Chapter 9 Wang Guowei: Studying knowledge is endless

Wang Guowei (1877-1927), courtesy name Boyu and Jingan, nicknamed Guantang and Yongguan, Han nationality, was born in Yanguan Town, Haining, Zhejiang Province.A scholar in the late Qing Dynasty.An academic giant who has made outstanding achievements in literature, aesthetics, historiography, philosophy, ancient characters, archaeology, etc. in modern my country, and a master of Chinese studies.Wang Guowei is the pioneer of Chinese classical literature and the pioneer of combining history and archaeology in the history of Chinese historiography.At that time, he was praised as "the end of China's academics in the past 300 years, and the pioneer of academics in the past 80 years."Liang Qichao praised him as "a scholar not only owned by China but also owned by the whole world".

When Wang Guowei was 17 years old, he went to Hangzhou to take the provincial examination, and was named Sun Shan.The reasons are obvious. One is that the energy is not focused on the "Four Books" and "Five Classics", but on history books and other miscellaneous books; Knowing that there are still so-called new scholars in the world, the family is poor and can’t afford goods to study abroad, and they live in constant dismay”——the influence of “new learning” and the longing for “study abroad” have fundamentally shaken his thought of fame and fame, and made him consciously give up. The study of "Shiwen" and "Tie Kuo"; the fifth is the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. China suffered a disastrous defeat. The Qing government was forced to sign the "Treaty of Shimonoseki" with Japan, which humiliated the country. More than 1,300 candidates from various provinces in the township examination held the famous "public letter", requesting reform.From then on, the awakened scholars held schools, established societies, created publications, and consciously placed themselves in the upsurge of self-improvement. Wang Guowei was no exception. He no longer wanted to sit on the bench in his study.His father, Wang Naiyu, also supported this.His younger brother recalled: "The first emperor used Kang and Liang Shu's comments to show my elder brother, and my elder brother abandoned the post and did not do it." His father's advanced thinking led to Wang Guowei's second failure in the imperial examination at the age of 20. .

When naturalism, which was popular in France in the 18th century, entered China from Japan, for a while, the sea of ​​learning was boiling, and those who echoed this theory were not out of knowledge. They were ignorant of the fundamental idea and ultimate goal of naturalism. They just want to dress up their own political ideas with the help of their branches and leaves, or use the influence of Western theories to dress up and transform China's political and ideological theories.However, very little energy has been devoted to the major aspects of Western political thought, such as the philosophy of life, cultural spirit, and so on.

And Wang Guowei is not one of them. He has written a number of refreshing treatises, and translated and introduced many western philosophy, aesthetics, psychology and other works.He analyzes traditional Chinese culture with Western philosophical thoughts and viewpoints, thinks about life, compares the differences between Chinese and Western cultures, and immerses himself in it like a madman. At that time, the Chinese studying in Europe and the United States mostly studied "Navy Manufacturing" and "Law", but did not study philosophy.The Chinese ideological circle has no power to "move", nor can it "pass".This situation plunged Wang Guowei into great pain. He strongly hoped to introduce Western cultural spirit and philosophical thought into China, but he did not want people to use Western cultural spirit and philosophical thought as a powerful weapon to save the Chinese nation.His thoughts and his life have never left this vicious circle of pessimism formed by history.

Wang Guowei used Schopenhauer's philosophical thoughts to study the famous Chinese classical novels, and wrote "A Commentary on A Dream of Red Mansions" in the summer of 1904.In the article, Wang Guowei believes that life is like a pendulum clock, reciprocating between "pain" and "boredom". "Briefness" is a kind of "suffering", and removing "suffering" is "happiness", and the effort to transform suffering into happiness is also a kind of suffering.After happiness, the pain will be deeper; the more culture and knowledge, the more desires, and the more sensitive to pain.The desire of life cannot surpass life, and the nature of life is pain, so desire, life and pain have become one.A person's life is the embodiment of desire, life, and pain.

Borrowing comments, Wang Guowei pointed out: the ultimate goal of the pursuit of life is "liberation". "The way of liberation lies in birth and not in suicide. Those who are born are also those who reject all desires for life. He knows that there is no escape from pain in life, and he seeks people in the realm of lifelessness." It is also because of Schopenhauer Influenced by pessimistic thoughts, Wang Guowei believes that: Jin Chuaner fell into a well, chess player hit a wall, You Sanjie and Pan Youan committed suicide, Liu Xianglian, and Fangguan became monks, all of which are not real "liberation"; only Jia Baoyu, Xichun, The Zicuckoo trio got the correct relief.

Wang Guowei was melancholy and pessimistic by nature. In "The Preface to the Continuation of Jing'an Anthology", he said that he was "weak in constitution and melancholic in nature, and the problems in life were repeated before me. Since then, he decided to engage in philosophy."The pessimism and genius view in Schopenhauer's thoughts are deeply in line with Wang Guowei's melancholy character. Wang Guowei has always regarded himself as a genius and regarded himself as a genius.He believes that the happiness and pain of ordinary people are only the joy and pain of life; but geniuses have to endure deeper loneliness and pain because they can see the root of pain.But philosophy can't comfort his heart. In "Preface II", he said: "I have been tired of philosophy for a while. Most of the philosophical theories, most of the lovable ones are not credible, and the credible ones are not lovable... Knowing that they are credible is not lovable. Not being able to love, feeling cute but not being able to believe, this has been the greatest annoyance in the past two or three years, and recently the hobby has gradually shifted from philosophy to literature, and those who want to seek direct comfort in it.” But he also said: "The nature of the rest is that if you want to be a philosopher, you will have a lot of emotion and a little bit of knowledge. If you want to be a poet, you will have a lot of emotion and a lot of reason. Is it poetry? Is it between the two?" Aesthetics has become a way to escape the pain of life, but his inner conflict of both wisdom and emotion makes it difficult for him to find a "dynamic balance".Therefore, he lamented that life is like "working hard on the Qiantang River, flowing westward day by day, and heading eastward to the sea day by day".

After Wang Guowei was 35 years old, he devoted himself to the textual research of classics, history, and ancient characters. He just wanted to stay away from reality, hoping to be far away from himself, as evidenced by a saying: "There are many things in the life of concealing scrolls, and when you are full, you become more worried and stubborn. Resentment for the remnants of the spring. There is nothing to pass the day while sitting awake, and it is even more destined to follow the routine to make red lead, worry about five minutes and be happy." Can "do red lead" (that is, the matter of textual research) make a sentimental person forget his worries?This can only make Wang Guowei more melancholy and have few friends.Wang Guowei is a person who is obsessed with ideals. He yearns for a kind of non-utilitarian and pure learning. Therefore, he criticizes Kang Youwei, Wei Yuan, and Yan Fu's academic behavior based on politics or utility. The world is turbid and I am alone in the sense of independence, just as Liang Qichao said: "I can't die, but because I can neither submit to the society nor submit to the society, I will commit suicide after all."

Wang Guowei's reading is straight to the back of the paper, and he has contributed to the prosperity of the Chinese nation's culture and the development and progress of Chinese academics.He is a great scholar, "the pioneer of new historiography", and a "person with a very scientific mind". Wang Guowei said in the "Preface to the Series of Chinese Studies": "The meaning of learning has not been understood by the world for a long time. Today, there are disputes among scholars between the new and the old, between China and the West, and between useful learning and useless learning. Yu Zheng told the world that "Learning is neither new nor old, neither Chinese nor Western, useless or useless, and those who make this name are those who do not learn, they are learners, and they do not know scholars."

In China at that time, there were only a handful of well-informed and honest old-fashioned scholars; most people who studied Western studies just wanted to embellish their appearance.It is one of the few that can run through the fine and the broad, as a lifelong career. Wang Guowei believes that all studies, regardless of Chinese and Western, are useless and useful.Taking modern Europe as an example, he pointed out that the progress of agriculture, industry and commerce was originally rooted in the prosperity of physics and chemistry.What is the relationship between the profundity and simplicity of physics and chemistry and steam and telecommunications?What is the relationship between zoology and botany and arboriculture and animal husbandry?How does astronomy relate to navigation and timekeeping?What is the relationship between psychology, sociology, politics and education?From a scientific point of view, this is the case, let alone history and literature!From another point of view, scholars do not shy away from the "deep, deep and remote thinking" of the universe and life, and scholars do not shy away from ridiculing the remoteness and tediousness. Things have no size, no distance, just think about it, and get the truth "Ji Zhi, get the truth. It will return extremely, and it is beneficial to the survival and well-being of human beings. If you don't do what you want, others should be able to do it; if you don't use it now, you should be able to use it in future generations. As far as I know, the reason why learning has been revered by ancient and modern China and the West is actually because of this; the foresight of the people, the guidance of politics and education, and the use of the source of wealth, regardless of this, are not just the reputation and glory of a country.

There is no new or old in learning, no Chinese and Western in learning, and no usefulness or uselessness in learning. This is the principle of Wang Guowei's reading and learning. In March 1907, Wang Guowei and his newly married step-wife Pan Lizheng went north to work in the Beijing Academy of the Qing Dynasty. They rented a house in Xinlianzi Hutong in Xuanwumen and settled down in a small family.At this time, Wang Guowei's interest in reading and research had completely shifted from philosophy to literature.As before, to make a living, Wang Guowei has to do things for others, ranging from two to three hours a day to three or four hours a day, while the time spent on reading and learning ranges from three to four hours to one or two hours.Due to physical reasons, he could not work at his desk for a long time. After a long time, he would lose his mind and lose concentration.In this case, he either goes to chat with friends, or reads miscellaneous books to relax his nerves and change his mind.If there is no special event, Wang Guowei's reading and research are very regular, and generally there will be no interruptions.As he said in "Preface 1", "The husband is poor in the rest of the world, his body is weak, and he has little time to study every day. If he perseveres, he can still achieve something small; what's more, he has twice the financial resources and energy. For the rest, proceed step by step, and what you can create is immeasurable!" "Persistence", neither slack nor slack, neither rush nor impatience, "progress step by step" is just another experience of Wang Guowei's reading and research . Achieving great careers and great knowledge requires gradual progress, which requires the gradual accumulation of knowledge. Only when the accumulation reaches a certain level can there be a leap and qualitative change, but attempts to take shortcuts, opportunistically, and cut corners, even the "first class" cannot. Enter.This is Wang Guowei's "trick" for learning.He believes that people with literary talents need to have "great cultivation", which should include: 1. Diligence; 2. Reading extensively; 3. Repeated practice; 4. Cultivation of mind. "Three kinds of classes" are "three kinds of realms", which are the three levels he divides for "doing learning": "The first realm-last night the west wind withered the green trees, went up to the tall building alone, and looked at the end of the world." , "Second state - the belt is getting wider and I don't regret it, and I am haggard because of Yixiao", "The third state - I searched for him thousands of times in the crowd, and suddenly I looked back, but the man was in a dimly lit place", three states Mutual connection, successively progressive, from quantitative change to qualitative change.The so-called "the west wind withered the green trees last night, I went up to the tall building alone, and looked at the end of the world", that is to say, the endless new knowledge is beckoning to the scholars, calling to the scholars, and its frequent waving and cordial calls quickly won the favor of the scholars. The response aroused the curiosity and interest of readers.Scholars are eager to try their hands, their minds are full of many fantasies, and they also have various plans and plans. Because they are surprised by the new knowledge coming to them and it is difficult to choose the object of lifelong research, they show a little bit. hesitation and melancholy.This is the first state, which is the initial stage. After weighing and comparing the research object, the scholar enters the extremely difficult stage of cultivation. After repeated exploration and examination, he has the deepest understanding of the object.The deeper the understanding, the deeper the love.This kind of love is voluntary, loyal, consistent, long-lasting, and completely dedicated. Therefore, "the belt is getting wider and I will never regret it, and I will make people haggard for Iraq!" Therefore, by necessity When the kingdom enters the kingdom of freedom, it goes from the second realm to the third realm, which is the highest realm. Reading and research have entered the kingdom of freedom, which marks a large-scale harvest.A large area of ​​harvest is based on hard work and hard study. "Looking for him in the crowd" is full of this kind of meaning.Countless setbacks and failures, but never wavered in the pursuit of the established goals.Its unrelenting results have led to a huge accumulation of knowledge and mastery. "Suddenly looking back, that person is in a dimly lit place", as if there is no place to find after breaking through iron shoes, and it takes no effort to get it.This kind of inadvertent discovery is based on hard work and sweat, it is not accidental or coincidental!It is a qualitative leap, the result of quantitative development and change, and it is through arduous practice that "necessity" is running towards "freedom"! During his more than 20 years of academic work, Wang Guowei spent most of his time reading and researching.He does not let go of the book and cherishes every inch of Yin, so the scope of his reading is very broad, which is far beyond the comparison of ordinary scholars at the same time.Xiao Ai pointed out in the book "Wang Guowei's Critical Biography" that before 1911, Wang Guowei's study objects were by no means Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, and Kant, nor was he limited to philosophy.Aristotle, Shakespeare, Goethe, Dante... He is familiar with all of them.He understands all the schools of realism and romanticism in literature.In other aspects, from Darwin's theory of evolution, the theory of competition for survival, to the works of the Roman medical scientist Elon, he dabbled in and was able to quote.It is conceivable that he is no stranger to various social trends in Europe.It is even more conceivable that Wang Guowei, as a researcher of opera, must have great interest in the humanist literature after the Renaissance and the works of the humanist writer Shakespeare, and he must learn from them and gain strength!Judging from the scope of reading and the use of time, Wang Guowei is a scholar with a strong sense of professionalism and will never be satisfied! Wang Guowei's reading is not influenced by tradition and others.He wants to read books that others have read; he also wants to read books that others have not read-"The style of opera is inferior to historical biography", "The great scholars of later generations all despise and never return to Taoism", and he has developed a unique way and penetrated deeply into the world. When it comes to opera, which is despised or even ignored by ordinary scholars, he has painstakingly achieved something that has never been done before. Wang Guowei's reading of opera works can indeed be called "painful and lonely".First of all, read all kinds of materials extensively, and then collect, organize and textualize the catalog to lay the foundation for the research.After the goal is clear and the scope is fixed, read more deeply, and then do some rough research on the history of opera, and express the experience and gains from reading, so as to check the effect of reading and find the lack of reading.On the premise of initially finding out the research object and setting the research center, continue to study, and then sort out, textualize, and research the obtained materials, and from the aspect of singing and dancing, read and sort out the materials around Tang and Song Daqu.These works were read through one by one, and Wang Guowei went a step further by reading relevant expositions of senior scholars. There are at least 2,000 rubbings of inscriptions in Luo Zhenyu's collection.Wang Guowei carefully read all of the more than 2,000 rubbings——he was able to study hard during the long summer and the cold weather.This is because Wang Guowei has already chosen the goal of his struggle, just like the monk with profound Taoism, who is not burdened by fame and fortune, not moved by money, not forced by life, not swayed by the world. "With a sack of food and a ladle of drink, in the back alleys, people are unbearable to worry about, and they will not change their joy when they return (note: Yan Yuan, a disciple of Confucius)." The hard study life has trained him to "do not regret when the belt gets wider and wider. The indomitable and indomitable perseverance that makes people haggard for Yixiao. Wang Guowei's arduousness, spirit of repeated review and reading, and his meticulous and serious attitude have created his unique and unique position in the study of gold and stones.If you don’t read extensively, study inscriptions on epigraphy, and are not very familiar with various ancient social and economic systems, it is impossible to acquire solid and profound skills, and it is impossible to have the courage to challenge the authority of epigraphy, and it is impossible to become a leader in the field of epigraphy. Dominance. On June 2, 1927, Wang Guowei went to the research institute after breakfast as usual.After arriving at the school, he first remembered that he forgot to bring the grade books of the students to the office, so he asked the workers of the research institute to pick them up at home.Afterwards, he met Hou Houpei, the secretary of the research institute's office, and chatted with Hou about the enrollment arrangement for the next semester. He talked about many of his own ideas and suggestions, and it took a long time before he broke up with Hou.When parting, Wang Guowei asked Hou Houpei to borrow three yuan of ocean, but Hou happened to have no currency with him, so he could only lend him banknotes.Wang Guowei took the money and walked out of the school.At the school gate, he hired a rickshaw and asked the driver to take him to the Summer Palace not far from Tsinghua Garden.It was about ten o'clock in the morning when we arrived at the Summer Palace.Wang Guowei gave the money for the car and asked the coachman to wait at the gate of the garden, then went straight into the Summer Palace.In early summer, the Summer Palace is lush with green mountains and green waters.But near noon, there are few tourists in the park.Wang Guowei stopped for a long time at the Yuzao Pavilion on the west side of Paiyun Hall, smoked his last cigarette, and then jumped into Kunming Lake.At that time, a garden worker (sometimes said to be a patrolman) was not far from the place where Wang Guowei fell into the water. Hearing the sound of falling into the water, he rushed to rescue him. It took only about a minute or two, but Wang Guowei had already died.Although the lake in front of Yuzaoxuan is less than two feet deep, the bottom of the lake is full of soft silt. When Wang Guowei sank into the water, his mouth and nose were blocked by the mud. The garden workers who heard the sound did not know how to first aid. Wang Guowei finally died of suffocation.When the garden workers rescued Wang Guowei from the water, his underwear was still wet. If he could be rescued in time with artificial respiration, he might be saved, but this was delayed. A generation of masters of Chinese studies quietly left like this. At noon, the rickshaw hired by Wang Guowei was still waiting outside the Summer Palace, and his family waited for him to eat for a long time without seeing anyone return.At around 2:00 p.m., the family members went to the school to inquire.So Hou Houpei went to the school gate and asked the coachmen, and learned that the car carrying Wang Guowei had gone to the Summer Palace and had not returned yet.Hou Houpei immediately got on his bicycle and went to the Summer Palace to find someone.Previously, Wang Guowei's son Zhenming had inquired about the situation at the school gate and rushed to the Summer Palace, where he met the coachman who was taking his father to the Summer Palace on the way. .Because the coachman waited for Wang Guowei outside the Summer Palace until three o'clock in the afternoon, he heard that someone threw water in the garden, and when he entered the garden, he found that the deceased was the person he was waiting for.When Zhenming arrived at the Summer Palace and confirmed that the deceased was his father, it was already four o'clock in the afternoon. The bad news spread to Tsinghua Garden. About 30 people, including the principal, dean, professors, teaching assistants and students of the research institute, rushed to the Summer Palace in two cars at about 9:00 p.m. Professor Mi.But at this time the gate of the garden was closed, and the guards were not allowed to enter. After repeated negotiations, the principal Cao Yunxiang, the provost Mei Yiqi, and the head of the security department, Wu, were allowed to visit.The next day, many staff, staff, students and Wang Guowei's family members went to the Summer Palace again.At this time, Wang Guowei's body was still parked in the Yuzao Pavilion. The family and the coroner found a suicide note from Wang Guowei's pocket. On the cover was written: "Send it to Mr. Wang Zhenming, No. 18, West Courtyard." The final payment date And the signature is: "The second day of May, father's name." The suicide note was written by Wang Guowei the day before his death, and he put it in his pocket before leaving.Later, people moved Wang Guowei's body to the three huts under the eunuch in the old inner court outside the northwest corner of the garden for burial.At 7 o'clock in the evening that day, Wang Guowei's coffin was sent to the Gangbing Temple in the south of Tsinghua Garden to rest.In addition to Wang Guowei's family and students from Tsinghua Research Institute, professors Wu Mi, Chen Yinke, Mei Yiqi, and Chen Da from Tsinghua University, professor Ma Heng from Peking University, professor Rong Geng from Yanda University, and Liang Shuming were present to see him off on this day. . Wang Guowei's act of sinking himself shocked the Tsinghua University and even the academic circles. People all felt sorry for the loss of such an outstanding master of Chinese studies.On the day Wang Guowei committed suicide, Liang Qichao had already left Tsinghua University. He returned to Tsinghua University after receiving the bad news.He lamented Wang Guowei's death to the extreme. He commented on Wang Guowei to his daughter: "This method of public governance is extremely new and extremely secret. This year, I am only 51 years old. If it is delayed for another ten years, it will be invented by the Chinese academic circle. It will be limitless. Gu Jiegang, a young scholar at the time, compared Wang Guowei's death with Kang Youwei's death in March of the same year. He said: Mr. Kang Changsu passed away, and I took it lightly.In terms of learning, I was no less influenced by him than Mr. Jing An. Since I admired him, why didn't I feel sad about his death?Because his knowledge only started at the beginning, and he did not continue to work on it.So Kang Youwei in the academic world died at the age of 36. "As for Mr. Jing'an, he is indeed different from the Kang family. He is improving day by day. His great contributions have been made after the age of 35. In recent years, he has become more and more refined. He is the only one who works tirelessly and has become the only important town in China's academic circle. This year he is only 51 years old. If he can have a life span like Kang's, he really does not know how high his achievements can be." Now For the sake of the academic world, he actually "did not give up in the middle way". His death was an extremely heavy loss, a sacrifice that could not be priced.The words of Liang Qichao and Gu Jiegang reflect the deep regret of the academic circle for Wang Guowei's death. On June 16, the mourning ceremony for Wang Guowei was held in the Quanzhe Guild Hall in Xiaxie Street, Beijing. People sent elegiac couplets one after another. For his outstanding achievements, he wrote: "His learning is based on knowing the way and knowing the class. It not only translates strange characters, but also creates a tortoise. It is shameful to know and practice after death. Don't guess the grievances and grievances of ordinary people. "Chen Yinke's elegiac couplet has a deeper feeling: "Dare to cry out your personal friendship, and lose your whole life in the cultural China. Yuejia has not been shamed by the public, and Xiangleining is like the common people. What we have learned is related to God's will and the world. Knowing the truth of jealousy. Winning the clean water of the Qing Dynasty, weeping every year and saying that the spirit is equal." Wu Mi expressed his views on Wang Guowei's self-sinking in the elegiac couplet: "The Li Palace is still the same as the previous dynasty. Shen Quzi; the catastrophe happened on this day, when the country was ruined and the country was weary, Haiyu wept for Zheng Jun." Hundreds of dirge couplets received at the memorial service fully expressed people's mourning and regret for Wang Guowei. Affection.In addition, Beijing's "Guoxue Monthly", "Guoxue Luncong" and Tianjin's "Ta Kung Pao" and other local newspapers have successively published "Mr. Wang Jing'an Special Issue", "Mr. Wang Jing'an Memorial", "Mr. Wang Jing'an's Death Anniversary" Waiting for the album to commemorate.Wang Guowei's death also caused shock in overseas academic circles. Japanese scholars held a memorial meeting for Mr. Wang Guowei in Osaka City. Wang Guowei's Japanese friends and scholars attended the meeting to commemorate or write poems to pay tribute to him. In 1927, the eighth and ninth issues of the Japanese magazine "Yiwen" (18 volumes) were all used to recall Wang Guowei's academic work.French scholar Pelliot also wrote many articles to introduce Wang Guowei's achievements to readers.He wrote in the 26th issue of the "Bulletin": As an old friend of Wang Guowei, I often mentioned his name and quoted his extensive and rich achievements many times. Modern China has never produced such an advanced And dabble in such a rich polymath.All this shows that Wang Guowei has won people's general respect with his great academic achievements. After Wang Guowei's death, his family found a suicide note written the day before his death among his belongings.The suicide note is clear and well-considered, which shows that the deceased did not seek death hastily.This is consistent with Wang's uncharacteristic behavior in the days before his death.However, at the beginning of the suicide note, "Fifty years, only one death is owed. After the changes in this world, there will be no more humiliation", but it left all kinds of doubts for the living, and it has become the cause of his self-destruction for more than 70 years. The "mystery" that is difficult to determine. The cause of Wang Guowei's death was kept secret from beginning to end by his relatives.There are several types of conjectures: One is the theory of "sacrificing the Qing Dynasty".Wang is an old man of the Qing Dynasty, and he has a sense of admiration for the emperor Puyi. Wang Guowei, as a scholar, was called by Puyi to break the old system of "walking in the South Study Room" in the Qing Dynasty. ——With this ideological foundation and the mentality of leaving the elderly, it seems reasonable to commit suicide to "end the festival" when the "nest is overturned" will come again.Therefore, Liang Qichao compared Boyi and Shuqi with not eating Zhou Su, which was held by Cao Yunxiang, Luo Zhenyu, Wu Mi, the president of Tsinghua University at that time.In the article "Talking about the so-called "Da Nei Archives"", Lu Xun claimed that the king "put an end to the life of the elderly in the water", which shows that this is also the case.However, those who oppose this theory believe that Wang Guowei is different from Luo Zhenyu, Zheng Xiaoxu, and Chen Baochen.However, Wang Guowei, who led Tsinghua University, devoted himself to academics without distractions.Although he is "loyal to the Qing", he is not a dog like a dog, so that he is "foolishly loyal" to the extent of "sacrificing the Qing".That's why someone said at the time: "Look at the will next to him, why is there a word with a blank space at the beginning? Is this what a martyr is like?" The second is the theory of "pressing debts".At that time, Puyi said in it: Shaoying, the Minister of Internal Affairs, commissioned Wang to sell the calligraphy and paintings in the palace. Luo Zhenyu knew about it. Shaoying confessed, so he was ashamed and wanted to die.At that time, the newspapers also reported that Wang had lost money in business cooperation with Luo and owed Luo huge debts.After Luo's son-in-law (Wang's eldest son Qianming) died, there was a rift between Luo and Wang. Luo ordered his daughter to stay in his house to observe festivals for her husband, and forced the king to pay him 2,000 yuan a year for his living expenses.Wang Guowei, a scholar, was in debt, mixed with shame and anger, and short-sighted.This statement was broadcast by Mr. Guo Moruo, and it is almost conclusive.However, judging from the arrangements for the funeral in Wang's suicide note and other evidence afterwards, Wang Guowei was not in debt enough to commit suicide during his lifetime. The third is "fear". In the spring of 1927, the Northern Expeditionary Army marched to the north, and the Feng and Yan armies changed flags, shaking the capital.Some people think that Wang Guowei committed suicide because he was afraid that he, an old man from the former Qing Dynasty, would fall into the hands of the Northern Expeditionary Army and suffer humiliation; Wang also regarded the braids on the back of his head as his life. , Moruo self-destruction.But at that time, many people despised this kind of statement, thinking that it was not in line with Wang Guowei's way of dealing with the world. The fourth is the theory of "remonstration and resistance".It is believed that Wang Guowei's throwing into the lake is similar to Qu Yuan's throwing into the river. He used the "corpse remonstrance" to persuade Puyi to follow Luo Zhenyu and others' ideas, and planned to go east to Japan for refuge. The fifth is the theory of "cultural martyrdom".Chen Yinke, who is also a teacher of Tsinghua University with Wang Guowei, and who has the same spirit and has a close relationship, first commented on the death of the king by "sacrificing the Qing Dynasty", and later thought: "When a kind of cultural value declines, the people transformed by this culture You must feel pain, and the more extensive it is to express this culture, the more pain you will suffer; since it has reached an extremely deep level, it is definitely not out of suicide because you can't seek peace of mind and feel righteous." "Gai today Chixian Shenzhou is worth a huge catastrophe that has not been seen in thousands of years. If the catastrophe becomes poor, the people who are condensed by this cultural spirit will die together without sharing their fate. Mr. Guantang had to die, so for Those who are deeply mourned and cherished by future generations in the world." Chen Yinke's interpretation immediately resonated with people of the same kind, and had an important influence in the cultural world.But Chen Zhi's point of view is not so much an explanation of Wang Guowei's death, but rather a reflection of Wang Guowei's spirit with his own mentality. The last point of view is "factors".With a survivor desperate for the fall of the Qing Dynasty, with a scholar desperate for the decline of a culture, and a scholar with no basis for his life——When Wang Guowei wandered in the corridor of the Summer Palace, he recalled that "those who sink themselves can revisit in an instant The motto of "his life experience", then "jump up in front of Yuzaoxuan".Perhaps this is the "answer" to Wang Guowei's suicide. Wang Guowei has been married twice.The first time was in 1896, when he was 20 years old. Stimulated by the defeat in the Sino-Japanese War, he wanted to study in Japan.But his father firmly disagreed, saying that the most important thing now is to "seek food and clothing", and as for studying, that will be ten years later.Wang Guowei had no choice but to obey his father's order to "get married and start a career"—he got married and went to the Shen family in this city to work as a school teacher. Wang Guowei's new wife's surname is Mo. Her family has been in business for generations, and her family seems to be better off than the Wang family.Wang and Mo's two families had been engaged for a long time. When Wang Guowei was 14 years old and became famous in the village as the first of the "Four Talents of Haining", his father-in-law was full of praise for this future son-in-law.Of course, Lao Taishan would not have imagined that after his daughter got married, his son-in-law would go to Shanghai to work in the "Current Affairs" office two years later because of "poor family and could not afford to study abroad with funds". Year "Cowherd and Weaver Girl". Wang Guowei has a very good relationship with this Mrs. Mo. Although we can’t find any direct written evidence, we can still see from the tender and lingering words he left behind that this cowherd in a foreign land is very fond of Mrs. Mo. The ardent miss of Zhinv at home sent "Qing Ping Le". At the bottom of the cherry blossoms, meet each other in a bun.The silver jar has unlimited meaning, and it disappears into a deep sleep with clothes on.At that time, I hurried to the west window, and I thought about it after I left.It is expected that the end of the world will have a different day, but Yingsi is bleak tonight. When Wang Guowei was teaching in Suzhou Normal University, he often "entertained himself with lyrics", and often expressed his miss for his wife in his lyrics, such as Sandie's "Xihe". In the weeping willows, Lanzhou was tied that day.Thousands of sails are exhausted, only Yiren does not come with the book.It's strange that the channel touches my heart, and I usually miss women and wanderers. Last night's dream, I remember it clearly, flying through the smoke and water several times.The west wind blows, and the lanterns are crumbling.Xiao Shen stayed at the Phoenix Terrace, and the sound of cries of poison was urged. The brocade book is in the bottom of the sleeve, and the people are far away, and the purple is thousands of miles away.It's like never remembering each other.If there is love, come back early, don't send a piece of boring lovesickness! Since Wang Guowei left his hometown at the age of 22, he has traveled from east to west, from north to south, and rarely returned to Haining.The longest time I stayed at home was to "keep the system" for my late father-from August 1906 to April 1907, a total of eight months.At that time, the elders in his hometown had jointly invited him to serve as the director of the academic affairs of the Haining Prefecture Persuasion Institute, but he resolutely declined.Unexpectedly, only three months after he returned to Beijing, he got the news that his wife was critically ill, and hurried back. Ten days later, his wife passed away. After his wife died, Wang Guowei wandered by the river, facing the ebb and flow of the tide, his heart felt empty, but his eyes were full of scenes of his wife dying, so he wrote "Poppy". The cuckoo sings thousands of miles away in the Spring Festival Gala, and the spring heart of the hometown is broken.Haimen is empty and the moon is white, and the night tide is still coming with plain cars and white horses. The mountains, rivers and city walls are not the same, and the grievances and grievances are mistaken for a moment.The loneliness and indignation in the world are the most difficult to calm down. How many times does the tide ebb and flow? Mrs. Mohs left behind three boys, the oldest was eight years old and the youngest was only three years old.Wang Guowei entrusted the children to his stepmother, Mrs. Ye Tai, and temporarily returned to the school where he worked, but he still couldn't cheer up. Wang Guowei wrote many mourning speeches for his wife. Huanxi yarn Don't cry when you are in the middle of the year, the wax torch in the west window is still there.Ten years of unbearable dreams.The handle of the bucket hangs down to the sky and goes straight to the north, and the guest is worried about sitting on the end of the year.No one can recall Chang'an. butterfly love flower In the setting sun, thousands of mountains cry Du Yu, and if they are sent back to others, they will not be left to live in.Naturally, the soul goes away first, and the desolate sick bed has no words. Count the past leisurely and carefully: Seeing that he was born, but afraid that he will make a mistake.Even if the alliance is not lost in the end, can you remember this life at that time? Ye Jinmen On the lonely side, tell the traces of ten years.In the remnant night, there is no energy in the world, and the green window is cold.The fallen leaves are in a mess, and the tall trees are dewy and green.The dew point is sparse and the words are dense, and the old love is nowhere to be found. Su Muzhe Tired leaning on the railing, embracing the bun low, plumping the cheeks and trimming the eyebrows, it's still the time of the year.Last night in Xichuang's remnant dream, there was a moment of joy, not like the world.Hate comes late, and it's easy to prevent waking up. Suspicion in dreams, not to mention waking up.The cold moon is full of windows, people can't sleep, and the fragrance is turned into ashes, and they always make ileum! Hu Shi once said that after reading Wang Guowei's poems, he thought he was a romantic and talented man at first, but after meeting him, he realized that was not the case.Most of Wang Guowei's poems are dirges from the heart. A few months later, Wang Guowei's stepmother Mrs. Ye Tai also passed away, and this time no one took care of her children.Relatives all advised him to remarry, but he himself could not make up his mind.In the end, his mother-in-law, Mrs. Mo Tai, decided to renew the marriage for him. Wang Guowei's second wife, surnamed Pan, was a distant cousin of his ex-wife Mo Shi, and according to Wang Dongming, Wang Guowei's daughter, she was Mo Shi's cousin.This Mrs. Pan is like Su Dongpo's second wife. She has worked hard all her life, managed housework and raised children for her husband. She is a standard good wife and mother.In addition to the three sons born to his ex-wife, Pan later gave birth to three more sons and five daughters (two of whom died young).Wang Guowei didn't care about housework all his life, and everything in the family was handled by Pan's family.From Wang Guowei's letter to Luo Zhenyu, we can see that the Pan family is really a pillar in the Wang family.Once she had a toothache, which was terribly painful, but when the children had a fever one after another, her dental disease "healed quickly"! When Luo Zhongan talked about the Wang family affairs, he said: "When there is a dispute in the family, the husband does not control Mrs. Pan, and people call him a 'golden man'." Ms. Wang Dongming, Wang Guowei's daughter, explained that the "golden man" means Wang Guowei is silent Just silence. Pan treats the three sons born to his ex-wife as if they were his own.When Wang Guowei committed suicide at the age of 50, his third son, Zhenming, was not yet old enough to marry. Later, Zhenming's marriage was also arranged by Pan.The second son, Gao Ming, once warned his wife: "My brother, he was brought up by his stepmother, and he took great pains. You must do your best to be a son-in-law, and you must not be slow!" This unfortunate but strong woman supported a family with many children after her husband died. She lived nearly half a century longer than Wang Guowei. According to Chen Hongxiang's "Wang Guowei Biography": "Mrs. Died at Taipei Hospital."