Chapter 60 Section 2 hope fades away

Chiang Kai-shek fled to Taiwan as the president of the Kuomintang. Although he was restored to the post of "president" in March 1950 by extraordinary means, Truman did not do anything, and the future was still bleak. , the life of the Chiang regime is endless. However, the Korean War rekindled Chiang Kai-shek's burning hope.At the beginning of his resignation, the Kuomintang still controlled the south of the river, the northwest and the southwest, but it had already focused on the island of Taiwan in the southeast China Sea.He obviously had long wanted to use Taiwan as a base for revival, waiting for the arrival of World War III to decide the final outcome.The so-called Third World War was an international anti-communist war. He repeatedly emphasized that the CCP was Stalin’s fifth column and that the Soviet Union invaded China in order to transform the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party into a global anti-red struggle.This kind of argument has a great market in the United States after the outbreak of the Korean War.The United States then regarded Chiang as an ally, and with its super power, helped Chiang Kai-shek to hang up the already defunct "Republic of China" brand, and continued to occupy the Chinese seat of the United Nations with Taiwan as China, and refused to be replaced by the CCP .

Because of the strong support of the United States, Chiang Kai-shek's "National Government" is still recognized by most countries in the world as "the only legitimate Chinese government", but he knows in his heart that if he cannot counterattack the mainland, Taiwan will not be equal to China after all, the "Republic of China" Sooner or later, the signboard will fall.No matter how strong the United States is, it cannot sustain a myth forever.But to counterattack the mainland, he has already retreated to Taiwan and knows that he cannot implement it alone. The only strategy is to drag the Americans into the water.According to the report of General MacArthur's intelligence officer Charles Willoughby on June 15, 1950, Chiang Kai-shek had an "extremely confidential" request, that is, he was willing to submit himself, the government and the army to the Willoughby headquarters. Direct command, but unwilling to hand over power to Sun Liren. (MacArthur Archieve RG6, BOX1, quoted from Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War, p. 552, 876) Jiang's willingness to make this "lower policy" is actually the best policy to hold back the old US.After the Korean War, Chiang repeatedly asked to send troops, and he just wanted to get involved in the international anti-communist war and fish in troubled waters, but he failed.

The Korean War ceased, and the feud between Beijing and Washington has not diminished but increased, and Taiwan, Penghu, Jinma and other outlying islands have become points of confrontation.Dulles, Secretary of State of the Eisenhower administration, was particularly right-leaning and anti-communist. He believed that even if the CCP were allowed to acquire the outer islands, there were concerns about encouraging the CCP to enter Taiwan and Penghu.However, no matter how right-wing the U.S. Republican regime is, it still puts its own interests first. The basic strategy for dealing with the Communist Party is "containment" rather than "liberation." It will never sacrifice the lives of Americans to help Chiang Kai-shek. To counterattack the mainland, they are only willing to defend Taiwan and Penghu.This is the main inconsistency in the anti-communist consensus between the United States and Chiang Kai-shek.The U.S. government is very afraid that Chiang will take advantage of the rising rightist anti-communist forces and be led by the nose by Chiang.For example, Senator Nolan (William Knowland) had passionately asked his own government to blockade the coast of China.If so, wouldn't it be right in Jiang Xia's arms?Therefore, Eisenhower sent Dulles to sign the "Mutual Defense Treaty" with Chiang in December 1954. On the one hand, he defended Taiwan militarily, and on the other hand, he prevented Chiang from counterattacking the mainland. The so-called "leash on Chiang" ), that is, don’t be dragged into the water by Jiang.Jiang accepted the protection of the United States and had to reluctantly accept that "there is no hope of counterattack."Although Jiang still said that "the mainland is an inalienable part of the Republic of China" and "recovering the mainland is our sacred mission and vocation," but without American intervention, he couldn't even touch it.

Of course, Chiang Kai-shek would not give up on this. The anti-communist enthusiasm in the United States is still high, and the Cold War is becoming more and more severe.Once the world changes, he still has the hope of counterattacking the mainland, not to mention that most of the U.S. military was belligerent at that time. For example, former Eighth Army Commander James Van Fleet openly advocated in Life magazine The U.S. forces occupied Quemoy and Matsu and fought back with atomic weapons.When U.S. President Eisenhower was asked whether he would use atomic weapons in a conflict in Asia, he replied that he might use atomic weapons to attack military installations (see Dulles, American Policy Toward Communist China, p. 157-158). A re-threat after a nuclear threat before the end of the war.If atomic weapons are really used, wouldn't World War III be possible again?How could Chiang Kai-shek not be encouraged?His hopes were rekindled.

His strategy is to actively increase the number of troops on the outer islands such as Kim and Matsu, so that the United States will integrate the protection of Taiwan and Penghu with the protection of the outer islands, and set fire under the feet of the CCP in order to involve the US military.Once it turns into a big war and takes advantage of the victory to counterattack the mainland, even if Lao Mei wants to escape, she will not be able to help herself.Of course Eisenhower saw this move and asked Chiang to reduce the Jinma army, but Jiang refused to think about it. Lao Mei finally knew that "the American knew they had a bear by the tail" (The American knew they had a bear by the tail). (Quoted from the previous book, page 160) By 1958, due to the turmoil in the international situation and some difficulties within the mainland, Chiang even ignored the advice of the Americans and increased the garrison in Jinma to as many as 100,000. Although Eisenhower was worried about Chiang's attempt, the CCP launched a large-scale artillery battle on August 23, forcing the US President to send the 7th The fleet helped Chiang break through the blockade.The military conflict between Beijing and Washington immediately escalated, and the "New York Times" published a prominent headline "If the Communist Army invades Jinmen, the United States decides to use force."Isn't it Chiang Kai-shek's dream to use force in the United States?Wouldn't it be possible to take advantage of the victory and counterattack the mainland with Lao Mei?

However, America is not a fool after all, and there are different criticisms in public opinion. Even Secretary of State Dulles, who was the most anti-communist, changed his attitude at the press conference on September 30, hoping for an armistice and disarmament in Jinmen.Chiang Kai-shek expressed his displeasure by categorically refusing to reduce the troops on the outer islands.What he is most displeased with is that the hope of trapping Lao America in order to counterattack the mainland will come to naught.Dulles even made it clear that he would not support or tolerate Chiang's attack on mainland China.At this point, the CCP knew that if the capture of Kinmen would not liberate Taiwan, it would actually help Taiwan's independence, so they used excuses to fight and stop, and quietly ended the sensational Kinmen artillery battle on August 23.

After that, Chiang Kai-shek never had the opportunity to create troubles on the outer islands and bring in the U.S. military to help him counterattack the mainland.John F. Kennedy, the new president of the United States who took office in 1960, had already expressed his attitude before he was elected. He only protected Taiwan and not the outer islands. Jinmen has no strategic value for the United States, and it has no strategic value for Chiang Kai-shek. Not as friendly as the Republican administration.In 1964, the CCP successfully detonated the atomic bomb, and the intervention of the United States was even more impossible. Even the threat of nuclear weapons could not be exported.Chiang Kai-shek's hopes also gradually dimmed. Even in the chaos of the "Cultural Revolution", he did not dare to send troops alone.It is impossible to counterattack without Laomei's support, and it is impossible to counterattack without Laomei's permission.At this time, the United States is getting deeper and deeper in Vietnam, and it is even more unwilling to cause troubles in the Taiwan Strait.Of course Chiang also wanted to intervene in the Vietnam War. Chiang Ching-kuo, who had been appointed Minister of Defense, proposed during his visit to the United States that he knew that the United States could not accept the "good intentions" and still proposed it. This shows the urgency of wanting to intervene in the international anti-communist war.

What Chiang Kai-shek didn't expect was that the one who finally "betrayed" him was Richard M. Nixon, the anti-communist leader of the Republican Party.Although Nixon was an anti-Communist, he was also a realistic politician.The situation is stronger than people. With the Sino-Soviet rivalry and the Vietnam War stalemate, the military adviser Henry Kissinger opened the way to Beijing. In 1972, the President of the United States had a drink with Zhou Enlai in the Great Hall of the People. Zhongnanhai had secret talks with Mao Zedong's study, and the only one who was haggard was Chiang Kai-shek in Taiwan.When Mao first met Nixon, he joked, "Our mutual old friend Chiang Kai-shek would not approve of this meeting," and then said, "He called us Communists." Nixon was very interested, and asked Mao: "What do you call Chiang Kai-shek?" Smiling without answering, Zhou Enlai interjected: "We generally say they are the Chiang Kai-shek clique, and sometimes they are called a bandit in the newspapers. In short, we scold each other." Mao finally said: "In fact, our friendly relationship with him is better than yours. longer than his." (See Nixon, The Real War, p. 144)

Just more than three months before Nixon's Beijing wedding, the United Nations finally voted for the People's Republic of China to replace the "Republic of China" as the only legal Chinese government representing China.In this way, it is no longer the mainland that is an inalienable part of the Republic of China, but Taiwan is an inalienable part of the People's Republic of China.The signboard of the Republic of China was finally judged to be a fake by the international community and was taken down.Chiang Kai-shek's mainland dream was completely shattered, and everyone was asked to "be calm about changes".He scolded that "the United Nations has succumbed to violence and has become the source of all evil" (see Liuyun "Carter, You Are Wrong", p. 197), which is more than Ah Q.He should think about the "evil" United Nations that allowed him to represent the whole of China with a corner of Taiwan for more than 20 years.Such a free feast will come to an end sooner or later.

At this time when the general situation is gone, Chiang Kai-shek is in his dying years.He is concerned about the safety of Taiwan, and Taiwan's ruling and opposition parties will naturally care about his physical condition, but under the centralized strongman system, the people have no "right to know."It was not until Weng Yuan, the adjutant next to Jiang's father and son, dictated the past many years later, that he learned that when the "old gentleman and his wife" went to Yangmingshan for summer vacation in July 1969, they had encountered a serious car accident. News".In November 1971, when the adjutant Qian Rubiao was lubricating Lao Jiang's anus, he accidentally injured the anus, and the blood flowed profusely. , Adjutant Qian was imprisoned for five years like this. (Refer to Weng Yuan’s dictation, Wang Feng’s record "My Days with Chiang Kai-shek and His Son", pages 128, 132, 134) Yiye Zhiqiu is still the era of serving the king like a tiger, and Chiang Kai-shek’s mentality is in his later years Still monarchical, the fate of the adjutants is no different from that of the eunuchs in the old palace.

According to Weng Yuan's dictation, Chiang Kai-shek began to have blood in his stool again, and he showed signs of hardening of the arteries and lack of oxygen in the lungs. Soon his hands trembled and his legs became weak.So when Chiang Kai-shek took office as his fifth "president" in May 1972, his body was already shameful, so he had to try his best to cover it up.Less than a month after taking office, his heart had already enlarged. The medical officer thought that he had to be isolated for half a year, which meant that he could not continue to be the "president" at all.As a matter of fact, Chiang Kai-shek could never really take things seriously. His condition was getting worse and worse, and his heart disease was on the verge of breaking out. He sent someone to the United States to invite Yu Nangeng, an international authority on heart disease, to come to Taiwan.Before Dr. Yu arrived, Jiang Tu fell into a coma on the afternoon of July 22 and became incontinent.After Yu Nangeng arrived in Taiwan, he devoted himself to diagnosis and treatment, and sent Jiang to the "President" ward of the Veterans General Hospital on August 5 to live.Headed by Yu Nangeng, a total of eleven doctors formed a treatment team.Under such medical care regardless of cost and mobilized by all, Chiang Kai-shek continued his life for another three years, and passed away on the night of April 5, 1975. (See Weng Yuanqian Citation, pages 135-188) We learned from the personal adjutant that Chiang Kai-shek was simply unable to perform the duties of the fifth "president".Perhaps because his son Ching-kuo is already the head of the executive branch, the power has been taken over by his son. However, such a private possession of fame reflects the essence of Chiang Kai-shek and his regime. The Kuomintang media called Chiang Kai-shek's death a "collapse".The emergence of this feudal term is obviously to match their masters with emperors. The Kuomintang claimed to have revolutionized for more than 90 years, overthrew the monarchy, and established the Republic of China. It is really a great irony of the Republic of China that the father dies and the son succeeds, and collapses again and again.In comparison, Yuan Shikai's "Xinhua Spring Dream" is not as good as Chiang Kai-shek's "Jinling Spring Dream". Both, formally, he passed on the "presidential position" to Chiang Ching-kuo; in fact, what he passed on was no different from the "emperor's position". ——The "President" of the Republic of China was reduced to hereditary, and it is only a matter of time before the "Republic of China" goes to the "Empire of China". Adjutant Weng Yuan revealed in his recollection that Chiang Kai-shek kept chanting words when he was in a coma: "Counterattack the mainland...rescue compatriots...counterattack the mainland..." It also proved that he wanted to "counterattack the mainland", but the chances of the Korean War and the Vietnam War were not even close to him. In addition to being disappointed, he still wailed when he was dying.This is another cry of "subjugation".In fact, the demise of the "Republic of China" did not end in 1949, but when Chiang Kai-shek usurped it into the Chiang family dynasty.So what died in 1949 was the Chiang family dynasty.Nanjing was the capital of the Chiang dynasty. On the eve of the army’s arrival at the city, Chen Bulei, a servant of Chiang Kai-shek’s literature, took poison to commit suicide after gloomyly looking around at Linggu Temple and Jiming Temple in Nanjing. This “die before you” is the most meaningful.Eighty-six-year-old Emperor Wu of Liang died here.After Emperor Wu of Liang was martyred in Nanjing, the first martyr followed, and another martyr came, that is, Empress Chen.Usually people say that Empress Chen is a well-known faint emperor in China, but a closer look at his life experience reveals a lot of admiration.He was in power for six years (583-589), and he was well aware of the darkness of the judiciary. In addition to amnesty, he also had to use the method of personal trial as relief.At the same time, he also advocated freedom of speech, declaring that "a person who is capable, a piece of speech is available, and my relatives will listen to it."In addition to these "virtuous policies", the most magnificent thing about Chen Houzhu is that he actually "sent back to the mainland" the hostages who had lost their homeland (now Jewish veterans).He issued an edict and said: I have no ability to recover the rivers and mountains, but I will not make things difficult for you. If you want to go back and reunite with your flesh and blood, I will send you back, send you to the enemy on the other side, and promise to send you home, never "Chen Wencheng" .As for those who want to stay, "you can do whatever you want."This kind of style was opened up by the emperor after Chen Hou had been in charge for four years, but it took forty years for his fellow villagers in Zhejiang to open up.In the end, on the day of the country's subjugation, this Zhejiang native could not hold onto Nanjing, but he did not escape in danger, and the country was still subjugated in place.Apart from Empress Chen, let's look at Ming Sizong.Ming Sizong was Chongzhen, the subjugated king of the Ming Dynasty in the seventeenth century.Chongzhen was more than suspicious, but not capable enough. When he started to govern the country, he changed generals all day long, and all the civil and military officials were "keepers".Why is it "door god"?There is an allusion to this.Chongzhen wanted Wang Qia to be Minister of the Ministry of War. Wang Qia was handsome, and Chongzhen whispered, "Like a door god." The door gods are changed every year, which means that you will not be here soon.In fact, it is better to change it once a year.Chongzhen was the emperor for seventeen years, but the prime ministers changed fifty times. (In the 130 years since the founding of the Song Dynasty, there were only 51 prime ministers.) As an emperor, he was really not good at employing people.Even so, he still wrote a note on the eve of the country's subjugation, saying that "every civil servant can be killed."He hated his subordinates, he said that he was not a king of subjugation, but his subordinates were ministers of subjugation.But who appointed the Minister of Subjugation?Who else has the right to do such a good thing, except the king of the subjugated country?Finally, on the day when Li Zicheng entered Beijing, Wansui went to Wansui Mountain (Meishan, now Jingshan, Beijing) and hanged himself.At the age of thirty-four, he committed suicide just like that.After his death, he left a message on the skirt of his clothes and complained that "the ministers misunderstood me" and that his subordinates had harmed him.However, even though the Hun people are Hun, they still have their beliefs of shame: first, he "did not go to bed because he lost his country and faceless to see his ancestors in the sky", and he wanted to "remove himself from the crown, so as to cover his face ", hanged himself to die for the country; second, when the minister advised him to flee to the south, he refused, saying: "When the monarch dies in Sheji, I will go there in peace?" Although he has "Taiwan", he has no face to escape.He finally set a good example for the final martyrdom of the subjugated king.Although this Hun emperor lost his country and lost his country, his calm death aroused people's sympathy and nostalgia. Compared with Jiang Menshen, who would only subjugate the country but not die, he really looked like an emperor. After Chiang Kai-shek's death, the Kuomintang media said that four books were placed in the coffin, and after a few days, the four books became five books.Among these four or five books, there are quite interesting ones. Let's look at Jiang Xiaozi's records first.Chiang Ching-kuo recorded under the article on April 9th ​​in "January Records of Keeping Father Spirit": When Dongfang turned pale, Yu dressed his father according to the local customs at the Veterans General Hospital, wearing a long robe and mandarin jacket, and wearing a medal.At about ten o'clock, my mother placed the four books that my father liked to read, the Three Principles of the People, the Bible, the Sweet Spring in the Desert, and Tang Poetry, into the coffin, along with a fedora hat and a walking stick. Also recorded under the April 9th ​​entry in "An Unforgettable Year" (feelings on my 70th birthday): Going to the Veterans General Hospital to dress my father, this is the last time that my son can do anything for his father.Wear seven pairs of trousers and seven pieces of underwear, including robes and mantles, according to the village routine.The body was wrapped in silk, black socks, leather shoes, and decorated with medals, and placed in the coffin with four books that my father liked to read: the Three People's Principles, the Bible, the Desert Oasis, and Tang Poems.There are also a felt hat and a small hat, a pair of gloves, a handkerchief, and a walking stick.These are all things that my father used in his daily life. In these two records of the same Jiang Xiaozi, it is true that there are four books, but in "Shou Fu Ling Ji Yue Ji", it was Jiang Song Meiling who put the book in the coffin; and later wrote "Unforgettable One In "Year" (feelings on the 70th birthday), Jiang Song Meiling, who put the book in the coffin, was out and became Jiang Xiaozi himself. Look at the records under the article on April 9th ​​in the first part of "President Chiang Kai-shek's mourning record" "Funeral Report": The coffin of President Chiang Kai-shek will be moved to the Father of the Nation Memorial Hall at noon today, and a small coffin will be held in the mourning hall of the Veterans General Hospital at 6:00 a.m. President Chiang will wear a blue robe and a black mandarin jacket for President Jiang Gong in accordance with the ancient etiquette. On the left and right are the "National Glory" and "Blue Sky and White Sun" medals. His wife personally put the Bible, Four Books, Tang Poems, Three People's Principles, and Desert Oasis that President Jiang Pingping read daily, as well as commonly used hats and walking sticks. Go forward and kneel down and cry for offerings. Here, the "Funeral Report" gave the credit for loading the coffin to "knife-cut tofu-two-sided light". ——The credit for wearing Chiang Kai-shek's shroud should be attributed to the son; the credit for sending Chiang Kai-shek reading materials should be attributed to the wife. The "Funeral Report" was collectively created by the central government officials. It should be more reliable than the records of the delirious Jiang Xiaozi who was "destroyed within the five internal organs". ——One more "Four Books" has become five, which is obviously inconsistent with the facts.This inconsistency, under the April 16th article of the "Funeral Management Report", is self-defeating: At eight o'clock, the funeral ceremony will be held. President Yan will preside over the sacrifice, and the funeral officials will accompany the sacrifice. All the sacrificers will stand in place, play mourning music, mourn in silence (all compatriots from all over the country stand in silence for one minute), present flowers and respectfully read the sacrificial text. Madam, The eldest son Jingguo, the second son Weiguo, and the two grandchildren Xiaowu and Xiaoyong closed the coffin while weeping bitterly (when the coffin was closed, a copy of the Four Books was added to the coffin).Zhang Qun, He Yingqin, Gu Zhenggang, Huang Shaogu, Huang Jie, Xie Dongmin, Chen Lifu, Xue Yue and other eight-fold banner officials respectfully covered the party flag on the coffin, and then President Yan, Ni Wenya, Tian Jiongjin, Yang Lianggong, Yu Junxian, Xu Qingzhong, Wang Yun Wu, Yu Bin and other eight-fold flag officials respectfully covered the national flag on top of the party flag, and all the public sacrifice personnel bowed three times, played Qin mourning music, and the funeral ceremony was completed. Since it is said that "when the coffin was built, one of the Four Books was added in the coffin", it is obviously contradictory when compared with the "Four Books" that were put in the coffin on April 9. ——It is impossible to put two "Four Books" in one coffin, right?Seven days after this scene, another masterpiece of "Four Books" was added. "Central Daily" published "Leadership Spirit Eternal and New" (Record of President Jiang Gong's Grief) "Record of Jiang Gong's Death and Funeral House" on April 16 Under the article, there is such a paragraph: "In the early morning, Jiang Gong's two sons, President Jiang Jingguo and General Jiang Weiguo led the family members of Jiang Gong's beloved Sun Xiaowu and Xiaoyong, and placed a copy of Jiang Gongsu's favorite "Four Books" on Jiang Gong. Beside." Compared with the "Funeral Management Report", it was worn again. The "Funeral Report" said that "when the coffin was built, a copy of the "Four Books" was added in the coffin", and it was the wife who took the lead; but the "Record of the Funeral House after Jiang Gongbeng's Death" said that it was as early as "morning", and his son and grandson were about to "" "Four Books" was put into the coffin, and it was "8 o'clock in the morning" that the son helped his wife to appear. ——Jiang Songmeiling is out again.These small actions are inconsistent with others, because after Chiang Kai-shek's death, the "Four Books" that represent the orthodoxy of Chinese culture did not appear in the books that Chiang Kai-shek "loved to read" in his life. Books that I like to read, I hurriedly stuffed them into the coffin (Jiang Jingguo did not mention adding the "Four Books" in "The Story of Keeping the Father's Spirit in January" and "Unforgettable Year". So whether it was stuffed or not is also a mystery One), because it was packed in a hurry, it turned out to be a joke. Weng Yuan, a close adjutant serving Chiang Kai-shek, confirmed: "When the old man returned to the West, he did not give any last words." One of the famous sayings is "the spirit of Zhongzheng must be with my comrades and compatriots, and they will look the same."The witnesses of this will include the "Five Courts" and "Presidents", but according to the memory of "President of Judiciary" Tian Jiongjin: At about 1 o'clock in the morning on the 6th, there were strong winds, heavy rain, and thunder and lightning. He suddenly received a call from the mansion, asking him to go to the mansion as soon as possible.President Jiang Gong slept on the bed, covered with a quilt, and slept peacefully.President Jiang’s grief was inexplicable. When he, President Ni Wenya, President of Examination Yang Lianggong, President of Supervision Yu Junxian and others paid respects to President Jiang’s body, President Jiang knelt down to return the salute. They repeatedly blocked him, but President Jiang still persevere.Mrs. Jiang sat on a chair behind the bed, her expression sad but calm, and she comforted Dean Jiang not to be too sad and excited.When everyone saluted and mourned, Mrs. Jiang nodded with everyone. ("President Chiang Kai-shek's mourning record") It can be seen that Chiang Kai-shek was dead when he arrived.Who can believe that a person signs a will after death to prove the authenticity of the will?What's more, the handwriting of the will was not written by the deceased himself (it was Qin Xiaoyi's ghostwriting), so it is even more absurd to witness it?According to Article 1194 of the "Civil Law", "to write a will, the testator shall designate three or more witnesses, and the testator shall dictate the intention of the will, so that one of the witnesses shall take notes, read it out, and explain it. After the testator approves, record the date of the year and the name of the ghostwriter, and all the witnesses and the testator will sign together. If the testator cannot sign, he should use his fingerprint instead.” Chiang Kai-shek’s will listed the date on March 29 Day, seven days before the death, why not "appoint three or more witnesses" and "signatures" at that time?Why do you have to wait until after your death for witnesses to sign up?It is both illegal and unreasonable, and it is obvious at a glance.As for the will, which is invalid according to the law, the Kuomintang still ordered the world to "sing it from Chiang Kai-shek."In fact, compared with the "President's spirit", saying "appearance is about right" is probably not enough.According to Chiang Kai-shek General He Zhonghan's article "Following the Training and Fulfilling the Oath for the President's Birthday" ("President Chiang Lives with the Chinese Nation", issued by the Central Cultural Relics Supply Agency): "The spirit of the prime minister is always present in the heart of the president. On it, it is like the feeling of being around it. The ancients said: "Yu Shun admired Tang Yao, saw Yao in the soup, and saw Yao in the wall." "Yan Hui wanted Confucius to be holy, and Confucius followed the trend, and Confucius followed the steps." It can be said that the appearance of the president is similar to that of the prime minister.” It can be seen that it is not enough to say that “the appearance is about the same”.It should be said that "as above, as around" is more comprehensive.