Chapter 18 Schedule Qing Dynasty Official System

Divided into clan and Jueluo. Whether life is good or bad depends on the relationship between ancestors and Tu Keshi.Ta Keshi is the father of Qing Taizu Nurhachi, who gave birth to five sons, and the descendants of these five sons are the clan.The descendants of Takshi's uncles and brothers are all Jueluo. Prince, County King, Baylor, Beizi, Duke (Feng En Zhen Guo Gong, Feng En Fu Guo Gong, Zhen Guo Gong, Fu Guo Gong), General (Zhen Guo General, Fu Guo General, Feng Guo General, Feng En General) , idle clan.Except for outstanding military achievements, the prince's son can inherit the title of prince after the emperor's special favor, and the rest of the prince's descendants will be degraded and inherited.

Of course you will ask, with so many levels, it is already dazzling, why is the level of "public" divided into those who are engraved and those who are not? Because of "eight points". Nurhachi designated the descendants of Aixinjueluo as eight families, and each banner was a family, and the Eight Banner clans shared political and economic privileges according to the principle of "equal distribution among eight families".Only those with higher status in the imperial clan (above Fengen Fu Guogong) can enjoy the right to participate in state affairs, commonly known as "entering eight points".And Zhen Guogong's descending is called "not scoring eight points".

Most emperors of the Qing Dynasty suffered from persecution paranoia, and the first thing they did when they woke up every day was to figure out how to guard against the Han people.After a long time of suffering, it finally broke out in the Yongzheng Dynasty.As a result, the cabinet, the highest authority since the Ming Dynasty, was directly emptied by the newly established Military Aircraft Department. The Wenhua Hall and Wuying Hall in the Forbidden City were originally the offices of cabinet bachelors, and cabinet ministers were equivalent to prime ministers when they had the highest status, such as Zhang Juzheng.And for patients like Yongzheng who have a strong desire to control and are energetic like a Scorpio, it's fine if he doesn't kill people, and you want to match him with a prime minister?

The orders issued by the emperor of the Qing Dynasty can be divided into two types: issuing an edict directly and sending an edict by letter.The imperial edict of the Ming Dynasty was drafted by the cabinet scholars, and issued to the central ministries after the emperor approved it. The letter sent by the Military Aircraft Department is much more important. The Minister of Military Aircraft will prepare it for the emperor to see. If there is no problem, the emperor will seal it and stamp it with a seal of "Handling the Military Aircraft Department".Once this seal is affixed, it is highly classified and no one can read it.For example, regarding financial issues, even the Secretary of the Ministry of Household Affairs cannot read the letter sent to the governor of Jiangsu.

The edicts of the Tang and Song Dynasties were public, and the prerequisite for them to be effective was the seal of the prime minister. The emperor alone did not count, and the power of the monarch and the prime minister mutually restricted each other.However, in the Qing Dynasty, especially in the Yongzheng Dynasty, which engaged in black-box politics in every detail, dictatorship developed to an astonishing level. No matter whether it is a "big military machine" of the first rank (Military Minister) or a "small military machine" of the fourth rank (Military Machine Zhang Jing, the official of the Minister of Military Aircraft), it cannot be compared with the cabinet scholars of the Ming Dynasty, but only implements the emperor's personal will. private secretary.

The six ministries of the Qing Dynasty, the Ministry of Officials (appointment and removal of civil officials), the Ministry of Households (household registration and finance), the Ministry of Rites (diplomatic imperial examinations), the Ministry of War (appointment and removal of military officials), the Ministry of Punishment (legislative judgment) and the Ministry of Industry (engineering manufacturing), compared with the Ming Dynasty, also Greatly shrunk.Although the censors of the ministers and the Metropolitan Procuratorate (central discipline inspection agency) are still in the high position of the first rank, and the ministers of the ministries and the deputy capital censors of the Metropolitan Procuratorate are in the high position of the second rank. One for each, one for the left and one for the man and one for the Han, a total of six hall officials, all of whom can tell the emperor secretly and restrain each other, no one can dominate.

Coupled with the fact that the emperor often skipped the six departments and directly communicated with the localities, the officials of the six departments have largely become nominal decorations. The hall officials are all soy sauce, and the people below are just doing nothing. Each ministry has a different number of divisions, the director Lang Zhong (the fifth rank), the deputy director Yuan Wai Lang (the fifth rank), and the chief officer (the sixth rank). In addition, agencies directly under the central government include: Li Fanyuan (manages the affairs of ethnic minorities such as Mongolia and Tibet, and Han people are not allowed to be admitted to the hospital), and the chief is Cong Yipin Shangshu;

The Ministry of Internal Affairs (Royal Office), the executive is the chief of the second-rank Ministry of Internal Affairs; Hanlin Academy (the highest academic institution), the executive is a bachelor from the second-rank academy; There are under the ranks of Bachelor of Attendance, Bachelor of Attendance (from the fourth rank), attendant reading and lecture (from the fifth rank), editing and writing (from the sixth rank, the position will be awarded as the number one scholar in the examination), editing (the seventh rank, passing the examination) No. 2 and Tanhuali are awarded this post), review (from the seventh rank, the second-class and third-class Jinshi are selected to recruit Shu Jishi, and those who stay in the library for a period of time and pass the assessment will be awarded this post, and the rest will be sent to various ministries as directors);

Dali Temple (Supreme Court), the chief is the third-rank Dali Temple Secretary; Department of General Administration (uploaded and issued, and received memorials from various provinces), the chief is the third-rank general administration envoy; Clan Mansion (managing the affairs of the royal family), the chief is the Cheng Sanpin Clan Mansion Cheng; Guozijian (Central University), the chief is from the fourth product offering wine; In addition, there are twelve false titles handed down from the Zhou Dynasty, which are equivalent to the current senior titles. Taishi, Taifu, and Taibao (Three Dukes, Zheng Yipin Ci);

Prince Taishi, Prince Taifu, and Prince Taibao (three masters, bestowed from the first rank); Shaoshi, Shaofu, Shaobao (three orphans, bestowed from the first rank); The Prince Shaoshi, the Prince Shaofu, and the Prince Shaobao (the third young master, the second grade bestowed). There is no quota, and the meritorious ministers are bestowed according to the emperor's preference. The governor (the local governor in charge of the military, government and civil affairs of several provinces) is supposed to be the second rank, but because of the need to control military power, he often adds the title of Minister of the Ministry of War or the Imperial History of the Metropolitan Procuratorate, so most of them are subordinate to the first rank.

Governor of Zhili (administering one province of Zhili, with one in Baoding and one in Tianjin).In the late Qing Dynasty, the governor of Zhili concurrently served as the Minister of Beiyang in charge of foreign trade affairs, and his status was extremely noble, even above the Minister of Military Aircraft; Governor of Liangjiang (jurisdiction over Jiangsu, Anhui, and Jiangxi provinces, governing Nanjing).Concurrently served as the Minister of Nanyang, second only to the Governor of Zhili; Governor of Huguang (jurisdiction over Hunan and Hubei provinces, governed by Wuchang); Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi (jurisdiction over Guangdong and Guangxi provinces, governed by Guangzhou); Guangdong, Guangxi and Huguang have a very prominent status as governors because of their abundance of goods and convenient transportation routes; Governor of Fujian and Zhejiang (jurisdiction over Fujian and Zhejiang provinces, governed by Fuzhou); Governor of Sichuan (jurisdiction over Sichuan Province, governing Chengdu); Governor of Shaanxi and Gansu (jurisdiction over Shaanxi and Gansu provinces, governed by Xi'an).Shaanxi-Gansu only had a slight status when Zuo Zongtang was the governor; Governor of Yunnan and Guizhou (jurisdiction over Yunnan and Guizhou provinces, governing Kunming).The lowest status. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the governors of the three eastern provinces were added, with jurisdiction over Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Fengtian provinces, and Shenyang as the governing seat. In addition, the six provinces of Zhili, Hubei, Fujian, Sichuan, Guangdong, and Yunnan no longer had governors (secretaries of the provincial party committee of the second grade) in the Guangxu period, but the governors concurrently served.Shandong, Shanxi, and Henan have no governors, but only one governor. In addition, there are grain-related governors of warehouses (in charge of the world's granaries, the second grade), water transport governors (in charge of grain transshipment, the first grade), and river governors (in charge of the national waterways, the second grade). Chief envoy (from the second rank, commonly known as Fantai, the governor in charge of the civil affairs of a province). According to the procurator (Zheng Sanpin, commonly known as Standard Taiwan, the deputy governor in charge of a province's justice). Daotai (four grades, divided into guarding the road and patrolling the road).Shoudao manages several prefectures (cities) and counties, while patrolling the roads is equivalent to the current directors of various provinces, such as Liangdao (director of the Food Department) and Hedao (director of the Water Resources Department). Zhifu (from the mayor of the fourth rank), Tongzhi (the deputy mayor of the fifth rank).The government directly under the central government is one level higher, such as Shuntian Fuyin (the top administrative leader in Beijing) is the third grade. Further down is the state and county.States and counties are almost at the same level, and are often reorganized from special areas or prosperous and important counties. Zhizhou (from the fifth grade), the same state (from the sixth grade).County magistrate (seventh rank), county magistrate (eighth rank). There were 1,314 magistrates throughout the Qing Dynasty. Leading the Guard's Mansion (the chief is Zheng Yipin leading the guard and the inner minister, defending the Forbidden City). The infantry commanded the yamen (the chief was the admiral of the first rank and nine gates, defending Beijing). The ministers who lead the guards are responsible for the safety of the palace. They are of high rank, but there are not many people under them.And the admiral of the Nine Gates is a full-time professional, responsible for defending the entire Beijing city, with many soldiers and great power. The military system of the Qing Dynasty was divided into the Eight Banners Army and the Green Camp (Han Army). The Guard House was equivalent to the highest commanding body of the Eight Banners Army, and the Infantry Commanding Yamen was the highest commanding body of the Green Camp. The Eight Banners Army is divided into those stationed in Beijing and those stationed in other places. In Beijing, there are nine troops: Xiaoqi Battalion, Qianfeng Battalion, Guard Battalion, Infantry Battalion, Jianrui Battalion, Firearms Battalion, Shenji Battalion, Tiger Gun Battalion, and Shanpu Battalion. The battalion commander is the "commander" of the second rank, and the deputy is the "wing leader" of the third rank. The chief of the Eight Banners Garrison is a "general" from the first rank (only awarded to Manchus, which is different from the concept of "general" in titles), which is equivalent to the commander of a large military region that governs the Eight Banners in several provinces.Although it seems to be at the same level as the governor, the real power is far inferior to the latter.Some border provinces do not have governors, but generals are in charge of civil affairs. Below the general is the deputy capital of the second rank.Of course you will ask: where are the generals at the same level as the generals?In fact, the first chief of the Eight Banners Army and one banner was called Dutong (such as Dutong of the Zhengbai Banner). Later, after a long period of peace, all the banners were disbanded, and there were only two left who were stationed in Zhangjiakou and Rehe. . Zhangjiakou is also in charge of the nomadic affairs of Chahar (province), known as "Chahar Dutong" (Cong Yipin), with 20,000 soldiers under its jurisdiction.The capital of Rehe is also in charge of the Mulan paddock, with 9,000 soldiers under its jurisdiction. The military chief of the green battalion at the provincial level is the admiral (general) of the first rank, who is under the control of the governor and commands 15,000 troops.Under the admiral is the commander-in-chief (lieutenant general) of the second rank, who is controlled by the governor (the town commander and the commander-in-chief in the new army system are at the same level).Further down is the deputy general (major general) of the second rank, the general (colonel) of the third rank, the guerrilla (colonel) of the third rank, the capital (little colonel) of the fourth rank, the garrison (major) of the fourth rank, and the fifth rank Mr. Qian (Captain) of the first rank and Mr. Bai (Lieutenant) of the sixth rank.