Chapter 53 9. Yang Du held Sun Yat-sen's hand and said: I will succeed, sir, help me; sir, I will help sir

As soon as the dishes and chopsticks were cleared away, Yang Du couldn't wait to ask Sun Yat-sen: "You just said that you wrote a letter to Li Hongzhang that year as a cover, but in fact there was another purpose. What is the purpose?" "The purpose is very big." Sun Yat-sen picked up the tea bowl and said with a smile, "In that year, my friend Lu Haodong and I first drafted the letter to Li Hongzhang in Hong Kong, and then wrote to his cousin through Sheng Zhouhuai, a Tongzhi in Haiphong, Macau. Sheng Xuanhuai, and then Sheng Xuanhuai wrote to Li Hongzhang to request an audience on our behalf. Lu Haodong and I left Guangdong for the first time, and we wanted to spy on the reality of the Qing court on the way north. We entered Hunan from Guangdong, passed through Hunan to Wuchang, and then went down to Shanghai by boat , and then took the ferry from Shanghai to Tianjin. We were deeply impressed by the fact that the people were poor and the country was exhausted and people’s hearts fluctuated along the way. I discussed with Lu Haodong and thought that Li Hongzhang was different from ordinary bureaucrats. He has ability and brains. Dayi persuaded him and persuaded him to stand up to overthrow the Manchus and restore the Han people. He has prestige and an army, as long as he agrees, things will surely succeed.”

"Have you told him?" Yang Du admired Sun Yat-sen's courage very much.This move of his is a repeat of Master Xiangqi persuading Zeng Guofan to stand on his own fifty years ago.That was a feat that Master Xiangqi was proud of all his life.In the past few years, Yang Du also wanted to emulate him, but he never found the opportunity. Unexpectedly, the person in front of him did this. What a hero! "Oh, don't mention it." Zhongshan put down his tea bowl, sighed and said, "That prime minister, Lord Hou, is very airy. He didn't pay attention to me, a young man, and refused to see me. He just asked his subordinates to tell me. For me, the Nongsang passport to go abroad for inspection has been completed, let’s go abroad quickly. Lu Haodong and I were very disappointed, even Li Hongzhang’s attitude was the same. It is dark and corrupt, and I am even more convinced that Manchu is exhausted, and as long as there is another Hong Xiuquan, it will definitely be overthrown."

Yang Du also felt disappointed.He hoped that Sun Yat-sen could meet Li Hongzhang and talk about Li's attitude towards the rebellion, so that he could compare the personality differences between Zeng and Li's teachers and students, and he could also feel the ideological dynamics of the court officials. "Mr. Zhongshan, it is said that you initiated two armed uprisings, and you were arrested by the imperial embassy in London, England. You are a legend in the eyes of international students in Tokyo, and everyone admires you. I think, about your experiences, there must be It's an interesting story."

The Chinese students studying abroad who interacted with Yang Du, whether they advocated revolution, advocated constitutionalism, or did not care about politics, talked about Sun Yat-sen in a reverent tone, and they all thought he was an extraordinary figure.Today is really a good opportunity for him to listen to the account of the great revolutionary himself about his extraordinary career. Sun Yat-sen smiled slightly and said, "Everyone worships me. It's polite to say that. I'm actually not a bit of a legend." Tanaka Kametaro came in with a pot of tea, and said to them, "Chieko will go to the theater with us, so you can talk to your heart's content here! Please forgive me for the poor hospitality."

Sun and Yang hurriedly stood up to express their thanks.After sending the three of his grandparents out, they closed the door and continued talking. "It's spring to go to Tianjin to see Li Hongzhang. In summer, when the naval battle broke out, China was defeated very quickly. The whole country was shocked, and the weakness of the Manchus was completely exposed to the people of the country." Sun Yat-sen's Hong Liang's voice was slightly deep. "In autumn, I went to Honolulu to collect donations from old relatives and friends, and began to put the great cause of anti-Manchu and Han into practice. At that time, the overseas Chinese were still closed, and no one believed me. Only a few such as my brother and Deng Yinnan Individuals are willing to contribute money to help. However, I also contacted 20 or 30 comrades. So everyone gathered together and established a group called Xingzhonghui, with the secret oath of 'expel the shoe captives, restore China, and establish a united government'. In the second year, we planned to attack Guangzhou as our base. So we set up the Qianheng Bank in Hong Kong as a cover, and the Guangzhou Agricultural Society as a liaison office. The uprising was launched on the Double Ninth Festival. Unexpectedly, on this day, 600 foreign guns shipped from Hong Kong were found at the customs, and the incident was leaked. Lu Haodong was arrested and killed, and I fled to Japan.”

"I went to Europe later, didn't I?" Yang Du interjected. "First to the United States." Sun Yat-sen corrected. "I didn't stay in Japan for long, and I went to Honolulu. In Honolulu, I met Mr. Cantley, the dean of the Hong Kong College of Western Medicine, and I told him that I would go to London soon. I lived in Honolulu for half a year, went to San Francisco by boat, and then went to San Francisco. New York, and finally went to London. I advocated the revolution among overseas Chinese all the way, which aroused the attention and anger of the Qing court. On the second day in London, I went to visit the Cantley couple. These are two excellent British friends. They understand my revolutionary cause very well. The Qing court was determined to arrest me, but they had no right to arrest me on British soil, so they came up with a sinister plan. The Qing court’s embassy in the UK had an interpreter who was also from Xiangshan. Pretending not to know me, chatting with me on the way from Cantelli's home to the apartment. I met a native man in a foreign country, and felt very kind, so I walked and talked with him with great interest, unconsciously came At the gate of the legation of the Qing court. At this moment, two people rushed out and twisted me into the embassy for detention. I knew that I had been fooled. They interrogated me, but I denied it. They could not get my confession, and they planned to extradite me Returning to the country. As soon as I return to the country, I can kill my head. I thought to myself that I would not be reconciled to being escorted back to the country and killed by them like this, but what should I do if I am trapped in the picture circle and have no one to help me?"

"I thought of Mr. Cantley. He can save me, but how do I let him know that I have been imprisoned by the embassy? I saw that the laborer I was dealing with was British, so I talked to him in English and asked him to help me. I sent a letter to Cantley. He dared not agree, so he asked Mrs. Hovey, the housekeeper of the embassy. Mrs. Hovey thought it was okay. I wrote an unnamed letter to Cantley. After Cantley learned about it, So he and Meng Sheng, who had also served as the dean of the Hong Kong College of Western Medicine, went to the rescue. Finally, the British Foreign Office and the police intervened, and British reporters also came to the legation to interview. The news that the Qing government legation arrested people on the streets of London It spread all over London, and the public condemned it. The Qing court had no choice but to release me after half a month of detention. After I was released, I wrote a booklet in English called "London is Hard to Remember" and it was translated soon. In Chinese. Now many Chinese people know that there is a man named Sun Wen. The Qing court first wanted to kill me, but unexpectedly it made me famous.”

Having said this, Sun Yat-sen laughed heartily.Yang Du felt a kind of grandeur from this laughter.It is precisely because of this kind of courage that the revolutionaries in front of them are not depressed, discouraged, and indomitable despite repeated failures and setbacks. They are full of confidence in their own cause.Yang Du thought, Sun Yat-sen's boldness, he did not have, this is really a congenital deficiency.He said with a smile: "This is exactly what the ancients said, those who want to harm them will instead help them." "Common people say it well, this is called lifting a rock and shooting yourself in the foot." Sun Yat-sen went on happily, "I decided to live in Europe for a period of time and study other people's strengths seriously. I study in the British Library and go to museums. Visiting, seeing their factories, interviewing ordinary citizens. It was in England that I began to realize that to save China, the Three Principles of the People and the Constitution of the Five Powers must be implemented. One year before the Boxer Rebellion, I came to Japan from Europe. In the second year, the Eight-Power Allied Forces entered Beijing, and the Qing emperor fled westward. I thought this was a once-in-a-thousand-year opportunity, so I sent Zheng Shiliang to Huizhou to plan an uprising. Huizhou Xingzhong Society gathered 600 strong men to swear an oath. But then he had a miscarriage. Although the second uprising was unsuccessful, the revolutionary cause has gradually gained popularity. Because the fall of the capital and the escape of the empress have completely disgraced China, overseas Chinese all gritted their teeth when they mentioned the Manchus. It is natural for the court to survive. Because of this, they all turned to believe in my consistent revolutionary ideas and donated money to fund the revolution. We designed a coupon with the number of silver dollars written on it. As much as the donation, the coupon will be issued with as many silver dollars. The revolution was successful, and we could use the coupons to receive silver dollars and pay interest. Since then, we have improved slightly in terms of funds. Of course, it is still far from enough, and too much money is spent on military equipment.”

"I heard from your introduction that you have been carrying out revolutionary activities since the Jiawu year. It has been eleven or twelve years now. Both uprisings have failed, and you have been arrested again. Your comrades have sacrificed a lot, and funds are also very difficult. Zhongshan Sir, I want to ask you a question, have you ever been disappointed during the eleven or twelve years of frustration?" Yang Du asked seriously. "No!" Sun Yat-sen said decisively, "I have never felt disappointed, even when I was imprisoned by the Qing government embassy in England and had no contact with the outside world, I decided to find an opportunity to commit suicide by jumping into the sea on the way home. At that time, I was never disappointed with the future of the revolution. I often thought that the great cause of anti-man Xinghan is like building a big house. It needs funds, labor, and time, but it can always be built. , we have no reason to be disappointed in the completion of it due to occasional failures during the construction process.”

Sun Yat-sen's firm voice was extraordinarily loud in the silent night.Yang Du felt that the last sentence was like a wooden stick hitting a big bell. Although the impact stopped, the sound was always lingering in his ears. From the time we met until now, Sun Yat-sen talked more and Yang Du talked less. He listened intently and observed attentively. From Sun Yat-sen's conversation, he found that Sun Yat-sen had a different temperament from ordinary people.Sun Yat-sen looks dignified, elegant and handsome, just like a well-educated scholar, but he commanded the heroes to set up an uprising, when he was in danger, he calmly saved himself, and was not discouraged by failure. Few scholars in the world can have such courage and courage. will?What an amazing person!Regarding national politics, he must have many insightful insights that have not yet been expressed. For example, the Three People's Principles and the Five-Power Constitution he mentioned just now have not been discussed. You should listen to him carefully.Thinking this way, Yang Du took out his pocket watch and was shocked, the hour hand actually pointed to 3:30 in the morning!

"Mr. Zhongshan, listening to your talk is like sitting in the spring breeze. It is almost dawn before you know it. Let's sleep for a while and continue talking after we wake up, shall we?" Sun Yat-sen did not notice the passage of time, and he felt a little tired after Yang Du reminded him.So the two of them lay on the tatami mats, pulled a blanket to cover them, and soon fell asleep. When Yang Du woke up, Sun Yat-sen was no longer in the room.He looked at his pocket watch, and the hour hand pointed to a quarter to seven.There was a note on the desk, which was left by Chieko in Japanese: "Mr. Xizi, you and Mr. Zhongshan are like fish in water when you meet each other. I know you still have a lot to say, so I won't accompany you. Go back to Yokohama first. See you on the weekend." "Tianzi, this Japanese girl student of yours is really smart." Sun Yat-sen came in from the outside, and seeing Yang Du reading the note, he said with a smile. "She is indeed very smart." Yang Du put down the note, "She said she once wanted to ask you to teach her Chinese!" "Yeah, that happened the year before last. My apartment is not far from her home. She said she wanted me to teach her Chinese. I really wanted to accept this female student, but I was too busy. It's all right now, she I switched to your school. You are more suitable than me to be her Chinese teacher." "Mencius said that it is a great pleasure in life to cultivate a talented person. Although Qian Huizi is not a talented person, he can be called a talented woman in the boudoir. It is very happy to teach such a disciple." "Xizi." Zhongshan said with a smile, "Qianhuizi respects you very much, and you like her too. How about I draw a red line for you?" "I can't do it in this life!" Yang Du stretched out his hand, showing a helpless expression. "I have already married a wife and had children. If there is love, let's talk about it in the next life!" "I'm sorry, please forgive my slip of the tongue." Zhongshan apologized.After listening to Yang Du's words, he also understood a little bit, and said, "The polygamy system of Eastern men is the most prominent manifestation of inequality between men and women. European and American countries are more civilized than us in this regard. In the future, after the establishment of our democratic republic, We must legally abolish polygamy and implement true equality between men and women.” "You have been wandering overseas for a long time, and your wife is not by your side. Do you feel lonely?" Yang Du himself often feels lonely. He has thought about telling Qian Huizi about this feeling many times, and Xue Daiyi even found a girl to date. thought.He feels his emotions are vulnerable in this regard. "I often feel lonely." Zhongshan admits without any concealment. "However, since you have committed yourself to the great cause of the revolution, you can no longer worry about what you have lost. Life is always seldom complete!" It can be heard that this great revolutionary also has the love of ordinary people's sons and daughters, and Yang Du seems to have received some kind of comfort, and the ray of melancholy just now has disappeared.He said to Zhongshan: "Let's go outside to talk today!" "Best!" Zhongshan agreed. "Is there any good place out there?" "Yes. There is a teahouse nearby called Yongle Paradise. It has private rooms and is the quietest place. Besides refreshments, there are also meals. Let's go there!" "Okay, you lead the way!" After Yang Du greeted Tanaka and his wife, they went out together. Yongle Paradise is a tea house run by a female owner. It is well-known for its hospitality, cleanliness and tranquility, and its business is very good from morning to night.Yang Du sometimes goes to this teahouse to drink tea and chat with his friends. When they came to the entrance of Yongyuan Paradise, a beautifully dressed young girl bowed down to welcome them, and a handsome young man took them to a small private room on the west end of the second floor.A huge drawing fan is hung on the front wall of the small single room, and the floor is covered with blue and white thick-layered tatami mats. In the middle is a three-foot-long black lacquered low table, and a vase of flower arrangements is placed on the low table. A few satin cotton pads are placed on the tatami mats around the low table.Yang Du and Sun Yat-sen knelt on cotton pads according to the Japanese custom, and sat facing each other across the tea table.A maid stooped to bring a pot of tea and two elegant small teacups, and brought four small plates with melon seeds, peanuts and other food.Then quietly retreated to the outside, knelt down, and gently closed the paper door, and the small single room immediately became quiet. After taking two sips of tea, Yang Duxian said, "Mr. Zhongshan, you said last night that when you were studying in Europe, you realized that the Three Principles of the People and the Constitution of the Five Powers are the only way to save China. Can you tell me more about it? .” "Of course, I'm going to talk to you about my political views today." Sun Yat-sen knelt on the cotton pad with his upper body upright, his hands flat on the low table, and his eyes were piercing. "What are the Three People's Principles? The Three People's Principles are nationalism, civil rights, and people's livelihood. Recently, I amended the oath I made when the Xingzhong Society was first established ten years ago, and summarized it into four sentences: expel the captives, restore China, and establish The Republic of China, equalization of land rights. The first two sentences are nationalism, and the third and fourth two sentences are brief summaries of civil rights and people's livelihood respectively." Yang Du interjected: "The nationalism you mentioned, in short, is to overthrow the Manchu government, isn't it?" "Yes." Sun Yat-sen said, "Two hundred and sixty years ago, the Manchus took advantage of the civil strife at the end of the Ming Dynasty to forcibly enter the customs and took away the country of the Han people. They adopted three methods to consolidate the rule and force the Han people to obey. One is massacre, which makes you afraid of him and you have to obey him. My own ancestors destroyed the national will of the Han people spiritually. The third is to practice racial discrimination. Manchus are born with landed silver until they die. They do not do anything. They are all raised by the state and enjoy many privileges. On the contrary, the Han people are like cows and horses for them, handing over a large amount of taxes to support them. Military power and other important powers, no matter how capable the Han people are, cannot interfere. After Hong Yang, the Qing government , had to relax a little bit in terms of military power, but still always be on guard against the Han people. In recent years, the Manchus have been invaded by the great powers, and the Manchus have not fought hard to resist. Instead, the old witch Cixi nonsense said that it is better to give to friends than to be slaves. It can be seen that in the eyes of the Manchus In China, the Han people have never been their brothers and sisters who are equal to them, but are just slaves for them to drive. For more than two hundred years, we Han people have suffered from the pain of subjugation, and the accumulated anger has become unbearable. Therefore, I think that the implementation of ethnic The overthrow of the Manchu regime by communism is the first priority of our revolutionaries." Yang Du listened carefully. He felt that Sun Yat-sen's words were reasonable, but not entirely correct. He wanted to interrupt several times to express his own opinion. Out of respect, he always suppressed it, saying in his heart: I should listen to Mr. Sun's speech. The full content of political views. "I understand the nationalism you talked about, but what is civil rights?" "Civil rights, that is, the people fully enjoy all their own rights." Zhongshan pressed his hands against the short table, and his face became serious. "Since ancient times, in China, only the kings, nobles, and officials, big and small, have the rights. The common people have no rights of their own. Not only can they not intervene in state affairs, but even their own life, death, and burial must be controlled by others. Actually In fact, the main body of the entire human society is all living beings, and the kings, nobles and officials are all supported by the common people. Isn’t this too unfair? Huxley said it well: natural human rights. The rights of the people themselves and their ability to manage society Rights are bestowed by God, and no one can take them away." Yang Du found that Sun Yat-sen's eyes were shining like fire, as if declaring war on the extremely unequal phenomenon in Chinese society for thousands of years. "He is a genius commander." Yang Du thought silently in his heart. "So, what about people's livelihood?" Sun Yat-sen loosened his hands and put them flat on the low table again, and his tone became more relaxed: "I think that the ultimate goal of all political parties and governments is to benefit the people and make people's lives better." To be happy. Once the political power is stabilized in the democratic republic we will establish in the future, we must strive for the basic necessities of life for the Chinese people. The government and the people must work together to develop agriculture to provide enough food for the people, and to develop textiles to enrich the people. Clothes, build various houses for the pleasure of the people, build roads and canals for the convenience of the people.” "Okay, sir, what you said is very good!" Yang Du was fascinated by what he heard, and he lightly tapped the short man with his hand in admiration. The paper door was gently pushed open, and the waitress knelt outside the door, and said in a soft and pleasant tone: "Excuse me, sir, do you want lunch?" Only then did the two realize that it was already noon.Yang Du looked in front of Sun Yat-sen, not only didn't touch a melon seed, he didn't even take a sip of tea, he sat upright and talked for three hours, not tired or thirsty, and in high spirits. "He is an excellent orator!" Yang Du praised again in his heart.He ordered the waiter to serve two bowls of rice, two breads, one portion of fish, one portion of steak, one portion of vegetables, two glasses of whiskey, and one portion of borscht: a combination of Chinese and Western. After eating, Sun Yat-sen suggested to go for a walk in the street.Half an hour later, two Chinese politicians in exile re-entered the single room to continue talking about their plans for the future of China. Yang Du said: "Mr. talked about the Three People's Principles in the morning, which gave me a lot of insight. In the afternoon, I would like to ask him to talk about the Constitution of the Five Powers." "Okay." The genius commander and outstanding speaker who was promised by Yang Du was very happy to publicize his grand concept of nation building. "The five-power constitution is formulated on the basis of absorbing the successful experience of European and American countries and the effective system that has been implemented for a long time in our Chinese history. European and American countries generally adopt the method of separation of administrative, legislative and judicial powers to deal with state affairs, so that power has one It is indeed a very successful experience to prevent the phenomenon of autocracy and centralization through the mechanism of restriction. In China, there have been supervisory agencies called Yushitai or Metropolitan Procuratorate for a long time, as well as a disciplined imperial examination system. Politics has played an important role. Therefore, in the future, we should adopt a system of separation of five powers: executive, legislative, judicial, supervisory, and examination, to ensure the health and clarity of national politics. This is called the five-power constitution." Yang Du devoted himself to the constitutionalism of various countries for a long time, and he admired the separation of powers political system in Europe and the United States, but he never thought of using China's strengths to make up for the weaknesses of the West.Sun Yat-sen's addition of the two powers of supervision and examination is an inheritance for China and a creation for the West. "He is a great statesman!" Yang Du gave another badge to the great revolutionary. "However, the implementation of the Constitution of the Five Powers will go through a process." Sun Yat-sen added to his country-building strategy, "I think that the process of China's construction should be divided into three phases. The first is the military and political period. During this period, all systems are subordinate to the Under the military government, the government uses military power to sweep away domestic obstacles, and at the same time promotes doctrine to enlighten the hearts of the whole country and promote the unity of the country. The second is the period of political training. The day when a province is completely settled is the beginning of political training. Sometimes the military administration is suspended. During the period of political training, the government should send personnel who have passed the training and examinations to the provinces to assist the people in preparing for self-government. The census is clear, the land survey is complete, the security is properly handled, and the roads are successfully built. County magistrates are elected to formulate the county's constitution, and such a county becomes a fully autonomous county. The third is the period of constitutional government. Where all counties in a province reach fully autonomous counties, the province can implement the period of constitutional government. In constitutional government At the beginning, the central government should complete the establishment of the five courts to try out the rule of the five constitutions, namely the Executive Yuan, the Legislative Yuan, the Judicial Yuan, the Control Yuan, and the Examination Yuan.” This is a complete blueprint for nation-building. It must have been carefully thought out and designed over the years. Yang Du, an expert on constitutionalism, feels ashamed, but he is not completely convinced. It is complete, but it is more in line with China's national conditions than him. Now it is up to him to explain the strategy of governing the country. "Mr. Zhongshan, your Three Principles of the People and the Constitution of the Five Powers have given me a lot of inspiration. Over the years, I have also been groping for strategies to govern China, and I have my own set of superficial views. Can you listen to me?" Sun Yat-sen said earnestly: "Mr. Xizi, although many Chinese students studying abroad are patriotic and passionate, they have no clear goals. After going abroad, they are impetuous and at a loss. You are different from others. You have devoted yourself to the study of Western and Japanese constitutionalism. You are tireless and can use the knowledge you have learned to deal with practical problems in China. Your "Guangdong-Han Railway Discussion" is more than 50,000 words long, meticulous, rigorous, thoughtful and detailed. I think that there is no other overseas student who can compare with you in this aspect. I have heard for a long time that you have the initiative of metal ironism, but I don’t know the details. It is rare to meet today, so please explain it in detail!” Yang Du was moved by Sun Yat-sen's open-minded attitude, and he was also willing to show his lifelong ambitions in front of this politician who has been discussing China's state affairs for more than ten years. "Mr. Zhongshan, although I can't fully accept your theory of saving the country, it is self-contained, complete and detailed, and I admire it. My thoughts are immature, messy and not organized. I would like to ask you to enlighten me when I explain it." Sun Yat-sen said with a smile: "You are too polite. People call me Sun Dapao. What is Dapao? It means that my character is as straightforward as a cannon barrel, and I never beat around the bush. When arguing with people, I am as full of gunpowder as a cannon." Don't worry, if I feel that there is something wrong, I will speak out immediately, and then I can only ask for your understanding, and don't take my straightforward and fiery temper for granted." "Happy!" Yang Du smiled, leaning forward, leaning his chest against the edge of the short table, and narrated his theory, "My so-called gold and iron doctrine, the gold is gold, the economy, and the iron is the economy." Black iron means military. To clarify, economic militarism can also use another name, world nationalism. However, what kind of country is the so-called economic militarism and what does it contain? Important issues, if not explained, it is easy to cause misunderstanding, I will draw a brief table to explain." Yang Du removed the plate on the low table. "Metalism, that is, economic militarism, has two layers of internal and external content." With that said, Yang Du dipped his finger in the tea and drew a watch on the short table: He explained in detail: "Mr. Hou Guan Yan Fu said that a country is divided into two major factors: internal causes and external factors. Internal factors refer to the evolution and change of its internal formation, structure, and all government agencies; external factors refer to its diplomacy and external relations. Influenced by diplomacy. In the future, China will be a country rich in its people internally, and strong in its external world. What will enrich the people? It will rely on the development of industry and commerce. What will make the country strong? Rely on military strength. This It means building a country with industry and commerce and building a country with military power. To make the national economy develop, the safety of the lives and properties of the people must be guaranteed. If the people are always worried about their lives and properties being threatened, then there is no possibility of economic development. European and American countries can As an example. Britain has the most developed civil rights, and its economy is correspondingly the highest in the world. The United States is second, so its economy is inferior to Britain. Russia has no civil rights at all, so its economy is also weak. Now the authoritarian countries in the world, except for Russia, are China, but China is worse than Russia. The Russian government can be compared to a flaming robber, and the Chinese government can be compared to a sneaky thief." "The metaphor is very vivid." Sun Yat-sen interjected with a smile. "For example, the Chinese government claims that it has not increased taxes to the people for more than 200 years. In fact, there are a lot of taxes in the name of donations. This is the trick of thieves." "Exactly, exactly!" Sun Yat-sen nodded in agreement. "The Chinese government only knows that it collects taxes, but does not know how to protect people's lives and properties. How can the economy develop in this way? Therefore, civil rights must be expanded. Externally, national power must be consolidated, so that it can stand on an equal footing among all countries in the world. The current Chinese government, I don't know what national power is. I don't know how to be angry when people interfere in internal affairs, and I don't know how to refuse. If an official is placed in a certain place, if it is inappropriate for an outsider to interfere, he will not let it go; There are too many such things. Therefore, the consolidation of national power is too important for the Chinese government today. If the people want power, the people must first have freedom. In an autocratic country, the people have no freedom at all. In a constitutional country , the people have their freedom under the premise of abiding by the law. A government with state power must be a responsible government. China’s current government has many ills, and the root of all ills is irresponsibility.” Sun Yat-sen stared at Jian Biao on the low table, and slowly frowned.Yang Du ignored the change in Sun Yat-sen's expression, and his tone became more and more sonorous: "To save China now, the only way to go is to move from the back of my brief form to the front." Yang Du stretched out his right index finger and pushed it step by step on the watch. "First establish a responsible government to give the people the greatest freedom, then the state power can be gradually consolidated, the civil rights can be gradually expanded, and then the military and business can be expanded to achieve the goal of making the country rich and the people strong. make it happen.” Yang Du raised his head to look at Sun Yat-sen, saw that he was still staring at the brief table, so he emphasized: "British statesman and historian Jean Kesi pointed out that human society has to go through three stages of evolution, that is, from barbarian society to Evolved into a patriarchal society, from a patriarchal society to a militaristic society. Barbarian society has no doctrine at all, patriarchal society is nationalism, and militaristic society is nationalism. This development process is that the east and the west connect the past and the present, no matter which country can do it. Today, Western All powerful countries have entered the military society from the patriarchal society. In China, the Han people have entered the military society from the patriarchal society. It has been more than 2,000 years since the feudal system was destroyed, but they do not have the complete military system of the Western powers. .As for the Manchus and Mongolia, they are still in the patriarchal society, with nationalism but no nationalism. Therefore, China as a whole is an incomplete country mixed with a military society and a patriarchal society.” Sun Yat-sen frowned even tighter.In his opinion, Yang Du's logical expression of thinking has already become obviously confused.His views on the nature of Chinese society today are obviously contradictory.This shows that his doctrine has serious flaws.Such doctrines are by no means a recipe for saving China.With his usual cannon personality, he would immediately stand up and refute it bitterly.But today, sitting across from him was a constitutional expert with a high reputation, and it was the first time they met. He suppressed his anger and listened quietly. The waitress quietly pushed open the door again, quietly took away the refreshments and brought the dinner.The conversation between Sun Yat-sen and Yang Du went on for another whole day.After dinner, Sun Yat-sen suggested not to talk at night, but to watch the geisha performance in the Ginza nightclub, and talk tomorrow.Yang Du readily agreed. In the morning of the next day, it was still in Yongyuan, and in the same single room, two politicians sat face to face on both sides of the short table.This time, the guest was the first to speak: "Mr. Xizi, I heard you explain the doctrine of gold and iron yesterday. I admire your hard work and exploration to enrich the people and strengthen the country. You said that the first thing China needs to do now is to establish a responsible government and give the people Freedom. Let me ask you, how to establish a responsible government, and who will give freedom to the people?" On the third day of the talks, the atmosphere seemed a little tense at the beginning.Yang Du was not surprised by this, he knew that his ideology was very different from the revolutionary ideology represented by Sun Yat-sen.He wanted to be able to debate face to face. Yang Du said calmly: "I think it should be achieved through such a method, that is, the provinces and counties elect outstanding figures as representatives, and the representatives of each province form a national assembly. People with the heart and outstanding management ability form a government, and under the constraints of the constitution, they assume the responsibility of leading a country. This is how a responsible government is formed. This kind of government should give the people the greatest freedom.” "Excuse me, Mr. Xizi, according to your doctrine, there is no need to overthrow the Manchu court?" Sun Yat-sen leaned forward, looking at Yang Du and asking. "If the Manchu court agrees to open a parliament to formulate the constitution, it doesn't need to overturn it." Yang Du replied affirmatively. "If you don't overthrow the Manchu court, that means you will still implement constitutional government under the rule of Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu?" Sun Yat-sen asked again. "As long as they sincerely implement the constitution, it's all right." Yang Du's body moved away from the short ones, and he didn't know if he couldn't bear Sun Yat-sen's aggressive aura, or he should change his posture to stretch. "Mr. Xizi, with all due respect, I cannot agree with your proposition at all, because in fact it does not work in China!" Sun Yat-sen's two palms on the low table suddenly turned into two fists, just There was no beating, it could be seen that his heart was filled with anger.He paused consciously to suppress his anger, and after returning to normal, he looked at Yang Du and said, "Mr. Xizi, you are clear about one thing, that is, the Manchus who have ruled China for two hundred and sixty years. People, have dragged China to the point where the people are exhausted and the country will be destroyed.” Yang Du nodded in agreement. "One side is a robber who specializes in plundering other people's children, and the other side is a slave who has lost his personal dignity. There is no common language between the two sides. Do you want the Manchus to answer the convening of a congress to formulate a constitution and give the Han people freedom and equality? This is absolutely impossible. Let’s not talk about the massacres in the early years, let’s talk about the 1898 coup seven years ago. Kang Liang, Tan Sitong and others did not want them to abdicate, but only hoped that they would show favor to the Han people. What was the result? Empress Dowager Cixi They are man-eating devils, and Guangxu is not a good thing. Can we have hope in them? To save China, the first step is to overthrow the imperial court of the Manchus, throw them out of the wilderness, and never allow them to sit with their hands in their clothes. It is on the golden mirror of the Chinese people. Only when the Manchus have stepped down can we talk about constitutionalism, otherwise there will be nothing to talk about!" Sun Yat-sen's majestic speech was like a cannon barrel: straightforward and full of gunpowder.Yang Du listened with a slight smile all the time. He waited for Sun Yat-sen to finish, and said in a calm tone: "Mr. I cannot agree with this statement. The replacement of the Ming by the Qing is not a subjugation of the country, but a change of dynasty, just like the replacement of the Qin by the Han and the replacement of the Sui by the Tang.” "You are wrong!" Sun Yat-sen could not tolerate Yang Du's defense of the Manchus. "The Manchus built their own Qing Dynasty outside the customs and fought against the Ming Dynasty. This is clearly recorded in their documents. They never admit that they are subordinates of China. Why do you insist on dragging them into the ranks of the Chinese people? !" "This is what they said that they were shocked by the righteousness of the Chinese monarch and ministers. They pretended to be a country, saying that China was destroyed by them, and escaped the condemnation of usurping the monarch by their ministers. In fact, Nurhachi himself was entrusted by the Dragon and Tiger General of the Ming Dynasty. It’s a testament to the history books.” "Mr. Xizi, you are a scholar. Nurhachi did this to paralyze the Ming court and prepare for usurping the throne." 孙中山揭露努尔哈赤的阴谋似乎一针见血，杨度一时语塞，稍停一下说：“这个问题有多半是属于学人之间的争论，且不说罢，我以为救中国的关键在立宪。若宪法可立，君主也可，民主也可，世界上有君主立宪优于民主立宪者，如英与法之比，也有民主立宪优于君主立宪者，如美与德之比。立宪又有彻底与不彻底之区别。彻底则国强，不彻底则国弱。比如英与德同为君主立宪，英强于德；美与法同为民主立宪，美强于法。其原因就在英、美立宪彻底，德、法的立宪还不够彻底。所以我认为，作为政体的立宪与专制，才是国家的实质，至于作为国体的民主或君主，那只是国家的形式而已。” 杨度的话不无道理，孙中山的语气和缓下来：“欧美国家的确是民主、君主国都有，也都把国家建设起来了。不过中国不同，中国不能走君主立宪的道路，姑不说慈禧、光绪这些君王是暴君昏君，即使再出现康熙、乾隆那样的能干人也不行了。这原因是今天的汉人都己明白不能再俯首听命于满人，满人再君临天下，汉人心不平气不服，都认为是民族的耻辱。在这种情绪下还能够去谈立宪吗？” “好，孙先生谈事实，我也谈事实。从今日事实而言，中国不能无君主而行民主，假若行民主立宪，则有三大困难不能解决。”跪得太久了，杨度觉得两腿麻木，他从棉垫上站起来，孙中山也跟着站了起来，两人都离开矮几，各自慢慢踱步。杨度继续说，“一为满人的文化不能等于汉人。想要他们与汉人并立，五族平等，共选议员，共举大总统，这在他日或可行，在今日必不可行。既然不能，则汉人组织共和国，满人无复有土地可守，则必起而反抗，再有别族人效法而以民族主义闹独立，则中国分裂了。二为汉人的兵力不能骤及于蒙回藏地。因为旧政府初灭，新政府未强之时，其兵力必不能制服各族。蒙回藏建立的小国家，汉人也不能用兵力讨平。第三大困难最为严重。要推翻满人，必然要打仗，满人拥有军队，汉人没有，得边打边建，因此满汉之争，将是惨烈而长期的。中国人民已穷困到了极点，还受得了兵荒马乱的摧残吗？外国列强一向对我国虎视耽耽，总想瓜分豆剖，变为他们的殖民地。中国一旦内乱，则对外一点抵抗力都没有了，只能眼睁睁地看着他们的野心实现。古话说鹬蚌相争渔翁得利，今日形势正是如此。为中国谋利益者，不能没有此远虑。” 杨度刚一停口，孙中山便停止踱步，针锋相对地说：“皙子先生，你的三大困难均不能算作困难，尤其是前两点，完全是杞人之忧。君不见，汤武革命，浩浩荡荡，顺之者昌，逆之者亡，今日中国亦如此。汉人只要举起革命大旗，就能形成浩浩荡荡的大势，一切阻挡它的反动逆流，都将被它打倒，一切污泥浊水均将被它所扫荡。四万万人团结一心，其力量足可以移泰山填东海；其兵力可达百万千万，不要说国内的反对力量，就是英、美等大邦也不是它的敌手。汉高祖当年不过一亭长出身的专制帝王，尚且有'大风起兮云飞扬，威加海内兮归故乡'的宏伟气魄，何况有四万万人作后盾的革命者！皙子先生，你多虑了。” 杨度虽不能为孙中山的道理所折服，却被孙中山吞吐宇宙的气概所震慑，他不自觉地停住脚跟，伫立恭听。 “至于你所说的第三点也不必担心。自古以来打仗总要流血死人，中国历史上战争一直绵延不绝，并未见中国灭族灭种。事实上每一次大的战争之后，中国社会就会向前推进一大步，况且我们的战争乃是为民族争权利，为人民争尊严，是天地之间最正义的战争，天道人心是在我们一边的。流血死人不要紧，我们中国人从来就有'宁为玉碎，不为瓦全'，'宁愿站着死，不愿跪着生'的血性，为了民族和国家，即使死了也是值得的。佛教中有凤凰涅槃的故事，在血与火之中，凤凰获得了新生。我们中国也是一只凤凰，她也将在血与火中获得新生。这是多么壮丽的事业！外人固然在觊觎我们，虎视我们，企图瓜分我们的国土，那是因为我们处于委靡软弱的状态。我们四万万人现在好比一头睡狮，革命排满将是一声惊雷。惊雷炸裂，睡狮猛醒，它将张牙舞爪，狂啸山林，哪个洋人还能在它面前扬武耀威，哪个强盗还敢取它的一根毫毛？皙子先生，我劝你丢掉这些不必要的顾虑，放弃君主立宪的空想，和我们一起高举革命大旗，共同为建设民主共和的新国家而斗争吧！” 孙中山说得激动起来，紧紧抓住杨度的手，那一股烈火般的热情，仿佛要把这位湘中才子熔化似的。 “两位先生，已到吃晚饭的时候了。”女侍者弯腰站在他们的身边，指着矮几说，“我中午给你们送来的饭菜，你们一点也没动，要不要我替你们热一下。” 女侍者轻柔的声音使两位中国汉子大为吃惊：什么？中午饭早就送来了？现在已经是吃晚饭的时候了？他们什么都没有察觉出来，时间如同在他们面前凝固了一样。 孙中山掏出怀表来，拍着杨度的肩膀笑道：“已经是下午五点三刻了！” “哈哈哈！”杨度也大笑起来，他转脸对女侍者说，“请把中午饭菜拿去热一下，再给我们一壶鹿岛老酒！” 一会儿，酒菜都端了上来。杨度端起两杯酒，将一杯递给孙中山，满怀敬意说：“三日来，我与先生探讨国是，虽所见未尽相合，然平生畅快，未有过于此时。先生宏论伟议，渊渊作万山之响，汪汪若千顷之波，语言恳诚，气宇阔大，我遍视天下人才，无出先生之右者。虽然，我信奉君主立宪已久，不能骤改，櫜鞬随公，窃愧未能。今日与先生约：我主君主立宪，必为之在中国实现而努力，若我的事业成功了，愿先生帮助我。先生号召民族革命，若先生事成，我将尽弃自己的主张，竭诚以帮助先生。” 孙中山为杨度光明磊落的气度所感动，接过酒杯，恳挚地说：“皙子先生，关于中国应该建立民权发展民生，应当成为一个国强民富的新国家，我与你毫无二致，不同者在为达到这个目标所选择的道路而已。屈原说路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索，中国的富强之路是允许求索的。你刚才这样坦荡地表明态度，我十分钦佩。现在我建议，为你我二人牢记事成相助的誓言干杯！” “干杯！”杨度将酒杯重重地碰过去，一口喝下。 “中山先生。”坐下后杨度想起一个人来，郑重地向孙中山提出，“我有一个同乡，姓黄名兴字克强，他和你志同道合，也主张排满革命，是一个胸怀四海文武双全的伟男子，他可以成为你的好帮手。如果先生愿意的话，我乐意介绍你们认识。” “啊，你说的是黄克强！”孙中山大为高兴地说，“我早闻他的大名，就是无缘相见，他现在也在日本？” Yang Du nodded. “那好，就请你明天带我去见他！”孙中山兴奋起来，一口气将一杯酒喝完。 第二天，杨度把黄兴引来。孙中山、黄兴二人一见如故，倾心交谈，对中国的现状和前途的看法完全一致，对排满兴汉的革命大业都充满了必胜信心，都认为起义的时机已经成熟，不能再等待了，必须立即行动。 孙中山一提出，为了扩大力量，加强团结，统一步伐，兴中会和华兴会合成一个会。黄兴欣然赞同。孙中山建议，合并后的组织取名中国革命党。黄兴认为这个名字太招人注目了，不如叫做中国同盟会为好。孙中山思考了一会，同意了黄兴的意见。 1905年8月20日，光绪三十一年七月二十日，这是中国近代史上具有特殊意义的一天。就是这一天，在日本东京赤坡区一间简陋的房子里，中国同盟会召开了成立大会。以“驱除鞋虏，恢复中华，建立民国，平均地权”作为宗旨，出席会议的百余名代表一致推举孙中山为总理，黄兴为庶务，协助总理主持本部工作。从此，以推翻满清朝廷建立民主共和国为奋斗目标的中国第一个革命政党诞生了，中国近代史掀开了新纪元的第一页。 几乎就在孙黄筹建同盟会的同时，北京的紫禁城内，一个重大决策也在秘密酝酿之中。