Chapter 6 Volume 1 Chapter 4-2

On May 16, Lana's vanguard arrived in the beautiful Aosta Valley, and other troops quickly followed.So far Napoleon's army had met no resistance, and General Melas was completely in the dark. On the 17th, the French arrived at Châtillon.Met a small Austrian army here.Facing the sudden French army, the Austrian army panicked. They never dreamed that a French army would emerge from this direction.Due to the hasty response to the battle and the disparity in strength, the Austrian army was quickly defeated and fled. On May 18, the French army continued to advance eastward, but unexpectedly encountered a very strong fortress, Fort Bald, and the French army's advance was hindered.Fort Balde is located on the left bank of the Baltea Valley in Dora. The terrain is very dangerous and controls the narrow passage into the Piedmont Plain. On the 19th, Berthier himself went to reconnaissance, and presented the following report to Napoleon: "Today I went to reconnaissance Fort Baldur, which is a real obstacle. It stands on a high rock, surrounded by two walls, with two floors. Fort, 12 gates on the lower level, 5 gates on the upper level. The road through the village of Bard is completely under its control. Although we can send some infantry there, we must capture this fort to ensure the passage of the artillery." The advance guard began to attack Bard. Fort, but due to unfavorable terrain, failed to capture, had to detour. On May 21, the French army captured the town of Ivria and captured 300 Austrians and 14 cannons.However, the Austrian army at Fort Balde was still holding on, and the French artillery could not pass through.Napoleon waited for three days, but Fort Balder still hadn't surrendered. He finally couldn't hold back, "I can't wait," he said, "These idiots will never take Fort Balder, I have to go by myself."

On the 23rd, Napoleon personally came to a high ground overlooking the fort of Fort Baldur, crouched in the bushes, and carefully observed the fort.After pointing out some errors of the attacking force in a displeased tone, he ordered a new battery to be erected at the spot he had marked, saying with certainty that a few shots from there would force the battery to surrender.After the order was given, he went down to the town of Ivria to spend the night. On June 1, Fort Balder finally surrendered. The main force of the French army finally walked out of the Alps, and the Piedmont Plain was in sight.Now Napoleon has three options to choose from: First, the main force goes straight to Genoa to break the siege of Massena.This can attract the main force of the Austrian army to come back to the rescue, and it is possible to attack the Austrian army together and win, and it also takes care of the relationship with the subordinates.However, the Austrian army may retreat and wait for reinforcements, prolonging the battle, and the arduous detour will not have the due effect.The second is that the main force advances to Turin, joins the Dulau army, and looks for an opportunity to attack the main force of the Austrian army.But it was useless to solve the siege of Masséna, and it was difficult to form a strategic encirclement trend.The third is that the main force goes straight to Milan and joins the Monsai Department, detours behind the Austrian army, cuts off the contact line, and forms a strategic encirclement.But local losses will be suffered, and the Massena Ministry in Genoa will have to be abandoned.

Napoleon weighed again and again and decided to adopt the last combat plan. At this time, an urgent report was sent to Napoleon: the enemy was still besieging Genoa, and they continued to intensify their shelling, and Genoa was in danger.To march to this place, not a minute is wasted.Napoleon dismissed this urgent report, and immediately dispatched various armies to occupy the designated points; the Lannese Army advanced to Turin, covering the right flank of the main force, and capturing the crossing point on the Po River.Murat entered Piacenza, south of the Po River, to cut off the Austrian line of retreat.The main force went straight to Milan. On June 2, the main force occupied Milan without being resisted by the Austrian army.

The Austrian general Melas was convinced at the end of May that Napoleon had led his army across the Alps.At first he thought that Napoleon's reserve army was only six or seven thousand men, but when he knew that the number of the French army was much larger than he had imagined, and it appeared in an unexpected place and direction, he was very panicked.Melas judged that the main force of the law would go south to Turin, so he left the Autote to continue to besiege Genoa, and led the main force to go north to Turin.At this time, the Lana army was heading south, and Melas was very grateful for his "correct judgment" and decided to stay and wait for the enemy.Soon, there was an urgent report that the main force of the army had occupied Milan, and Melas shouted that he had been fooled, and immediately concentrated his forces in Alexandria, preparing to face the French army.

On June 4th, Masséna's army hoped for no help and ran out of ammunition and food, so they had to negotiate with Otto Ott to withdraw from the city on the condition of "leading all the guards and not disarming".A part of Otto's troops garrisoned Genoa, and the rest marched towards Alexandria.On the way, he was ordered to divert to Piacenza to ensure the crossing of the Po River. On June 7, the troops of Lannes and Murat respectively crossed the Po River and advanced towards Alexandria. On June 8, Vohla, west of Stradella, was captured. On June 9, near Montebello, the French and Austrian armies fought fiercely for nine hours.

Lannes defeated the Austrian army who were going to occupy the ferry of Piacenza. On the same day, Napoleon left Milan.The next day, he crossed the Po with Berthier and arrived in Stradella.Here, organize the headquarters, adjust the combat force, and prepare for the big battle.At this time, there was an unexpected news that made Napoleon very excited, that is, General Disher returned to France from Egypt.Napoleon ordered General Disher to report to the Italian front as soon as possible. On the morning of June 11, General Disher arrived at Stradella.Napoleon received him with the most kindness.General Disher was a brave general who was used to fighting, and he performed very well in the Battle of the Upper Nile Valley in 1798.Although Napoleon was somewhat suspicious of some outstanding generals, fearing that they would have ambitions to rival him, General Disher never disturbed him. He knew Disher's talent and character very well.Disher is humble and unassuming, firm and peaceful.He only loves glory, and has no ambitions or thoughts of pursuing political power in his heart.Napoleon regarded him as the most sincere person, and the friendship between the two reached a passionate level.As soon as Discher came, Napoleon had a secret conversation with him for three hours.The next day, an order was issued to inform the whole army, and Disher served as the division commander of Butai's division.When Secretary Briand was puzzled by this, Napoleon said: "I have talked with him for a long time, for my own reasons. He will always be my adjutant. As soon as I return to Paris, I will appoint him Minister of Justice. As long as If I can, I will make him Prince. I find him quite archaic in character."

At this time Napoleon knew nothing about the true intentions and exact location of the Austrian army.He sent troops to search in the direction of Alexandria on the 8-kilometer-wide front, but he did not meet the Austrian army for three days in a row. Napoleon was very surprised. Didn't Melas plan to cross the Po River north to fight the French army?Based on various signs, he considered for a long time and believed that Melas might retreat south to Genoa, because in Genoa, the Austrian army could receive support and supplies from the British fleet, and he could also return to the Mantua fortress by detouring Modena.

For a general who wanted to avoid a decisive battle, retreating to Genoa was the best decision.Therefore, Napoleon made a decision at noon on June 13: Divide the reserve force of the French army into two parts, of which the Monier Division and the Lapope Division remained in place to serve as the main reserve force; Search, cut off the road from Alessandria to Genoa. On the afternoon of the 13th, the Garda Division, the vanguard of the left wing of the French army, encountered the Austrian army near Marengo, 5 kilometers southeast of Alexandria. After 8 hours of fierce fighting, the Austrian army could not hold on and retreated to Alexandria.As it was getting late and the enemy's situation was unknown, the French army stopped advancing.

Napoleon arrived at Marengo before dark.At this time, he could not finally determine the true intention of Melas, and he was worried that the Austrian army would launch a surprise attack on the scattered French army at any time.He therefore ordered Garda to immediately ascertain the condition of the bridge over the Bormida River west of Marengo.Not long after, the scouts came back to report that there was only one bridge over the Bormida, and that it had been completely destroyed by the Austrians.This information made Napoleon firm in his previous judgment that Melas had completely given up his attempt to cross the Po River for a decisive battle in the north, and was preparing to retreat south to Genoa.Therefore, without waiting for the armies to concentrate and approach, they ordered to camp on the spot, and Victor's army was stationed in the village of Marengo in isolation.

Alexandria after the Battle of Montebello was in chaos.The Austrian Council was bewildered to see the Austrians cut off from their lines and arsenals, and caught between Napoleon's and Suchet's corps.After some hesitation, Melas sent a strong detachment against Suchet on the 11th, while the rest of the Austrians continued to use the Bormida and Alexandria as cover.On hearing that Napoleon's army was advancing on Alexandria, Melas recalled that detachment on the 12th. All day on the 13th, the Austrian Army Headquarters was considering countermeasures.After heated discussions, Melas decided to take advantage of Napoleon's lack of concentration to break through the blockade of the French army and reopen the traffic with Vienna.

The deathly silence of the plain of Marengo that night gave Napoleon the illusion that Melas had escaped.Therefore, in the early morning of the 14th, he ordered the Lapope Division, who served as the reserve team, to cross the Po River and search in the direction of Valencia to prevent the Austrian army from fleeing; The whereabouts of the Austrian army.However, at this time, a mature war suddenly broke out. Napoleon never thought that his own judgment error almost caused the French army to fail completely. At 9 o'clock in the morning on June 14, the Austrian army stationed in Alexandria was dispatched and rushed across the Bormida River like a tide.Not only were the bridges on the river undamaged, but two new pontoon bridges appeared.The three Austrian armies marched side by side, unstoppable, and went straight to the French positions, and soon forced the French avant-garde back to Marengo.The 9,000 men of Marengo's Victor Corps were violently attacked by 28,000 Austrians and 100 cannons, and the situation was extremely critical.Napoleon was surprised to learn that the Austrian army had launched an attack from the fierce gunfire. He ordered Victor to defend Marengo, and at the same time sent Kleman's heavy cavalry brigade and the Lannes Corps to assist Marengo from the left and right flanks.He also urgently ordered Disher's division who had already gone south to quickly return to help. Relying on the tributary of the Bormida River, Victor's Legion stubbornly resisted the fierce attack of the superior forces of the Austrian army, temporarily blocking the advance of the Austrian army.Lana's vanguard reached the right flank, was attacked by the Otts, and fell into a bitter fight.After a fierce battle, the Keleman Heavy Cavalry Brigade on the left blocked the Austrian cavalry attack.At 10 o'clock in the morning, the Austrian army once again launched an offensive with all its strength, but the French army was unstoppable and retreated steadily. At 11 o'clock, Napoleon went to the battlefield in person. Seeing that the situation was critical, he immediately sent his 800 card guards to support Lana, and he led half a brigade to personally participate in the right-wing battle.At the same time, he threw into battle the only reserve available. Although the Austrian general Melas was 70 years old, he showed no sign of weakness.When he came to the battlefield in person, two of his horses were killed by shells in a row, and he still swung his army hard, and finally captured Marengo.The French counterattacked four times and once regained their position, but because they were outnumbered, they reluctantly released Lungo on horseback.At 2 o'clock in the afternoon, Victor's army broke up and Lannes' army also retreated in an orderly manner. The plains were full of French corpses.The whole army was in disarray, and many people cried out in panic: everything has failed. At 3 o'clock in the afternoon, Melas felt that the overall situation was settled and was ecstatic. He immediately sent a messenger to Vienna to report the victory, reporting that the Austrian army had won a complete victory in the Marengo Plain. Napoleon, who was once invincible, had been completely defeated. , The spoils captured and the prisoners captured are many, and they have not yet been counted.Due to his old age and frailty, Melas handed over the command and pursuit of the French army to Chief of Staff Chach, and went back to Alexandria to rest.However, instead of ordering an immediate pursuit, Chach let the Austrians rest and eat in groups.After drinking and eating, they dispatched 5,000 troops in a dense formation, carrying military flags and blowing military music, to pursue the fleeing French army in a leisurely manner. Facing the defeat, Napoleon was extremely calm. He firmly believed that the battle was far from over. If Discher's division could return to Marengo quickly, the French army still had hope of victory.Holding this belief, he has repeatedly emphasized the need to persevere, and no one should continue to retreat.The defeated French army fought bitterly with the Austrian pursuers.At 5 o'clock in the afternoon, just as the French army was on the verge of collapse, General Disher arrived with his troops.Napoleon was overjoyed. He had a hasty discussion with Berthier and Diche on horseback, and decided to switch from retreat to attack. The French counterattack began.The 13 cannons brought by Disher and the remaining 5 cannons were gathered together and violently bombarded the enemy.The Austrian army did not expect that the defeated French army would have such a move, and the formation was in chaos.Taking advantage of this opportunity, Disher led the French army hidden behind the mountain to rush over like an unstoppable torrent. The Austrian army was shocked and fled one after another.General Disher, this courageous general rushed to the front, when suddenly a bullet flew in and hit Disher's heart, and this brave general was killed on the spot.The death of the chief aroused the anger of the French army. The French army attacked more violently and the artillery fire became more intensive. General Keleman's 800 heavy cavalry also bravely rushed to the left and center of the enemy.In less than half an hour, the Austrian army changed from a victorious army into a mob fleeing in dismay. Some of them were hit by shot and killed on the spot; Instead, they knelt on the ground in groups and raised their hands in surrender.This sudden defeat of the Austrian army immediately led to a retreat across the board. They were forced to abandon Marengo, and then flocked to the Bormida River, scrambling for their lives.The French army seized the opportunity and drove the Austrian army across the river with a drumbeat.It was not until nightfall that the French army stopped pursuing. In the battle of Marengo, the French army turned defeat into victory, but the price to be paid was high. The French army suffered about 6,000 casualties.On the night of one of the greatest victories in his life, Napoleon, frowning and deeply mourning the death of General Disher, said tearfully: "France has just lost one of its best defenders, and I have lost one of them." My best friend, no one understands Disher's precious heart and genius thinking. It would be great if I could embrace Disher today!" On the morning of June 15, Melas sent envoys to seek peace with Napoleon, seeing that the situation was over.Although Melas felt that Napoleon's conditions were harsh, especially to hand over Genoa, which had been besieged for many days and only surrendered half a month ago, it was heartbreaking, but there was nothing he could do.Finally, the two sides reached an agreement in Alexandria: the Austrian army retreated to the area east of the Mincio River, and all military facilities including the fort in the Hexi area were handed over to the French army.The two sides also agreed to establish a demilitarized zone in the area west of the Mincio River to separate the forces of France and Austria, and the two sides would cease hostilities until a peace treaty was signed.The remnants of Melas retreated safely to the rear of Mantua. The two messengers of Melas returned to Vienna one after another. After reporting Marengo's complete victory, they sent back the news of the disastrous defeat. Sensational farce. On June 17, Napoleon returned to Milan.This time he received a warmer welcome than the first time he entered the city. Wherever he appeared, there was endless applause. The people of Milan hailed Napoleon as their savior and thanked him for liberating Milan from the Austrian yoke. come out.Here, Napoleon met Massena, praised him for his excellent defense of Genoa, and appointed him to succeed him as commander of the Italian Front. A grand concert was organized in Milan to celebrate the victory at the Battle of Marengo.At this concert, Napoleon was fascinated by the beauty of a female singer, Madame Grassini.Hours later, the conquerors of Italy decided to undertake a new operation.The next morning Madame Grassini was seen having breakfast with the conqueror in Napoleon's bedroom.Berthier then received orders to take care of Madame Grassini and escort her to Paris. On June 24, Napoleon set off from Milan and returned to France via the Montseny road.Wherever he went, thousands of people gathered and cheered loudly.Triumphal arches were erected at the entrances of every town along the way, and each town sent a group of gentlemen and dignitaries to visit and praise the great achievements of the First Consul.When passing through Lyon, the welcome reached a frenzied level: the residents poured out to welcome, the First Consul walked into the crowd, and the cheers were one after another, earth-shattering.In the face of all this, Napoleon was very proud, and he talked very vigorously along the way.When passing through Burgundy, he said to Brion: "A few more victories like this, and I may be able to leave a name for posterity." "I have captured Cairo, Paris and Milan in less than two years. If I die tomorrow , after a thousand years, I may be able to occupy half a page in the general history." At 2 o'clock in the morning on July 2, 1800, Napoleon and his party arrived in Paris.After dawn, the news of the First Consul's triumphant return spread throughout the capital, and all the citizens rushed to the streets, vying to see the savior of France and the liberator of Italy.When night falls, no matter whether it is a wealthy family or a poor man, all of them will decorate their mansions or cottages to celebrate.Anyone who shows a little indifference to the first ruling will be considered by the masses as a royalist party.The people of Paris unanimously believed that the victory of the Battle of Marengo was not only the victory of the French Republic against the European anti-French coalition, but also the victory of the new regime against the royalists.People are full of good hopes for the new regime headed by Napoleon. Diplomatic Victory and Peace After the Battle of Marengo, Napoleon hoped for a temporary peace in Europe.This is not only in France's interest, but also in his own.After 8 years of war, the French people have grown tired of fighting, and now that they have won the victory of Marengo, this desire for peace has been further developed; Napoleon has only been in power for half a year, and his position is still very unstable. During his expedition to Italy, the domestic The Jacobins and Royalists did not stop for a moment in their activities to overthrow the Consulate.Coupled with years of wars that have emptied the treasury and deteriorated finances, Napoleon decided to use diplomatic means to seek peace with European countries. Napoleon's first thought was to improve relations with Russia.The Russian Emperor Paul I was madly hostile to the French Revolution, and he actively participated in the Second Anti-French Coalition.He sent General Suvorov with 60,000 Russian troops to attack Italy, another Russian army into Switzerland, and 15,000 men to the Duke of York to capture Holland.This is the entire force available to the Russian Empire.Although Suvorov won the battles of Cassano, Trebia and Novi, after the battle of Zurich, he suffered a crushing defeat in the St. Gotthard and various Swiss valleys, losing half of his army. When Suvorov returned to Russia in 1800, only a quarter of the army remained.Emperor Paul complained that the Austrian and British armies did not give support to his army, which resulted in the loss of the elite of his army. At the same time, he blamed the Vienna cabinet for not allowing the king of Sardinia to be restored after the capture of Piedmont. He had no lofty and generous ideals and was completely dominated by his own self-interest.He also complained that after the British occupied Malta, they seized it for themselves and did not restore the Knights of St. John in Jerusalem.The discord between Russia and Britain and Austria did not escape Napoleon's eyes, and he was determined to bring these seeds of discord to fruition. At this time in Italy, Zurich and Holland, about 10,000 Russian soldiers were taken prisoner.After the Battle of Marengo, Napoleon proposed to Britain and Austria to exchange prisoners, but was rejected by Britain and Austria.Therefore, Napoleon wrote a letter to the Russian government through Foreign Minister Talleyrand. The last few sentences of the letter were like a heavy artillery shell thrown at the anti-French alliance: France expressed that it could immediately and unconditionally send Russian prisoners of war and their flags to the Russian government. Back to Russia.This promise was quickly put into action. The captured Russian officers immediately received their sabers. The soldiers were all put on new outfits and issued excellent weapons made in France. They gathered in Aachen to wait for their return home.This wise and magnanimous move dealt a heavy blow to the already unharmonious Russian-British relations. The enthusiasm of Emperor Paul I of Russia was attracted by France. Friend, he wrote to Napoleon: "Citizen, First Consul, I write to you not to discuss the rights of man or citizen, but every country can be governed as it pleases. No matter what country, as long as I see that the head of state My heart is drawn to a man who knows how to rule and how to fight. I write to tell you that I am dissatisfied with England. . . . I am willing to unite with you to put an end to the injustices of the British government." In early December, 1800, a Finn, General Sprang Burton, who served Russia and was pro-French at heart, arrived in Paris. He sent a letter from Emperor Paul and was ordered to lead the Russian prisoners back home.After returning home, the Russian officers and soldiers all praised the kindness and favor they received in France.Correspondence between Paul I and Napoleon then became a regular occurrence. As his friendship with Napoleon deepened, Paul I's hatred of Britain grew stronger.On August 29, Paul I announced a port closure order for all British ships, and he came forward to organize the alliance of Sweden, Denmark and Prussia to deal with Britain's protection of neutral countries and drive Britain out of the Baltic Sea.At the same time, France and Russia began to consider establishing a military alliance. Napoleon said to the representative of the Russian Emperor, General Splendid Bolton: "Your sovereign and I, we have a duty to change the face of the earth." The two countries were prepared to unite against British rule in India.Paul I proposed a plan: concentrate 35,000 Russian troops in Astrakhan, Russia, and the same number of French troops should enter the mouth of the Danube River, then set off to the Sea of ​​Azov on Russian ships, join the Russian troops in the Caspian Sea, and sail to the southern end of the Caspian Sea , After landing, he joined forces with the Iranians and Afghanistan to drive the British out of India. All Europe watched with unease the deepening friendship between the rulers of France and Russia.The British Prime Minister was shocked and angry at the plan of the French and Russian expedition to India.While all the diplomatic departments and royal families in Europe were anxiously waiting for some kind of action from Russia and France, the news that Paul I was strangled to death in Mikhailov Palace on March 11, 1801 suddenly spread, and the whole of Europe With a long sigh, a hanging heart finally let go.Napoleon was so enraged that all the gains he had made in his Russian policy over the past few months were in vain. "The assassination of me by the British on the 3rd in Paris failed, but their assassination on me in Petersburg did not fail." The deaths were all planned and organized by the British.At this point, the Russo-French alliance was declared bankrupt, and he said despondently: "My co-operation with the Tsar will definitely deal a heavy blow to British hegemony in India. This palace coup has overturned all my plans." Napoleon had to immediately and drastically adjust all diplomatic deployments.In this matter, too, he was as skilful and swift as he was in the artillery. Peace negotiations with Austria began after the Battle of Marengo.At that time, Austria, whose relations with Russia had been broken by the defeat of its army in Italy, and fearing that the Franco-Russian alliance would further isolate it, agreed to the negotiations. In October 1800, the French-Austrian negotiations with Napoleon and Talleyrand on the one hand and Cobenz on the other began in Paris.Negotiations were tough.Soon Napoleon withdrew from the negotiations, leaving his brother Joseph to continue negotiations with Cobenz at Lunéville in Lorraine.Cobenz is cunning and stubborn, Joseph is determined and tactful, each trying to outwit the other with clever diplomacy.At this time, Britain provided Austria with a subsidy of 2 million pounds. Under the pressure and temptation of Britain, Austria had the idea of ​​resuming the war.Napoleon was extremely angry at Austria's backtracking under British influence, and he repeatedly emphasized that the desire for peace was restrained.However, the two sides are still arguing endlessly, and it seems that the outcome of the negotiations cannot be achieved without a war. On November 5, Napoleon announced the cancellation of the armistice between France and Austria, and ordered the French army to switch to the offensive in the German and Italian battlefields at the same time.So, the war broke out again. On December 2, the Rhine Army led by General Moreau defeated the Austrian army led by Archduke Charles in southern Germany and achieved the victory of Hohenlinden. This victory opened the way to Vienna.Meanwhile, Macdonald led a new army in Italy, successfully crossing the Sprugen Pass in the severe winter and advancing smoothly to the upper Adige region.This brilliant operation once again severed the link between the fortress of Mantua and Austria.All Austrian hopes dashed by military defeat, there was now no alternative but to conclude a peace treaty on the best terms.But Napoleon at this time instructed Joseph not to rush to sign a peace treaty, he asked Austria to agree to meet all his demands. On February 9, 1801, the two sides finally signed a peace treaty at Luneville.According to the peace treaty, the Holy Roman Empire of Germany was completely excluded from the left bank of the Rhine, and all of this territory belonged to France; France also acquired the Netherlands (Belgium) and Luxembourg, which belonged to Austria; Austria recognized Helvetia (Switzerland) under the protection of France , Batavia (Netherlands), Liguria (Genoa), Inner Alps (Lombardy) and other republics; France continued to occupy Piedmont; Austria continued to occupy Istria, Dalmatia, Venice and Adige left bank area, while ceding the right bank area of ​​Adige to the Inner Alpine Republic. Due to the defeat on the battlefield, Austria had to accept the rather harsh terms of the peace treaty given by Napoleon.However, just as it was not reconciled to the Campoformio Peace Treaty in 1797, it was also not reconciled to the Luneville Peace Treaty. After all, it had to wait for the opportunity to change this situation and come out to compete with Napoleon again. Napoleon's victories on the battlefield and at the negotiating table shattered the anti-French coalition, leaving Britain alone.Now that Britain has lost its combat partner and cannot continue to implement the policy of using the pound and the fleet to instigate others to take chestnuts from the fire, it can only give up its means and accept peace talks. On October 1, 1801, representatives of Britain and France signed the terms of the preliminary peace treaty in London.Soon after, a peace conference was held in Amiens in northeastern France. On March 27, 1802, the French plenipotentiary Joseph and the Spanish and Batavia plenipotentiaries signed the Amiens Peace Treaty with the British plenipotentiary Lord Cornwallis.The peace treaty stipulates that, except for Trinidad and the Dutch possessions on Ceylon Island, Britain must return all colonies occupied since the French Revolution to France and its vassal states (Netherlands, Spain); Malta Island should be returned to the Knights of Malta, and Guarantee the independence and neutrality of Malta; Britain must withdraw from all the ports and islands it occupies in the Mediterranean and Adriatic; France should withdraw from Egypt and Rome, and return Rome and other papal territories to the Pope. The signing of this treaty made Britain feel very heavy. They failed to take any part of Europe occupied by Napoleon.However, Britain was not a defeated country, and it was only because of isolation that it was forced to make such a major concession.As the overlord of maritime rule, Britain will never tolerate any weakening of its maritime hegemony, especially the weakening of its influence on the European continent. Therefore, it is not prepared to implement the terms of the peace treaty.Napoleon also knew very well in his heart that the Anglo-French peace treaty was only a short truce in the long-term war between Britain and France. He had no doubt that Britain would come out to break the peace treaty at any time.He was ready for another war. Although the Treaty of Amiens was only a 14-month armistice treaty, this treaty consolidated Napoleon's power. He was proud to see that Britain, which had been arrogant to him before, now treated him as the head of the French government. Glory and power are constantly rising.Once when he was walking with his secretary in Malmaison, he said: "Brian, you will also be immortal!" "Why, General?" "Aren't you my secretary?" "Tell me the name of Secretary Alexander." The secretary asked back: "Oh, that's not bad!" Napoleon laughed.It was obvious that he was quite satisfied with the conversation. Peace gave Napoleon slack. On January 7, 1802, Josephine's daughter Odance Beauharney and Napoleon's younger brother Louis Bonaparte held a wedding.The next day Napoleon set off for Lyon.There, the MPs of the Inner Alpine Republic waited for him to elect the president.He was warmly welcomed along the way.On his arrival in Lyon, he was greeted by representatives of legislatures and parliamentarians from the neighboring provinces, as well as Italian parliamentarians.Madame Bonaparte, who accompanied her, watched the performance with her husband and shared with him the joy of the grand celebration organized for him by the city of Lyon. On the 26th, Napoleon won the title of President of the Inner Alps Republic as he wished, and he made another great step towards Lombard sovereignty. On his return to Paris, Napoleon began to consider a law of religious belief.Before that, a group of powerful people had proposed to Napoleon to break with the Pope and establish an independent French Catholic Church, whose head should live in France.And pointed out that doing so can greatly enhance the power of the first ruling.But Napoleon disagreed. He said: "I believe that part of France is going to become Protestant, especially if I want to sponsor that tendency. I am also sure that most of France will still believe in Catholicism, and they will enthusiastically oppose the division of their compatriots." I just need to restore the old religion in France, and give freedom of religion to the few, and I will satisfy everyone." Napoleon himself did not believe in any religion, but he was well versed in psychological strategies. He was very aware of the The church can still sway the emotions of the masses.There are also 40,000 monks in France, who are powerful enough to exert a powerful influence on the psychology of the people.In order to gain strong support for his regime, Napoleon decided to cooperate with the Catholic Church. On July 15, 1801, Napoleon reached a political-religious agreement with the new Pope Pius VII on rebuilding the Catholic faith.A month later, the "Monitor" published a notice in the following words: "Tomorrow, the 27th of Thermidor, that is, Sunday, August 15th, is the feast of the Assumption. A thanksgiving and hymn recitation will be held to show the greatness of Schneider..." People can't believe their eyes, these historical garbage that was swept away by the revolutionary storm are now appearing again in the official newspapers of the French Republic, and people can't help but lament the revolution It has long been a thing of the past. In April 1802, the Legislative Yuan passed the church-state agreement and the church organization regulations. On April 11, the solemn "Ode to God" was sung in Notre Dame de Paris. This gorgeous and spectacular ceremony attracted countless audiences. Napoleon and many generals also drove there.The next day, when Napoleon asked Augereau how he felt about the ceremony, the general replied: "Everything is very good, nothing is missing except the millions who died trying to overthrow what you are now building .” Napoleon was quite displeased. Napoleon wanted to use the brief peace brought about by the Peace of Amiens to consolidate French rule over the colonies.As early as the Directorate era, the island of Santo Domingo declared its independence from France, and the famous black leader Toussaint Louverture established a consolidated leadership on the island.Napoleon, who was rising in power, decided to send troops to expedition to the island to make it return to obedience. In December 1801, an expeditionary force left the coast of France mightily.The post of commander was held by General Leclerc, a brother-in-law of Napoleon.The reason why he was appointed commander was that Napoleon had a deep dislike for him.Napoleon said to General Leclerc: "This is an order for you. Now is your chance, go get rich, stop pestering me for money, and annoy me." Napoleon wrote to Toussaint Louverture He sent a well-spoken letter, proposing to appoint Toussaint as vice-governor if he can work hard for the return of Santo Domingo to the mother country.Toussaint was lured to the French barracks by the sweet words, was arrested immediately, and was escorted to France. Napoleon ordered him to be imprisoned in a separate cell on a barren hill.The severe cold, the brutal confinement, the inability to meet with relatives, the inability to go for walks, and the most severe abuse finally brought down Toussaint Louverture's death after ten months in prison. The brief peace brought prosperity and tranquility to France. In Paris in 1802, there was a new atmosphere of flourishing, singing and dancing everywhere.Every parade day, Parisians flock to the amusement park to participate in various activities with great interest.Never since the Assembly of the Third Class had the places of entertainment received so many visitors, the festivals had never been more grand, nor had the capital ever been more gay.There are happy smiles on everyone's faces, and the atmosphere of prosperity and tranquility can be seen everywhere. As its founder, Bonaparte feels glory and pride all the time.尤其是夏普塔尔先生在罗浮宫举办的工业产品展览会，让拿破仑大为满意，他为法国工业达到如此高的水平以及展览会引来众多外国人的赞叹而得意非凡。 国泰民安也为拿破仑集中权力、排除异己提供了机会。在这个时期，谁反对他或不尊重他，都会失去宠信。富歇是拿破仑在雾月１８日政变中的得力助手。然而，富歇却是一个善于玩弄权术的阴谋家，拿破仑很清楚这一点，他说富歇玩弄阴谋如同他一定要吃饭一样。当时拿破仑的朋友全都反对富歇在政府中占有席位，可拿破仑舍不得一脚踢开他，因为执政府成立初期国内叛乱迭起，而富歇却在警务方面有着突出的才能。富歇被任命为警务部长。如今，富歇的权势愈来愈大，不仅在巴黎，而且在整个法国，富歇以其高超的能力笼络了一批支持者。拿破仑对这个反复无常、两面三刀的警务部长早有戒心，他决定趁现在国内太平解除富歇的职务。１８０２年９月１２日，拿破仑表示他对法国目前的安全和国内平静具有信心，决定裁撤警务部。富歇的警务部长一职也就此结束。为了不激怒富歇，拿破仑任命富歇为参议员，并在向参议院推荐富歇的咨文中宣称：“富歇在困难时期担任警务部长，以其才能、活动和对政府的依附做到了情势要求的一切。虽然把他安插在参议院内，但如果事态再次需要警务部，政府将再难找到比他更可信赖的人选了。"就这样，拿破仑巧妙地除掉了这个心腹之患。 终身执政胜利与和迫使拿破仑成为一位受到普遍颂扬的英雄。为了表彰拿破仑的业绩，１８０１年５月４日，法国议会通过了执政任起再次延长１０年的决议。然而，拿破仑对此并不满意，他的目标是要成为终身执政。他向参议院提出了这一要求，可遭到参议院的否决。他没有因此对参议院大加责难，而是对议案作了不动声色的回避性答复，他说：“如果人民的愿望要求参议院授与这１０年任期，我将服从这新的牺牲。"他希望能从人民那里获得更大权力。 １８０２年５月１０日，法国议会顺应了拿破仑的愿望，决定将下述问题提交人民决定：“是否任命第一执政为终身执政？他能否有权指派继承人？"布告张贴在巴黎城内，人们驻足观看。许多人读过以后，发自内心地说道：“法兰西现在和将来能够献给执政官的一切，永远低于他为法兰西所做的一切。”５月１２日，选举活动开始。警察局秘书处、每个市政厅、每个法院书记室都摆上了两个登记簿。赞成拿破仑为终身执政的在一个簿上签名，反对的则在另一个簿上签名。警方人员混杂在选民当中，精心地搜集着选民的反应。可是，警探所听到的每一句话都是赞扬执政官的。 选举在兴高采烈的气氛中进行，反对者寥寥无几。最终选举结果不言而喻，但巴黎市民还是怀着某种激动心情等待公布最后结果。２个月后，统计结果出来了，３５６８８８５名法兰西公民赞成波拿巴荣任终身执政官，反对者仅８３７４人。人们沉浸在无比兴奋中，似乎法兰西命运会由此永恒地确定下来。 １８０２年８月２日，拿破仑终于被任命为终身执政。尽管许多效忠共和政体的将军，如卡尔诺、马塞纳、莫罗都投下了反对票，但那也无济于事了。 不久，拿破仑又向审议各种新法典的委员会表示赞成罗马法关于过继的规定，他说这样选定的嗣子比亲生儿子还要亲。人们十分清楚拿破仑是想过继一个他兄弟的儿子作嗣子，因为约瑟芬已无法为他生儿育女。１８０２年８月４日，保守的参议院以一项简单法令授权他用遗嘱证书的方式指定执政一职的继承人。现在连感觉最迟钝的人都已看清第一执政已大权在握，恢复帝制是迟早的事了。 这两项参议院法令公布之后，一些有利害关系的谋士纷纷聚集到第一执政的周围，提出应恢复古代的各种称号，说这比共和国的各种形式更能同人民托付给他的新权力相配。然而，老练的拿破仑认为心急吃不了热豆腐，一切得等待时机。他对布里昂说：“到时候一切自会来的。不过，布里昂，你要明白我必须首先采用尊号，这样，我要授给的其他称号就自然有了来源。最大的困难已经克服，无须再瞒骗什么人。人人都看得明明白白，终生执政同帝位之间只有一步之差。但是，我们必须多加小心，保民院有些爱找麻烦的家伙，但是我会提防他们的。” 拿破仑要当皇帝的念头引起了一个女人的严重不安，那就是波拿巴夫人。约瑟芬清楚地知道自己再也不能生儿育女了，一旦拿破仑成了法国的皇帝，皇帝难道不应赋予自己的臣民一个属于自己血统的继承人吗？为了有自己血统的继承人，皇帝难道不会同自己离婚吗？每想到这，约瑟芬便不寒而栗。不久前，拿破仑的弟弟吕西安曾向约瑟芬暗示，第一执政必须同别的女人有个孩子，以便有个继位的嗣子。约瑟芬为此抽岂不止，同时又气愤难忍，她认为这是吕西安给拿破仑出的馊主意。有一天，约瑟芬不待通报便径自走进丈夫的房间，她红光满面，温柔地坐在拿破仑的膝头，用手轻轻抚摸他的头发和脸庞，柔声对他说：“我恳求你，波拿巴，不要做国王！是吕西安怂恿你为王的吧？别听他的。"拿破仑和平地回答她： “你疯了，可怜的约瑟芬，是你们圣日尔曼郊区家庭的那些富贵老孀妇，还有你们那帮罗许富科①给你讲的海外奇谈吧！……好吧，现在别打搅我了，你去吧。"约瑟芬仍然放心不下，"离婚"两字始终像恶梦一样萦绕着她。她从拿破仑的沉默寡言和他所流露的表情中，感觉到大祸即将临头。拿破仑时而闷闷不乐，默默无语，似乎在疏远她；时而又像往昔那样激情漾溢，温柔体贴，把她紧紧地抱在怀里，对她说：“我可怜的约瑟芬，我永远也无法与你分离。"如今的约瑟芬就好像是被允许在屠刀下苟延残喘的囚犯，随时都会得到一张死刑判决书。 ------------------------①罗许富科（１６１３—１６８０），法国作家。 重启战端拿破仑从不指望能与英国长久地和平相处，因为他知道英国是不会心甘情愿地执行亚眠和约中的条款。另外，他始终认为征战的胜利是他稳固统治的一个有效手段。他说：“我的权力有赖于我的荣誉，我的荣誉又有赖于我所赢得的胜利。我的权力如果不以新的荣誉和新的胜利为依据，就会丧失。征战获胜造就了现在的我，也只有征战的获胜能使我保持我的地位。"这种想法一直在他头脑中占上风，成为他行动的主导原则，他不断梦想新的战争，把战争的火种撒遍全欧。他经常对人说：“一个新产生的政府，必须使人眼花缭乱，一鸣惊人，否则就会倒台。"他内心翻腾的是进取不息的愿望，这样一个一刻也不能停息的人，是不会长期坐在和平环境中坐享清福的，他时刻在准备着战争。 亚眠和约签订后没多久，英法双方都在破坏和约。拿破仑利用战争的间隙，重建法兰西殖民帝国。１８０２年６月２６日，土耳其与法国签订和约，为法国开放博斯普鲁斯和达达尼尔两海峡；法国着手在地中海东岸各国重建领事馆；法国分别同的黎波里的帕夏和突尼斯的贝伊缔结了条约；１８０２年８月，法国同阿尔及利亚总督订立了条约，法国势力还伸向伯罗奔尼撒半岛和塞尔维亚；同年８月底，法国塞巴斯蒂亚尼将军访问了的黎波里、埃及、叙利亚，并同当地首领建立了联系；１８０３年３月６日，法国军事代表团起程前往印度。 法国这一切举动严重地威胁着英国的殖民霸权。与此同时，拿破仑的欧洲大陆政策也咄咄逼人。他拒绝从荷兰撤军，把荷兰牢牢地控制在手中。１８０２年秋，他向瑞士宣布，他想在瑞士实行新的国家体制，建立一个"与法国友好的"政府。他在说明这个要求时，特别指出瑞士的地理位置是在法国和法国所属的意大利之间，他派内伊将军带领３万士兵开往瑞士国境。瑞士不得不屈服。同时，法国还吞并了厄尔巴岛、皮埃蒙特。吕内维尔和约以后的德意志各邦，已被拿破仑吓得心惊胆颤，拿破仑乘机把他们当成奴仆一样看待，法国势力在德意志也得到迅速扩展。这一切，英国无论如何也不能容忍，同时它也不想容忍。 英国针锋相对，拒绝从马耳他撤军。显然，英国也在寻找战争，而这一举动也正好激起拿破仑的好战情绪，他可以向法兰西人民冠冕堂皇地解释：和平破裂是违背他的意愿的，立即宣战是岂不得已的、是合理的。１８０３年初，英法关系十分紧张。这时，英国国王致书国会，述及法国各港口正在准备武器弹药一事。拿破仑得知后大发雷霆，他当着别国大使的面，怒气冲冲地向英国大使惠特沃斯提出了一连串的质问：“你们的内阁是何用意？造谣说我国各港口正在武装，动机何在？怎么，这种方式就能使各国轻信，或完全忽视我国的真实意图吗？了解实际情况的人谁都会看到，只有两艘运输船正在装备以驶往圣多明各，那个岛屿吸引了我们的全部注意，占去了我们可以动用的一切资财。你们为什么这样抱怨不已？难道和平已经成了负担，可以甩掉了吗？欧洲又将陷入血泊中吗？你们在做战争准备！想装腔作势吓唬我们！法兰西只能被打倒甚至毁灭，但是永远吓不倒！"拿破仑讲话时盛气凌人，大叫大嚷，英国大使被这突如其来的一击弄得瞠目结舌，不知所措。事后惠特沃斯写信给自己的上司外交大臣霍克斯贝里公爵说：“我觉得与其说是在听一个欧洲最大国家的首脑讲话，不如说是在听一个龙骑兵上尉讲话。” 诚然，这个从小就是傲慢的、阴郁的、极易激怒的、几乎蔑视普天下的拿破仑很喜欢暴跳如雷。但是，他有时表现出来的狂怒却是有着明确的目的，是经过深思熟虑的，而不是由于天生的暴躁。他故意表演一些狂怒的场面，他有着很高的表演才能，装得逼真，以致只有最了解他的观众才能猜出这个喜剧。这次他对英国大使所表演的那场大发雷霆的戏，终于把两个大国拖入了战争状态。 ２月２０日，拿破仑在给立法院的咨文中谴责了英国。 ３月８日，英王在议会开幕词中驳斥了拿破仑的谴责，议会通过了征召民兵的决议。 ３月１３日，拿破仑在接见英国大使时又一次表现出狂怒。 "总之，你们想打仗，你们还想打１５年的仗，而且你们要逼我这样做。"如果你们先拔剑出鞘，那就让你们知道，我要最后一个插剑入鞘；如果你们要进行武装，我也要武装起来；如果你们想打仗，那我也打仗。你们也许会消灭法国，但你们要吓唬它，那是办不到的，倒霉的将是那些不履行条件的人！要么归还马耳他，要么就是战争！ " ３月１５日，英国阿丁顿首相提出要在马耳他占领１０年，作为法国进行新的扩张而给予英国的补偿。４月２６日，英国大使惠特沃斯奉命向法国提出最后通牒，要求拿破仑同意英国继续占领马耳他，如果７天内不表示同意，英国大使立即回国。５月初，英国大使离开巴黎，英国舰队开始袭击法国船只，英法之间断绝了外交关系。 ３４岁的拿破仑精力异常旺盛，他在强大的敌人面前充满胜利信心。他在向参议院、立法院、保民院致送的咨文中指出：“法国千方百计促使英国恪守和约，可是无效。英方拒绝了每一次提议，其要求越来越蛮横。可是，法国决不屈服于威胁，并将为信守和约和法兰西的荣誉而战斗。而且确信，由于法国的事业是正义的，人民是勇敢的，它有权期望得到应有的结果。” 拿破仑首先占领了整个汉诺威，这是英国国王在德国的一大块领地。接着，又占领了南意大利的一些还没有法军驻扎的据点。他命令荷兰和西班牙提供海军和陆军来援助法国。同时，他下令在一切附属地没收英国商品，逮捕居住在法国的英国人，一直拘留到英国签订和约为止。拿破仑还积极组织法、俄、普反英联盟，但未获成功。这时，英国正以大量英镑开路，筹划组织第三次反法联盟。 为了赶在欧洲大陆封建国家联合向法国进攻之前战胜英国，拿破仑开始了上台后的最紧张的、规模最大的对英战争准备。他在法国西部海岸布伦港建立了庞大的军营，几万工人集中在那里，夜以继日地建造新军舰、运输船、驳船以及横渡英吉利海峡所需的一切。这里还集结着准备在英国登陆的几万大军，"只要有三天下雾，我就可以成为伦敦、英国议会和英格兰银行的主人。"拿破仑这样自信地说着。不言而喻，其计划是乘"三个雾天"使法国海军绕过英国舰队，横渡英吉利海峡，在不列颠岛上击溃英国，在泰晤士河边迫使英国缔结和约。 拿破仑的登陆计划一度遭到英国人的嘲笑，英国人认为这不过是拿破仑故意摆出的一种唬人的架势，因为拿破仑早在１７９８年给督政府的报告中就已指出，没有制海权而入侵英国是最冒险不过了，而１８０３年法国海战方面的劣势并没有改变，远比法国强大的英国舰队始终强有力地封锁着英吉利海峡。可到了１８０３年底，特别是１８０４年初，英国人再也不敢嘲笑拿破仑的登陆计划了。这时拿破仑频繁地巡视着法国西北部港口和沿海城市，紧张地进行着各种备战工作。在战争动员中，他还向当地居民描绘着战胜英国后的光辉前景。 英国政府不断收到有关拿破仑大规模扩军备战的令人胆寒的消息，英国人有点惊慌失措了。 既然拿破仑在１７９８年能够率领一支强大的舰队和军队绕过在整个地中海上追赶他的英国海军，并能顺利地在埃及登陆，那么这个人实际上也可以利用在地中海上罕见的而在英吉利海峡很常见的浓雾成功地渡过英吉利海峡，在英国海岸登陆。英国觉得有必要采取坚决的措施来制止拿破仑这个登陆计划。 如何才能制止呢？一个行之有效的办法就是不管花多少钱，迅速组织起第三次反法联盟，从东面打击拿破仑，从而防止他进犯英国。但被拿破仑击溃的、至今仍未恢复元气的奥地利虽有心再战，却感到力不从心。普鲁士摇摆不定，俄国犹豫不决，谈判还在进行。英国虽对反法联盟的成立抱有信心，但要等联盟成立后再行动，那就太迟了，可谓远水解不了近渴。 英国政府想起了俄皇保罗一世的死，精神为之一振，何不让这出戏在拿破仑身上重演？ 英国政府知道法国保王党首领乔治·卡杜达尔正在伦敦，他们之间可以做笔交易。 １８０３年８月的一个晚上，海面一片漆黑，乔治·卡杜达尔及其一伙乘坐一艘英国船只，悄悄地在诺曼底海岸登了陆，然后立即前往巴黎。乔治·卡杜达尔是个十分狂热的人，他在旺代曾几十次将自己的生命孤注一掷，几次濒于死亡的边缘。这次他毫不犹豫地接受了伦敦给他的密令，回国刺杀拿破仑。在他看来，拿破仑是他所憎恨的革命获得胜利的象征，是妨碍合法的国王路易·波旁登上王位的篡位者。 这些保王党人一直与巴黎保持着联系，他们有秘密的聚会地点，有安全的避难所。为了使刺杀阴谋获得成功，他们想找一位在军队中享有威信的将军来协助他们。他们选定了莫罗将军。莫罗将军是法国最有才干的将军之一，他对大权独揽的拿破仑十分不满，认为拿破仑背叛了法国革命原则。特别是看到拿破仑有意于恢复帝制，这种不满就大大加深了，从此，他对拿破仑政府采取了沉默的反对立场。保王党早已了解这一点，他们决定把他拉入这场阴谋中来，利用他干掉拿破仑。参加阴谋活动的还有另一位将军旗什格鲁。皮什格鲁在果月１８日以后被流放到圭亚那岛，后来逃了回来，现在正秘密住在巴黎。皮什格鲁充当了保王党和莫罗将军之间的联系人。莫罗向皮什格鲁表示：同意采取行动反对拿破仑，但不愿为波旁王朝服务。他拒绝同卡杜达尔会谈。正当这些保王党人积极策划推翻拿破仑的阴谋活动时，拿破仑派到敌人内部的间谍探明了阴谋的全过程。１８０４年２月１５日夜，莫罗将军在自己的住宅中被捕。他的副官们亦受牵连，一一落网下狱，甚至连不在巴黎的副官也未能幸免。８天后，皮什格鲁的房东接受了３０万法郎赏金后向警察当局告了密，皮什格鲁也被捕了。不久，皮什格鲁用自己的领带勒死在监狱的地牢里。 全部阴谋分子陆续被捕。拿破仑对这一阴谋事件暴跳如雷，他知道这是英国人指使干的，也知道波旁王朝的人在密谋中起了领导作用，他大吼道：“波旁王族以为我不会对他们的谋杀活动进行相应的报复，那是妄想。"塔列兰听见了，为了阿谀奉承，也为了向憎恨他的保王党报复，他在一旁添油加醋道：“显然，波旁家族以为，您的血没有他们的血那样高贵。"拿破仑被这句话气疯了，他要找一只波旁家族的替罪羊以泄心头之恨。 这只替罪羊很快就找到了，他就是居住在中立国巴登的当甘公爵，他是当时唯一能加以绑架的波旁王室的重要成员。这时法国已支配着德国的西部和南部，这给逮捕当甘公爵提供了很大便利。１８０４年３月１４日晚，一队法国宪兵部队闯入巴登，进入埃登海姆城，包围了住宅，逮捕了当甘公爵，并连夜将他押往法国。３月２０日，当甘公爵被押至文森斯城堡，军事法庭连夜开庭审判，罪名是他参与了谋杀拿破仑的阴谋。当甘公爵在审讯中承认自己起望看到新的反法战争和拿破仑政权的覆灭，但他坚决否认参与谋杀拿破仑的阴谋。尽管毫无当甘公爵参与阴谋的证据，他还是在当晚深夜２点４５分被判处死刑。当甘公爵给拿破仑写了一封信，请求法庭一定要将这封信交给拿破仑本人。军事法庭庭长于兰将军也想以法庭的名义给拿破仑写一份呈请减轻判刑的信件。这时，从杜伊勒里宫特别派来的监督审判的萨瓦利将军从于兰手中夺过笔，说：“您的事情已经做完了，剩下的应该由我来办了。"凌晨３点，当甘公爵被拖至文森斯战壕，在那儿结束了生命。 拿破仑明知当甘公爵没有参与阴谋，但他就是要通过波旁王室一位着名人物的鲜血来为自己的被刺报复，他要借此表明同旧王朝决裂的决心，为自己建立新王朝扫除障碍。当甘公爵的死震动了巴黎，拿破仑的恐怖令人惊骇丧胆，拿破仑性格中残酷的一面暴露无遗。正如他自己所说：“我有时是狐狸，有时是狮子。进行统治的全部秘密在于知道什么时候应当是前者，什么时候应当是后者。” 在枪毙当甘公爵的前几天，终于逮捕了卡杜达尔。在逮捕这个高大的布列塔尼人时，他进行过拚命抵抗，打死打伤了好几个密探。最后，他和他的同党全都被送上断头台。莫罗将军被逐出法国。 枪杀当甘公爵引起了旧世界的仇恨，加速了新的反法联盟的建立，同时也给拿破仑带来了与旧制度斗争坚决的声誉。再加上国内宗教和平的建立，民法典的颁布与贯彻，经济繁荣的出现，拿破仑的威望在不断提高。这一切为波拿巴王朝的建立铺平了道路。