Chapter 62 low key

When the "Independent Review" was first published, it was just after the "January 28th" incident in Shanghai and the armistice.How to deal with the aggression of Japanese imperialism? Hu Shi and "Independence" sang a low key of non-resistance. On May 5, 1932, the Kuomintang government signed the "Songhu Armistice Agreement" with Japan, which stipulated that the warring area was designated as a demilitarized zone. Although it was taken over by the Chinese police, it stipulated that China should not station troops in the "warring area" that was originally its own territory. , which is obviously a betrayal of China's sovereignty; it also stipulates that the Japanese army withdraw to the area before the "January 28th" Incident, which means that Japan can permanently station troops in Shanghai's Songhu, Zhabei, Jiangwan and Yinxiang Port and other vast areas, and also promises to ban The Anti-Japanese Movement promised to evacuate the 19th Route Army, which fought bravely against the Japanese invaders, from Shanghai.This is clearly an agreement to compromise and sell sovereignty.However, the "Independent Review", which was founded at this time, published Hu Shi's articles, but openly praised the compromise attitude of the Kuomintang government and praised the "Songhu Armistice Agreement" that lost its sovereignty. ① Soon, Hu Shi published "On the Diplomatic Policy toward Japan", advocating "peaceful" negotiations with Japan in accordance with the five principles proposed by the Japanese government. ②

Although the article clearly states that "the goal of the negotiations is to abolish the puppet state of Manchuria and restore the integrity of its territory and administrative sovereignty," it also falsely asserts that China is not allowed to station troops in the three eastern provinces, which is actually tantamount to recognizing the independence of Manchuria.Therefore, even Fu Sinian, who had always followed Hu Shi, expressed his opposition. Hu Shi insisted on being gentle and calm, not resisting by force, and dreamed of peaceful negotiations and negotiations with Japan. Therefore, he welcomed and supported all compromise measures that could temporarily stop the war, and especially pinned his hopes on international "mediation" and "assistance."In October of this year, the League of Nations investigation team published a report on the Sino-Japanese issue, namely the "Lytton Report".This report also reflected the "September 18" Incident, the dissatisfaction of Britain, the United States and other Western powers with Japan's dominance of Northeast China, and also exposed Japan's aggression. "For legitimate self-defense"; Manchuria is a part of Chinese territory, and Japan "occupied it by force" without declaring war; "Manchukuo" is a puppet regime concocted by Japan, "in the eyes of the local Chinese, it is just a tool of the Japanese."These are of course public opinion.However, the report did not dare to condemn Japan's aggression, and openly advocated "Manchurian autonomy" to be managed jointly by "international cooperation", in an attempt to turn China's Northeast into the common sphere of influence of all major Western powers.This report, of course, was opposed by the Chinese people.However, Hu Shi wrote an article to praise this report, saying that it is a "report representing the public opinion of the world"; Seven months of hard work deserves our thanks and salute."Hu Shi also fully accepted the so-called "Manchurian autonomy", saying that he "sees no reason to object." ③As soon as this article was published, it was questioned and criticized by Zheng Luosheng and others. ④ However, Hu Shi still did not change his original intention, and wrote many articles in succession, such as "The Great Significance of the New Draft Resolution of the League of Nations", "The Future of International Mediation", "Review of the League of Nations Report and Recommendations", and ⑤ continued to spread opinions on the League of Nations The fantasy, hoping to solve the Sino-Japanese issue through international "mediation" and "assistance".

However, Japanese imperialism only recognizes rape and disregards world public opinion.Hu Shi was also very contradictory at times, feeling that the fantasy of the League of Nations was unrealistic, and he must also emphasize the self-help of the nation.He once said: We have reached this point, and we can no longer appease ourselves under the guise of looking forward to the League of Nations badge.Whether countries in the world can tolerate Japan's provocative attitude for a long time, and whether they still have the determination to unite and sanction a black sheep—that is not what we should pay special attention to.We cannot depend on others, only on ourselves.We should make up our minds to make a five-year or ten-year self-rescue plan, grit our teeth and do some planned work, and prepare for "long-term hard work" in all aspects of military affairs, politics, economy, diplomacy, and education.No matter how international politics changes, a nation that cannot save itself will not receive sympathy and assistance from others.Luck is flying all over the sky, and it can't fly to the head of lazy people who can't help themselves! ⑥ It should be said that Hu Shi is still enlightened.But his doctrine of non-resistance is deeply rooted and has a long history.As early as when he was studying in the United States, he was a faithful believer in Lao Tzu's "non-dispute" philosophy and Christian non-resistance.Back then, my classmates studying in the United States insisted on fighting against Japan in order to protest the "21" proposed by the Japanese imperialists. However, Hu Shi advocated "moderation" and "calmness" and opposed resistance to Japanese aggression. His classmates scolded him as "hard-hearted." ⑦ Nearly 20 springs and autumns have passed, and in the face of the new atrocities committed by the Japanese imperialists in aggression against China, Hu Shi still repeated the old tune of non-resistance, and thought his attitude was "sensible patriotism".However, his argument coincided with the non-resistance policy of the Chiang Kai-shek government back then.

The Chinese nation has a profound patriotic tradition.Patriotic compatriots from all walks of life, especially passionate youths, rushed to call for the government to resist aggression and save the country from disaster, and the anti-Japanese movement flourished throughout the country.The non-resistance policy of Chiang Kai-shek of the Kuomintang became more and more unpopular. In April 1933, there was a Mr. Xu Bingchang in Xi'an, who claimed to be a "quasi-member" of "Independent Review" and also advocated resistance to Japan.He wrote to "Independence Review", hoping that the friends of "Independence" would jointly issue a declaration, "advocating resolute war"; and asked Hu Shi's recent opinions? ⑧Hu Shi still insisted on his non-resistance theory, and he replied to Xu Bingchang: :

Mr. Xu especially wants to know my opinion on the main battle. I can say: I can't stand against my conscience and advocate war. . . . My own reason and training do not permit me to advocate war.I extremely admire those heroes who fought desperately for the motherland, but my conscience does not allow me to use my pen to blame everyone for having to use his blood and flesh to fight the most brutal and cruel modern weapons. ⑨ Facing the advanced weapons of the Japanese invaders, Hu Shi was extremely pessimistic and helpless because of his country's weakness.He thought that only through compromise and peace can the country avoid greater losses. A responsible political commentator must be calm and not lightly resist.This is an important ideological root of his insistence on non-resistance and fantasy of League of Nations mediation.He is indeed calm, but he is indeed so cold that he has a "heart of wood and stone"!

In 1933, the Japanese army invaded and occupied Rehe again, aggressively attacked the pass, and approached the south of the Great Wall. The situation in Pingjin and North China was very critical.The Kuomintang government was at a loss and had no choice but to negotiate and beg for peace.In May of this year, Hu Shi wrote an article "The Importance of Preserving North China", continuing to play a low-key role, advocating a partial truce in North China in order to "preserve North China", believing that China "absolutely has no ability or solution" at this time. , "The armistice in North China is a last resort, and we should be able to understand it." ⑩He defended the Kuomintang government's begging for peace and non-resistance in such a way that Fu Sinian became even more furious. He changed his attitude of being very respectful to Hu Shi's executive teacher in the past, wrote a letter of protest, and declared that he would quit the independent review agency.From this point alone, it can be seen how unpopular Hu Shi's non-resistance and low-key singing is!

Hu Shi sang non-resistance low-key, very unpopular, delaying and delaying the responsibility of resisting Japan and saving the country, naturally cannot be shirked; but it should not be said that he surrendered and betrayed the country because of this.He advocated compromise and negotiation with Japan, also out of a sense of patriotic responsibility, so he insisted on "eliminating the puppet state of Manchuria" as his goal. On February 14, 1933, Japan clamored in its reply to the League of Nations: "The Japanese government firmly believes that the maintenance and recognition of the independence of 'Manchukuo' is the only guarantee for peace in the Far East." Under such circumstances, Hu Shi believed that "there is absolutely no The possibility of negotiating with Japan".He said:

At this time, all the people in China should understand this point: the goal of the negotiations is to abolish the puppet state of Manchuria and restore the integrity of China's territorial and administrative sovereignty in the three northeastern provinces and Rehe; except for this condition, China must not negotiate with Japan Start negotiating. ... In any case, we should never kneel first ourselves to admit the situation that Japan has created with violence and the whole world refuses to admit. In another place, when Hu Shi exposed the Japanese government's deceitful talk of "solving any outstanding cases" and realizing the so-called "amity between China and Japan", he also pointed out that "any outstanding cases" should of course include "Manchukuo" as the first The unresolved Sino-Japanese case that must be resolved.If this first unsolved case cannot be resolved, even if there is a solution to the other "any unsolved cases", it is impossible to eliminate the hatred between the two countries.He also highlighted:

To Japan and to the world, we must never avoid the Manchurian question. ...We must not ignore the lost land where the 30 million people are located because of the enemy's taboo, and let them be slaughtered by the Japanese warlords at will! People can see from this that when Hu Shi sang low-key, he did not forget the compatriots under the ravages of the Japanese army, nor did he forget the sacred territory and sovereignty of our country occupied by the invaders. In 1935, the Japanese imperialists launched a new attack on North my country, and instigated some pro-Japanese traitors to launch the so-called "Five Provinces Autonomy Movement", plotting to change the five North China provinces into the "Second Northeast".The Kuomintang government actually assigned Song Zheyuan, Wang Yitang and others to contemplate organizing the "Jicha Political Affairs Committee" to cater to Japan's aggressive ambition of "specializing North China". In mid-November, Song Zheyuan held a talk meeting in Jurentang, Beiping, entertaining people from all walks of life in Peiping. Hu Shishi invited him to attend the meeting, and made a generous speech at the meeting, opposing the so-called "Hebei-Chahar Autonomy"; Manifesto against any conspiracy to break away from the central government and undermine national unity.He also wrote a special article on "North China Issues", pointing out:

No region should be allowed to separate from the center at this time and become an independent region protected by outsiders.At this time of national unification, if there is any incident that undermines the unification, the person presiding over it will definitely become the object of hatred of the people of the whole country, and will definitely become a great sinner in history who can never be washed away by filial sons and grandchildren. "One mistake will cause eternal hatred" is exactly the sentence we should keep in mind most today. Besides, the North China authorities must be deeply aware that under today's circumstances, all plans to make compromises are empty talk... don't you know that their persecution of North China's "self-government" is a 100% invasion of our sovereignty, a 100% violation of our sovereignty. The meddling in internal affairs is exactly one hundred percent seeking our territory! How can such fallacies be credulous!

Here, Hu Shi not only expressed my Chinese national righteousness, but also began to negate the compromise attitude of "seeking perfection through compromise".Since then, "Independent Review" has successively published Weng Wenhao's "We Should Efforts to Support Reunification", Fu Sinian's "Northern People and National Crisis", "The Chinese Nation is Whole", and Hu Shi's "Cleaning Up the Jicha Si Situation" and many other articles. Articles clearly opposed the conspiracy of "North China Autonomy".These circumstances tell people that Hu Shi and the "Independent Review" played a low-key role in the anti-Japanese policy, and encouraged the non-resistance doctrine of the Chiang Kai-shek government in public opinion, making mistakes; however, they are different from the pro-Japanese faction after all. Patriotic intellectuals. ① "The End of the War in Shanghai", contained in "Independent Review" No. 1, published on May 22, 1932. ② See "Independent Review" No. 5, published on June 19, 1932. The five principles proposed by the Japanese side were put forward by the Japanese government in a notice to the Chinese ministers stationed in Japan on October 19, 1931; on December 26 of the same year, the Japanese government issued a long statement, in which the fourth section mentioned these five principles again It is the prerequisite principle for direct negotiations between China and Japan, and its text is as follows: (1) Denying each other's aggressive policies and actions. (2) Respect for the preservation of Chinese territory. (3) The complete suppression of organized movements that impede mutual freedom of commerce and incite international hatred. (4) Effective protection of all peaceful businesses of the subjects of the Japanese Empire throughout Manchuria. (5) Respect the rights and interests of the Japanese Empire in the Treaty of Manchuria. ③ "A Report Representing World Public Opinion", contained in "Independent Review" No. 21, published on October 9, 1932. ④ On October 18, 1932, Zheng Luosheng, Fang Zhizhen, and Lin Youren sent a letter to Hu Shixin, concerning the disarmament of the three eastern provinces, the establishment of autonomous governments in the three eastern provinces, the Sino-Japanese treaty regarding Japanese interests, and the Sino-Japanese reconciliation judgment Non-aggression and Mutual Assistance Treaty, Fifth, Sino-Japanese Commercial Treaty, etc. Five issues, questioned and criticized Hu Shi, reflected to a considerable extent the views of intellectuals who safeguarded national interests and dignity at that time.See "Selected Correspondence of Hu Shi", Beijing Zhonghua Book Company, May 1, 1979, volume 1, pp. 136-139. ⑤ Contained in "Independent Review" Nos. 32, 34, and 39 respectively. ⑥ "Uchida's Challenge to the World", contained in "Independent Review" No. 16, published on September 4, 1932. (Third Edition Note) ⑦Refer to Chapter 3, Section 12 of this book. ⑧ See "Xi'an Correspondence" contained in "Independent Review" No. 46, published on April 16, 1933. ⑨ "My opinion is nothing more than that", contained in "Independent Review" No. 46.When Hu Shi later dictated his autobiography, he also said roughly the same meaning: My argument against immediate war against Japan in 1915 was unfortunately still relevant 20 years later when the Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937.During the six full years (1931-1937) of our country's difficult negotiations with Japan before the War of Resistance, I became a minority who opposed the war against Japan.During these six years my arguments against the war remained the same as they were then.The core of the problem is how can we fight? What will we use to fight against Japan? Our army is poorly trained and equipped; we have neither a navy nor an air force; and we don’t have a defense industry that can support the war. What will we use to fight against Japan? ? This is a tragedy.Unfortunately, neither China nor Japan had the wise leadership to try to avoid war. ⑩ "The Importance of Preserving North China", contained in the joint issue of "Independent Review" No. 52 and No. 53, published on June 3, 1933. See Hu Shi's "One Year Older", contained in "Independent Review" No. 151; published on May 19, 1935. which says: So far none of the independent members has been disbanded.Once, my article "The Importance of Preserving North China" (Nos. 52 and 53) aroused Meng Zhen's protest, and he wrote a letter saying that he would be separated from independence forever.But later we had a face-to-face conversation and we both understood each other. Meng Zhen is still a pillar of independent commentary. "We Can Wait Fifty Years," Independent Review, No. 44, April 2, 1933.This article cites the fact that Belgium was occupied by Germany in 1914, and it was restored in four years; France ceded two provinces to Prussia in 1871, and it took 48 years to recover the lost land. It was proposed that "we can wait for 50 years"! Although some of them died and revived confidence, but after all, too negative, too passive, too pessimistic! Therefore, it has been criticized and criticized by many people. "Solving "Any Unsolved Cases" Between China and Japan?", "Independent Review" No. 102, published on May 27, 1934. See Independent Review No. 179, published December 1, 1935. Contained respectively in "Independent Review" No. 180, 181, 182.