Chapter 24 Who is to blame for the Central Plains War in the fourth quarter

After Chiang Kai-shek ordered the crusade against the Kuomintang's Fourth Army on March 26, 1929, Yan Xishan sent a telegram on the 29th to protest against Guangxi to express his position. "It's inconvenient to take sides", he was at both ends of the head, he was on the sidelines, and he had an understanding with Jiang.It shows that the success of Jiang's strategy of "making friends from afar and attacking close to him" enabled him to concentrate on making money without worrying about the future.After the disintegration of the Guangxi clique in May, Jiang had won two of the four parts of the world, and he was extremely determined to annex the other half.

In just over two months, the huge Fourth Army was swallowed up by Chiang Kai-shek, which of course shocked the Kuomintang inside and outside.Of course, Jiang Yi was full of ambition, and the more arrogance became stronger, the higher the posture, the worse the relationship with Feng Yuxiang was. Commentators often say that Jiang and Feng had a bad relationship because of the arrangement meeting in February 1929. They broke up unhappy and left without saying goodbye. Knowing that his little brother, Jin Lan, has ulterior motives, such as saying, "Jiang specializes in power and tactics, and he is not sincere. He unites the first to defeat the second, and restores the third to the second. Such a method is by no means a sign of long-term stability in the country." ("Feng Yuxiang's Diary", Volume 2, p. 571), but it is not enough to meet each other because of this, or it is said that Feng is resentful because he did not get the territory of Wuhan after the expedition to Guangxi.Indeed, when Chiang Kai-shek conquered Guizhou, he sent Shao Lizi and He Yaozu to visit Feng, and promised Feng's support in exchange for the territory of the two lakes and the executive president. (See Xue Moucheng's "On the Jiang-Gui War", "Journal of Xiamen University" No. 70, page 18; "Feng Yuxiang's Diary" Volume 2, pages 602, 603) Feng Guo sent Han Fuju to command 130,000 troops Go out of Wusheng Pass and go south to Guangshui to stand by.Jiang Zhi broke his promise and became fat, which will definitely make Feng unhappy.However, what was even more serious was that after Jiang Yusheng won Guizhou, he actually broke his promise and refused to let the Second Army take over Shandong from the Japanese emperor.Before the completion of the Northern Expedition, Feng's army fought hard in Shandong, which was regarded as a place to raise troops in the future. Because of the three provinces under its jurisdiction, Gansu, Shaanxi, and Henan, they were already overwhelmed by years of wars and famines.In the name of the Nanjing government, Jiang announced that Feng's Sun Liangcheng was the chairman of Shandong, and he also intended to use Lu Province as Feng's territory.However, because the Japanese Empire sent troops to Shandong to intervene in the Chinese civil war, the dispute is still pending, and the Nanjing government is still waiting to negotiate.On March 28, 1929, China and Japan finally reached an agreement. The Japanese army agreed to withdraw from Shandong in May. They contacted Sun Liangcheng and agreed to return Jinan to Jinan on April 16. Feng also prepared to leave Henan. Enter Shandong and receive Jiaoji Railway.Just at this time, Chiang Kai-shek was proud of his victory in Guangxi, and he did not want to give Feng Yuxiang this piece of fat from Shandong. He ordered Sun Liangcheng not to enter Jinan on April 15, and notified the Japanese side through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs the next day. , another army will be dispatched and another date will be set for reception.The Chinese military and civilians have repeatedly asked Japan to withdraw its troops, but now they suddenly asked for an extension, which puzzled the Japanese emperor, who did not know that Chiang Kai-shek was at work for selfish reasons.Although Jiang finally allowed Sun Liangcheng to take over Jinan on April 22, he clearly stated that he would send additional troops to "help" Sun defend Qingdao and the Jiaoji Railway, and ordered Chen Tiaoyuan and Fang Zhenwu to lead troops into Lu to take over Jiaodong, and also encouraged the remaining local warlords to rebel. Sun, and a division commander who bribed Sun's department to be an insider.

Not only that, Feng was extremely dissatisfied with Jiang's overall performance, as he said, "the remnants of warlords now occupy important positions; the revolutionary giants are rejected instead, so why not make people angry" ("Feng Yuyang's Diary" Volume II, Page 611); "The Nanjing authorities are extremely extravagant". (same book, page 612) was particularly indignant at Jiang's suspicion, "Since I swore my oath as a master in Wuyuan, I have fought against stubborn enemies in the north and south of the river every day, serving as a shield for the revolutionary forces. During the mediation between Ning and Han, my tongue and lips were scorched, and I tried my best." In consideration of the overall situation, I ask Jiang to return to his post. Fortunately, the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th groups have united and completed the Northern Expedition. Today, Jiang regards ordinary counter-revolutionaries as loyal party members, while the others are counter-revolutionaries, and they are confusing black and white. This is not the case!" (Same book, page 633) The unfair treatment of the various armies is the fuse.Jiang quibbled and said: "The troops in the southeast will mutiny if they don't pay, but the army in the northwest has always been able to endure hardships. If they don't pay for the time being, it won't have much influence." (Volume 2 of the same book, page 634) When Feng sent troops to Hubei, Jiang pointed out that he was fighting for territory, and then he stayed still and was accused of "delaying the military opportunity" (same as above), which made Feng Da moved and often blamed.Jiang detained Li Jishen, and asked Feng to return to Nanjing to be the Minister of Military and Political Affairs. Of course, Feng would not take advantage of it.

Feng refused to follow suit, knowing that Jiang would not give up, so he made a strategic retreat and moved to the west of Henan to shorten the front line, and promptly blew up the bridges and tunnels of Longhai and Jinghan Road to prevent Jiang from transporting troops.Feng's personnel in Beijing, such as Acting Minister of Military and Political Affairs Lu Zhonglin, and Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Dong also left one after another.Feng claimed to be the "Commander-in-Chief of the Northwest Road of the Army to Protect the Party and the Nation" and used Tongguan as his line of defense.Chiang Kai-shek has also torn his face up to this point. On May 23, in the name of the chairman of the Central Political Conference of the Kuomintang, it was approved by the Central Committee to remove Feng Yuxiang from all positions and permanently expel him from the party.Not long ago, it was still Brother Huanzhang who was "unchanged in life and death, like a brother" by Jin Lanyi. Now the propaganda machine under the control of Chiang Kai-shek describes him as "insidious", "capricious", and "colluding with the Soviet Union and Russia". ", "betrayed the party and country"! Feng was not to be outdone, and the two sides launched a telegram war.

However, the three armies have not yet launched, and Jiang has controlled Feng, and he still uses the means of division and bribery.In March 1929, after Jiang took advantage of Li Mingrui's defection and captured Wuhan, he sent a telegram to invite Han Fuju, who had been ordered by Feng to lead his troops south, to meet him. A huge sum of money was sent, and the post of chairman of Henan Province was used as bait.At the same time, he sent someone to connect with Shi Yousan and promised to give him a "community salary" every month.Han and Shi were bought.Li Mingrui is still a third-rate character in the Gui family, while Han and Shi are Feng's first-rate generals.Jiang Zeng went north to meet Feng after his comeback in 1928, and saw Feng's wonderful performance, well-trained, high morale, impressive, and invincible.Han and Shi Zhi could be bribed, and Jiang obviously did an intelligence analysis to gain insight into the weaknesses of the two generals under Feng's command.Whampoa alumnus Rong Zhai revealed in his article "Chiang Kai-shek's Ability to Overturn Clouds and Rains":

Both Han and Shi followed Feng step by step from soldier to army division commander. At that time, Han had already become the chairman of the Henan Provincial Government, and Shi had also become division commander and commander-in-chief.Feng usually treats his subordinates very strictly, and middle and lower-level officers will be beaten with military sticks if they violate discipline."Senior officials" like Han and Shi dare not sit down and speak when they see Feng.After Han became the chairman of Henan Province, he once married an actress in Luoyang as his concubine. Feng heard about it and scolded him like hell.After Shi Yousan became the commander of the army, he played cards and ate flower wine without telling Feng all day long.In short, at that time, many of Feng's senior generals were like naughty children who were used to being restrained. After the corrupt life of Jiang's military and political personnel, they couldn't help salivating, and some secretly "studied" people like Shi Yousan. , The opium was also smoked.When they saw Feng, an old boss like a strict father, they really felt like a thorn in their backs, and they always wanted to jump out of his palm.

This statement can be confirmed by Feng Yu, who said: "Han Fuju's rebellion has been planned for a long time. I have been against Han for more than 20 years. He is not polite when things happen, and all smoking is prohibited." He is fond of drinking, whoring, and gambling, and when Jiang met Han in Hankou, he opened his mouth to Fang and shut his mouth to Fang, and used various methods to imprison him, so he should treat Jiang as a relative and the rest as a stranger." Feng said to Han, Shi Zhiren felt very sad, and even wanted to go abroad, but also felt extremely resentful, such as saying: "I didn't know about Han and Shi's incident before, so I didn't try to dissuade and prevent it. (Volume 2 of "Feng Yuxiang's Diary", pages 639 to 641)

Since Han and Shi were bought off, and once Jiang and Feng broke up, Han led Feng's 100,000 elite troops to march eastward from Shanxian County on May 22, electrifying Chiang to support him, and assumed the command of the Northwest Army assigned by Chiang. Shi Yitong led 30,000 troops from the south to the southeast of Henan Province, and became the commander of the Thirteenth Army appointed by Chiang.Jiang Li offered a reward of five million yuan in cash, and ordered Feng to be punished on May 25.Feng Yuxiang was planning a duel with Jiang in Huayin, full of confidence. However, he suddenly heard of this change and knew that he had lost everything. He had to announce on May 27 that he would "go to the mountains to study", which was like leaving the field. At least Jiang had no excuse to attack. , in order to maintain strength, and then plan for the future.American scholar James Sheridan (James. Sheridan) visited many old Feng's departments in order to write the English version of "Feng Yuxiang Biography". The Career of Feng Yu-hsiang, P.261) In terms of the quality and training of the army, Jiang Jun is indeed no match for Feng Jun in a tough battle.

Feng Yuxiang was able to use the trick of "entering the mountains to study", knowing that he is not a reckless man, at least he knows how to slow down the army.Feng pretended to be a student and secretly communicated with Yan Xishan. Yan Yizheng was being oppressed by Jiang and planned to unite against Chiang. He set off from Huayin for Taiyuan on June 21 and arrived four days later.Yan treats Feng extremely politely, but does not hold in his arms.As Yan Zhi is prudent and experienced, he will not easily unite with Feng to fight against Jiang, but Yiya does not want to follow Jiang's orders to drive Feng away, so he relies on the two ends and plays a pivotal role. Anti-Chiang and supporters of Chiang flocked on Shanxi Road, and Yan Laoxi Reception on both sides, both ways, and using the media to reveal that he will go abroad with Feng for investigation, so it seems very leisurely.Lao Jiang didn't know what plaster Lao Yan sold in the gourd, at least he didn't take his side, but took more active actions. In addition to sending Zhang Qun, Wu Tiecheng and others to Jin for activities with huge sums of money, he even went to Peiping himself to invite Yan for an interview.Yan Nai came to Peiping with Kong Xiangxi, Wu Zhihui and others sent by Chiang on June 30.Jiang was willing to award him the "Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the National Army, Navy and Air Force" to show his win over.But Yan also didn't want to be one-sided. On the one hand, he dealt with Jiang, and on the other hand, he still wanted to keep Feng, and they used each other as bargaining chips.This kind of balance of power is most beneficial to Yan.Because of this, Feng Yi was detained by Yan in Jian'an, which was like house arrest.

Chiang Kai-shek thought that the situation was very good, so he held the second national dispatch meeting in Nanjing in August. All proposals were dictatorship by Chiang, and passed with a show of hands without discussion, so it was also called "the dispatch implementation meeting."Although Jiang was able to fulfill his long-cherished wish, he could not help but show his hole card.His goal is indeed to strengthen the weak branches, compress the local force as much as possible, and instead expand his own central force. "When singing and dispatching, Bengbu was filled with recruiting banners, and first changed the teaching group into teaching instructors. This method was for fear that one's own power would not be strong, and that others would not be able to eliminate them. He did not care about the burden of the people at all. Regardless of the quality of the troops" ("Feng Yuxiang's Diary" Volume III, p. 47), this naturally aroused suspicion, fear and anxiety among the military leaders.According to Feng Yuxiang, "The small country of Japan and the big country of Soviet Russia both have a military region system. Our country is now trying to centralize power, and even the commander of the army is dismissed. This is all a self-destructive method" (same book, pages 37 and 40) It was determined that it was a copy of Song Taizu's method of releasing military power with a cup of wine, and Jiang's ambition was strengthened.

The second editorial meeting ended on August 6. Yan Xishan resigned as the chairman of Shanxi Province. As a test, Jiang finally agreed to remove him from all posts four days later.Although Yan also wanted to overthrow Chiang because of this, he still refused to make it public and only wanted to do it secretly.Chiang also actively prepared for the war, purchased six divisions of armaments from Germany, concentrated troops in the Bengbu area, and recruited troops in Anhui and Shandong provinces.The war seemed inevitable. Yan and Feng Sui agreed that the generals of the Northwest Army would send a telegram first, and finally Yan and Feng would send a telegram to Jiang, asking them to hand over the affairs of state to the people of the country.General Song Zheyuan of the Northwest Army and others sent a telegram against Jiang on October 10, stating Jiang's six major crimes, and believed that "If Jiang does not go, China will perish" (see "Guowen Weekly", Volume VI, Issue 41) , That is, swearing in Xi'an.However, after the launch, Yan Xishan had no intention of breaking with Jiang, and even exchanged news, so that he broke the contract and refused to call to express his position as promised, making it impossible to start the war.Feng Yuxiang felt betrayed and went on a hunger strike in anger. (Refer to the third volume of "Feng Yuyang's Diary", pages 56, 62, 64, 66-69) Feng and Yan joined forces, and it turned out that Feng Jun went it alone.On October 28, Chiang Kai-shek issued a four-sentence "Comment on Feng's Oath to Master", declaring that he would "eliminate the rebellion". The "rebel army" initially divided into three groups, and the whip pointed at Henan, but they won first and then lost.The reason for the failure, apart from insufficient military pay, inferior firearms, and inconsistent command, the most important key is that Yan Laoxi did not keep his promise and betrayed his friends, which has the effect of hindering him.By the beginning of November, Yan Geng had assumed the title of Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Army, Navy and Air Force conferred by Chiang. However, he was not allowed to send troops to assist Chiang, and still adopted the strategy of both sides.But this strategy was obviously not good for Feng, as Feng said: "Yan did not express his attitude, and regarding Jiang's deputy commander, it made the generals in the front suspicious." ("Feng Yuxiang's Diary" Volume III, p. 81) Leading to a total military defeat, we can only hope to stick to Tongguan to wait for the changes in the world.At this time, the anti-Chiang movement in other places was still one after another. In mid-December 1929, Feng Yuxiang wanted to leave Jian'an for Taiyuan. He obviously wanted to urge Yan Xishan to take active anti-Chiang actions, but he realized that his actions had completely lost his freedom. .On the 16th, from the "Yishibao" published in Tianjin, I saw four telegrams between Jiang and Yan, saying that "the long-standing boredom has been completely broken", and it is not surprising that he lost his freedom. He called Yan "the fox buried the fox." However, Feng still persisted in his anti-Chiang work because he "identified Chiang as the biggest obstacle in the process of the Chinese national revolution." (See the same book, pages 91, 94 and 95.) At the same time, Feng wrote to Jiang in a letter denouncing Jiang's mishandling. ", For example, it is said that "the deacon was in charge of the government for a long time, and he acted recklessly, and the success of the previous revolutionary movement was completely destroyed." See the same book, pages ninety-seven to ninety-nine), etc., like a call to arms. When the time sequence entered 1930, Yan Xishan finally realized that the position of deputy commander-in-chief was not good. Fear, for their own benefit, had to take defensive measures, the telegram battle between Jiang and Yan began, and the friction became more and more serious.Yan was greatly encouraged by the military activities of the reorganization faction of the Kuomintang to overthrow Chiang.The reorganization faction came into being because the Kuomintang was dominated by "new warlords" and "corrupt elements", so they believed that "party reorganization" and restoring the spirit of reorganization in the 13th year of the Republic of China were the only way out for the party.With Wang Jingwei's faction as the core figure, the "Chinese Kuomintang Reorganization Comrades Association" was established in Shanghai on November 28, 1928.When Chiang Kai-shek organized the "Three Quan" Congress in March of the following year to exclude dissidents, the reorganization faction immediately declared that the "Three Quan" Congress was illegal and established the "Party-Defending Revolutionary Alliance" to strongly oppose Chiang.Wang Jingwei also echoed this in France, calling the movement to overthrow Chiang Kai-shek a "struggle between democratic forces and feudal forces." (See "Mr. Wang Jingwei's Recent Comments Collection", pp. 25-29) The Shanghai Headquarters of the Reorganization Faction set up an Army to Protect the Party and Salvation the Nation, and began to overthrow Chiang militarily.Zhang Fakui, a pro-Wang general, first sent a telegram to Wang with his fifth division to challenge Chiang on September 17. In early October, Wang Zifa returned to China. On November 17, Li Zongren and Zhang Fakui jointly called to challenge Chiang. Tang Shengzhi and Shi You followed suit response.On December 2, Tang and seventy-four generals issued a telegram, urging Chiang to stop using force.On the 5th, Song Zheyuan, Sun Liangcheng, Han Fuju, Ma Hongkui, Sun Dianying and others also called to discuss Chiang.However, although there were many troops to overthrow Chiang, they did not move at the same pace. They lacked a unified command and were defeated by Chiang one by one.However, Wang was not discouraged, and immediately took advantage of the momentum to urge Yan to turn against Jiang. Yan expressed his anti-Chiang intentions to his main generals in early 1930, and since early February, tit-for-tat telegram battles have intensified.Yan published a famous steam telegram on February 10, pointing out that Chairman Jiang of the Nanjing State Government has repeatedly claimed to "strive to organize the army and organize party affairs in order to establish the foundation of the party and state for ten thousand years, and then retire after being successful." But in fact, "Things are contrary to expectations, there are repeated turmoil, the disputes within the party are intensified, the soldiers are more panicked, and there are more opportunities for those who sow dissension. In addition, the suffering of the people is increasing, and the resentment of the soldiers is growing." It is not advisable to meet each other in arms again and hurt each other.Among them are epigrams such as "holding the flag of the blue sky and white sun, fighting hand-to-hand with the party and the army, the casualties are all armed comrades; following the training of the three people and five rights, and being party members of the same party, and those who are expelled, arrested and tortured are all believers of our prime minister."Therefore, Yan used "the entire party and a unified country" to encourage each other with Jiang, asking each other to "be courteous to the country", and the two "shared responsibilities".What Yan Xishan wanted to say in particular was that in order to avoid war and for the benefit of the party and the country, he was willing to go out with Jiang himself.But Chiang Kai-shek replied that what he did was an "obligation" of "revolution to save the country", not a "right".Arguing that "rights should be sacrificed, and responsibilities cannot be delegated. At this time, the national crisis is imminent, and it is not the time for our generation to be self-satisfied." It will not "abandon the heavy responsibility entrusted to it by the party and the state".Yan sent a telegram to Chiang Kai-shek again on the thirteenth, reaffirming his intention to go down together, and warned not to use force easily to exclude dissidents. There is a saying that "the way to govern the country is to stop chaos, not to put it down; if you can stop chaos, you will have results. If we cannot stop the chaos, but only put an end to it, there will be no end to the chaos.”When Jiang received this telegram, he was furious and ordered to attack immediately.However, Wang Jingwei sent a telegram to Yan on February 18th, praising the "the whole party and the unified country" mentioned by Zendian. "Adhere to justice, do not avoid hard work and complaints", unite various factions, and carry out anti-Chiang, so as to "share the bottom and achieve success". (Wang Zhiyan saw the "Revolution Daily" on March 10, 1930, and Jiang Yan's telegram contained "Republic of China Political History Materials" collected by Japan's Toyo Bunko) Li Zongren, Huang Shaohong, Bai Chongxi, Zhang Fakui, Hu Zongduo, etc. A joint telegram was launched, and Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, and Zhang Xueliang were promoted as the deputy commanders-in-chief of the army, navy and air force.The next day, Jiang Dianyan still believed that asking him to retire "is tantamount to disarming the party for the reactionaries and preventing the party's revolution."However, on the 23rd, forty-five people including Yan, Feng, and Li sent a telegram in Taiyuan, advocating that all party members vote to resolve party-state disputes.Wang Jingwei also sent a telegram from Hong Kong, agreeing to the general vote, and said that if peace was hopeless, Chiang Kai-shek would be sanctioned by force. This telegram battle between Jiang and Yan led to the mighty anti-Jiang united front.In March, the Shanghai headquarters of the Kuomintang Reorganization Faction moved to Peiping.On March 9, Feng Yuxiang returned to Tongguan from Shanxi to join the old army. (See Volume 3 of "Feng Yuxiang's Diary", page 138) Before leaving, Yan gave Feng 500,000 yuan in cash, 200 portable machine guns in flower tubes, and 2,000 bags of flour as a token of apology and sincerity.On the 14th and 15th, fifty-seven former generals of the Second, Third, and Fourth Group Armies successively sent telegrams to the whole country, counting Jiang's ten major crimes, demanding that Chiang return power to the people, turn hostility into friendship, and Yan Xishan be the commander-in-chief of the army, navy and air force. Feng Yuxiang, Zhang Xueliang, and Li Zongren are deputy.Yan was sworn in on April 1, and sent a telegram to expose Jiang's crimes, saying that Jiang turned the party into "the incarnation of one man, a dictatorship, and doing whatever he wants...Zhang's attack and assassination are nothing but privately advocating his power to usurp", so he had to " Command the various armies, serve the Central Plains, and use the party to save the country. In ancient times, there were those who coerced the emperor to command the princes, and the whole country would rise up and attack them. Today, there are those who hold the party headquarters to be a blessing, and the people of the whole country should also rise up and attack them.”This time aroused public outrage, and the Anti-Chiang United Front gathered 700,000 troops.Chiang Kai-shek, in the name of the Nanjing government, ordered Yan Xishan to be wanted on April 5, obviously wanting to focus on Yan Yiren, and instructed Wu Zhihui to call Feng Yuxiang with the intention of alienating him. An old thief, a good old man; a traitor who is a running dog of one person"! Wu Zhihui should be the first person among the Kuomintang to be scolded as an old thief.On May 1, Jiang Sui released the words of the oath against Yan and Feng, and launched a propaganda campaign (see the second volume of "Preliminary Draft of President Chiang Kai-shek's First Draft", pages 309 to 310 for the original telegram), and compiled and printed "Crackdown on The book "Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang, who betrayed the party and harmed the country and the people" counts Yan's eleven major crimes, referring to Feng's "screaming at Tongguan, attacking Zhengluo" and so on.Chiang himself also crossed the river to the north on May 8th, and sat in Xuzhou. He personally commanded 500,000 or 600,000 people, launched a major war, and taught his subordinates that "the key issue in combat is to kill or injure the enemy's soldiers." The killing is extremely cruel. The Great Central Plains War kicked off in Yan. This battle is called the Central Plains War, because the main battlefield is between the horizontal line of the Longhai Railway and the two vertical lines of the Pingjin Railway and the Pinghan Railway, including Shandong, Hebei, Henan, and Lianghu in the Central Plains. One and a half million people, there is no doubt that it is the first war since the Republic of China.The former 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Army Groups of the Kuomintang, under the leadership of Feng Yuxiang, Yan Xishan, and Li Zongren respectively, mobilized the entire army and were determined to fight Chiang Kai-shek. The battle was fierce and stalemate at the beginning.By July, the anti-Jiang coalition forces had a slight advantage, and Jiang's elite troops suffered heavy losses. Jiang was almost captured by Zheng Dazhang's cavalry in Guide, Henan. (Refer to Zhou Fohai's "Wu Yi Ji") But in August, Jiang's army was more dominant, gathering elites in Jinpu, and launching a counterattack.Obviously, there are more silver bullets behind Chiang Kai-shek’s cannonballs. American loans and the land of wealth in the south of the Yangtze River allow him to buy the latest German cannons and new aircrafts, and use money to reward meritorious deeds. Turned into "meat bombs".Jiang once ordered the establishment of field clubs along the Longhai line, using the carriages to "arrange as a mobile hotel, equipped with Chinese and Western meals, smoking sets, and gambling sets, and employ Shanghai dancers and prostitutes as entertainment" to break down the enemy's fighting spirit. (See Song Ping's "The Life of Chiang Kai-shek", p. 271) However, the decisive force that enabled Chiang Kai-shek to win the war came from Zhang Xueliang's Northeast Army.On September 18, Zhang sent a telegram to support the Central Committee and marched into the pass. This not only caused the warring groups in the Central Plains War to lose balance, but also made the anti-Chiang allied forces face the enemy, dooming Yan, Feng and the anti-Chiang alliance to failure.Zhang Xueliang embraced Chiang not because he chose a tree to live in, but because the "diplomatic skills" of Wu Tiecheng and Xiao Tongzi sent by Jiang Fang were far better than Xue Dubi and Jia Jingde sent by Yan and Feng. (See "Secret Records of Zhang Xueliang's Entry into the Pass") Ironically, more than a year ago, the four armies of the Kuomintang drove the Northeast Army out of the pass, but now Chiang Kai-shek has brought in the Northeast Army to defeat the other three armies! , doctrines and beliefs are false. The various factions within the Kuomintang were so enthusiastic about defeating Chiang, and the anti-Chiang united front was so strong that they were bound to fail in the end.The military failures are as mentioned above.In terms of party affairs, Wang Jingwei urged Yan Xishan to form a government as early as March 24, 1930.On the day when Yan took office as the commander-in-chief of the army, navy and air force, Chen Gongbo, Wang Faqin and others from the Wang family had arrived in Taiyuan to discuss and organize an enlarged meeting of the Kuomintang Central Party Headquarters to unite all factions and reorganize the national government.However, although the reorganization faction and the Xishan Conference faction shared the same hatred against Chiang, in terms of ideology and historical background, they were like fire and water. After many months of verbal warfare, they reached a consensus on July 13, 1930, and began to cooperate with Yan , Feng and other local powerful factions jointly established the "Enlarged Meeting of the Central Party Headquarters of the Chinese Kuomintang" in Beiping, and issued the "Party Affairs Joint Declaration" drafted by Wang.This declaration can be said to be the liquidation of Chiang Kai-shek since he took the supreme power. It can be used to understand why Chiang Kai-shek became the target of the party's grievances. It was written by the talented Wang Jingwei.For example it says: The party organization is a democratic centralization system, and some have become individual dictatorships. The number of deputies designated by the Pseudo-Third National Congress is more than 80%. With dictatorship, the public and private rights of the people are deprived of everything, and even the freedom of life and property is not guaranteed, so that the party is neither the party nor the country.Since last year, the catastrophe of disintegration has all been caused by this.A certain person is not only ungrateful, but also takes pleasure in mutilating dissidents and slaughtering innocent people.The same people are heartbroken, and the whole party must return to the comrades; the unified country, the people who return, must convene the third national congress of the party in accordance with the law in the shortest period of time to resolve past disputes and sweep away current obstacles. Party doctrine and policies are realized.At the same time, in accordance with the Prime Minister’s Declaration of Going North in November of the thirteenth year, the National Assembly was convened, so that the urgent demands of the people could be fully expressed, and the party’s principles and policies for the liberation of the people could be integrated with the will of the people in the meeting.The same people believe that the current plan of the party-state is urgent, and we would like to unite in spirit and work together to establish an enlarged meeting of the Central Party Headquarters recently, so as to establish a center for the preparation of the National Congress and the National Assembly, as well as the conduct of all party affairs. I hope that all my loyal comrades will devote their efforts to help the difficulties, and all the opinions of the eyes and the disputes between the spirits should be done. Internally, self-strengthening, externally resisting insults, the safety of the party and the country, is really tied to the Here, I respect Bu's heart, but we can learn from each other! This means that the Kuomintang has been reduced to Chiang Kai-shek's personal dictatorship, "so that the party is neither the party nor the country."The "someone" in the article refers to Chiang Kai-shek. In the past seventeen years, our party has unified the whole country militarily. Among the comrades, they thought that the destruction was over and the construction was just beginning, and they happily looked forward to the implementation of political training; among the people, they were also based on the mentality of being weary of chaos and contemplating governance. prayers.However, in less than a year, the civil war resumed: in the past eighteen years, the three major river basins of the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, and the Xijiang River have been stained with the blood of the National Revolutionary Army. The great war, the vastness of the war zone, and the fierceness of the war are not only unmatched by the Northern Expedition, but also unprecedented since the Republic of China, and also unprecedented in China for decades.Woohoo! This is the catastrophe of China, and the pain of the Chinese Kuomintang.Who did it?What caused it? The Kuomintang is in constant internal struggle, and the "disaster of war" is "unprecedented in China for decades." "Who did it"? "Who made it happen"?Chiang Kai-shek also. All the people in Nanjing, when the third National Congress was convened last spring, more than 80% of the representatives were appointed and designated, and the voting rights of party members were completely deprived.Since the National Congress is illegal, the Central Party National Government it produces is also illegal, not to mention.For the sake of patriarchal rights, it is inconvenient to recognize the contract law, and ignore the prime minister's legacy that "the contract law must be promulgated during the political training period", so that the people have no way to supervise the government according to the law.Therefore, the disappointment and extreme anger towards the government had to be resolved.The above two are actually the reasons for the civil war. The people in Nanjing not only did not think about it so they eliminated it, but used force as a tool of oppression.As a result, one side oppressed and the other resisted, and the civil war broke out once and for all.All the citizens of our country, go back to the cause of the civil war since last spring, and there is no one who does not cry bitterly for it and take a long breath. The so-called "Nanjing people", in layman's terms, are "Chiang Kai-shek's gang", who acted illegally and violated Sun Yat-sen's legacy.The people cannot supervise the government according to the law. They can only rise up and resist. The responsibility for the civil war lies with the oppressive Nanjing Jiang government, not the resisting people.Therefore the final requirements of the enlarged meeting are: From then on, with regard to all facilities, first public propaganda, free discussion, followed by solemn resolutions, the opposition who retreated from the minority and became the opposition must also use the legal provisions as the scope of activities.The reasons for the civil war in the common people are eliminated forever, and the revolutionary construction can start calmly.The benefit of the country and the well-being of the people are all related to this.Otherwise, those who harbor dictatorial ambitions, misinterpret the true meaning of political training, despise public opinion, suppress civil rights, seek to destroy dissidents as their means, and resort to militarism as their ability to do so, will definitely prolong the civil war for the quickest, which will be a crime of harming the country and the people. , There must be something to return, and the final victory must belong to justice.I would like to share my heart, but we can learn from each other! Although Wang Cao's declaration did not specify his surname or Taoist name, Chiang Kai-shek wanted to say it everywhere.Wang Xun arrived in Tanggu from Hong Kong via Japan on July 15, and transferred to Tianjin.On the way, he told reporters, "If Chiang Kai-shek realizes that he has been responsible for the civil war for the past two years, he should resign automatically." (Cai Dejin's "Wang Jingwei Commentary", page 183) After the party affairs were handled, the government was formed again. However, due to the reversal of the Jinpu line, Jinan gained but lost again, so it was decided to form the government early to boost morale.The enlarged meeting held the fifth meeting on September 1, and approved the government organization outline. Yan Xishan, Wang Jingwei, Feng Yuxiang, Tang Shengzhi, Zhang Xueliang, Li Zongren, and Xie Chi were presumed to be members of the government, and Yan Xishan was the chairman. Worked in Huairentang.Although Zhang Xueliang is listed as a member of the National Government, he has not yet expressed his position, and he is the target of both parties' active efforts.Wang Jingwei once sent Guo Taiqi and Chen Gongbo as representatives to pay tribute and talk.Zhang Xueliang hosted a banquet for southern representatives Zhang Qun and Wu Tiecheng on September 9, and the next day for northern representatives Jia Jingde and Fu Zuoyi.Still neutral.However, on September 18th, there was a surprise telegram calling for an immediate strike and waiting for the central government to deal with it (see "National News Weekly", Volume 7, Issue 37), although he told the reporter of "Ta Kung Pao": May Jiang, Yan, and Feng Sangong each take a step back and discuss the big plan together." In fact, he has favored Chiang Kai-shek, so there is such a saying as "waiting for the central government to deal with it", which is quite beyond the expectation of the enlarged meeting.They don't know how to divide and buy, how can they compare with Jiang! Chen Gongbo said in "The Record of Bitter Smiles" that Chiang Kai-shek bought Zhang Xueliang to send troops into the customs with 5 million cash and 10 million public bonds. (See page 336) This matter was actually confirmed by Chiang Kai-shek's secret letter in the "Secret Records of Zhang Xueliang's Entry into the Customs" published by Liu Xinhuang in recent years, and the number is completely correct.Jiang repeatedly sent messages to his subordinates to urge Zhang to send troops, and he promised a huge sum of money, thinking that Song Ziwen could do it. When Song Ziwen remitted one million yuan a day from September 18th, Zhang Xueliang decided to send troops to aid Jiang. (See pages 73, 80, 85, 97, 101, 105, 107, 137, 141, 142 to 143) Zhang Xueliang's attitude is clear , The battle situation changed completely, Lu Zhonglin energized the strike on October 15, and Li Zongren's Gui army also withdrew from Hunan.The enlarged meeting was moved to Taiyuan on September 25, continued to hold meetings, drafted the constitution, and completed the "Taiyuan Constitution" with eight chapters and 211 articles on October 27. It advocated convening a national assembly to formulate the constitution, It is thought that the long-term stability of the country is a plan.The Great War in the Central Plains lasted seven months, with 300,000 casualties, in exchange for this method, so Zou Lu wrote a poem: "One million heads can be exchanged, and blood is piled up in the lines between the lines; all the great methods in the clouds have a price, and the whole country can buy them." The traumatic drama is sad." (Zou Lu's "Chenglu Poetry Collection") Chiang Kai-shek won this battle, and became even more arrogant. On October 3rd, he called the Nanjing Central Executive Committee at the Kaifeng Army Station. The great achievement of the reaction is inevitable, and after this war, there will never be any warlords who dare to destroy the unity and rebel against the party-state.” However, the so-called “reactionaries” and the so-called “warlords” are all close comrades of the past.The comrades of the past, such as Yan, Feng, Wang, etc., can become today's "warlords" or "reactionaries", but today's comrades, such as Zhang Xueliang, Hu Hanmin, etc., will not become tomorrow's "warlords" or "reactionaries" ?The root of the problem lies in Chiang's dictatorial ambitions, so he eliminated dissidents at all costs, but the dissidents continued and the disturbances were endless.He believes that "the world will be peaceful" from now on, which is obviously premature. Zhang Xueliang was always in charge of the war situation, although he said he favored Jiang, he still talked about peace and taking care of the overall situation.When Wang Jingwei escaped from Datong, there was a saying when he passed the Yanmen Pass: "If you want to pay Li Mu with a cup", it seems that you are still counting on Zhang Xueliang.Li Mu advocated peace, but he used peace as a means to control the enemy.However, Chiang Kai-shek had no intention of reconciliation. Yu Yan and Feng You continued to bomb without leaving any room, demanding that they go to the field unconditionally. On October 25 after the armistice, he ordered Yang Hucheng to conquer Tongguan and instigate the defense of Xi'an against Liu Yufen, Yan Zhijin's army and Feng Zhi's army. The Northwest Army was reorganized, and the military strength of Yan and Feng collapsed.So far, Chiang Kai-shek, the former commander-in-chief of the First Army, finally swallowed up all the other three armies.As early as February 1929, Chiang Kai-shek had complained to Feng Yuxiang that Shanghai, Guangzhou, Han, and Ping'an were all occupied by the Guangxi clique. Feng replied: "The same family, how can we divide each other?" ("Feng Yuxiang's Diary" No. 2 Booklet, p. 578) It is not surprising that Chiang apparently did not regard the four armies within the Kuomintang as one family, and "it is urgent to eliminate dissidents".However, in order to achieve this goal, the party, the country, and the people all paid an incalculable price. About 250,000 people were killed and injured on both sides, and the sequelae continued.The most miserable thing is no more than ordinary people. In late August, when the war was most intense, Feng Yuxiang wrote in his diary: "The suffering of the people is extremely bitter; the poverty of the people is also extremely difficult. Every day, soldiers and money要粮还不算，而捆抬之祸，又日甚一日，如何得了!”(《冯玉祥日记》第三册，页三三二)这是参与者的良心之言。至于后来的学者则认为，中原大战使国家元气大伤，直接影响到整个三十年代中国的政治、经济以及中外关系，并为日本侵华提供了机会。 (参阅李静之《试论蒋冯阎中原大战》，页二一九至二四七)即就蒋介石本人而言，似亦得不偿失，从阎、冯那里抢到的华北地盘，实际转换到张学良手里。滥用武力解决政治问题之谬，此见之矣!