发，３１日中午就到达威仑堡，一天多行程８０英里。２月３日，各军都到达了预定的集结位置，准备对俄军发起攻击。 就在这时，贝尔蒂埃派去给贝尔纳多特下命令的信使被哥萨克骑兵抓获了，拿破仑的作战计划暴露无遗，本尼格森立即意识到自己的处境十分危险，于是，当机立断，迅速率领部队朝东北方向哥尼斯堡撤退。拿破仑见敌军想溜，立即下令部队向北追击。贝尔纳多特因未接到拿破仑的命令，留在原地没有行动。 ２月７日，由缪拉的骑兵和苏尔特的第４军组成的前卫在艾劳城追上了俄军后卫。苏尔特军迅速迂回到俄军后卫的左翼，俄军后卫见势不妙，乘黑夜放弃艾劳，退回到主力所据守的阵地——艾劳东面的山脊上。这时，拿破仑的大军都已赶到此地。 ２月８日清晨，炮声隆隆，战斗打响了。奥热罗率军勇猛地向敌军阵地冲去，突然间风雪大作，法军士兵几乎睁不开眼睛，根本找不到射击的目标。而此时的俄军处于顺风位置，他们把火炮架在山岗上，居高临下地对风雪中迷失方向的法军实施猛烈轰击。法军士兵一批批地倒下，奥热罗也受了轻伤，这支部队不得不败下阵来，俄军的哥萨克骑兵团乘势收复了艾劳城。拿破仑见此情景，亲自率领军队向敌人展开进攻。 这是一场名副其实的血战。由于气候恶劣，双方打的是一场硬拚仗，往来厮杀，急剧搏斗，尸横遍野。这时，拿破仑意识到要使士兵在俄军猛烈炮火下奋勇作战，毫不退却，他本人的行动将是关键。于是，在洛迪桥和阿尔科拉桥战斗中所出现的那一幕又重现了：拿破仑在连续好几个小时的激烈战斗中，始终站在战斗的最前沿，俄军炮弹打断的树枝不断地落在他的头上，有次他竟差点被落在附近的炮弹炸死，但他毫不畏惧。贝尔蒂埃多次下令备马，让他尽快撤离这个死神的王国，都被他拒绝。他站在那里一动不动，冷静地发出一道又一道新的命令，还不时地发出"好勇敢呀"的叫喊声。他身边的近卫军换了一批又一批，脚下躺满了军官和士兵的尸体，他始终在那没有移动位置。拿破仑的勇气鼓舞着他的大军，英勇的奥普尔将军策马奔至皇帝面前，大声说道：“陛下，等着看我的刀吧，砍敌人的脑袋就像切奶酪一样快！"他率领一个团队冒着敌军的炮火，勇猛地插入敌军阵地，哥萨克士兵开枪扫射，把他们打得血肉横飞，死里逃生只有１８人。被迫挥师后撤的奥普尔将军不甘失败，又向敌人发起两次冲锋。第三次，他一边冲向敌军，一边吼道：“胸甲骑兵们，以上帝的名义冲啊！勇敢的胸甲骑兵们，冲啊！"可是，敌人无情的扫射又使大批勇士倒下，跟着将军冲上去的只有寥寥数人。很快，这几个人也被敌军击毙，奥普尔将军身中数弹，当场阵亡。法军一批批地倒下，新的军队又不断补充上去，拿破仑依然站在他们中间巍然不动，与敌人展开殊死的搏斗。 战斗进行了一整天，双方损失极其惨重，拿破仑与本尼格森都有些吃不住劲了，士兵们也已达到了精疲力竭的地步。正在这关键时刻，达武军克服风雪阻挠，成功地迂回到敌军左翼。俄军受到夹击，防线开始动摇。夜幕低垂时，本尼格森终于坚持不住了，率领全军向哥尼斯堡撤退。 由于损失严重和天气恶劣，法军已无力量实施有力的追击，只是在第二天由缪拉率领少数骑兵象征性地追赶一段。艾劳一战是拿破仑自指挥作战以来流血最多的一次战役。８００００法军参加战斗，损失了１５０００人。俄军损失更为严重，７３０００人中损失了１８０００人。虽然法军最终成为战场的主人，但拿破仑心里很清楚：本尼格森并没有真正被打败，他还保持着威力强大的、十分善战的军队。 艾劳之战后，医院里住满了伤员。在战场四周好几公里以内的空气中，充满着尸体腐烂的臭味，病菌也在迅速地传播开来，拿破仑决定离开这个地方，他将法军向西南撤了几十公里，准备在帕萨格河西岸休整、补充，宿营过冬。 大批法军远离本国几千里，既缺乏粮食，也没有过冬装备，伤病员充满医院，还需要补充新兵。拿破仑骑着马，踏着泥泞的道路，到医院里慰问伤病员，到部队中和士兵谈话，他总是尽最大努力解决一切困难。为了激励艰苦环境中的士兵，拿破仑没有到奢华的华沙宫去舒舒服服地过冬，而是留在前线与士兵同甘共苦。他写信给哥哥约瑟夫说：“在１５天中，我没有脱过一次鞋。我们生活在雪和污秽之中，没有葡萄酒，没有烧酒，没有面包，我们吃马铃薯和肉。长途行军和后撤，没有一点舒服的地方。作战通常是进行血刃战，或者冒着枪林弹雨，受伤的人被放在敞篷的雪橇里，运到５０里路之外……我们尽全力作战，也受尽战争的折磨。” 为了准备来年春天的战争，拿破仑撤销了在艾劳战役中损失严重的第普军，提前征召了１８０８年度的８００００名新兵，把其中２５０００人补充到前线各军。同时，积极采取外交手腕，诱使土耳其对俄国采取更有力的进攻行动，迫使沙皇亚历山大一世不得不把更多的部队调到同土耳普军队作战的前线。拿破仑还向波斯派去一个使团，希望波斯国王能在俄国东部各省区给俄军以打击。西班牙也接到了拿破仑的一份文件，文件要求西班牙支援法军１５０００人，西班牙国王不敢稍有迟疑，立即将１５０００人送到拿破仑军中。拿破仑还签订了不少条约，根据这些条约，法军中又补充了不少德国人、意大利人和荷兰人。 这几个月强制性的军事上的沉寂，是拿破仑活动最紧张的时期。他以其旺盛的精力和坚强的意志解决了许许多多各式各样的问题。几乎每隔三四天，就有来自巴黎、阿姆斯特丹、米兰、那不勒斯和柏林的信使们求见。他们带来大臣们的奏折及元帅和地方长官的战斗报告，请求拿破仑过目，然后，再带走拿破仑作出的最后决定。拿破仑有时住在谷仓里，有时住在农舍中，不知疲倦地阅读文件、口述命令和决定。在一天当中，他草拟了关于加强税关检查的命令；签署和修改了为军官儿女设立学校的章程；申斥了自己的弟弟、荷兰国王路易；命令了巴伐利亚国王加强在提罗尔的监督。他还注意到了文学，他对《法兰西水星》杂志上的文学观点十分生气，命人立即改变这个杂志的全部文学见解，顺便挑选新的编辑，让新的编辑放聪明些。他也熟悉里昂丝业的生产情况，也知道巴黎国家剧院的演员们为什么彼此勾心斗角。他命令把斯塔埃尔夫人赶出巴黎，因为她具有自由主义的思想方式。他审查财政部的报表，发现了其中的错误和不准确的地方。他任免了意大利的官吏，发出关于密切注意奥地利及其军事准备活动的指令，还规定要在普鲁士城市和乡村进行人口调查。 如此众多纷繁复杂的事情，都被拿破仑迅速而明确地解决了。人们对他的工作狂热态度感到惊讶，他可以几天不睡觉，毫不倦怠地拟订着各种政策和计划，有人曾这样评价他：他的毅力远比他的智力更可怕。 １８０７年５月２６日，但泽的普鲁士守军经过长期的围困后，终于向法军投降，法军不仅拔除了侧后的这颗钉子，而且还在那里发现了大量粮食和各种物资。粮食问题在春天明显好转起来。 与此同时，俄军也在加紧补充兵力和物资。亚历山大一世为了在将来的战斗中更有把握取胜，他在集中俄国人民的物质力量的同时，还准备集中俄国人民的一切精神力量。他向东正教的领袖们发出了求援信，牧师们立即起来响应，他们宣布拿破仑是恶魔的先驱，是基督教信仰的凶恶敌人，因为他顶礼膜拜穆罕默德，拒绝信奉基督教。他发动对俄战争，目的就是要摧毁东正教。牧师们号召俄国人民行动起来，同反基督教的恶魔进行圣战。可是，亚历山大一世还没来得及把人民的宗教情绪煽动起来，一场大会战已悄悄地拉开了序幕。 ５月初，随着天气的变暖，拿破仑命令前线各军开始集中，充分做好战斗准备。６月５日，俄军巴格拉季昂部首先发起进攻，直逼内伊的第六军，因为此军离俄军驻地最近。由于众寡悬殊，内伊且战且退。拿破仑本打算６月１０日向俄军展开进攻。现在，敌人突然进攻，拿破仑也不慌张，他立即草拟了一个新的计划，命第一、三、四、八军和第五军迅速发动反攻，俄军在来势凶猛的法军打击下，被迫退进海尔斯堡要塞。 海尔斯堡深沟高垒，是普鲁士多年经营的重点要塞之一。６月１０日，双方在海尔斯堡展开了一场激烈的战斗。法军连续攻打一天，未能取胜，而且伤亡惨重。俄军经过一天的顽强抵抗后，也已精疲力尽。正在这关键时刻，法第三、四两军从俄军右翼向其侧后迂回，准备切断要塞守军与哥尼斯堡的联系。要塞中的俄军惊慌失措，主动放弃海尔斯堡，朝哥尼斯堡退却。 ６月１２日，法军转入追击。拿破仑决心在敌人进入哥尼斯堡要塞之前，拿下这个普鲁士的最后据点。双方军队都在冒着大雨行军，为抢先到达目的地进行了一场意志和耐力的竞争。 ６月１４日凌晨３时，法军第五军赶到弗里德兰。这时，俄军也已到达这里，正准备利用阿勒河上的唯一一座桥梁渡河。拉纳立即命令已到达的部队就地展开，抢占有利地形，架好火炮，进行射击，以阻止敌军渡河行动。拉纳以１００００人的兵力顽强地抗击着俄军５００００人，俄军欲进无路，欲罢不能。战斗从凌晨一直打到下午５时，每个法军都在咬紧牙关，坚持到生命的最后一分钟。就在这时，拿破仑率领着第六、第八、第一军和近卫军赶到了，疲惫不堪的拉纳军欢呼雀跃起来。这一天正好是马伦哥会战七周年的纪念日，拿破仑向欢呼的士兵高声说：今天是大吉大利的日子，是马伦哥大捷的纪念日，俄军将在这一天重蹈奥军的覆辙。法军士气更加激昂。 拿破仑立即对战场进行了一番勘察，他发现俄军犯了一个致命的错误：俄军急于渡河，５００００人全部集中在狭窄的阿勒河湾，而背后只有一座桥梁。于是，拿破仑一面将法军分成三路前去包围弗里德兰阵地，一面集中炮火向俄军猛射。拿破仑亲赴战场指挥战斗。俄军非常勇敢地进行自卫，俄军炮弹不断落入法军阵地。有一次，炮弹从拿破仑头上飞过，与他站在一起的一个士兵慌忙地趴在地上，拿破仑对这位惊慌失措的士兵说：“如果这颗炮弹是命定要击中你的，你就是躲到地底下１００英尺，它也会找到你的。"尽管俄军十分顽强，但指挥官的致命错误把他们全毁了。面对猛烈的炮火和前来包围的法军，俄军无路可逃，被挤压在三面环水的口袋里。数千门大炮隆隆吼叫，惊天动地，俄军唯一的生路——大桥被轰断了，拿破仑站在前沿激动地大喊：“就这样再坚持两个小时，这里站的全是法国士兵了！"俄军困兽犹斗，拚命顽抗，拿破仑命令老近卫军精锐部队朝敌人开火。法军愈攻愈猛，俄军精疲力竭，无法继续抵抗，只得跳入阿勒河中，溺死者无数，幸存者向北仓皇逃去。 与此同时，苏尔特元帅率军朝哥尼斯堡加速前进，很快就成了哥尼斯堡的主人。溃败的俄军再也不能进入哥尼斯堡，只得继续逃跑，犹如决堤的河水，一泻不可阻遏。他们渡过普雷格河，还是一步不停地向北败逃，直到跨过涅曼河为止。 弗里德兰一战，俄军损失１５０００人，其惨状丝毫不亚于奥斯特里