Chapter 7 The fifth chapter takes advantage of the party struggle to build a Beiyang team

On April 17, the Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed.When the news reached Beijing, the whole country was outraged and people changed their minds. At the time when the 18 provinces were taking the examinations in Beijing, Kang Youwei (1858-1927), a thirty-seven-year-old Nanhai candidate from Guangdong Province, hurriedly wrote a ten-thousand-word letter overnight, asking Guangxu to "issue an edict to encourage the spirit of the world, move the capital to establish the foundation of the world, Training troops to strengthen the world, reforming the law to rule the world", under the joint signature of 1,200 Juren, submitted to the Metropolitan Procuratorate, which is known in history as "the letter to the public car".

The bus is not a bus, but a government carriage.In the Han Dynasty, officials were selected through "examination and examination", and local talented people who were recommended to be officials in the capital were sent by buses to pick them up, so the bus was used to refer to juren. In the year of Jiawu, the "buses" were indeed published, but it is not the same thing as the word "buss written" in the "Xinhua Dictionary". The reason is that Kang Youwei's character is really not flattering. In 1923, Kang Shengren, who was in his sixties, went to Shaanxi to give lectures, and was warmly received by Liu Zhenhua, the governor of Shaanxi.

While visiting Wolong Temple, Kang Youwei found a copy of the "Moraine Sand Canon" bestowed by the emperor of the Ming Dynasty.The abbot Dinghui saw that he was the guest of the warlord, and it was not easy to refuse, so he made an agreement with him. Unexpectedly, the impatient Kang Youwei sent his disciple Zhang Fuwan to the Wolong Temple that night with 17 carts, and not only took away the "Qisha Canon", but also moved two cabinets of other scriptures along the way. Dinghui hurried back from outside the temple after learning about it, but was unable to stop her, and watched Zhang Fuwan leave in a hurry.

Soon, the news leaked out, and there was an uproar from all walks of life, who reprimanded Kang Youwei and asked him to return the scriptures.The angry masses also spontaneously wrote Tibetan acrostic poems to sarcastically say, "It is a (thief) to be old and not die, and there must be a (demon) when the country is about to perish." The people of Shaanxi obviously underestimated the psychological quality of the sages of the South China Sea. People walked the rivers and lakes for decades, so that the rivers and lakes were polluted.The matter dragged on until the spring of the following year, and Kang Youwei, who felt that stealing books was not stealing, slipped out of Xi'an with his beloved national treasure.

If it weren't for the crowd chasing him and stopping him in Tongguan, state-owned assets would flow into private pockets again. Of course, Kang Youwei is not Kong Yiji, and his ability is far more than that.He is best at telling stories, and Hitchcock is ashamed to see it. Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao called 1,200 juren to hold a rally in Beijing Songyun Nunnery, which was the fifth day after the signing of the treaty. The crowd at the scene was furious, and the Taiwanese Juren even cried bitterly. Kang Youwei presented the draft "Shang Jin Shang Emperor Shu", which included the refusal of peace, the relocation of the capital, and the political reform.Everyone signed their names one by one, and ten days later (May 2), under the leadership of Kang and Liang, they gathered at the gate of the Metropolitan Procuratorate to deliver them.

But the Metropolitan Procuratorate refused to accept it on the grounds that Guangxu had already used the seal on the contract and the matter was irreversible. Dramatic conflicts did arrest people, but the truth was that Kang Youwei never went to the Metropolitan Procuratorate. The people of the Qing Dynasty enjoyed freedom of assembly.However, after a field inspection, it will be found that it is very difficult to accommodate a thousand people in a place as big as a palm in Songjun Nunnery (Yang Jisheng's former residence).Even if it is barely squeezed out, people are still close to each other, and they are scattered in various rooms. How can we talk about gatherings?

The only letter that can be confirmed was organized by Liang Qichao, which only incited more than 80 Cantonese Juren. At the same time, the letter led by Chen Jinghua united nearly 300 Cantonese Juren.Kang Youwei is the self-appointed leader of the public letter, but his influence is only mediocre. If the performance is limited to this, it can be understood that Kang Youwei is so patriotic that he has lost his mind.The problem is that in order to create Wei Guangzheng's image, he did not hesitate to confuse right and wrong and discredit others, which artificially set up many obstacles for historical research.

First of all, the date of Guangxu’s sealing of the seal was May 3, and in Kang Youwei’s records, on May 2, people from the Metropolitan Procuratorate told him that the emperor had sealed the seal. Secondly, the three officials of the Metropolitan Procuratorate, Yude, Shouchang, and Shen Enjia, all opposed the peace negotiation, and the more than 20 censors under the court took turns to submit papers, without sleep or rest. In addition, on May 2 alone, the Metropolitan Procuratorate played 15 petitions from officials and juren to the imperial court.Let me ask, why is it necessary for such a state organ, which has worked so hard to fight the main battle, to fight against a Kang Dapao?

Kang Youwei, who always feels that everyone is drunk and he is sober, has actually overlooked one point: the top management is also divided into left, middle and right. Established half a year ago, the Wartime Organization Supervising Military Affairs Office (Supreme Military Commission) aimed at elevating Beiyang has not yet been abolished. The five big bosses (returned Yixin, Prince Qing Yikuang, Weng Tonghe, Li Hongzao, and Minister of the Ministry of War Ronglu) have been eliminated. Yixin and Yikuang agreed to make peace, while the other three were all opposed to signing the contract.

This is obviously not something Kang Youwei can understand at his level, and he also knows that Sun Yuwen, Minister of Military Aircraft, is a peacemaker. The problem is that street sweepers know it all. In the face of internal and external opposition and high-level inconsistency, Sun Yuwen stepped forward, willing to be a villain, urging Guangxu to seal the seal, and even used the Tianjin tsunami to scare people, forcing the emperor to walk around the palace. , After walking for more than an hour, he "stamped his feet and shed tears, and wrote a book". Even so, Kang Youwei's communication skills are worth learning.

According to Hu Sijing, who was a scholar of the Imperial Academy at the time, described: Youwei is tall and tall, with a slender beard and piercing eyes.When meeting people for the first time, they clasped their fists and bowed, and laughed loudly. After asking their names, they asked in turn where they came from, what property they had, the elders and heroes in the village, and so on.Ask again and again, take a Western pencil, write down the names one by one, and hide them in the pocket... Carrying name cards all day long, running around, as if out of order. Kang Youwei met Zhang Yinhuan through the introduction of fellow villager Ling Fupeng (Jun Ji Zhang Jing). This was also the beginning of Zhang Yinhuan's nightmare. Zhang didn't have a good reputation in the imperial examinations. In his early years, he spent money to donate a county magistrate. He climbed to a high position step by step through hard work. In the end, he met the evil star that made him fall in love at first sight: his best friend Kang Youwei. With great knowledge, good eloquence, and high spirits, he recruited the weakness of Zhang Yinhuan, who respects his teachers and respects his teachers. From then on, he worked hard for Kang Youwei, wearing stars and moons... Kang Youwei won the Jinshi examination and wanted to be the number one scholar. He asked Zhang Yinhuan to help him operate every day, but was dismissed by the examiner; The end of such hard work is to be implicated in a coup, exiled for three thousand miles, and die in a foreign land.Kang Shaxing, who was cited as a close friend, still kept secrets about Zhang Yinhuan's contribution to the Kang Party on various occasions, and wished to draw a clear line. If it weren't for Zhang Yinhuan's habit of keeping a diary, he would probably be an unsung hero. What's more ridiculous is that Zhang Yinhuan didn't mind meeting people who were not nice, and even brought in his good friend Sun Yuwen. Sun Yuwen, who has two factors of "high position" and "main harmony", was portrayed by Kang's screenwriter as a big villain: he tried every means to obstruct Kang Youwei's actions, and sent the editor of the Imperial Academy Huang to Smash field. Huang single-handedly "threatened with flying words", and actually frightened the aggrieved disciples just now.Many people asked to revoke their signatures on the spot, making people have to wonder whether Huang, whose real name was not found, is Huang Feihong. In fact, in 1895, the refusal was not the Minority Report, but the Shortcut to the South. For example, Wang Rongshang, the editor of the Imperial Academy, skipped two grades within half a month because he refused to reconcile hoarsely, and was promoted to be a lecturer. In the summer of that year, "Secretary on the Bus" compiled by disciples of Kangmen was published, with Liang Qichao as the preface.In the preface, there is no mention of Kang Youwei as the leader who submitted the letter to the public car—because the current discussion is still pending, and there are many people involved, they are afraid of public opinion and dare not make fakes. And this is the truth. The truth killer Kang Youwei started to hype "Secretary on the Bus" again, saying that the book "was passed down and copied and engraved all over the world"-this really overestimated the enthusiasm of the Chinese people for current affairs. The best-selling books in the book market are always success learning and health preservation. Kang Youwei wanted to go against the market, but the result was that "Secretary on the Bus" was repeatedly unsalable. The six bluffing advertisements on "Shenbao" showed that within two months, the price of the book dropped from two cents to four cents. You may ask, Kang Youwei is also engaged in Chinese studies at any rate, why did he fail in ideology and morality? If you want to blame it, blame him for having the wrong birth, born in an era when no matter what you do, you have to be messed up by the evil education system at that time. Kang Youwei, who read a lot since he was a child, took the Guangzhou government exam three times in a row, and only got a diploma at the age of sixteen. There is no limit to Kehai, there is no worst, only worse.In the same examination room, Hong Xiuquan, who fought in the Three Wars and Three Norths, was schizophrenic and went mad to seek comfort from God. It can be seen that Kang Youwei's psychological quality is still worth learning. No wonder.According to his recollection, he had strange omens when he was born (a red meteor in a big fire, and I was born at midnight); when he was young, he had hallucinations (suddenly saw that everything in the world was one with me, shining brightly, and thought he was a saint). And this kind of people who always firmly believe that heaven will send great responsibilities to themselves usually either stay in the lunatic asylum or turn all living beings upside down to toss the world. God seems to be testing Kang Youwei's patience to make sure that he is the "Chosen One".So, in the next thirteen years, Mr. Kang appeared in the examination rooms in Guangzhou and Beijing, but the result was six exams and six failures. In 1893, Mao Zedong was born, and Kang Youwei was thirty-six years old.For now, civil servants are not allowed to sign up for the age test. Fortunately, with strong mental strength, he insisted on going all out to enter the examination room. Unexpectedly, it hit. Since then, everything has been smooth sailing, and after two years, he became a Jinshi in high school. It can be described as a moment of misfortune and fortune. In fact, it is not surprising that the county examination (examination for talents) and the township examination (examination for juren) focus on literary talent, and literary geniuses can cope with it with a little stereotyped training, such as Liang Qichao, who "often has emotions in his writing" in each examination. As for Zhongjinshi and Dianhanlin, you must learn the profound knowledge and insights, and you can't be fooled by just playing with a pen.Therefore, unreasonable Juren can be found everywhere, but bullshit Jinshi is rare. The problem with Kang Youwei is that he has accumulated a lot and has many ideas, but his writing skills are not outstanding, so he has been in trouble all year round. Ten years later, Kang Xiucai followed the Neo-Confucianist Zhu Ciqi to study Song and Ming Neo-Confucianism intensively, and then went from Confucianism to Buddhism, and then Western learning.After Mr. Zhu died of illness, he traveled around again, visiting famous mountains and rivers, making friends with famous Confucian scholars and dignitaries, and traveled as far as Hong Kong. Kang Youwei was greatly stimulated by the clean government and clean streets of Hong Kong under the British rule. He turned to study the few translated Western books, forcing himself to become a sponge for absorbing knowledge. Most of these books come from the Guangxi Society in Shanghai. The Guanghui Society, with Hurd as the chairman and Timothy Lee as the general director, while promoting Christianity, compiled and published a large number of political and scientific books, and issued the "Communication of All Nations", spreading the concept of Western freedom and democracy, calling on the Qing court to Implement political reforms. By distributing free books outside the examination room and donating books to officials, the Guangxi Society has influenced a large number of social elites. In 1894, "A New History of Taixi" written by Li Hongzhang and written by Timothy Lee became popular all over the country, and there were 19 pirated editions in Sichuan Province alone. At the same time, the Guangxi Society often organizes award-winning essays, with a wide range of propositions and all-encompassing.Kang Youwei participated once and won the last prize. But it is obvious that his ambition is not in the new concept composition contest. In 1888, Kang Youwei went to Beijing again to take the Shuntianfu Township Examination. Before the exam, he visited Xu Tong (1819-1900), a scholar of the cabinet, three times. Xu Tong lives in Dongjiaomin Lane, very close to embassies of various countries.As long as Kang Youwei has a normal mind, he should know that he is not the same person when he sees a couplet pasted on the door of his house, "Looking at the ocean and sighing, and being a neighbor to ghosts". Xu Tong, who was once the tutor of Emperor Tongzhi, was extremely conservative. "Drafts of Qing History" said that he "has a hatred of Western learning".And he was extremely stupid. He once said that "Spain has teeth, Portugal has teeth, and teeth make a country. This is unheard of in history, unrecorded in books, and nothing is more ridiculous than this." Hearing that there is a country called the United States, he was unhappy again: "Everything is beautiful in my Qing Dynasty. What is so beautiful about the United States? Everything goes well in my Qing Dynasty. What benefits does the United States have? My Qing army is invincible, and the United States has What is solid?" As a Jinshi and a disciple of Woren during the Daoguang period, Xu Tong's academic attainments were far inferior to his teacher's, and not as good as Li Hongzao and Weng Tonghe.Dangling around with a copy of "Tai Shang Induction Chapter" all day long, he is often ridiculed by his colleagues, because of his seniority and old age, no one cares about him. When two crazy people meet, it's farce. Xu Tong rejected Kang Youwei three times, and then sent someone to ask him what was the matter.Kang Youwei wrote a perversely worded letter, flattering Xu Tong, but at the same time saying, "Seventy old man, what can I ask for", accusing him of eating a vegetarian meal. Xu Tong was enraged, denounced Kang Youwei as a "crazy student", and threw back his letter. Kang Youwei, who was defeated again in the examination room, began to visit the dignitaries in the capital to sell his ten-thousand-word book on the reform "The First Book of the Emperor of the Qing Dynasty". When discussing this book, later generations often refer to its gist as "demanding the implementation of bourgeois reforms"—even for well-trained professional film critics, it is still very difficult to over-explain to this extent. The letter was about 5,000 words long, and it was nothing more than clichés about foreign oppression, internal corruption, and natural disaster warnings, in order to explain the urgency of the reform.The question is what the new law looks like and how it will change. Kang Youwei didn't mention it at all. According to regulations, the scholar's letter must be submitted by the Imperial College.It just so happened that Sheng Yu, the Imperial Academy's sacrificial wine, was Weng Tonghe's disciple, so Kang Youwei's Hongwen was placed on Weng's desk. If it hadn't hit a sensitive period, maybe he would have been appreciated by Qingliu's leader. Weng Tonghe, who has reached a consensus with Yizhen, is waiting.Wait another year, after Guangxu gets married and takes charge, everything will become clear.Therefore, at this juncture, at the darkest moment before dawn, he only hopes that the power can be handed over smoothly, and he does not want to cause extra complications, just like the sigh of Li Hongzhang, who was deeply alone when Yixin stepped down: However, Ji Yin has been perfunctory for more than ten years, waiting for the heir emperor to rule in person. It is unknown whether he can support it and not change. In his diary that night, Weng Tonghe stated the reason for his refusal to submit Kang Wen: Straightforward words are of no use to the matter and will only lead to provocation. No matter how unreliable an angry youth is, it is more reliable than a fickle woman. The big marriage in 1889 opened the prelude to the struggle between the two parties of the emperor and empress. We all know that Guangxu likes Concubine Zhen, but Cixi appointed her niece Longyu as queen by default. Moreover, it stands to reason that after returning to power, she should move to the Cining Palace, which was exclusively for the widows of the former emperor, but Cixi went to Ningshou Palace. land. And it is the overlord who does not hand over power. The imperial court's personnel arrangements were also ruthless, and the signal of reluctance to hand over power could not be more obvious.Yu Shi Tu Renshou couldn't sit still, and gave a strange memorial. With more than ten years of experience in swearing, the writing has reached its peak.Tu Renshou sacrificed the dragon-slaying technique in Shuzhong: the queen mother is about to return to power, and the court is busy with government affairs, so she asked for an imperial decree. According to the old practice of Emperor Gaozong (Qianlong) in his political training, the secret documents of other provinces and the seals of court officials will still be issued. It is necessary to write the words "Empress Dowager's Sacred Mirror", and I implore the Empress Dowager to read the instructions before it can be implemented. On the surface, it seems to be in line with Cixi's wishes, but in fact Tu Renshou is known for his uprightness in the censors, and his ability to chop people is comparable to that of a dragon-slaying knife. Such a person is not interested in studying Ashi. Cixi understood that what was in front of her was a trap.If you agree with Tu Renshou's memorial, it means that you are brazenly challenging the ancestral system, comparing yourself to Qianlong as a later court lady, and refusing to return to politics; There is actually only one correct answer.Cixi made a decree against her will and said: Reading is extremely shocking!Listening to politics behind the curtain is an expedient measure, how can it be compared with Emperor Gaozong's political training? Tu Renshou was dismissed and investigated, but his self-explosive goal had been achieved, and Cixi was so angry that he complained to Weng Tonghe every day: "They don't know what's on my mind." But in Guangxu's view, Cixi has no right to be angry at all.As early as last year when Yizhen was seriously ill, he suspected that Cixi wanted to murder his father. For this reason, I also specifically consulted with Weng Tonghe, saying that the imperial doctor of Prince Jin's illness was helpless, and the civilian doctor Xu who I privately invited had a great improvement after diagnosis and treatment.Unexpectedly, there was a decree in the palace that Prince Jin was not allowed to take the medicine prescribed by Xu. Weng Tonghe didn't know how to answer in a hurry, Guangxu said decisively: "What I mean is that I still obey Xu Fang." Until the big wedding, the emperor's dissatisfaction finally broke out publicly. Although Guangxu did not say no to arranged marriages as bravely as the May Fourth youth, on the fourth day after the marriage, under the pretext of being ill, he canceled the banquet originally scheduled for the queen's family in the Hall of Supreme Harmony, and distributed the dishes to the princes in the capital. Minister, it caused countless discussions in the market... Since 1894, Cixi began to live in the Summer Palace.The struggle between emperor and empress finally solidified with a structure of terror checks and balances. Ask for instructions in advance: Whether you are paying respects, serving meals, or watching a show with you, it is all in the name of filial piety and the reality of control. Subsequent report: Guangxu has the independent right to approve Zhu and give oral orders, but he must report to Cixi the next day after the disposal. This is like the emperor working in a glass room. Although the queen mother is far away, she can still see clearly.But it must be admitted that there are some dark corners in the transparent glass room. Back to Kang Youwei, the setback in 1888 was actually related to the inappropriate political climate.After chasing around for a year and a half, without accomplishing anything, he left Beijing in a slump. When he was parting, he wrote a poem in which he viciously said: Tigers and leopards guard the nine gates ferociously, and the emperor can't scream. Again, blame the fictitious die-hards. Kang Youwei began to consider transformation, and wrote in a letter to Shen Zengzhi, the head of the Criminal Ministry and a famous scholar: "I have no land, no people, and no power to do anything. What should I do? Or entrust it to the teacher?" Seeing him pitiful, Shen Zengzhi was kind enough to lend him "An Examination of Modern and Ancient Studies" written by Wang Kaiyun's disciple Liao Ping (1852-1932). In the end, it was Liao Ping's turn to be unlucky. In that turbulent era, the life of Liao Ping, a native of Sichuan, was unremarkable, almost black and white.When I met Kang Youwei, I was completely black. In his early years, Liao Ping won the top talent examination, and was appreciated by Zhang Zhidong, the then Sichuan academician, who transferred him to the Zunjing Academy he created to focus on cultivation. The successor dean was Wang Kaiyun, and Liao Ping followed him to lay a solid foundation in Confucian classics. At the same time that Kang Youwei left Beijing in despair, Liao Ping was admitted to Jinshi steadily. Zhang Zhidong, who had just been transferred to the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, founded Guangya Academy and tried his best to invite Liao Ping. Without thinking about it, he packed his bags and hit the road. In terms of running a business, Zhang Zhidong is not as good as Li Hongzhang; but in terms of spiritual civilization construction, Zhang Tanhua is still determined to forge ahead, both fast and ruthless.When he was in charge of Liangjiang, Chen Rui, the alternate magistrate of Jiangning, once looked for him. Chen Rui, who is good at poetry, first found Chen Sanli (Chen Yinke's father).Chen Sanli's father, Chen Baozhen, was the governor of Hunan at that time. He had an outstanding political reputation and had a very good personal relationship with Zhang Zhidong. Chen Sanli repeatedly recommended Chen Rui to Zhang Zhidong, intending to help his friend find real vacancies.It's a pity that Chen Rui thought too much before hearing about it, and felt that both poetry and parallel prose are Zhang Zhidong's expertise, so it's better to focus on ancient prose and attack its shortcomings, so as to achieve a shocking effect. Calculated to see.Zhang Zhidong asked, "What kind of literature are you good at?" Chen Rui: "Ancient Chinese." Zhang: "How do you learn ancient Chinese?" Chen: "The Eight Great Masters." Zhang: "Where do the Eight Great Masters like to read?" Chen: "Han Changli." Zhang: "What is your favorite article in Korean?" Chen: "The Original Dao." Zhang Zhidong said repeatedly: "Yuan Dao, Yuan Dao..." Before the end of the speech, raise a glass to see off the guests. The feedback Chen Sanli received was: Chen Rui is not good. "Original Dao" was written by Han Yu to promote Confucianism and suppress Buddhism. Although it is regarded as a classic, its main purpose is extremely conservative (the sage came out to save the people from suffering). Zhang Zhidong's thinking is obviously not conservative.He is a conservative forward, a conservative forward. Years of ideology has given him a deeper understanding of the West than the average Westernization School.The separation of body and function made him dare to implement reforms in education and cultivate new talents, and public opinion was relatively tolerant.But when it comes to political reality, he immediately reined in. Therefore, Zhang Zhidong, who hits each side with a stick ("the old ones give up eating because of choking, and the new ones perish because they don't have enough") actually needs good materials that can be used for themselves. Kang Youwei was shocked after reading "An Examination of Modern and Ancient Studies", and immediately ran back to Guangzhou to find Liao Ping, and told him that his admiration was endless like the flood of the Yellow River. Liao Ping listened to his babbling expressionlessly, and found two drafts, saying that he had overturned his original point of view. Kang Youwei grabbed the manuscript paper and took a look. The titles were "Pian of Knowing the Sage" and "Pian of Pi Liu". You can't afford to treat "Ram". In the distant Qin Dynasty, the first emperor carried out the reform of "Shutongwen", abolishing the six countries' scripts, and uniformly using Qin's official script. After the burning of books and the suppression of Confucianism, the decree of "Prohibition of Holding Books" stipulates that private collection of books by the people can be punished by "family punishment".This created a cultural gap. By the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the "ancient books" handed down from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period were almost extinct-unless you carried a Luoyang shovel to rob the tomb. Even if two copies were actually dug up and posted on the Confucius Second-hand Books Network, no one would dare to buy them looking at the ancient texts of the Six Kingdoms like a heavenly book. The situation of "Gongyang Zhuan" is quite special. Although it is included in the "Jinwenjing" (using the official script), its ideological origin was formed in the Warring States Period by Gongyang Gao, a native of Qi. This person is said to be Zixia's disciple. Zixia, one of the "Ten Philosophers of Confucianism", is generally considered to be the earliest Confucian scholar with Legalist tendencies after Confucius. And this also profoundly affected Ram Gao. As a family school, Gongyang School has always been taught by word of mouth.When it was handed down to Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty, Gongyang Shou, the great-great-grandson of Gongyanggao, put it on paper and published it as "Gongyang Biography". Up to the time of Emperor Wu, Confucianism was the only one, and there were many interpretations of "Spring and Autumn", and the Gongyang School and Guliang School were used as the Big Dipper of Mount Tai, just like Shaolin Wudang. Back then, when Huashan was discussing swords, Xiaqiu Jianggong, a master of Guliang School, lost to Dong Zhongshu, a master of Gongyang School.Under the imperial order of Emperor Wu, Gongyang School has since become an official school. The direction of the king is the trend of the world.In addition, Gong Sunhong studied the ram intensively as a grassroots man, and became the prime minister, which was too exciting for scholars.For a while, everyone had a copy of "Ram" in order to support the court. The place of support is the government-run Taixue, where a "Five Classics Doctor" can be a high-ranking official.Over time, there are few people who devote themselves to academics, and many people who pursue fame and wealth. People of insight began to seek a breakthrough. For example, Zheng Xuan, the most outstanding scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty, was dissatisfied with the bureaucracy and lack of subjects in the Taixue. Long before Zheng Xuan, Liu Xin (50 BC-23 AD) in the late Western Han Dynasty had launched a fierce challenge to this group of academic masters. Liu Xin is a member of the royal family, and his father Liu Xiang is a famous scholar.His family background made him known as a child prodigy. After being summoned by Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, he followed Liu Xiang to organize the collections of the National Library. As a treasure house of human wisdom, the library often has unexpected miraculous effects after a long time.Borges has been the director of the Argentine National Library for many years, and his works are full of vigor, so he is called "a writer among writers". The National Library of the Western Han Dynasty preserved many rare ancient books from the Six Kingdoms.Liu Xinhao read the poor scriptures, and first sorted out a copy.He also classified books into categories, wrote catalogs and introductions, and produced a book called "Seven Strategies", which can be called the ancestor of bibliography. After work, I also studied mathematics and deduced pi to 3.15. The most important discovery is "Zuo Zhuan". This book has been circulated among the people, but it has little influence, and readers regard it as an ordinary history book.But Liu Xin didn't see it that way. He re-collated the ancient "Zuo Zhuan" in the library, thinking that he had finally found a sharp weapon against modern writers who made a living by studying "Gongyang Zhuan". As Jinwen Confucianism, has the main purpose of Gongyangology passed down from generation to generation changed?Moreover, even if Gongyang Gaozhen is Zixia's disciple, after two generations, how much can he understand the true meaning of "Spring and Autumn"? "Zuo Zhuan" is not the case. It was written in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the author Zuo Qiuming was a good friend of Confucius.There is a record in "Smart words make color, Zuo Gong (to flatter others with excessive humility), Zuo Qiu is ashamed, and Qiu (Confucius) is also ashamed". It is clear at a glance who is more reliable. The corrupt Confucians in the Taixue could not answer Liu Xin's attack ("refusing to answer"), and he was even more afraid and hated for his appeal to include "Zuo Zhuan" in the official school.So he played a card of "Parties unite against differences" and pushed Liu Xin out of the capital. Back to the text itself, the outstanding representatives of Jinwen Confucianism and Ancient Chinese Confucianism, "Gongyang Zhuan" and "Zuo Zhuan", the difference between them is as big as heaven and earth. "Gongyang Zhuan" can be described as a typical example of the Six Classics. Under the banner of interpreting the Spring and Autumn Annals, the "subtle words and great meaning" that Confucius could not have dreamed of, can not help but remind people of the routine of summarizing the central idea in elementary school Chinese classes. Fake as it is, practice has proven that in a country full of lies, hypocrisy is often safer and more effective than truth. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty who knew this well was preparing to go to war with the Xiongnu, facing the kneeling officials, he sacrificed "Gongyang Biography". What he quoted was "the fourth year of Duke Zhuang". There is a sentence recorded in "Spring and Autumn": Ji Houda went to his country. With only six words, "Gongyang Biography" explained more than 300 words... First of all, some historical materials were added, saying that "going big" means destroying the country.The State of Ji was destroyed by the State of Qi, and it was Duke Xiang of Qi who attacked. The reason why the name of the "murderer" is hidden is to hide it for the sages.Qi Xianggong can't be said to be virtuous, but his performance in this scene is worthy of recognition. He and Ji Guo have nothing against each other, and this "poisonous hand" is to avenge their ancestors.At that time, the ninth patriarch Qi Aigong was thrown into a pot and boiled by Zhou Tianzi, because Zhou Tianzi listened to the slander of the leader of Ji State. Maybe you will ask, the current ruler of the Ji State has not offended the Qi State, and Duke Xiang destroyed the country. Isn’t this just a way of expressing anger? "Gongyang Zhuan" answered you murderously: "You can't say that. If Qi Aigong was wronged, there would be a sage emperor in the central government who would have dealt with the treacherous leader of Ji State. It was picked up for nothing. Moreover, when Qi Xianggong was in power, the emperor was still stupid, and the only way to kill Jihou was to kill Jiguo with all kindness." This is the famous "Ninth Revenge".At first glance, it does conform to the basic tenet of blood relative revenge in "Spring and Autumn".But do you believe it?Anyway, I don't believe it. Duke Xiang of Qi is not Duke Huan of Qi.This duke conquered too much, broke his promises, and committed incest with his sister. In the 12 years he lived in the country, he beat up Wei, Lu, and Zheng. Why avenge the feud one hundred and eighty years ago. It is even more ridiculous that Liu Che cited this example.Liu Bang was indeed bullied by the Huns in the "Siege of Baideng" back then, but he came back intact after all, which is not the same as Qi Aigong being boiled. Moreover, "Gongyang Zhuan" describes the reality of the feudal society in the pre-Qin period: if the world has the way, then the ritual and music conquests will come from the emperor; if the world has no way, then the ritual and music conquest will come from the princes. No matter how poor Qi Xianggong is, he can still punish discipline in the name of "doing the way for the emperor". Liu Che conquered the Huns and shouted "Those who commit strong men will be punished even if they are far away". If compared with Xiao Wangzhi's story, it is even more ridiculous. During the reign of Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty, civil strife broke out in the Xiongnu.The courtiers talked a lot, and they all advocated taking this opportunity to teach these barbarians a severe lesson. Emperor Xuan was not sure, so he asked Xiao Wangzhi, the imperial historian, for advice.Xiao is a well-known Confucian in the country, and it stands to reason that it should be duty-bound to fight against backward civilizations and maintain Chinese orthodoxy, but he didn't expect him to throw out three words: You can't fight. What Xiao Wangzhi quoted was an example about Shigai (gai) in "Spring and Autumn": Jin Shigai invaded Qi and went to Gu, and when he heard that the Marquis of Qi had died, he returned. A soldier from the state of Jin led an army to attack the state of Qi, and when he came to the valley, he heard that the marquis of Qi had lost his hair, so he withdrew his troops and returned home. The expression is very calm, but "Gongyang Zhuan" is not calm, saying that "Spring and Autumn" is praising the scholars for not attacking the country where the funeral is going on. Gongyang, who was proud of being the roundworm in Confucius' stomach, said plausibly: "The mystery lies in the word 'return'. This is a good word, and it really contains praise and criticism." If you can't taste the emotion of love and hate implied in the word "return", you can only blame yourself for being blind. "Gongyang Biography" is an open class, not a tutor, and it won't wait for you to figure it out before going on.When a person finishes talking about history, he sees the picture and immediately throws out a sentence: "The doctor is ordered by the king, and the doctor also advances and retreats." This is the theme to be expressed: the general will be outside, and the king's life will not be accepted. Xiao Wangzhi dissuaded the emperor from fighting the Xiongnu by "not taking advantage of people's dangers"; Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty argued that the Xiongnu must be fought with "the world's feud is irreconcilable".The exact opposite point of view is drawn in the same book.It seems that for the people of the Han Dynasty, if they learn "Gongyang Zhuan" well, they will not be afraid to travel all over the world. Theory is just a skin, and the truth often comes from realistic considerations.It was precisely because of the foundation laid by Liu Che's militarism that Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty dared to say that "kings and bullies are mixed." The dispute between the Han and the Hungarians has lasted for more than a hundred years, and both sides have been exhausted, and a turning point is urgently needed.Twenty years after Xiao Wangzhi borrowed the wine from the ram to pour the Han family's block, Zhaojun left the fortress, and Han and Xiong formed a good relationship. It would be fine if we "developed" the meaning of "Spring and Autumn" just because "it is not enough".A more serious problem is that, in order to serve politics, "Gongyang Zhuan" sometimes contains private goods and misinterprets the scriptures. For example, "a child is more expensive than a mother, and a mother is more valuable than a son". Of the eight characters "discovered" from "Spring and Autumn", the first four indeed fit the social reality of Zhou rituals and patriarchal clan system. If your mother is the main wife of the monarch, and the mothers of other brothers are concubines, then they will consciously stay away and not compete with you for the position of heir. A group of elder brothers like "Gong" fought bloody for the throne, in the eyes of "Spring and Autumn", they are a terrible example of being uneducated. The key is the last four words.In the pre-Qin period, the phenomenon of "mother is more valuable than children" did not exist at all. This was added by the Gongyang family in the Han Dynasty when "Gongyang Biography" was published in order to cater to the power. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the princes walked all over the streets, and there were as many doctors as dogs.As long as you are an aristocrat above "scholar", it is easy to find a woman of the right family to be your wife or concubine, and there is no need to rob civilian women. In the Han Dynasty, the social structure underwent earth-shaking changes.Princes with different surnames, such as Han Xin, have been cut off long ago, and vassal kings with the same surname cannot intermarry. The royal family needs a large number of beauties in the harem, and there is no other way but to go to the folk audition. This gave many women who were originally from humble backgrounds a chance. For example, Liu Che's biological mother Wang Zhi. Wang Zhi's father was a commoner, and the Queen Mother came from a famous family, but the so-called "home of Zhongming Dingshi" has long been a distant memory. The more serious problem is that Wang Zhi was married before entering the palace. Considering the open swords and dark guns in the harem in "The Legend of Zhen Huan", it is not difficult to imagine the criticism that Liu Che's mother and son received. Until one day, Liu Che, who had fought his way out of the crowd, finally took power in his hands and held Tianxian in his mouth.At this time, Dong Zhongshu came to him with a copy of "Gongyang Biography" and told him: Your Majesty, a mother is more valuable than a son. The feeling of sympathy with me is really indescribable... The decline of "Gongyang Zhuan", the symbolic event was a debate in the Eastern Han Dynasty.As a result, He Xiu, who was in charge of Gongyang and known as "Xuehai", lost to Zheng Xuan, an expert in "Zuo Zhuan" and known as "Spiritual God". As expected. The reading volume of modern writers is generally not as good as that of ancient writers.No matter how good the eloquence is, if there is no argument to support it, only a clever woman can't cook without rice. Comparing the two, "Gongyang Zhuan" emphasizes political correctness and neglects factual textual research, strictly sets guidelines and disciplines, distinguishes between likes and dislikes, and has a strong legalist consciousness; "Zuo Zhuan" is just the opposite, emphasizing historical facts rather than righteousness, carefully seeking evidence, and objectively stating , Rare extreme emotions. Therefore, modern writers attack "Zuo Zhuan" with the words: it is just a history book, and the spirit of Confucius has not been promoted at all, so it is not worthy of being called "classic"! The ancient writers' counterattack is not to be outdone: that is better than you flying the red flag against the red flag, persuasively attaching ideas, and tampering with "Spring and Autumn"! In fact, "The Legend of the Ram", which is as aggressive as an antelope, is not without merit.For example, the shocking "Gongyang III Theory" was put forward in China, where the retro tradition is serious. When studying "Spring and Autumn", Gongyang discovered an interesting phenomenon: Confucius was also afraid of literary inquisition. According to the degree of fear, "Gongyang Zhuan" divides the generations of the twelve Lu monarchs recorded in "Spring and Autumn" into the world seen, the world heard and the rumored world from near to far. Dong Zhongshu explained that the world he saw was the four eras he personally experienced after the birth of Confucius, Duke Xiang, Duke Zhao, Duke Ding and Duke Ai. The rumored world is traced back to the four ages from Xianggong; the rumored world is traced back again to the four ages of Yingong. Dong Zhongshu pointed out: Confucius criticized the bad people and bad deeds that he heard about in the world without mercy; he was reserved and euphemistic about the world he saw. He also expressed perverted appreciation, saying that this is a cautious attitude towards life, which can lead to peace of mind while retreating to the whole body. When He Xiu saw Dong Zhongshu open his eyes and talk nonsense, he simply did nothing and kept going. He defined the rumored world with the most villains as "the troubled world", and the rumored world with fewer villains as the "prosperous world". It is designated as "Taiping World". This is turning a deer into a horse. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period, it was clearly becoming more and more chaotic. How did it become peaceful and peaceful? He Xiu also knew that there was a big loophole, and perfunctoryly said that the so-called peaceful world was temporarily "Wenzhi Taiping", but it was actually quite chaotic.Confucius first drew the concept of Taiping on paper, waiting for those who came. It can be seen that in the writings of modern writers, Confucius is a statesman, and the purpose of writing "Spring and Autumn" is for development and reform; while in the writings of ancient writers, Confucius is just a historian, narrating but not writing, sorting out the history of the country, and his ancestors recounted Yao and Shun , Charter civil and military. Therefore, the question can be simplified as: Which one is more important, respecting facts or respecting affairs? Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, the ram has declined.After the Five Dynasties, the literati and bureaucrats all went to play Neo Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties, and the study of Confucian classics was gradually marginalized.However, "Zuo Zhuan" is called classics, but it is actually history. With its solid historical foundation, its influence is getting bigger and bigger. In the Qing Dynasty, Zhang Xuecheng threw out the phrase "the six classics are all history", which greatly lowered the status of Confucian classics. 乾嘉学派寻章摘句的考据癖也是信仰崩溃之后的结果——倘或《春秋》真有那么多大义，则崖山之变、满人入关又作何解释？ 然而，万马齐喑的局面还是被龚自珍和魏源打破了。 此二人重提公羊，发廖平之先声。 而廖平显然将今文家一惊一乍、耸人听闻的特点发挥到了极致，说走火入魔也不夸张。 《辟刘篇》就是一部阴谋论，说刘歆是史上第一骗，骗了中国人两千年，他探佚出来的那些以《左传》为首的“古文经”都是自己一手伪造的，整个一经学妖孽。 《知圣篇》又成了《达芬奇密码》，把孔子打造为预言帝，说《春秋》不可小觑，你要是把它当作鲁国的编年史来看那就白瞎了圣人的一番苦心了。《春秋》其实是现代世界的一种想象，郑国代表中国，秦国代表英国，而鲁国则是日本，鲁哀公就是明治天皇…… 当疯子遇到神经病，历史便充满了喜感。 康有为先是故作惊疑状，责备廖平标新立异以求出名，又以一脸谆谆善诱的过来人表情，劝他焚毁草稿，以免惹祸。 真要信了康有为的话，才是自取其祸。 因为他转身就剽窃了廖平的观点，用半年时间赶出两部怪书——《新学伪经考》和《孔子改制考》。 考诸经学史，再也找不到比这两本更离奇的考了。 第一本是“破”。按照廖平的思路，痛骂刘歆篡改六经。 其实这个问题很好求证，把流传下来的文献和出土文物两相比较即能得到答案。 一些战国时的钟鼎器皿上刻着和《左传》相同内容的文字，按理说已是铁证如山，康有为却硬说这些古董都是刘歆私下铸造，预先埋好以欺蒙后人用的——合着没有碳14鉴定法，想怎么说都行。 另外，之所以叫“新学”，是为了和王莽篡汉自立的“新朝”联系起来。 这倒是事实，刘歆和王莽私交甚笃，而后者在建立起政权后推行复古（周礼）的治国之策，急需古文家的理论资源。 刘歆可谓不二人选。 当学术与权力联姻后，《左传》被抬进了太学。 然而，君以此兴，必以此亡。“新莽”如天上的流星，忽然而已；地上的刘歆则受此牵连，死于非命。 其实，“学成文武艺，货与帝王家”本是文人的通病，打折出售的康有为又有什么资格责难待价而沽的刘歆呢？ 第二本是“立”。康有为说，刘歆湮灭了圣人的大义，《孔子改制考》则使其重见天日。在这本被康党门徒誉为“火山大喷火”的书中，孔子成了神。 天神下凡只有一个任务：以布衣之身，托古改制。 康有为以己度人，把孔子塑造成借恢复周礼之名，行变法维新之实的改革家。而且，第一要义便是“张三世”。 在康南海笔下，《春秋》是治天下而非治一国，治万世而非治一时的圣经。因此，孔子早就预测了未来社会的几种政治体制：据乱世是君主专制，升平世是君主立宪，太平世是民主共和。 再以今文家素有的主观性和灵活性，把从民主宪政到婚姻自由等社会改良的各个方面偷天换日地打包进了《春秋》。 梁启超赞曰：“绌君威而伸人权，夷贵族而尚平等。” 叶德辉骂道：“假素王（无冕之王，指代孔子）之名号，行张角之密谋。” 都是知音啊。 在康有为那儿，孔教只是一块招牌。从给自己和弟子所取的名号中不难看出，对于孔子，他甚至不怎么尊重。 康有为自号长素，长于素王。 麦孟华号驾孟，凌驾于孟子之上。 梁启超号轶赐，轶者，超卓之意也，超越端木赐。 韩文举号乘参，把曾参当马骑。 ... 客观来看，康有为先是砸烂了记载着周礼的古文经，告诉你不能回头；再像搞宗教改革的马丁·路德一样，打着寻找基督教原始真义的幌子，号召大家向前走。 确有其进步意义。 首倡三世的何休种下的那颗充满了乌托邦幻想的种子，艰难辗转两千年，终于让康有为借尸还魂，生根发芽。 于是，万木草堂开张了。 第一课，康老师忆往昔峥嵘岁月，说自己原来不当教书匠时，曾想去巴西经营一块殖民地，以为新中国。 见学生被唬得一愣一愣的，康长素开始洗脑：儒学（经他改造的）是包打天下的通天教义，孔子（康有为版的）是万世大教主。 因此，“吾辈宗旨乃传教也，非为政也；乃救地球及无量世界众生也，非救一国也。一国之亡于我何与焉？” 并时不时拿耶稣之后十三代弟子皆死于传教的故事激励学生，以培养他们为了“传教”不惜牺牲的奉献精神。 对于康有为不舍昼夜复原孔教的行为，有一种以今度古的弱智解释——给改革寻找合法的外衣。 说这话的人，幼稚在无法想象晚清舆论之开放。 甲午战败，洋务破产，改革已是举国共识。 如果说徐继畬和张树声对议会制还停留在介绍和借鉴的层面，著名报人王韬则早在1882年就明确指出： 中国欲谋求富强，不必求取他术，只需实行议会制。 1894年，近代第一本时政类畅销书《盛世危言》刊印，很快洛阳纸贵。 常年从商的郑观应（1842—1921）洞悉时弊，在书中大胆放言，呼吁经济和政治体制改革。并提出“实业救国”，发展民营企业，倡议“习兵战不如习商战”。 接着笔锋一转，坚定地写道： 政治不改良，实业万难兴。 政治改革的第一条便是仿效英国设立议院。 每当触及这一核心问题时，总有一些弱智应景地跳出来，不管脑后长没长辫子，重复着永远不变且毫无新意的几个质疑。 质疑一：不符合中国国情； 质疑二：民智未开； 质疑三：开议院容易滋事，引发聚讼。 每每此时，给人的感觉都像是一群太监聚在一起，大谈性生活对人体的危害…… 太多挥刀自宫的现实，以至于盛世永不到来，危言从未过时。 读者孙家鼐进献了《盛世危言》，光绪读后大为赞赏，立刻着人印刷两千本散发给省部级高官阅看。一时间，连各个书院的考试都常以《盛世危言》里的内容为题，影响既深且巨。 由此可见，谈民主宪政，康有为大可不必犹抱琵琶半遮面。 鉴于出发点不坏，真实的原因倒也能够理解：借助孔教的民间基础哗众取宠，扩大影响。 这显然是从不骂人、因为动手能力比较强的孙文所瞧不上的。 1894年6月，这个广东香山人写就《上李傅相书》，跑到天津，找同乡郑观应代呈。 郑观应转递给盛宣怀，在推荐信中写道： 其说贴近现实，非狂士大言欺世者比。 盛宣怀阅后，在信封上写下“孙医生事”和“陶斋（郑观应别号）”六个字便转了出去。 结果可以想见，石沉大海。 每天投书的多达几十上百，李鸿章岂能一一尽阅？对他而言这只是百分之一的闪失，对孙文来说却意味着百分之百的转变。 11月24日，夏威夷首府檀香山。 卑涉银行华人经理何宽的家中，二十多人一齐起誓： 驱除鞑虏，恢复中华，创立合众政府。倘有二心，神明鉴察！ 反清组织兴中会宣告成立，杨衢云任第一任会长。 在袁世凯看来，热兵器时代，靠搞暴动是搞不垮政府的，能倒逼其改良就算不错了。至于康有为，鼓动人心而已。意见领袖从来只有两条出路：被体制招安或被粉丝埋葬。 他要的是兵权。这是最难的，但也是最可靠的。 因为，对付以阴鸷文化立国的清廷，只能用慢药杀之。 还在前线办军需转运时，袁世凯便给负责后路转运的盛宣怀写了一封用心良苦的信，说我患痰喘病久矣，随溃军奔逃没有意义，道义上又难以请求退至后方，辜负相国（李鸿章）的提携。如果你能帮忙婉言请示，免去世凯的差事回后方，则不胜感激。现在战事颓唐，你要是筹到了款项，最好招募学徒、延聘教习，为将来改革军制做准备。如果认为我的话有道理，弟愿任监督，必将有以报答。 袁世凯想卸职练兵，可盛宣怀哪有力量决策此事？话显然是说给李鸿章听的。 结果被冷冷地拒绝了。 西法练兵，德籍顾问汉纳根早就向李鸿章提过。后者属意的人选显然不会是背着自己找翁同龢请托的袁世凯，而是时任广西按察使的淮系官僚胡燏（yu）棻。 胡素以谈洋务闻名于政界，曾托好友王修植代拟练兵条陈。 翰林院编修出身的王修植文思敏捷，对西方军制颇有研究，当时正受李鸿章的委派办理北洋水师学堂。 他以英国公使的练兵说帖为蓝本写了两稿，将润色好的二稿交给了胡。 胡燏棻加了一些痛斥军队百弊丛生的套话便上交督办军务处，李鸿藻看后非常激动。 冷静了片刻，他首先想到的问题便是经费。 清廷财政最大的弊端在于没有一个统一而有效的中央财政体系。 西方国家，税收先汇入中央，再根据预算拨到地方。大清国则无比混乱，税收虽由各省征得，却因种种临时性的需要，零碎地划给底下的道府，借给平级的他省或直接上缴朝廷。 无序的分食法则既导致了惊人的浪费，又使军队这个最需要巨额经费喂养的猛兽长期处于饥饿状态。 国库羞涩使得胡燏棻的练兵雷声大雨点小。1895年3月，在汉纳根的指导下，胡在天津马厂艰难地练成了包括步、炮、马、工程四个兵种，共计十营四千七百人的“定武军”，并于当年9月移师位于天津东南六十里的原盛军驻地小站。 此时，正是袁世凯人生中最困难的一段时期。 首先，朝议不佳。所有人都认为，日军侵朝，肇始于袁世凯的孟浪。奕訢就曾问及鸿章： 吾闻此次兵衅，悉由袁世凯鼓动而成，信否？ 失势的李鸿章摆手道： 事已过去，请王爷不必追究，横竖皆鸿章之过。 其次，靠山倒了。从马关回来，李二先生成了头号汉奸，国人皆曰可杀。慈禧让他公款环游地球，避避风头，王文韶接替直隶总督。 大头被彻底晾着。 现成的路只剩下一条：赴浙江，任温处道。 鉴于温州人商行天下的传统，想填满钱袋，温处道是一个绝佳的道。 李鸿章的名言“数千年未有之奇局”不单单体现于政治和外交领域。 19世纪60年代，造富产业房地产在上海出现。权力和金钱的互炒下，外滩与南京东路的地价连年翻番，甚至超过了纽约。 疯狂一时的上海彩票也把灶台边的妇女推上了街头，她们被“种一块铜板，收一两金子”的口号拖入了虚幻的梦想。 做个富贵无边、左拥右抱的太平官有何不好？人生不满百，怀他千岁忧做甚？还不如从历史的进程中抽身而去，美名骂名，一概不沾，逍遥一世，不枉此生，反正死去元知万事空…… 甲午之败撼动了清政府禁止民间开厂设企的政策。望着光绪敕令官办企业“从速变计，招商承办”的诏书，二十年前的往事浮上了袁世凯的心头。 1869年，苏伊士运河通航。两年后，欧亚海底电缆远东段铺到了上海。 越来越多的西洋商轮像收到了“人傻钱多速来”的短信，纷纷涌入，而本土的沙船业则饱受冲击，直接歇菜。 道咸之际，沙船运输一度空前繁荣。自北向南运大豆，从南往北输漕粮。一艘沙船一年可以来回七八趟，获利颇丰。上海最盛时，黄浦江滩停泊着五千艘沙船。 不过十年光景，便锐减到四五百艘。放眼望去，