Chapter 6 The second quarter missed the Japanese non-commissioned officer

Before Chiang Kai-shek went to Japan, he was enlightened at home at the age of five or six, and later entered a private school, read the Four Books and Five Classics, and received an imperial education. In order to apply for a scholar.As a result, he didn't even pass the boy's test.Li Dongfang said in "The Preface to Chiang Kai-shek": "He saw all kinds of unreasonable and corrupt phenomena in the examination hall, and he made up his mind never to take this kind of examination again" (p. 16), which is an obvious twist.In fact, after the Boxer Rebellion, the "Xin Chou Treaty" was concluded in 1901. In view of the imminent national humiliation and national disaster, the Qing government decided to set up a new type of school, send overseas students abroad, and abolished the imperial examination in 1905. take an exam.Since then, there has been no "examination of this kind" to "take".Chiang Kai-shek just obeyed the fashion, stopped taking exams and entered the new school.Entering foreign schools was the new way out at that time, and it did not necessarily mean "pursuing the spirit of innovation."

The foreign school that Chiang Kai-shek entered in 1903 was the Fenglu School in Fenghua. It had buildings, classrooms and a playground. There were about one hundred students.Although the courses in the school include English, arithmetic and other Western learning, the old studies of economics and history still account for a large proportion, which is almost a new bottle of old wine, which arouses dissatisfaction among the students. "Intense mood", almost expelled from school. The "fierce mood" is exactly in line with Chiang Kai-shek's nickname given by his classmates-"Red-faced General", who blushed at every turn and quarreled with others.This incident likely prompted Chiang Kai-shek to transfer to the Longjin Academy in the same county the following year.After a year, he transferred to Jianjin Academy in Ningbo, and returned to Longjin Academy in Fenghua less than a year later.There are two Japanese teachers in the Longjin Academy. It is likely that under the influence of the Japanese, the nineteen-year-old Chiang Kai-shek is eager to study in the East.Studying abroad had already become a trend at that time, and it was not special.Many biographers believe that Chiang Kai-shek went to Japan for the revolution, and said that before going abroad, he cut his hair in Ningbo and asked someone to send him back to his hometown in Xikou.This is hindsight.Please see Zhang Qun's memories:

Studying abroad in Japan was a memorable chapter in my life history.Because I not only met Mr. Jiang there, but also met many comrades who later advocated the revolution together.I was going to learn infantry, but I hit it off with Mr. Jiang, so instead of learning infantry, I learned artillery, hoping to get along with Mr. Jiang day and night and work together.We all left our hair (with braids) to go abroad, and we cut off the braids when we arrived in Japan. This was also the first sign of revolution. (Chen Xiangmei "Zhang Yuegong's Gossip about the Past") Cutting braids only after arriving in Japan is not necessarily a demonstration of revolution, and it is also likely to enter the country to ask customs.The most notable thing is that this is the second time that Chiang Kai-shek has gone abroad, and he still wears braids. It can be seen that he cut the braids in Ningbo and asked someone to bring them back to Xikou, which is all fiction.

Chiang Kai-shek’s first trip to Japan was in April 1906, and he returned to China before the end of the year. The reason was that he wanted to study military affairs. However, the Qing court had an agreement with the Japanese government that Chinese students were not allowed to study military affairs at their own expense. Recommended students.After returning to China, Chiang Kai-shek entered the Tonguo Army Crash School (predecessor of Baoding Military Academy) supervised by Duan Qirui.Later, in the areas ruled by the Kuomintang (including Taiwan after 1949), one of the elementary school textbooks continued to be recorded by Mao Sicheng (see "Mr. Chiang Kai-shek Fifteen Years Before the Republic of China", Volume 1, Part 3, pages 9-10) Regarding Chiang Kai-shek's patriotic story, it is said that Japanese instructors compared 400 million Chinese to microbes in front of Chinese students. Chiang Kai-shek retorted, saying that Japan has 50 million people, which are also like 50 million parasitic bacteria. Japanese instructors were ashamed and indignant. When Yu saw that Chiang Kai-shek had no braids, he pointed at his bald head and growled, "Are you a revolutionary?" The last sentence revealed his flaws, and Zhang Qun clearly stated that he and Chiang both wore braids when they went abroad.Such stories, like those of Washington chopping down the cherry tree, are political myths.However, Wang Fumin, who was born in the History Department of Peking University, still recounts this myth as a true history in his eloquent "Detailed Biography of Chiang Kai-shek" (see volume 1, p. 22)

In the spring of 1908, Chiang Kai-shek and sixty-two students from the Army Accelerated School gathered at the Army Department in Northeast China. They took a ship from Dalian to Kobe, and then transferred to Tokyo to enter the Zhenwu School. What kind of school is Zhenwu School?It is said that since the Boxer Rebellion, the Chinese rulers have opened their minds and are happy to study abroad.From the twenty-seventh year of the Guangxu reign of the Qing Dynasty (1901) to the thirty-third year (1907), within a few years, the number of Chinese students studying in Japan has increased to more than 10,000.This number has been increasing since then, but the increase is an increase, but the quality is very problematic, because it cannot keep up with the formal school curriculum in Japan.Therefore, a cram school-style school specially set up for Chinese people is more and more necessary.There are many such schools. In terms of law and politics, there is Hosei University; in terms of general tutoring and teacher training, there is Hongwen College; in the army, there are Chengcheng School and Zhenwu School.

Before Zhenwu School, all Chinese students studying the Army first entered Chengcheng School.In 1903 (the 29th year of Guangxu), Chengcheng stopped accepting Chinese students, and Zhenwu School took over.Zhenwu School was established in July of this year in Kawata-cho, Ushi-ku, Tokyo (now where Tokyo Women's Medical University is located).The training period is three years, and after graduation, they will be distributed to various teams in Japan for internships.Therefore, this school is not a preparatory school for Japanese non-commissioned officers, as Li Dongfang and others said, but a preparatory school for Chinese students to learn military affairs, and has nothing to do with non-commissioned officers.Chiang Kai-shek was in Zhenwu School from 1907 (the 33rd year of Guangxu) to 1909 (the first year of Xuantong), and his education was less than three years.

According to the "Army Students' Class Study Tour Regulations" issued by the military training office in April of the lunar calendar in 1904 (the 30th year of Guangxu), the students selected at that time must be "over 18 years old and under 22 years old". Chiang Kai-shek Jin Zhen The martial arts school is already twenty-one years old, not too young.According to "Zhenwu School History" compiled by Zhenwu School, after changing the three-year system, the total number of class hours is as follows: Compared with the "Course Summary" ("History of Chinese Studying in Japan" by Megumi Shito) in the founding period of Zhenwu School, the three-year course has 1,212 hours more in Japanese language, compared with no Before changing to the three-year system, it took a long time to change, and the focus was nothing more than strengthening Japanese language training.From a comprehensive observation, during the three years, apart from military courses, what Chiang Kai-shek learned was far below the subjects of today's high school students, or even below junior high school students (the subject includes arithmetic, which is the level of junior high school students), which shows his education level , is only equivalent to junior high school level.Besides, Chiang Kai-shek entered the school in 1908, which is said to have been a three-year system, but calculated from the imperial chronology, his length of study is extremely suspicious, because it is obviously less than three years.According to Huang Fuqing's "Students Studying in Japan in the Late Qing Dynasty": "The period for Chinese military preparation students to receive preparatory education varies with schools and periods. The Chengcheng School period is about 16 months, while the Zhenwu School has several changes. It was founded. At first it was fifteen months, in October 1905, it was changed to eighteen months, and in the next year, it was changed to two years, and then to three years, until the school was abolished, and there was no change." Chiang Kai-shek It seems to be a three-year system in the period of "rotating to three years", so although it is said to be three years, it is really not enough.

Chiang Kai-shek was called Jiang Zhiqing at the time. He graduated from Zhenwu School in the winter of 1910. At the age of 23, he was immediately assigned to the 13th Field Artillery Regiment in Takata Town, Niigata County, Hokkaido. 69.4 cm, weighing 59.2 kg. (According to the historical records of Takata City, see the second volume of "Secret Records of President Jiang", page 213) The interns are private soldiers, and life is very difficult.As for military training, it was mainly to feed the horses and "wipe heat" for the horses so that the horses' blood circulated in the severe cold, and they did not really learn military technology.According to Mao Sicheng's book "Mr. Chiang Kai-shek Fifteen Years Before the Republic of China", the division commander of the 13th Regiment, Chief Oka Gaishi, and the regiment commander, Toimatsu Kango, "received very favorably" the second-class soldier Jiang Zhiqing. (See Volume 1, Part 3, page 14.) But in fact, the head of the division had no impression of Jiang at all. It was not until 1927 when Jiang sent photos to Japan and presented the inscription "Live up to the teacher" that Nagaoka found out. There was such a private. (See page 278 of "General Nagaoka Gaishi" by Sakabe Goro) If you don't know, how can you have a "good encounter"!

However, after the establishment of the Nationalist Government in 1928, Chairman Chiang's official resume included the highest degree of "graduated from the Japanese Non-commissioned Officer School". (See "Chinese Nationalist Yearbook" in the eighteenth year of the Republic of China) "The Complete Works of Chiang Kai-shek" published in May 1937 also has the words "first entered the Japanese Zhenwu Academy, and then entered the Japanese Non-commissioned Officer Academy" in the "Biography". (See volume 1, page 1 of the main text) Since then, the propaganda has flowed downstream, and everyone, both public and private, regards it as fact."Chairman Chiang", edited by Deng Wenyi, put it most vividly:

When I arrived in Japan, I first went to the Non-commissioned Officer Preparatory School in Tokyo, which was specially set up by the Chinese government for the preparation of Chinese international students to enter the non-commissioned officer school.Later admitted to the NCO school.When I was in the non-commissioned officer school, I concentrated on my studies. Because of my eagerness to study, I refused all kinds of entertainment, so I was invisibly isolated from the ordinary Japanese students who were pampered and wandering. I was misunderstood as arrogant.This is because he has never understood him. It is better to say that he is straightforward than arrogant. (Page 8)

Deng Wenyi actually changed the little-known Zhenwu School into the well-known Japanese Non-commissioned Officer School.Of course, there are many Chinese students who graduated from Zhenwu School and were admitted to non-commissioned officers after internships, such as Jiang Zuobin in the fourth period of non-commissioned officers, Sun Chuanfang in the sixth period, Yan Xishan, Zhang Qun in the tenth period, etc., but Chiang Kai-shek did not become a non-commissioned officer , and no way to graduate.From the "Japanese Studying in the People's Republic of China" published by the Koya Institute in October of the 15th year of the Showa era, it can be seen that from the fourth to the tenth issue, Chiang Kai-shek was not included in the list of graduates in each issue.After the eleventh issue, it was He Yingqin, Gu Zhenglun, and He Yao who formed the group. The list was almost "junior", and of course there was no Chiang Kai-shek. Incidentally, in the above-mentioned issues, there were only four people whose surname was Chiang.Among them, the fourth issue Jiang Zuobin was from Hubei, Jiang Longfen was from Hunan; the fifth issue Jiang Guojing was from Hunan; the sixth issue Jiang Yin was from Hubei, neither of them was from Zhejiang.Chiang Kai-shek's scientific name was Jiang Zhiqing in his early years, so naturally there is no possibility of another scientific name.Therefore, the fact that Chiang Kai-shek is not listed in the lists of the various periods of the military school has been proved conclusively! In fact, heroes are not afraid of being low-born, and it doesn’t matter if a non-commissioned officer is not a non-commissioned officer, but Chiang Kai-shek is very concerned about it. Li Zongren has an interesting memory: Mr. Jiang, formerly known as Zhiqing, was admitted to the Baoding Army Crash School when he was a weak crown, but was expelled for not obeying the school rules.Later, he went to Japan to enter the Zhenwu School of the Army and received training at the level of sergeant education.After returning to China, he said that he was a graduate of the sixth batch of Japanese non-commissioned officers.This time when I arrived in Beijing, I sent Chen Mingge (from Henan), who was once his adjutant chief, to contact Liu Zongji (the sixth non-commissioned officer, who once served as Sun Chuanfang's chief of staff) to the Mishi Hutong Nanbing Masi and the head of the Non-commissioned Student Alumni Association. , and donated 50,000 yuan as a student union fund.At that time, some people, such as Jiang Zuobin and Lei Shourong in the fourth period, Yang Wenkai and Lu Xiangting in the sixth period, asked Liu Zongji, where did this all-powerful college student come from?Liu said, donating huge sums of money is not good, why bother to get to the bottom of it? (Tang Degang's Memoirs of Li Zongren, pages 570-571) This kind of care somewhat reveals the inferiority complex and insecurity in Chiang Kai-shek's character.Also because of this concern, many literary attendants did not hesitate to put the title of non-commissioned officer on him, or try to associate him with non-commissioned officers.In fact, Chiang Kai-shek's highest education was and was only at the stage of "directly sent to the regiment" from Zhenwu School, and it was still very far away from the graduation of non-commissioned officers.In short, when Chiang Kai-shek studied abroad in Japan, his academic qualifications were only training at the level of sergeant education, and his class was only the first class of soldiers.that is it.