Chapter 15 Chapter Thirteen

The ancient Phoenix City in Xiangxi is like a dream. The Tuojiang River passes through the city, clear and clear.The reflection of Hongqiao fluctuates with the waves and changes in various shapes.Downstairs hanging on the feet, a girl from the Miao family faces the river barefoot, washing vegetables and washing rice, her crisp laughter fluttering in the wind, like the green jade coming out of it, refreshing. In the mist and rain, the river is shrouded in mist, and the scenery of the mountains is hazy. However, when nine-year-old Shen Congwen woke up, the tranquility was broken. The uncles all disappeared, and the father sat on the grand teacher's chair with a pale face, his eyes glazed over.

"Dad, Dad, have you ever killed a war?" "Little thing, don't talk nonsense! Ye Lai we killed, the whole army was wiped out, and thousands of people died!" The rebellion has failed, and the killing has just begun. I saw a lot of dirty and bloody human heads on the flat ground at the gate of the Daotai Yamen, and the gate was also covered. () After the Qing army arranged the city properly, they went to the countryside to arrest people, gathered together and rushed to the river beach to hack people to death.One hundred people were killed every day, and it lasted for a month before they stopped.

It's freezing cold, and I don't worry about the corpse rotting, so it's good to display it by the river "to warn others". The bloody scene stimulated Shen Congwen's young heart.When he came to Beijing as an adult and explained to his relatives why he left his hometown, he said: "In the past six years, I have seen tens of thousands of innocent civilians killed around me. I can't learn anything except to leave a stupid and cruel impression of the killed and the murderers. Yes. The dying silence of the slain is like a protest—you kill my body, and I rot your soul.”

The bloody storm of Hunan’s recovery can be summed up as: revolutionaries killed counter-revolutionaries, counter-revolutionaries killed non-revolutionaries but were regarded as revolutionaries, revolutionaries killed non-revolutionaries who were regarded as counter-revolutionaries... In the final analysis, we must start with Huang Zhonghao, the commander of the patrol battalion (the highest officer of the Hunan Armed Police). Commander Huang led his troops skillfully. People called his army "Zhongzi Banner" and called him "Xiao Zeng Guofan". Appreciated by Zhang Zhidong, he served as an admiral in Hunan. After retiring, he started a business. With the support of the gentry, he flourished and became a leader in the mining industry.

The prosperous Huang Zhonghao repaired Dongting, funded education, and led the crowd to oppose the nationalization of railways when the road protection movement arose, which shows that his thinking is very progressive. If it wasn't for a single thought, he would surely be transformed into a bronze statue like his fellow villager Huang Xing after death. When the news of the Wuchang Uprising came, Yu Chengge, the governor of Hunan who had just assumed office, was extremely panicked. Hunan is an old revolutionary base area, where Tang Caichang, Chen Tianhua, Song Jiaoren and other nemesis of the Qing government were produced.What's more, Changsha just broke out to grab rice.Governor Yu on the gunpowder barrel had no choice but to re-employ Huang Zhonghao and let him guard the last line of defense.

As soon as Huang Zhonghao put on his military uniform, he met an old acquaintance, Tan Yankai, the chairman of the Hunan Consultative Council. Together with Tan Sitong and Chen Sanli, Tan Yankai, who is also known as the "Three Masters of Huxiang", is tactful in life and is known as "licorice in medicine".Tan Yankai talked to Huang Zhonghao about the so-called "civilization revolution" jointly organized by the wealthy family (the Advisory Bureau) and the military and political chief (Huang Zhonghao), and persuaded him to "declare the revolution and serve as the governor himself."

Huang Zhonghao was a little moved, and sent his cronies to Hankou to inquire about the news.The report said that the Qing army had gone south in a large scale, but the civilian army had no new results. So the attitude reversed, and he put on an appearance of wanting to be a famous official of ZTE, and prepared to bless me in the Qing Dynasty. Tan Yankai had no choice but to settle for the next best thing, no matter what the "civilization revolution" was, and sent people to join the revolutionary party. Jiao Dafeng, the leader of the Hunan Branch of the Tongmenghui, and Chen Zuoxin, the platoon leader of the new army, surfaced.

Jiao Dafeng, who was born in a landlord family, stayed in Japan at his own expense.Not long after joining the Tongmenghui, dissatisfied with Sun Wen's management of South China and ignoring the strategy of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, he and Sun Wu established a peripheral organization, the Tongmenghui, and returned to the country to be stationed in the two lakes to instigate an uprising. The representative of the Advisory Council made an appointment with the Revolutionary Party to meet at Fu Shou Tea House.On the same day, the representatives waited for a long time, only to see that "there are some people who come wearing Tianqingtuan mandarin jackets, elegant and elegant, and come from Jiao Dafeng. The next time Chen Zuoxin came, and again more than forty people came one after another, with long robes and short suits, nondescript."

Jiao Dafeng's "little brother" has a complex composition, including soldiers from the New Army and members of gangsters. It is normal to be despised by representatives of the Advisory Bureau. The key is that the two sides cannot reach a consensus.The Consultative Council was more conservative, advocating that Huang Zhonghao should be promoted as the governor of Hunan after the recovery, so as to stabilize people's hearts; Chen Zuoxin and the soldiers of the new army insisted on killing Huang Zhonghao. In the end, they broke up unhappy. On the day of the incident, due to the confidentiality of the incident, Yu Chengge, who heard the wind, made arrangements in advance. For a while, there were many sentries and plainclothes everywhere. There were also rumors that the governor's yamen had set up cannons and was going to blow up the new army barracks outside the city. .

According to textbooks, the weak bourgeois reformists wavered again.A member of the Advisory Council named Wu Zuolin was worried that a real fight would harm Chi Yu, so anxious that he could not sleep all night, he ran to his work unit early in the morning to ask Tan Yankai to take charge of the overall situation. As a result, the guards didn't get up, so how could anyone come to work? The more Wu Zuolin thought about it, the more angry he became: What time is it, your uncle can still sleep? In the end, they started cursing at the gate of the Advisory Bureau: I am a revolutionary and have never been afraid of death.My surname is Wu and my name is Zuolin, who doesn't know, who doesn't know?I have more than 2,000 people under my command, stationed in inns all over the city.In addition to having knives, they can also make bombs. As long as everyone prepares a box of matches, they can burn Changsha to the ground!You group of congressmen, known as people's representatives, have already died to the tip of your eyebrows, and you are not yet in office, what do you want!

The guard was woken up and was at a loss; passers-by came up to watch and thought he was a lunatic.Wu Zuolin scolded so badly that no one paid any attention to him, and went home resentfully. Cursing intensified the spread of rumors, a run on the ticket number occurred, and the entire patrol battalion was dispatched. Jiao Dafeng understood overnight: it is better to give it a go than to sit and wait.With only two bullets per person, the leading new army rushed into the city in one go. It actually recovered. Yu Chengge turned into Yu Zecheng, changed his clothes, and fled to the Japanese warship on the Xiangjiang River.Huang Zhonghao was not so lucky. Just as he got on his horse and was about to run, a soldier of the patrol battalion deliberately shouted: "Our commander is here!" The soldiers of the new army rushed forward in the direction of the voice, stabbed Huang Zhonghao under his horse, tied him to the tower of Tianxin Pavilion, and beheaded him for public display. Along the way, some people punched and kicked, some stabbed randomly with knives.Are these soldiers who have never met Huang Zhonghao out of public enmity or personal grievances, or just carnival?It is unknown. Jiao Dafeng and Chen Zuoxin were promoted as the chief and deputy governors of the Hunan military government, but the tragedy has just begun. When the notice was posted on the street, the citizens of Changsha were inexplicably astonished—no one knew where this twenty-five-year-old governor came from.The stories that had to be told between Jiao Dafeng and the gang boss quickly spread from word to mouth. What's worse, Jiao Dafeng has no management experience. A young man came to ask for an official. He asked the other party what he would do, and he replied "can write", and said: "You go to be a secretary!" The young man went out and saw a large bundle of white tapes on the table, so he took one casually, wrote "third-class clerk", hung it on his body, and flaunted it in the market. However, he soon discovered that other people's tapes were written with "first-class clerk", and he couldn't help but regret that he was too timid. Since the company commanders walk all over the street and the battalion commanders are as numerous as dogs, the command knives in the grocery store are suddenly sold out... Tan Yankai scoffed at the appointment of the Minister of Civil Affairs: I was born in the Imperial Academy and was highly regarded by everyone, so why should I be led by a group of "Qiu Ba"? He reorganized the Advisory Council into a parliament on the grounds of "imitating the spirit of the British constitution to prevent the disadvantages of dictatorship", and stipulated that the orders of the governor must be stamped by the resolution of the court before they can be issued to the ministries for execution. Jiao Dafeng was naturally dissatisfied, and under the clamor of a group of members of the League, he became murderous. Unexpectedly, Tan Yankai was even faster. Taking advantage of Jiao Dafeng's sending of troops from the Two Associations to support Wuhan and Changsha's emptiness, he colluded with the new military leader Mei Xin to launch a coup. On the same day, the Governor's Mansion received a report that a group incident had occurred at the Hefeng Match Company outside the North Gate and requested suppression. Chen Zuoxin went to inspect alone, and was hacked to death by the rebels ambushing here as soon as he arrived at Wenchang Pavilion. Chen Zuo, who sings Su Xi's poems and essays, wrote a poem before his new life: What is the most important thing in life is about love, only the color and name.If you prioritize both ends, you are willing to make the bronze statue easy to overwhelm the city. It's a pity that in the end, he died of fame rather than color. When Jiao Dafeng heard the news of Chen Zuoxin's death, he ignored the advice of his comrades and waited for the rebels to come to his door. He was shot to death under the screen wall by random guns, and blood splashed on the stone lion beside him, which was shocking. That night, someone saw Tan Yankai, who was wearing a blue long gown, was carried into the Governor's Mansion through the back door with a wicker chair, and was "persuaded" by Mei Xin and others to accept the post of Governor. Internally, Dudu Tan promoted Mei Xin to be the leader of the association; externally, he framed Jiao Dafeng as the leader of a gangster, pretending to be a party member to seize power. Three days later, members of the Tongmenghui slapped Lie with action and held a memorial service for Jiao Dafeng and Chen Zuoxin in Changde.As soon as he finished laying the wreath, he was captured by officers and soldiers sent by Tan Yankai. After they were all chopped up, another memorial service was held at the same site.But this time, the portrait of Huang Zhonghao was hung on the mourning hall. The killing cycle is over.It is less than fifteen days since the recovery of Hunan. In the course of the revolution, a set of irreconcilable contradictions existed between liberty and equality.Since freedom cannot give revolutionaries material rewards like equality (strike local tyrants and divide land), it becomes a dangerous trend for equality to override freedom—may even choose to ally with autocracy and sacrifice freedom for the sake of equality. Therefore, the Eastern European writer Norman Manea wrote in "On Clowns": It is well known that many anti-fascists were communists.In many cases, opponents of one totalitarian system have, consciously or not, become supporters of another. While studying the French Revolution, Tocqueville believed that the reason why freedom could not be persisted to the end was because "the freedom that people usually love is only out of hatred for their masters."Therefore, when the Great Revolution overthrew the old dynasty, freedom was abandoned by the revolutionaries. Finally came to a conclusion: Whoever seeks in liberty something other than liberty itself deserves nothing but slavery. In the transitional era, Yuan Shikai was in the most primitive arena (separatist regime), faced with the deepest disaster (internal and external troubles), but he wanted to imitate the most modern political structure (democratic republic). How daunting. The ideal of death has been realized, but the feeling of standing in the clouds is only emptiness and loneliness. He finally understood that the death of the Qing Dynasty was not the final answer, because the sun had not yet shone on the earth. The fortunes of the world are bright and dark, and the rise and fall of talents are manifested in politics and learned in them. After swimming around in the sea of ​​learning, Yuan Shikai sadly discovered that the problem was more complicated. Many people believe that the implementation of democratic politics requires some minimum social conditions, such as the popularization of education and the growth of national income.And all of this basically did not exist in China after 1911. However, Yuan Shikai agreed with Liang Qichao's "If you don't fight with the civil rights, can the wisdom of the people be opened?" The foundation of democracy is freedom, and the requirement of liberalism is that people should live by reason, not hostility and force. Without the establishment of external order and consensus, the abuse of freedom will become the norm. The government and the people are irresponsible to each other, and they are all expanding the boundaries of individual rights and fighting for their own "freedom." For example, before the emergence of public bidding as a form of government procurement, businessmen only need to get the head of the department, and the chance of winning the bill is more than 90%. But when the bidding comes out, you don't dare to bid unless you get a list of experts from the review committee to visit one by one. The cost of corruption has increased, and the area of ​​corruption has also expanded. "The more stringent the legislation, the more frequent the extortion of bribes" has become a vicious circle that can never be circumvented. And when people's patience wears out, they will seek out a complete solution until the revolution comes again. For Yuan Shikai, the dilemma lies in the choice: without ending the chaos of self-government, system construction cannot be implemented, and a democratic republic will be difficult to realize; and if he wants to order prohibitions from top to bottom and orderly operations, it will shock corrupt officials, warlords, and latent traitors. Secretly growing interest groups must strengthen the centralization of power and give people the word "dictatorship". In confusion, he thought of his elder brother Xu Shichang. I haven't seen Xu Shichang for some days. I heard that he and a group of former Qing Dynasty elders went to Qingdao to work as apartments. It is rumored that he refused to be an official in the Republic of China because he did not forget the kindness of the emperor. Pure bullshit. Yuan Shikai knew Xu Shichang too well, and he had the distinctive feature of a man from the Imperial Academy - a good name.Therefore, we will never blatantly abandon the Qing Dynasty and vote for Yuan, and leave an excuse for public opinion. At least we must go through the cutscene of "not being an official and two dynasties" and make a detour. But when Yuan Shikai sent someone to invite him, he only received a note from Xu Shichang, writing: "The one who kills the king and horse is on the other side of the road." It means that a good horse runs very fast, the spectators on the side of the road applaud non-stop, the horse speeds up non-stop, and the result is exhausted unconsciously. Xu Shichang used this to remind Yuan Shikai: Chinese and foreign support is only an appearance, and the president of the Republic of China is simply a dead move. In the chasms of transformation, in this unprecedented new game, no matter how strong a player is, he can only die like Akahoshi Intoru in the history of Japanese chess until he vomits blood and dies. Circumstances are stronger than people.If you have to get involved in a situation that even gods can't change, then the tragedy of ruin and ruin is completely predictable. Xu Shichang's view is that since the introduction of Western values ​​into China, a set of irreconcilable contradictions have surfaced: the small self and the big self. Liberals pursue the protection of the rights of the individual, and believe that individual freedom is the prerequisite for the existence of the country; while the other side holds the view that "without the big self, how can there be a small self", and the existence of the individual depends on the stability of the group. The former wants enlightenment, while the latter wants to save the nation. Even in peaceful times, the struggle between the two is in full swing, let alone the era when there are real foreign forces. Xu Shichang predicted that democratic politics may not be realized in another hundred years, let alone in ten years.Reluctantly imitating, the monarchy is transferred downwards, the result can only be that officials share the benefits of democracy, literati are addicted to democracy, and common people are still exploited by autocracy. Over time, the perception of the Republic of China to the people was not as good as that of the Qing Dynasty. In 1918, Liang Ji, the father of the thinker Liang Shuming, observed seven years after the Republic of China, and was so disappointed that he didn’t even bother to celebrate his 60th birthday, so he drowned himself in Jishuitan in Beijing. Liang Ji was at the end of a former upright official position (in charge of the Ministry of Civil Affairs), so he was not considered an old man.He himself is open-minded and not hostile to the republic.The reason why he wanted to jump into the lake was because he was desperate for reality. In "Fu Egg Collection", Liang Ji recorded many disheartening experiences.For example, whenever the Congress is held, the staff of each party will go to the Qianmen Railway Station to set up a signboard and drag the MPs who have just got off the train to the party's guest house, "just like Shanghai prostitutes soliciting customers on the street." Members of the parliament first stayed in the guest house of Party A, and promised to vote for that party after receiving a red envelope;Until I got all the benefits, I finally cast my own vote... Seventy years later, at the end of his life, Liang Shuming still remembered the heavy question his father left him before his death: The world will be good? Liang Shuming, who was a lecturer in the Philosophy Department of Peking University at the time, did not notice anything unusual: "I believe that the world is getting better day by day." Liang Ji: "It's good if I can do well!" After speaking, he left the house. Kang Youwei drafted for Zhang Xun, although reactionary, it also reflected the chaotic situation in the early Republic of China from one side, expressing the aspirations of many people: It dates back to the Mutiny in Wuchang, the founding and reform of the Republic, the decline of Ji Gang, the old age disappeared, the mob was rampant, the night was controlled by the young, the robbers were rewarded as great men, and the death row prisoners were worshiped as martyrs.The parliament relies on the chaos of the people as its backing, the cabinet members regard private parties as a talisman, use excessive foreign debts as financial management, exploit the people's fat as a lesson, suppress goodness as self-government, and push away the old as enlightenment.Or spread rumors, and the name is public opinion; or covertly transfer money, and entrust it as diplomacy.It is nothing more than relying on betrayal of the country as a way to seek the country, and using legislation as a tool for dancing the law. Finally, a conclusion is drawn: it is called the Republic of China, but it does not know that there are people; it is called the people, but it does not know that there is a country. The evidence is Li Zongren's memory.He said that when he was in the army primary school in the late Qing Dynasty, he felt that the government and the opposition were full of vigor.But after the success of the Revolution of 1911, all the vitality was lost, only darkness and chaos everywhere. In fact, the reason why such a barbaric world of competing for profit is created is because selfishness is mistaken for freedom, and individualism and egoism are confused. I don’t know that the former has the concept of rights and sense of responsibility, while the latter only pursues benefits and enjoyment. It is precisely because the government and the people, under the banner of pursuing freedom, expand the boundaries of their own rights to the best of their ability, ignoring the rights and interests of others, Yan Fu just translated Mueller's "On the Boundary of the Group's Own Rights" to tell the people of the country to find the boundaries of freedom compared to Freedom itself is more important. Xu Shichang's pessimism is not water without a source. As early as 2,000 years ago, Dong Zhongshu analyzed the phenomenon of "traitors come out of the law, and fraud comes from orders" in the "Countermeasures for Promoting the Virtuous" to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.That is to say, more and more laws are promulgated, but crimes do not decrease but increase; the greater the intensity of fighting crime, the more sophisticated the means of challenging the law. Dong Zhongshu believes that this is due to the complete corruption of the atmosphere and the extreme corruption of the people's hearts. If you want to solve the problem from the root, you must "rectify people's hearts." The problem is that people's hearts have been corrected for two thousand years, and there seems to be no significant change. "Yang Zhu's learning" (egoism) also happily found the mask of liberalism, and entered the room wearing it. Worse than government corruption is the breakdown of society.When consensus breaks down and everyone loses hope for the country's future, corruption becomes the unsurprising norm. Machiavelli believes that the weakness of human nature makes it difficult for the people to resist the temptation of corruption, so they are unwilling to make sacrifices for the republic, but are easily ensnared by power, and become accomplices of autocracy for a small favor. In all fairness, the victory of the Revolution of 1911 did come a bit suddenly. The deep-rooted habits and widespread corruption made it difficult for the design of the republic system to blossom and bear fruit. Amidst the ridicule of the public opinion that "the Republic of China has become an official state of China", Yang Du took the initiative to ask for a meeting. He sees the status quo in China as a tyranny of hundreds of people.The counties are autocratic, and the provinces are also autocratic. People move in the country, but they just go from one autocratic area to another autocratic area, and the protection of rights cannot be found even with a lantern. Coal from Shanxi and rice from Jiangxi cannot be mobilized by the central government. How can we talk about building rural areas and developing education? Yang Du reminded Yuan Shikai that in ancient Greece, the cradle of democracy, the courts in Athens were so democratic that there were no judges.In case of a case, according to the size, more than five jurors will be transferred from a jury composed of 6,000 citizens (selected by lottery at ordinary times). Everything is random, which can effectively prevent bribery and ensure fairness. However, it is such a plausible system that puts the incomparable scientist Anaxagoras (who correctly explained the phenomenon of lunar eclipses), the philosopher Protagoras (who proposed that "man is the measure of all things"), and the dramatist The best talents such as Euripides were driven out of Athens, and Socrates was sentenced to death for "impiety to God". The most extreme example of Athenian democracy is the "clay exile law".It stipulates that a politician can be exiled every year, and a citizens' assembly will be held to vote. A voter who carves a politician's name on a pottery shard, without any crime, gets more than six thousand votes, and that person is exiled for ten years. Once, Aristide, the famous general who commanded the Battle of Marathon and made great achievements in the fight against the Persian invasion, was exiled by the citizens' assembly.Before voting, an illiterate handed a pottery tablet to Aristide who happened to be sitting next to him, and asked him to engrave "Aristide" on his behalf. Ali felt very strange: "You don't even know him, why do you agree to exile?" The logic of the illiterate is: "I often hear people singing him as a 'just man'. It's very annoying. I might as well go into exile." Yang Du pointed out to Yuan Shikai: the only way to cut off the water is to implement enlightened autocracy. He is not the only one who has this idea.In Liang Qichao's pen, the parliament in the early Republic of China was naive enough to make people heartbroken: The lack of a quorum is widely heard every day;Fortunately, during the meeting, the village women scolded their neighbors, and the urchins made trouble at school.Selling this half day's time, it's just that the birds and beasts are scattered. The problem Yuan Shikai faced was more specific. The civil chaos of "six governors in one province (Shaanxi) and three governors in a hundred days (Jiangxi)" has just ended, and the provinces have recklessly withheld tax revenues, cutting off the central government's financial resources, and making it impossible for Beijing to even pay the salaries of civil servants. Talk about the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation? However, Yuan Shikai's strong personal will did not allow him to take half a step back.He has always believed that the biggest difference between politicians and literati is that the former dare to defile themselves, are willing to abandon principles for political ideals, and endure for perfection. Therefore, while lamenting that "I, as a great president, is not as good as a governor", he made up his mind: instead of carrying the banner of democracy (dao, banner) to be the ruler of the government, it is better to do it himself and formulate real rules. , to ensure the stable operation of the state machinery. From housekeeper to head of the house, from top-level death to top-level design, Yuan Shikai's mentality has undergone subtle changes. He raised his eyes, pulled himself together, and cast his gaze to the land west of Tongguan, where the dragon flag was still hung. The camera flashes back to four months ago. The restoration of Shaanxi was the same as that of Wuchang. The new army woke up and had an epiphany, and things were done in a hurry. First, General Wen Rui of Xi’an, upon hearing the news of the Wuchang Uprising, immediately asked for the care of the governor of Shaanxi (the agent at the same level is called "acting", and the interim deputy of the chief envoy at the lower level is called "nursing") Qian Nengxun to arrest the new Revolutionary Party in the Army. Qian Nengxun was worried that things would change in a hurry. He planned to disperse the new army and transfer them to the border areas, and then follow the map to find out the best soldiers and defeat them one by one.The second standard, which was infiltrated most ideally by the Shaanxi branch of the Tongmenghui, stood at the crossroads of history in an instant. If you don't revolt, you will die sooner or later; if you revolt, you have guns but no bullets. A group of revolutionary soldiers found Zhang Fenghui, a battalion leader who had participated in the Tongmenghui in Japan-this is the highest-level revolutionary party that can be found in the army. Zhang Fenghui was sleeping in the barracks when suddenly a group of people rushed in, saying that they wanted to support him as the leader and start a riot. "When?" "Zuan is today!" "It works!" That being said, it was indeed a good day for rebellion.Both Qian Nengxun and the top military officials held meetings in the Advisory Bureau, and most of the company stationed in the Military Uniform Bureau (to store ammunition) also went shopping because of the weekend. The revolutionary army rushed to the Military Uniform Bureau in the name of "going to Baqiao to wash the horses". With a roar, hundreds of unarmed soldiers occupied the place in minutes. Zhang Fenghui set up a headquarters on the spot, dispatched troops, and attacked various places. The patrol battalion only resisted symbolically for a while before being defeated. Qian Nengxun attempted suicide and was sent out of the country by the revolutionary army. Only the city is left. After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, Manchuria was built in the capitals of various provinces, and the Eight Banners Army was stationed in order to prevent the Han people from rebelling. At this moment, the city is full of golden armour. On the first day of the bloody battle, the revolutionary army entered with difficulty through a section of the collapsed and unrepaired city wall, detonating the gunpowder depot, causing heavy casualties. Wen Rui commanded the banner soldiers to fight in the streets, leaving behind 3,000 corpses, who still resisted stubbornly. The revolutionary army was furious and massacred the city from house to house, hacking to death more than 20,000 bannermen, women and children, which shocked Yu Nei. Wen Rui committed suicide by throwing himself into a well, and the remaining thousand bannermen wanted to counterattack the Military Uniform Bureau, but they were all wiped out. After the first episode of helping each other in times of trouble, of course, the second episode of fighting in the same room is indispensable. At the general meeting of the military government, everyone felt that they had done a lot of hard work, and after arguing for a long time, they came up with six governors including food, military orders, and soldiers and horses.Of course, Zhang Fenghui is the "Great Governor". Everyone was overjoyed, completely unaware that a curse had been let go. Sheng Yun, who was sent to the post of governor of Shaanxi and Gansu by Zaifeng two years ago because of his opposition to the constitution, heard about the accident in Xi'an, crossed the river overnight, and fled to Gansu. Seung Yoon is a very special person.On Cixi's 70th birthday, Yikuang ordered all provinces to donate money to celebrate her birthday.Everyone gave generously, only he didn't pay, and even petitioned to stop this apportionment that wasted money and money. After running to Lanzhou, Sheng Yun was invited by Chang Geng, the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, to be reinstated as the governor of Shaanxi. Gansu's atmosphere is closed, ranking first among all provinces. In the wave of large congressional petitions in the late Qing Dynasty, there was no sign of Gansu representatives at all.The chairperson and deputy chairperson of the Advisory Council were all from Hanlin, but they were not interested in constitutionalism. After the Wuchang Incident, they were keen on "yingluan". With such a poor revolutionary foundation, the biggest advantage for Shengyun is that he doesn't have to look around, and fights the Shaanxi army boldly and confidently. They fought until the Qing emperor abdicated, Chang Geng left with his seal, and Gansu chief envoy called Yuan Shikai to "recognize the republic", but there was still no sign of stopping. On New Year's Eve, the Shaanxi army in Liquan thought that the capital of Gansu had changed its flag and declared a truce, so they relaxed and welcomed the new year.Unexpectedly, while cooking sheep and slaughtering cattle, eating wine and gambling money, Shengyun's Gan army climbed up from the corner of the city and organized a group to come to pay New Year's greetings. Even Zhang Xingzhi on South Road received the news that the ceasefire had ceased, and Sheng Yun, who occupied Liquan, was still fighting hard there, which moved the Zongshe Party far away in Beijing to tears. A staff officer of the Shaanxi Army named Lei Hengyan guessed that Sheng Yun might not have received the news of the truce.As a native of Liquan, he felt it necessary to go and inform. The revolutionary comrades bought wine to see him off, and fired three cannons, emboldening Lei Hengyan. As a result, the next day, when I arrived at the Gan army camp, just as I was about to read Li Yuanhong's call, I heard Sheng Yun's order: "Behead!" Lei Hengyan suddenly realized: Where is the news that there is no information, it is simply not announcing it secretly, and still wants to fight! As he was pushed away by the execution soldiers, he shouted: "North and South negotiate peace, and the world is one family. Shaanxi and Gansu provinces are originally brothers, why are they still fighting?!" Before he finished speaking, his mouth was blocked.Then came the trilogy of cutting ears, cutting noses, and digging out hearts, and finally dumped the corpse in a dry well. The vicious fighting lasted until the Lantern Festival, Zhang Xingzhi had gone home for a new year, and the Gan army also knew that Xuantong had abdicated, and Yuan Shikai's aid troops to Shaanxi were on their way. Seung Yoon is increasingly isolated. The military government of Shaanxi sent two Confucianists who were famous in Confucianism to persuade him to truce. Sheng Yun looked around and saw the remnants of the army leaving the abandoned bases and the thin horses lying in the empty trenches. While weeping bitterly, he cursed at Yuan Shikai, saying: "I have nothing to do with a king, and I can only die to repay the grace of the saint." Shengyun, the last border official of the Qing court, "Governor of Shaanxi", withdrew to Gansu, and he still couldn't forget to drive to the northwest and rebuild the court.He called Yuan Shikai and asked to replace Zhang Fenghui as the governor of Shaanxi, so that the two palaces could be settled in the future. Rejected decisively. Shengyun had no choice but to flee to Xining with his family, and then went into exile in Japan through Siberia. He has been engaged in restoration activities for a long time. The Republic of China finally completed the formal reunification. However, the new trumpet has only just sounded. Even though the cabinet system put the power of the president in a cage, Sun Wen still didn't trust Yuan Shikai. The reason why the spotlight was given to Yuan was firstly that the situation forced him to do so, and secondly that he wanted to use his prestige to subdue the hearts of the people and stabilize the transition. Therefore, Sun Wen insisted that the candidate for the cabinet prime minister must come from the Tongmenghui. Yuan Shikai nominated Tang Shaoyi, but the two sides were at a stalemate. In the end, each retreated half a step and asked Tang to join the Tongmenghui first before becoming prime minister. Next is the sensitive post of army chief.Huang Xing was promoted in the south, and Duan Qirui was promoted in the north. As a result of the bargaining, Duan Qirui won, and Huang Xing served as the chief of staff of the army and stayed in Nanjing.At the same time, Wang Zhixiang (the deputy governor of Guangxi) from the south went north to become the governor of Zhili. On April Fool's Day in 1912, Sun Wen officially resigned.Three days later, the provisional Senate moved to Beijing, and Tang Shaoyi's cabinet was announced: Minister of Foreign Affairs: Lu Zhengxiang; Chief of Internal Affairs: Zhao Bingjun; Army Chief: Duan Qirui; Chief of the Navy: Liu Guanxiong; Chief Financial Officer: Xiong Xiling; Attorney General: Wang Chonghui; Director of Education: Cai Yuanpei; Chief of Agriculture and Forestry: Song Jiaoren; Director of Industry and Commerce: Chen Qimei; Chief of Traffic: Shi Zhaoji. Although the South has five seats, the North has only three (there is one Republican and one independent), but the weight is not the same (the Ministry of the Interior, the Department of the War and the Department of the Navy). Even so, Yuan Shikai, the head of state, was still very useless.Because Tang Shaoyi, who has always been gentle and refined, suddenly broke out. As if being bewitched by Dafa, Tang Shaoyi disregarded his friendship for more than 20 years, and stood against Yuan Shikai in everything from the standpoint of the League. Refuting his handwriting was even more commonplace, so that every time he went to the presidential palace, Yuan's guards would whisper Said that Premier Tang came to bully our president again today. The originally loyal old subordinate seemed to have become another person. Yuan Shikai began to doubt whether the Tongmenghui was a cult organization, and urged Tang Shaoyi to turn around and quit the party to ensure safety.Unexpectedly, Tang Shaoyi resolutely said: I would rather resign than sacrifice my party membership. After another quarrel, Yuan Shikai disappointed: "I'm getting old, Shaochuan, you can be the president!" Tang Shaochuan remained silent, and a cold light flashed on the lens - since the prime minister wields great power, standing up means everything. Yuan Shikai, who was full of anger, quickly set about dismantling the stage. Under its remote control, Zhao Bingjun did not participate in cabinet meetings for a long time, and disappeared every time there were meetings.Lu Zhengxiang put his energy into such trivial matters as sending people to clear the sewer in the compound of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The specific diplomatic work was left to Cai Tingqian and asked him to report directly to Yuan Shikai. Seeing that the game was about to end, Huang Xing's telegram asking for money was placed on Tang Shaoyi's desk again. Nanjing stayed behind, which sounds very merciful, and gave the League a private plot. In fact, it is to clean up the mess. After a revolution, 300,000 officers and soldiers gathered near Nanjing, all of whom regarded themselves as heroes, ran to officials every day to ask for money, and became a security risk to the south of the Yangtze River. The key is that the Republic of China in its infancy cannot afford to support this group of people.If they cannot be resettled, they can only be dismissed, so it involves the issue of changing jobs. Huang Liushou calculated it and found that in order to completely get rid of the burden, at least 2.5 million taels of silver would be needed. Sun Dapao has always asked others for money, and he can't point it out, so he can only send a telegram to Beijing. The problem is that the central government has no money, so it has to borrow foreign debt.The six-nation banking consortium (Britain, France, Germany, the United States, Japan and Russia) promised to lend a huge amount of money to help China solve the stretched situation at one time, but the conditions were very harsh, and they even asked to supervise China's finances. Tang Shaoyi refused to borrow in a fit of anger.But Yuan Shikai could not just sit back and watch the government go bankrupt, otherwise the wish of the Tongmenghui would be fulfilled.He instructed Finance Minister Xiong Xiling to continue negotiating with the six-nation banking group. When Tang Shaoyi was kicked out of the meeting with Tang Shaoyi, the League did not know what was going on, and sent telegrams to accuse the government of betraying national sovereignty, strongly opposed the loan, and even criticized Xiong Xiling. Seeing the commotion and commotion, the foreigners didn't want to wade into the muddy water, so they withdrew one after another. Yuan Shikai was so angry that he wanted to jump off the building, and immediately responded with an eye for an eye. Wang Zhixiang's going north to serve as the governor of Zhili was an agreement reached long ago between the north and the south. Although the meaning of surveillance is obvious, Yuan Shikai also agreed in exchange for Duan Qirui's army chief. At this moment, he blatantly broke the contract, ordered Feng Guozhang to be the governor of Zhili, changed Wang Zhixiang to be a Xuanfu envoy, and gave him a large sum of money to go south to assist Huang Xing in disarming the army. Back then Tang Shaoyi patted his chest and assured the League that this matter would be implemented, but now Wang Zhixiang went to Nanjing to take office with a letter of appointment without the Prime Minister's signature. head? He ran to Tianjin to hide, blasted away Yuan Shikai's lobbyists, and insisted on resigning. The Tang cabinet died within three months, and Song Jiaoren contributed a lot. President Yuan said: "You issue the appointment, but I will not stamp it." Premier Tang said: "You stamp it, but I will not sign it." The painstaking design created an inevitable confrontation, and the collapse of the middle path was naturally expected. Immediately afterwards, the cabinet members of the Tongmenghui also resigned together to show that they have advanced and retreated with the Prime Minister. Song Jiaoren started a political experiment in the agricultural experiment field (now Beijing Zoo). Why did Tang Shaoyi fail?Because the mixed cabinet was spread out.Three Beiyang old men, one without party affiliation (Lu Zhengxiang), and one Republican (mostly party members were constitutionalists in the late Qing Dynasty) Xiong Xiling controlled the military, diplomacy and finance, and Yuan Shikai was the only one to follow. The formal parliamentary elections are imminent, and the interim government will not last long.Song Jiaoren realized that the Tongmenghui must be reorganized into a modern political party as soon as possible, and then the "party cabinet" must be implemented.That is to say, the party with the majority of seats in the Senate elects the Prime Minister of the Cabinet, and the Prime Minister then appoints the members of the Cabinet, so as to be united and not to be divided and disintegrated by the President, and to truly realize power in the Cabinet. In this way, the political struggle has sunk down to the competition of various parties for Senate seats, referred to as partisan competition.And this is exactly what Song Jiaoren is good at. After Yuan Shikai heard about it, he couldn't sleep. If you don't have a mixed cabinet, you won't be able to maneuver freely, and the president will completely become empty. So he hit it off with an announcement: Yu pays no attention to parties and focuses on talents.Those who are deeply convinced by Yu, regardless of Party A, Party B, or no party, but are enthusiastic about state affairs, must be cited as assistants.Therefore, the most important thing is to win people, but to ask whether they are talented or not, regardless of whether they are party members or not. And "wishfully" advised everyone to take a long-term perspective, don't stick to partisan disputes, get rid of prejudices, and work together to build the Republic of China. Finally, I did not forget to criticize the "irresponsibility of the president" in the "Interim Constitution". For example, he said that citizens are like shareholders, the president is like the chairman, and the prime minister is like the CEO.The operation and development of the company is the responsibility of the CEO, but if the business fails due to improper employment and is on the verge of bankruptcy, the chairman cannot be irresponsible, and the shareholders may not be willing to tolerate the chairman. Yuan Shikai's words were convincing and resounding, which aroused strong repercussions in the society. Some newspapers even accused the alliance of forming cliques for selfish interests, which has become a shackle to the realization of the Chinese dream. 打下了良好的舆论基础，袁世凯提名由外交总长陆徵祥担当第二任总理。 作为职业外交官，陆徵祥常年在驻外使馆工作，连老婆都娶的洋妞。后受“庚子五大臣”之首的许景澄赏识，官至驻荷兰公使，于王朝末日前，在袁世凯的授意下电奏隆裕，逼清帝逊位。 虽说陆徵祥在外交总长任上引进西方的管理制度，刮起了一阵科学的新风，但让他当总理，资历和人望还是太浅。 之所以有此动议，出于三方面的考虑。 一、中华民国还没得到世界各国的正式承认，俄国又在策划分裂外蒙，总理这个位置需要一个外交干才，不然连钱都借不到； 二、陆徵祥无党无派，刚从国外回来，人际关系相对简单，容易在临时参议院通过； 三、逼宫一事上，陆徵祥帮过自己，是可以争取过来的好同志，必须回报。 果然，其上任没有遭遇任何阻力。 因为在宋教仁的布置下，同盟会把视线放到了不远的将来。 根据《临时约法》的规定，袁世凯必须在十个月内召开国会，临时政府才能变成正式政府，临时大总统才能变成正式大总统。而届时，所有部门都要洗牌重选，谁占领了国会谁就拥有天下。 因此，战略重心已发生转移的同盟会会员先后从政府辞职，跟着宋教仁造党去了。 本以为可以太平几日，却在陆徵祥组阁时又碰到了麻烦。 在袁世凯的授意下，六名候选人被提交到临时参议院。其中，提名担任教育总长的孙毓筠（同盟会籍）遭到同盟会的强烈抵制。 当然你会问：都是革命同志，咋大水冲了龙王庙？ 因为同盟会一致认为孙毓筠是个叛徒。 其实人是名门之后，孙家鼐的侄孙。 状元出身的孙家鼐当过帝师，做过工部、礼部、吏部尚书，官至内阁大学士，死后谥“文正”，与曾国藩同。作为文官楷模，能拿的成就都拿到了，还活了八十多岁，死在清朝的前面，可谓完美人生。 进步青年孙毓筠鄙视这样的人生。 他东渡日本，加入同盟会，又回国响应萍浏醴起义，同潜伏在新军第九镇里的革命同志柏文蔚一道谋刺两江总督端方。 结果事泄被捕。 换个人家属铁定准备后事了，但谁叫他叔爷爷是当朝军机大臣呢？ 端方立刻给孙家鼐打了封电报确认：“孙毓筠是否属于华族（您的家族）？” 孙家鼐不便公然作保，只好暗示道：“此子顽劣异常，请严加管束。” 巧妙地默认了。 端方心领神会，派人下狱去教孙毓筠：“你在口供里只承认政治革命，莫谈种族革命，如此便能起死回生。” 最后，孙毓筠被判五年监禁，暗地里则在端方的安排下躲到总督衙门的后花园读书。 令人唏嘘的是，另外两个从犯却被判处终生监禁。 这件事情教育我们不要以己度人，官员眼中的意识形态同我们所理解的大相径庭。在官员眼中，这玩意儿即使逻辑上不能自洽，被时代抛弃，遭世人唾弃，也是个不可多得的法宝，既能清除异己，又可兜售人情，当真是国之利器，百用百灵。 辛亥后，孙毓筠获释，任江浙联军副秘书长，旋即出任安徽都督。 可惜等他空降过去，才发现安徽遍地都是都督，根本没人把他当回事儿，个把志存高远的还准备攻打省城。 孙毓筠只好向南京求救。岂料前门驱虎，后门进狼，招来了柏文蔚。 柏的军队迅速稳定了安徽的乱局，而他本人也董卓附体，跟孙毓筠抢起都督来。 官司打到南京，孙文很为难。又觉得两人二十年的交情，当无大碍，便将皮球踢了回去。 事实证明，权力面前，友情只是浮云。 当孙毓筠的心腹被柏文蔚砍死时，他只能选择默默地离开，怀着对同盟会的满腔怨恨跑到北京，去临时参议院报到。 袁世凯对这个失意的议员高度重视，把锡拉胡同的旧宅和端方的一个爱妾送给他，致使孙毓筠彻底倒向大总统，并引来种种非议。 象来街，临时参议院。 陆徵祥向议员介绍六位总长候选人（其中同盟会籍三人）。这是他第一次向临时参议院作报告。 与会人员的评价只有十六个字：猥琐支离，毫无政见。旁观骇异，全院失望。 陆总理在国外太久，把脑子呆傻了，不懂墙内的会怎么开。 再加上想跟议员们套套近乎，刻意放低姿态，东拉西扯。一会儿说在驻外使馆工作时，厨师的薪水都要从他工资里出；一会儿说自己不吃花酒，不肯借钱，不恭维官场，回国后被各界视为怪人，颇多质疑。但清夜自思，又不失为生平一大乐事…… 一场演讲下来，岂止被视为怪人，简直就是纯屌丝。 临时参议院当即投票，把陆徵祥提出的六个总长全部否决。 对此，民国史家李剑农评价道： 此举诚属幼稚，好比小孩得了一铅笔刀，随处乱砍，不管有效无效，有害无害。 的确，之前王芝祥的委任状未经唐总理副署，在议员那竟能通过，《临时约法》已成空文。而现在只因陆徵祥的发言杂乱无章，就对其组阁全盘否定。政治活动至此，可谓形同儿戏。 新疆。 俄国在边境制造事端，借题发挥，派兵攻打喀什，并绑架中国平民和官员，新疆都督杨增新告急。 章太炎义愤填膺，撰文狂喷： 借款不成，势即瓜分，究其原因，在政府之无能。政府之无能，在参议院之筑室道旁，用一人必求同意，提一案必起纷争。始以党见忌人，终以攻人利己。名曰议院，实为奸府。请大总统便宜行事，毋再拘泥《约法》，以待危亡。 袁世凯重新拟定了阁员名单，一面将议员里的领袖人物请到总统府磋磨，一面让人放出风去，说再不通过即以武力解散参议院。 终于，陆内阁艰难开张。 阳寿只有唐内阁的一半。 追根溯源，杀死陆内阁的是黎元洪。 不要觉得好多集没露脸，就以为黎胖子领了便当。人经营湖北，图谋大业，选上副总统都不去北京，就是要稳坐老巢，拥兵自重。 武汉的不和谐因素有很多，主要集中在“首义三武”身上。 军务部长孙武主动向黎元洪靠拢，副部长蒋翊武跟同盟会眉来眼去，另一个副部长张振武东奔西走当独行侠，最不可控。 起义前，孙武和蒋翊武分别是革命团体共进会和文学社的老大，派系矛盾由来已久。 两人斗得越凶，黎元洪越高兴，还时不时把火往张振武那边引。 张振武是个炮筒子。 起义时黎元洪扭扭捏捏不肯做都督，拔枪要毙他的是张振武；满城的旗兵反攻军政府时，要拿他脑袋安抚叛军的也是张振武。 而且，张大侠一贯不尊重领导，对黎元洪呼来喝去当阶级敌人看，黎督的任何人事安排都要不阴不阳地讽刺两句，深深地伤害了黎胖子的自尊心。 南北议和期间，张振武携款数十万跑到上海去买枪，结果碰到日本奸商，买了一堆废枪。 黎元洪得知后，电催他返回。讵料张振武看到议和濒临破裂，准备去山东投靠蓝天蔚，北伐清廷。 无组织无纪律，此风一开，以后队伍还怎么带？心念及此，黎元洪严令张振武回鄂。 归来后，黎元洪认真查账，细追每笔款项，惹得张振武勃然大怒，冲进都督府指着他鼻子大骂：“当初把你拉出来当大都督，现在你富贵了，也清起我们的账来！” 黎胖子不吭声，挥笔核销了张振武的发票。 其实，首义后张振武纳妾九人，私生活不检点，难免有侵吞公款的行为，但数目不大，睁一只眼闭一只眼也就过去了，照黎元洪这样锱铢必较小题大做，不如搞整风运动算了。 整风没搞起来，倒孙运动爆发了。 一帮原共进会的革命士兵，起义成功后不但没分到革命的果实，还被投闲置散，弃如敝履，一个个别有忧愁暗恨生，全把气撒到孙武头上，高喊着“驱逐民贼”的口号，冲向军务部。 幸亏孙武跑得快，躲到汉口的租界里。乱兵烧杀抢掠，扣押了蔡济民等军务部高官，跟黎元洪叫板。 孙武寒了心，主动辞职。黎元洪趁机把军务部缩编为军务司，两个副部长蒋翊武和张振武均被罢免，只留以“顾问”的虚衔。 一场乾坤大挪移打完，军政府上下全成了黎元洪的心腹，兄友弟恭，其乐融融。 蔡济民很识趣地拒绝了军务司司长的任命；蒋翊武一头扎进同盟会的怀抱，不跟武汉这帮人玩儿了。只有张振武不甘心边缘化，把持着武装力量将校团，继续死磕。 为了改组这个团，黎元洪想尽千方百计，却连派个副团长过去都被赶回来，顿时感到不下黑手不行了。 可惜，张振武是公众人物、革命元勋，杀了他既会遭到舆论非议，又容易引起连锁反应，破坏湖北的稳定局面。 因此，黎元洪将皮球踢给袁世凯，向北京“推荐”张振武出任“东三省边防使”，还给他一镇军队，天天盼着这尊大神能早日离境。 张振武一心想扬名立万，根本不用家长操心，已经开始收拾行装。 袁世凯却不乐意。东三省是战略要冲，怎么可能用一个自己完全不了解的人？ 他拖了一阵，随即电令三武入京，授予“总统府军事顾问官”的虚衔，以示笼络。 孙武和蒋翊武都默默地接受了，唯独张振武，又开始放大炮：“我们湖北人只配当顾问官吗？” 他两次上书袁世凯，要求外派戍边，其实是想效法黎元洪，霸占一块地盘。 为了敷衍张振武，袁世凯授其为“蒙古屯垦使”。 但凡懂点事的，拿了俸禄也就算了。可他一根筋，三番五次地申请拨款，要当真的屯垦使。 袁世凯搪塞说政府没钱，张振武大怒，撕了委任状，气呼呼地回武汉去了。 精力旺盛的他又在湖北四处奔走，上下串联，设立了屯垦事务所，一边筹兵，一边找黎督要经费。 黎元洪则一面敷衍，一面发文痛斥武官干政的“十大害”，着手在湖北推行“军民分治”。 张振武针尖对麦芒，在一次公开演讲中煽动道：“革命非数次不成，流血非万万人不止！” 一批下岗的起义同志受激，暗中策划“二次革命”，准备武力推翻都督府。 幸亏黎元洪提前侦破，一举捣毁该反革命团伙，砍了十几个带头的，镇压下来。 见武汉派系林立，乌烟瘴气，袁世凯派去了两个湖北籍的参议员了解情况。 连月来，无论袁世凯作何选择，黎元洪都坚定地站在他这边，还经常发些貌似忧国忧民的通电，怒斥南京集团的拖延刁难，赢得了袁的好感。 因此，通过参议员，黎元洪同袁世凯达成了一项秘密协定。 收到大总统的电邀时，张振武喜上眉梢。因为按电报里的说法，他即将走马上任梦寐以求的东三省边防使。 张振武带着三十多个将校团骨干，拿着黎元洪给的四千元路费，趾高气扬地踏上了入京的不归路。 到京后，张振武四处宴飨会友，大讲安边之策，还呈递了《上袁大总统书》，整个一舍我其谁的架势，殊不知两天前袁世凯就收到一封要他命的密电。 电文言辞恳恳，杀气腾腾，罗举了一大堆罪名，说张振武蛊惑军士，勾结土匪，破坏共和，倡谋不轨，狼子野心，愈接愈厉。假政党之名，遂其影射之谋；借报馆之扬，掩其凶顽之迹。 简直就是坏得掉渣，恶得流脓，人神共愤，百鸟悲鸣。 控诉会开完，作者叹了叹气，一副不负如来不负卿的口吻道： 元洪爱既不能，忍又不可，回腹荡气，仁智俱穷。伏乞将张振武立予正法，以昭炯戒。 袁世凯召集在京的湖北官员商议，又回复黎元洪，征询电文是否确定。 黎元洪马上确认，并派自己的笔杆子饶汉祥赴京面见袁世凯，告知武汉方面已布置妥当，不会因杀张振武而出事。