Chapter 39 Section 5 Destroy the Root of the Seed

American scholar Liyod E. Eastman published a book in 1984 called The Seeds of Destruction: Nationalist China in War and Revolution, 1937-1949), the Chinese translation was renamed "Chiang Kai-shek and Chiang Ching-kuo-Seeds of Destruction".The book explores the reasons for the failure of the Kuomintang in mainland China, and finds that the seeds of destruction were sown as early as during the Anti-Japanese War, such as the intensification of conflicts between the central and local governments, the separation of liberal intellectuals, the widening gap between the rich and the poor in rural areas, and the government’s control over peasants. Excessive levies, exorbitant taxes, corruption and speculation are extremely common, peasants are poor, hungry and resentful to the point of rebellion, and the Kuomintang army's ability to resist the enemy is weakening day by day, so that it is passive and corrupt.Therefore, the real reason for the failure of the Kuomintang is not because of the lack of US aid, but because of its own shortcomings and shortcomings.

Although Yi Laoyi inevitably fell into insufficient balance, wrong proportions, and insufficient angles in understanding people and discussing things, he spent time after all, checked a lot of the KMT's own documents, and picked up a lot of genuine historical evidence.He just didn't have time to read Tang Zong's diary, otherwise many of his individual assertions could be confirmed more authoritatively.Tang Zong sometimes revealed the corruption within the government during the War of Resistance, the confrontation between the local government and the central government, the friction between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, the wave of rice rush caused by rising prices, the collusion between soldiers and politicians in central Sichuan, the prosperity of hoarding in Chongqing, the decline and depression of intellectuals , and the extreme hardship of the people, such as in Zhejiang in 1943, "people eat chaff and bark; some people in Guangdong are eating human flesh." (Tang Zong's "Eight Years with Chiang Kai-shek", p. 365)

These "seeds of destruction" are by no means false accusations by anti-KMT elements based on conclusive evidence, but are real.However, "seeds" also have their roots, and if we want to find out the source, we must investigate Chiang Kai-shek.He was the supreme leader of the Kuomintang at that time, giving orders and exercising the power of life and death, and no one from top to bottom dared to disobey them.However, the failure of the Kuomintang is undoubtedly the failure of Chiang's leadership. At the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War, the whole country shared the same hatred, and Chiang's personal reputation reached its peak. He could have united the whole people and made a difference, but Nai's vision was not far away, and his bearing was not grand enough. The tallest building" lamented that he was not capable of doing anything.Chen Yinke only relied on his historian's keen knowledge, while Chen Bulei had even more insight that "delegating a seat to handle politics is like handling family affairs. Everything must be handled personally. Personal hard work is undeniable, but if the country's major policies are not discussed with the officials in charge, it may be out of touch." (See Tang Zong's "Eight Years with Chiang Kai-shek", page 451) Given the closeness and deep acquaintance between Chen Bulei and Chiang, this observation is quite authoritative.Dealing with state affairs is like family affairs, which shows the narrowness of his personal space.This kind of pettiness made him only the leader of a party, a group of spies, and a Confucian and Song group, but not the leader of the whole country.

For this reason, Chiang Kai-shek relied on spies before the Anti-Japanese War, and still had to rely on spies after the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War.Back then, Sun Yat-sen joined forces with Russia and the Communist Party to reorganize the Kuomintang, and with the help of the Russian consultant Borodin, established a relatively strict organization, decent discipline, and a fairly broad mass base. At the same time, warlords, landlords, hooligans, and old bureaucrats all joined Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang.The Kuomintang like this inevitably has lax organization, lax discipline, decadent spirit, and an empty foundation.As a result, some small organizations came into being, such as the CC faction centered on Chen Guofu and Chen Lifu brothers, and the Fuxing Society centered on Huangpu students.Although the factions are different, supporting Chiang is one. In the 1930s when fascism was on the rise, CC and the Fuxingshe were secret service organizations.

Since the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek's reputation has risen sharply. Under the extravagant hope of one doctrine, one party, and one leader, he wanted to digest and accommodate all "heretical" political organizations, including Wang Jingwei's reorganization faction and the Communist Party, under his authority. , but was not successful.However, when the Kuomintang Provisional Congress was held in Wuhan in March 1938, it adopted a "Programme for the War of Resistance and National Construction", elected Chiang Kai-shek as the party president and Wang Jingwei as the vice president, disbanded all small organizations in the party, and established the "Three People's Principles". "Youth League", with Jiang as the leader, on July 9, the central group of the Three Youth League was formally established in Wuchang.Chen Bulei remembered this and said:

From May to July, Jiang Gong planned to set up the Three People's Principles Youth League.It took a lot of effort for Yu Chengming to prepare the text and participate in the discussion of rules and regulations.Chiang Kai-shek set up this group with the idea that when he was in Nanjing last year, Liu Jianqun was drafting a manifesto and a manuscript for the young people, but Chiang Kai-shek wanted to rewrite it.From Beijing to Han, Yu changed his manuscript five times for this article, and finally felt uncomfortable.The last published one was drafted by Mr. Pan Gongzhan and modified by Mr. Jiang at his own discretion. ("Chen Bulei's Memoirs", page 81)

It shows that Jiang attaches great importance to the Three Youth League, and personally supervises and approves it.After its establishment, Chen Cheng, Zhu Jiahua, and Zhang Zhizhong successively served as the secretary-general.Kang Ze had always been the dominant figure until Chiang Ching-kuo finally took over the leadership.However, the Three Youth League did not make small organizations such as the Fuxing Society (Blue Shirts Society) and the Qingbai Society (CC Department) disappear. In fact, it became another small organization that these small organizations competed for. On the contrary, the factional struggle within the Kuomintang became more intense. It failed to make the Three Youth League the only organization that recruited outstanding and enthusiastic young people and revolutionary elements across the country, as Chiang Kai-shek claimed.Its activities are still very secretive in nature, engaging in espionage activities among students and teachers, making small reports, and exposing leftists.Chiang Kai-shek called on the Three Youth League to "gather young people from all over the country and carry out the Anti-Japanese War and National Construction Program". Although they also engaged in espionage and terrorist activities in enemy-occupied areas and provided field services, etc., they were more active in preventing communism while resisting Japan, and even went deep into Communist bases to carry out propaganda , sabotage, trouble, assassination and other work.Interestingly, the biggest enemy of the Three Youth League comes from within the KMT.The Sanqingtuan was originally a product of the party under the instruction of Jiang, with genetic factors from the mother, and became an arena for power and profit, resulting in more complicated disputes within the Kuomintang party.The number of members of the Three Youth League has continued to grow, from more than a thousand in the second half of 1938 to one million in 1945. It has become a party within the party. No wonder after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, they clamored to Separated from the KMT.In fact, Chiang Kai-shek is not only the president of the Kuomintang, but also the head of the Three Youth League, how to divide the law?It's not that under Jiang Zhi's reprimand, the party and group merged.Although the merger is merged, it is still going back to the old path of factional disputes within the party.

Chiang Kai-shek's desire to use the Three Youth League as "the only organization" is not true.Not long after the establishment of the Three Youth League, in August 1938, the Central Bureau of Investigation and Statistics was established in the Central Party Headquarters of the Kuomintang, referred to as the Central Committee, which made the secret service organization semi-public, with Secretary-General Zhu Jiahua as the director, and the actual tasks were The deputy director Xu Enzeng is in charge.What tasks are you in charge of?It is mainly to deal with the Communist Party, monitor Kuomintang members, and execute other secret agents.After January 1939, the Sino-Japanese war was at a stalemate. Chiang Kai-shek focused on dealing with the Communist Party, and the central government focused on investigating and preventing the Communist Party and other political dissidents. From peripheral surveillance to internal infiltration, the spy cell expanded to the school Except for representatives of the CCP in Chongqing and relatively famous intellectuals or democrats who dare not openly arrest people, the rest, regardless of individuals or groups, will be arrested or destroyed as soon as they are discovered.Central reunification agents also broke into Yan'an to recruit traitors to the Communist Party; sneaked into the campus, organized spy students, such as the Shenglu Society, Minfeng Society, and Ziqiang Society of Shapingba Central University, published publications, and did monitoring and making blacklists.According to the blacklist, the Central Committee uses various methods to crack down on disobedient students.According to the report on the Communist Party’s strategy presented by the Central Bureau of Statistics at the Tenth Plenary Session of the Fifth Central Committee of the Kuomintang in November 1942, during the War of Resistance from 1940 to 1942, there were 8,100 Ninety-four Communist Party members were arrested, and 11,379 Communist Party members surrendered.Looking at the secret document of the "Measures for Preventing Alien Party Activities" drafted by Xu Enzeng, revised by Chen Bulei, and approved by Chiang Kai-shek, it can be seen that the main force of the Central Committee is almost entirely used in anti-communist and anti-communist, rather than anti-Japanese.They even cooperated with the traitors who cooperated with the Japanese to fight against the activities of the Communist Party behind the enemy lines.

In addition to the central unification, there is also the military reunification, that is, the Bureau of Investigation and Statistics of the Military Commission of the Nationalist Government, which was also decided to be established at the National Provisional National Congress of the Kuomintang held in Luojia Mountain, Wuchang in March 1938.Chiang Kai-shek handed over the Central Command to Xu Enzeng and the Military Command to Dai Li.Although Dai is the deputy director, he has real power.The predecessor of the Military Command was the Secret Service of the Fuxing Society, and the predecessor of the Secret Service was the secret investigation team of the Military Commission. It was originally set up by ten people including Dai Li.

After the formation of the Fuxing Society, Chiang Kai-shek served as the president concurrently, and Dai Li served as the chief of the special affairs department.In 1932, Chiang sent Dai to concurrently serve as the director of the Second Division of the Bureau of Investigation and Statistics of the Military Commission chaired by Chen Lifu, in order to openly engage in espionage.After the official establishment of the military command, Dai Li, at Jiang's behest, took care of the work, personnel, funds, etc., and was directly responsible to Jiang.After the military command retreated from Wuhan to Chongqing, its establishment became bigger and bigger. Obviously, Chiang Kai-shek relied on spies to consolidate his power. Of course, the bigger the spy organization, the better.According to Shen Zui, the former director of the General Affairs Department of the Military Command, during the Anti-Japanese War, "there were more than forty special agent training classes under various names." He also said:

There are more than 1,400 special agents working in the back office, all concentrated in the headquarters of the Luojiawan Military Control Bureau in Chongqing and the Ciqikou rural office.There were nearly 50,000 internal and external staff at most. In addition to the divisions, stations, groups, and blasting, sabotage, and action corps and brigades in China, stations, groups, and correspondents were set up in many places abroad.At that time, each field agent had several to dozens of operators.It's too much to add it all up. (Indulge in "The Inside Story of the Military Regime", Volume 1, page 5) The military command still cooperates with the U.S. Naval Intelligence Agency to form the Sino-American Cooperation Office (Sino-American Cooperation Office).The purpose of the United States is to spy on the intelligence of the Japanese army in China, in the Pacific, and in Southeast Asia.According to Shen Zui, the Americans also apparently wanted to spy on China.The Chinese side could not spy on the intelligence of the United States, but obtained a large amount of equipment, including equipment for molesting people and extorting confessions, as well as countless guns and ammunition.These equipment and ammunition were not used by the Japanese aggressors, but were used by political dissidents including the CCP, and the Americans had no choice but to turn a blind eye or turn a blind eye.After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the "Sino American Cooperation Institute" became a concentration camp for political prisoners. Before changing hands in the mainland, all of them were shot.Anyone who values ​​human rights and democracy will condemn the atrocities of Sino-US spy cooperation.What we didn't expect was that Tang Zong, his family member, would have some criticisms about Dai Li's promotion of "Sino-US cooperation". Said: "He (Dai Li) has about dozens of women who accompany American officers and soldiers. Some women are ruined? A banquet of more than one million yuan is chosen, and the scene can be described as huge!" (Tang Zong, "Eight Years with Chiang Kai-shek", Page 480) However, this Sino-American Cooperation Institute, which wastes people and money, insults women, and treats its own compatriots, is quite praised by Chiang Kai-shek, especially the American torture equipment in the institute.The director of the Military Command recalled intoxicatedly that in the fall of 1945, Jiang went to the Sino-American Institute to inspect and train students. He wrote: Jiang was not very interested when the students first started to perform some column performances and American-style maneuvers.When performing criminal police courses, Chiang Kai-shek was so happy that he danced and cheered when he saw how American instructors directed these spy students to hunt down criminals, how mounted policemen rushed into the crowd with American rubber sticks and beat them, and how police dogs searched.When Dai Li and Bai Leli saw this situation, they whispered to each other, regretting that they hadn't arranged more such exciting programs that interested Jiang most. (Indulge in "The Inside Story of the Military Regime", page 371) Under Chiang Kai-shek's "appreciation", during the Anti-Japanese War, the spy organizations and forces were thriving.Dai Li's power is even more powerful. In Shen Zui's works, he often scolds and beats people angrily, and even shoots people at will.But in front of Chiang Kai-shek, he is still a loyal dog of the leader.We also saw in Tang Zong's diary how Dai Li felt depressed because he lost Jiang's confidence in him for a while, and how he obeyed orders after being reprimanded by Jiang.The most dramatic one is recorded on July 16, 1938: For Zhang Chao's matter, Yunong (Dai Li) knelt in front of the chairman and begged to punish Ye Cheng. The chairman accused him of disrespect and blackmailing the leader, so Yunong wrote such a long report requesting his resignation.Kneeling, who can do it?Who is willing to do such a spirit that is beyond human capabilities?I don't think the Chairman will let him resign. (Tang Zong, "Eight Years with Chiang Kai-shek", p. 75) Zhang Chao is the head of the Dai Li faction's military command station in Fujian.Ye Cheng was born in the third phase of Whampoa. He used to be Jiang's aide-de-camp and then the chief of Fujian security. He sentenced Zhang Chao to death.Dai couldn't swallow this breath, and he knelt and cried to Chiang Kai-shek, but he still couldn't bring down Chiang's adjutant. Tang Zong also revealed that Dai Li trained a woman named Ye Xiadi for Hu Zongnan in order to control Hu's life.He also "pre-purchased a daughter of the famous Mrs. Rong in Hong Kong, who was just sixteen years old, and dedicated it to Song (Ziwen)", using "a fascinated woman" to deal with Uncle Guo. (See Tang Zong's "Eight Years with Chiang Kai-shek", page 453) From this, we can see what kind of activities Dai Li is doing. He not only wants to deal with enemies and dissidents, but also works hard on his own family. .It is estimated that by the end of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek's military command had 100,000 people, ranking first in the world's secret service and secret police organizations at that time. (See Wakeman, Models of Historical Change, p. 60) The secret service has its role, especially in propaganda, differentiation, intimidation, temptation, and destruction. Chiang Kai-shek also uses it as the most stable cornerstone of his power base, but the price is extremely high.The rampant and lawless behavior of secret agents, such as forced eviction of houses, rape of women, and indiscriminate arrest of intellectuals, has caused unresolved public grievances and anger.Under the coercion of the spies, ordinary people dared to be angry but did not dare to speak out. However, the mouths of the people were stronger than Fangchuan.Chiang Kai-shek started his career as a spy, but the spies also sowed the seeds of destruction for him.