Chapter 12 Chapter Eleven Establishment of Anti-Japanese Democratic Bases

After the "Xi'an Incident", the second cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party was formed. On January 13, 1937, Gao Gang escorted Mao Zedong and led the central government to enter Yan'an. He assisted the Second Bureau of the Central Military Commission in choosing the residence of the central leadership and arranging security work. On the 15th, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee held a meeting, and Gao Gang participated in the discussion of the work after being stationed in Yan'an.Mao Zedong said to some people who look down on the "barren" northern Shaanxi: "Our Yan'an is beautiful!" This land is left. This is our capital, and we want to take root here and establish a base following the example of Liu Bang, the great ancestor of the Han Dynasty.” After the foundation of the Party Central Committee was laid in Yan’an, the anti-Japanese sentiment in the whole country was rising day by day, and the mainstream of the times turned to Yan’an. "Westward Journey" said: "The recent historic changes in China - the communist movement, should choose this place to determine China's destiny. It must be said that it is appropriate."

In March 1937, in order to unite against Japan and establish an anti-Japanese national united front, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China sent a telegram to the Third Plenary Session of the KMT Central Committee, voluntarily putting forward five demands and four guarantees, recognizing the status of "the KMT in the leadership of the country", and reforming the Shaanxi-Gansu Soviet Area. As a special zone, the Soviet central government was abolished, a democratic system was implemented, "stop the red movement" and "confiscate the land of the landlords", the Red Army was changed to the National Army, under the leadership of the Nanjing Central Military Commission.However, the Kuomintang government has not yet decided on issues such as the election of the leader of the SAR. In May, the Party Central Committee decided to change the Northwest Office into a special zone, and set up a security command to implement administrative and security functions.After several months of hard work and negotiation, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government was formally established on September 6, with a presidium consisting of Lin Boqu as chairman, Zhang Guotao as his deputy, and 7 people including Gao Gang, Qin Bangxian, Dong Biwu, and Ma Mingfang as members of the presidium.The capital is located in Yan'an, the seat of the Party Central Committee, and it governs 23 counties at the junction of Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia.After the establishment of the Border Region Government, various laws and regulations were enacted, which provided political and organizational guarantees for the establishment of anti-Japanese democratic bases.Ma Wenrui said: "The Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia regime laid the first cornerstone for the creation of New China."

"Yan'an is the old root of the Republic".During the Yan'an period, our party summed up the experience and lessons of success and failure, found a road of class and national liberation with Chinese characteristics, and led the Chinese revolution to victory from here!After the establishment of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government, in accordance with the spirit of the National Party Congress held in May of that year, a series of measures were taken to strengthen the construction of a democratic political republic in the border region, hold high the banner of democratic politics, unite all patriotic parties and patriots, and consolidate and expand the anti-Japanese war. The National United Front recruited people who were resolutely anti-Japanese and had prestige among the masses to take charge of the work in the border region government. It changed the practice of all Communist Party members in the previous regime and opposed the "dictatorship" with "democracy" and attracted revolutionaries. strength.

In order to establish the institutionalization and legalization of democratic politics in the border area, a legal drafting committee was established, with Gao Gang as the director, responsible for leading the research and drafting of laws and regulations.The border region held four councils successively, formulated and promulgated the "Government Program of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region During the Anti-Japanese War", "Government Program of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region", "Parliament and Administrative Organization Program", "Electoral Regulations", "Regulations on Punishing Traitors", " The Marriage Regulations, the Regulations on Punishment of Corruption, etc., the whole border area generally implements a democratic and universal suffrage system, as long as people who are patriotic and anti-Japanese, regardless of class, party, gender, ethnicity, religious belief, etc., as well as foreign nationals, have the right to vote and the right to be elected.On the basis of universal suffrage, councils at all levels are convened to elect township, county, and border district councils and their leaders, as well as members of the government, thus laying the mass foundation for a democratic regime.

From January 17 to February 4, 1939, the first session of the Senate was held in the Border Region, with 145 members present.Gao Gang presided over the meeting, and government chairman Lin Boqu and various departments, bureaus, and courts made reports respectively.At the meeting, Gao Gang highly praised the major achievements made in various fronts in the past two years in implementing the principles of democratic political construction, the Anti-Japanese War and National Construction Program, and implementing Chairman Mao's call for the creation of "model areas" for the anti-Japanese base areas in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region. The task of building a democratic republic.The meeting passed the "Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Governance Program during the Anti-Japanese War Period" approved by the Party Central Committee, drafted by Gao Gang, government organization regulations, election regulations, Senate organization regulations, high court organization regulations and other regulatory documents, as well as proposals on economic development and education. Submit to council for discussion.During the Anti-Japanese War, the "Government Program" made 28 provisions on the implementation of the Three People's Principles in the border areas. The "Programme" was discussed and unanimously adopted and promulgated for implementation as the "guideline for all work in the border area".

The meeting also issued the "Message to the Compatriots in the Region", calling on the people of the region to support the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, strengthen the construction of democracy, persist in the War of Resistance, defend the border regions, and defend the Northwest.During the meeting, Mao Zedong, Zhang Wentian, Chen Yun and others made important speeches at the meeting. The meeting elected Gao Gang as the chairman of the first Senate of the Border Region, Zhang Bangying as the vice-chairman, Cui Tianfu, Mao Qihua and other seven members as permanent members; Lin Boqu was elected as the chairman of the government, and Gao Zili was elected as the vice-chairman.

Under the guidance of the Central Committee and the personal leadership of Gao Gang, this Senate meeting was successfully held. It was an important meeting for the construction of a democratic political system in the border area. It not only determined the future policies and tasks of economic and democratic construction, but also made the construction of a democratic republic more and more regular. institutionalized, institutionalized, and legalized.At the same time, it played the role of "locomotive" for the liberated areas, and the masses called it "Yan'an is the capital of democracy".Mao Zedong said: "Yan'an is the capital of the Border Region" and "Yan'an is like London in England". In 1939, Mao Zedong wrote an inscription for the book "Records of the Border Region": "The Border Region is a democratic anti-Japanese base area and the place where the Three People's Principles are most thoroughly implemented." Lin Boqu said in his report: "The Border Region is a politically advanced region in terms of the whole country." .In the book "Seventy Years of the Communist Party of China", Hu Sheng gave a very high evaluation of the policy program of the border area during the Anti-Japanese War.He said: "The establishment of the regime in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region has played an exemplary role. From mid-January to early February 1939, the first Senate Council of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region was held in Yan'an, and the "Government Program of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region During the Anti-Japanese War" was passed... this The "Government Program" is a very important document, which in fact stipulates the basic policies implemented by the Chinese Communist Party in the various anti-Japanese base areas."

From November 6th to 21st, 1941, the Border Region held the first Senate meeting of the second session, attended by 219 senators, and more than 500 guests from Jinchaji, Luxi and other base areas and all walks of life.Gao Gang delivered an opening speech at the conference.He pointed out that this Senate meeting should be held as a mobilization meeting to overthrow Japanese imperialism and a unity meeting to unite all forces.Mao Zedong made an important speech at the meeting. He pointed out that the purpose of the Senate is to overthrow Japanese imperialism and build a new democratic China.

Gao Gang said in his "opening speech" that the Senate this time was different from the previous one. "Now it is at the critical moment of the survival of mankind," "This is a life-and-death struggle," "Hitler took 25,000 tanks, 200 A mechanized division, and three-quarters of all his aircraft, attacked the Soviet Union", just as Hitler screamed, "This war is the last of this winter, it is unprecedented, and it is also the most brutal war."It has been 5 years since Japan attacked China, and after the formation of the Tojo Cabinet, it has further invaded China.In the battles of Changsha, Zhengzhou, and Xuchang, and recently on the Yellow River, "six to seven thousand troops bombarded Jundu, Songjiachuan, Qikou, Dingjiaping, Yukou and other places every day, and fired machine guns every day at Dada", in an attempt to pass through the border area. "I want to get Xi'an down."After analyzing the international and domestic situation, he pointed out that our task is to unite the whole country and resolutely repel the Japanese attack in order to liberate the Chinese nation.To achieve this, the people of the whole country must "persist in unity, persevere in the war of resistance, and resolutely advocate China's democracy."He said that the border area is the front line in the northwest, and the border area is a democratic and progressive area.Mongolian, Hui, Han and other ethnic groups "united like steel to fight against Japanese imperialism." Gao Gang pointed out that the KMT created friction everywhere at that time. This is the most stupid and harmful method. It is a method that the entire Chinese people oppose, and it is also a method that our border regions firmly oppose. The best method today is to further consolidate and expand democracy, to further improve democracy, and to promote the anti-Japanese struggle in the northwest. The front will be more consolidated, so that we will be more powerful in fighting Japanese imperialism." He said that the war of resistance is protracted, "it will not end in a year or two, this war is long-term." It is still more difficult, but "we are not afraid of difficulties", we can overcome difficulties.As Chairman Mao said, "Difficulties are not invincible monsters. When we conquer them, they bow their heads."

Gao Gang pointed out in his "opening speech" that there are many shortcomings in the work of the border area, and asked the members to "know everything and speak endlessly" to point out, criticize and criticize. Our democratic government is not afraid of criticism.He said that this session of the Senate will determine the future policy of the border region. "Elevate democratic politics further, develop culture and economic construction, especially strengthen the construction of the army." "Unite the people of the Northwest and gather our strength", "Defend the Northwest, defend the whole of China, and overthrow Japanese imperialism!"

The conference heard and reviewed the work report of the Border Region Government, passed the "May 1 Policy Program" submitted to the conference by Gao Gang on behalf of the Northwest Bureau of the Central Committee, and explained the policy program. He pointed out that the basic spirit of the "Government Program" is "unity, Resist Japan, save China" seven words.He said that the history of China in recent decades has taught us that all parties, classes, and ethnic groups in the country will have a way out if they are united, and there will be no way out if they are divided.During the first great revolution, the whole country was united, and what was obtained was the victory of the Northern Expedition, but when the unity was broken, what was obtained was that the four northeastern provinces were taken by Japan.The establishment of Japan's special foundation in North China, and Japan's attack on China this time, have caused our nation to suffer unprecedented hardships.It can be seen that unity and division have distinct interests.He said that the program was formulated through discussion and summarization of our more than 20 years of struggle experience.It implements the spirit of unity, resistance and saving China from the beginning to the end, and its purpose is to establish an independent, free, democratic and strong new China.China's revolution at the present stage must adapt to the characteristics of the small at both ends (that is, the big landlords, the bourgeoisie, and the proletariat) and the big middle (peasants and petty bourgeoisie). The dictatorship, but the implementation of real democracy, everyone to drive away Japan, everyone to govern the country.” China’s revolution is long-term, and the war of resistance is also long-term.This is the "conclusion" drawn from the Communist Party's twenty years of struggle experience. Only unity can save China, and the split revolution will fail.He solemnly declared: "Our Communist Party not only wants to promote this program, but more importantly, resolutely implement this program. What our Communist Party has always opposed is disregarding words and deeds, regardless of consequences." How to implement the governance program, he said: "First of all, we must ensure the three-three system of political power" and "the central issue of all practical politics is the issue of political power."It is also necessary to "guarantee that the Senate at all levels is indeed a powerful organ rather than a decoration for dinner. It is an organ above the government, and it has the right to elect, recall, create, and review." "Everything in the Senate The government must fully implement the resolution.” In particular, he pointed out that members of the Communist Party must abide by the provisions of the program. He said: “The policy program is proposed by the Communist Party. If the Communist Party does not abide by it, who will be called to abide by it?” To "punish and sanction", you can also report to the Northwest Bureau or even the Central Committee. In short, during the Yan'an period, the atmosphere of democracy was very strong, and senators and members of the government organized elections and made campaign speeches.The masses say that the Communist Party and the Kuomintang are different.Mao Zedong said: "The Chinese people understand democracy and need democracy." In order to implement this policy program, the Border Region Government Committee issued a notice in January of the following year.The notice said, "The first and greatest success of the second Senate Council of the Border Region was that all members representing the two million people in the Border Region accepted the May 1 Policy Program proposed by the Northwest Bureau of the Communist Party of China, and unanimously resolved to It serves as the governance program of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government.” “The Council also listened to the report of Mr. Gao Gang, a representative of the Northwest Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and studied in detail the governance program proposed by the Central Bureau of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region of the Communist Party of China. It is not only in line with the needs of the border area, but also completely in line with China's national conditions. It is the only correct policy for border area administration, and it is also a good strategy for uniting against Japan to save China. Therefore, this association accepts all of them as the government's future policy program and instructs the government to supervise The people of the entire border region will earnestly implement it." "Under the supervision of the Senate, resolutely implement it, so that the entire program can be realized quickly and thoroughly." The main purpose of the "Administrative Program" is to unite, resist the war, and save China. It has taken care of all anti-Japanese democratic classes, implemented the policy of reducing rent and interest, and paying rent and interest. Therefore, the policy program has won the support and praise of the Chinese and foreign people, and it is the fighting banner to guide the Chinese nation to victory in the War of Resistance and to establish an independent, free, and strong new China.This not only established the next basic charter for the realization of New Democracy in the border area, but also provided a clear basis for the administration of the border area with clear guidelines and policies, and also the basis for the formulation of laws and regulations in the anti-Japanese base areas.At the same time, the relationship between "organs of power" and "administrative agencies" was established, and the bias of "parallel meetings" and "building up houses" was corrected. This program was carefully summed up from experience during the implementation of the "Administrative Program for the War of Resistance Against Japan". With the development and changes of the situation, the Central Bureau of the Border Region proposed it on the basis of the changed situation. The "Constitution" fully embodies the party's "anti-Japanese national united front principle and spirit and the general policy of united resistance and progress, and also stipulates various policies. The formulation and implementation of this program is of great significance. It is not only the most At the same time, it has a great impact on the anti-Japanese base areas in North China and Central China, and even the whole country, and has a great shock to China and foreign countries."Chinese and foreign newspapers published translations one after another, saying: "The CCP's statement implements the principle of people's rule, is loyal to the concept of the country first, and unites all parties and factions to resist aggression." Li Dansheng, Senator of the Border Region, said: "The May 1st Policy Program makes the policy plan more clear and specific. , can unite the anti-Japanese forces of the whole country, strengthen all construction undertakings, take the forerunner of progress, and open up a grand model of democracy. Victory, build a country with it, and build a country will succeed." The "May 1 Policy Program" began to be tried out in the border area on May 1. "Liberation Daily" published an editorial revised by Gao Gang on May 8, saying: "The general policy of uniting the War of Resistance and the policies in all aspects determined by this program are our support to the people in the border areas, all anti-Japanese groups and friendly parties across the country. The friendly army resolutely implemented a solemn promise. Such a policy program is exactly what the people of the entire border region and the whole country are deeply looking forward to. This is a program that truly protects the interests of all anti-Japanese people, and it is a program that protects and regulates all anti-Japanese strata and anti-Japanese parties.” According to the principles of the governance program, this conference formulated and passed a series of regulations, and more than 100 proposals such as "better troops and simpler administration" proposed by 11 people including military, political law, finance, culture, education, economy and Li Dingming.The implementation of the "Outline" not only promoted the great unity of the border areas, promoted democracy to a high degree, promoted various tasks, set a shining example for the establishment of the democratic politics of the three-three system, and promoted the comprehensive construction of new democracy, but also set a good example for other liberated areas. It provided the basis for formulating the implementation program in the base areas, promoted the construction of democratic politics in other liberated areas, and provided practical experience for the formulation of the "Common Program" and various regulations and interim measures at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China.Chairman Mao once said at the joint party and government meeting of the Border Region: "Now the whole country wants to implement New Democracy. Is there a shape? I say that it already exists. The Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region is a model." This is the image of New China to the world. Yes, it became the spiritual highland of China at that time.A foreign friend said: "You can't see New China if you don't go to Yan'an in China." American scholars said in the book "Mao Zedong's China and Its Development": "The history and economy of the Yan'an period established the foundation for the victory in 1949." Base". According to the "three-three system" principle, the General Assembly elected the permanent members of the border region council, the speaker, the government committee, and the government chairman.Gao Gang was elected speaker, An Wenqin (non-Party) and Xie Juezai were vice-speakers, Lin Boqu was chairman of the Border Region Government, Li Dingming (non-Party) was elected vice-chairman, and Lei Jingtian was elected president of the High Court. After the election, a reporter from the "Liberation Daily" went to Gao Gang's office for an interview and asked Gao Gang what his "political views" were. Gao Gang said: "My political views are very simple. I am a member of the Communist Party. We can only humbly accept the congress’s criticism of the border region’s work, and redouble our efforts to achieve the ‘May 1st’ policy agenda.” During this period, the relationship between the Northwest Bureau and individual departments of the border region government was not harmonious, and there was a phenomenon of independence.Mao Zedong appointed Li Weihan as Secretary-General of the Border Region Government.Li is one of the elders of the Communist Party of China, which is convenient for coordinating mutual relations.Before Li went to the border area, When Mao Zedong talked to Li, he put forward five requirements: "First, the whole border region should be united around the Northwest Bureau headed by Comrade Gao Gang; second, the military and administration should be streamlined; third, production should be developed; , more literacy, more witches and gods, and more superstitions; fifth, we must do a good job of the 'three-three system' regime." Mao Zedong said: "Yan'an is like London, England." (Li Weihan's understanding: it means that London is the capital of Britain, and its policies Affecting many British colonies. We also had many bases at that time, which were not colonies, but needed a "capital" as the center of policy, which was the same.) "The Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region took the lead in implementing the party's policies and voluntarily assumed the test , promote, and improve policy tasks." In fact, it has the responsibility to act as the central administrative function. In order to strengthen military and political leadership, in August 1942, a unified military and political committee was established in the three districts, Guanzhong, Longdong and Yanshu, with Gao Gang as secretary and He Long as deputy secretary. From December 4th to 19th, 1944, the second session of the Second Senate was held in Yan'an.There were 187 members present, together with representatives from the liberated areas of North China and Central China and invited people from all walks of life, a total of more than 1,000 people participated.It has the meaning and nature of a national conference of people's representatives from all walks of life. The scale of the conference was large, and the conference was presided over by a presidium composed of 19 people including Gao Gang.At the meeting, Gao Gang summarized the work of the past three years and put forward the tasks for the future.He pointed out the two roads practiced in the border area and the Jiang administration area, and got two results.The regime in the border area is "the regime of the real people", where industry and agriculture are thriving, and the people live and work in peace and contentment; the Kuomintang ruled area implements a dictatorial regime, "the public and private are poor, and the people are in dire straits."He illustrates this problem with a lot of facts and figures. The meeting heard Lin Boqu's report "A New Stage of Democratic Politics in Border Regions" and Vice Speaker Xie Juezai's report "Democratic Border Regions Are the Banner of China's Liberation". Zhu De and Zhou Enlai waited until the meeting to speak.Commander Chen Yi, the representative of the New Fourth Army, said in his congratulatory speech: "The climax of China's democratic movement originated from the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region." Liu Bocheng said in his speech: "The War of Resistance and the Democratic Movement originated from the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region." Zhu Rui, political commissar of the military region, said: "The road of democracy, unity and economic construction in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region is the road of the people of the whole country."During the discussion, the senators said: "The Border Region is a beacon that lights up the nation." On the 15th, Mao Zedong delivered a speech "Tasks of 1945" to the General Assembly. After analyzing the domestic and foreign situation, he pointed out that the task of 1945 was to defeat the Japanese aggressors. Both the enemy-occupied areas and the liberated areas must strive for this goal. The meeting passed 4 regulatory documents and 35 proposals. The two sessions of the Senate pushed the democracy and anti-Japanese movement in the border region and even the whole country to a new climax.The people of the border region and the whole country realized that only by adhering to democracy, insisting on uniting all forces that can be united, and mobilizing positive factors from all sides, the time for complete victory in the War of Resistance will not be long.In response to the call of the Northwest Bureau and the border region government, the soldiers and civilians in the border area took democracy, the war of resistance, and nation-building as important tasks. In April 1946, at the First Council of the Third Frontier Region, Gao Gang, who had gone to work in the Northeast for 45 years, was still elected as the chairman of the Senate. When Liu Jianzhang, a labor hero in the Border Region, sang the votes: "Gao Gang! Gao Gang! Gao Gang! ..." He was the one with the most votes.Everyone knows that Gao Gang went to the Northeast last year and was re-elected as the speaker.The reporter interviewed Lin Boqu and the masses with this question.Lin Boqu said: "Speaker Gao is the founder of the border region. Since the first session of the border region council in 1939, he has been responsible for all work in the border region, such as production and construction, defense of the border region, culture and education, and especially the transformation of cadres' style of work. They all pay close attention and urge them.” “Before the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China came to the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, Chairman Gao, Liu Zhidan, Xie Zichang, etc. had revolutionized and bloodshed together. After years of struggle, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region was established. The long march of thousands of miles won this anti-Japanese advance position, and the power of the Chinese people can gradually expand, and the people in the border areas can enjoy the benefits they deserve.” Geng Xi, a representative of the Southern District Cooperative, told reporters: “Comrade Gao Gang saved our people from many disasters and disasters. He brought out the old society, and he built the impoverished area in northern Shaanxi into prosperity. He was very busy, and even went to the cooperative in the southern district to ask us about the improvement of farmers' lives and guide the policy of our cooperative. He couldn't do without him. Common people, he is the most qualified to be re-elected speaker!" Labor hero Wu Manyou said: "The people love him and want him to be the speaker. This is what the people want! He always misses the people and cares about the poor. He talked to me four times In other words, I lived with him for three days, and every time he talked to me, he was about how a labor hero should serve the masses, which helped me a lot, and he is really a good speaker!" The democratic republic of the border area started the construction of the three-three system regime from the first Senate, and it has been perfected and developed day by day. Before Japan's surrender in 1945, the construction of democratic politics reached its peak. Gao Gang and the party organizations in the border areas combined Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought with the specific practices of the border areas, carefully established anti-Japanese democratic bases, and trained a large number of cadres.Zhu De said that "the program of the new democratic revolution and the construction of new China have been fully implemented politically, economically, and culturally, and a solid foundation has been laid." "The border area is the first area to implement democratic politics. The revolutionary Three People's Principles is also the area of ​​New Democracy." "The people of the border areas played a great role in the various liberated areas and the whole country in the War of Resistance Against Japan." The "three-three system" regime is a pioneering work in Chinese history, which has explored and formed a prototype for the new Chinese state system and political system. The most fundamental reason why the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region is "prosperous" is to adhere to the correct program and implement thorough democratic politics. In July 1945, when Huang Yanpei, Chu Fucheng, Lengtong, Zuo Shunsheng, Fu Sinian, Zhang Bojun and others flew to Yan'an for inspection, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, Gao Gang and others came to Dongguan Airport to greet them.Gao Gang and others accompanied Huang Yanpei to visit relevant places in Yan'an.Huang Yanpei said when talking about his impressions, they visited Yan'an freely, and they felt very casual, without any restrictions on them, and there was no "tail" that followed closely like they often did in Chongqing.They saw that in the shops on the streets of Yan'an, there were many kinds of food and food.There are new houses everywhere in Yan'an city.Huang Yanpei thought of the large groups of homeless people he saw when he was traveling in the inland. When could they be like Yan'an, "a big shelter for the world's poor and happy people?" Meaty pants, I can dress much better now.Yan'an City has expanded from 2,000 people in the past to 50,000 people now, of which 30,000 are civil servants.Civil servants receive three catties of meat, 1.5 catties of cooking oil, 20 taels of millet and one catty of vegetables per month.Medicine, childbirth, and stationery are all provided free of charge, and the government will provide money for babies within 6 months; from half to 1.5 years old, 20 catties of flour per month, and if the mother’s milk is scarce, cow’s milk will be provided. Huang Yanpei said that on Yan'an Street, he saw people with ruddy complexions and high spirits. There was no one loafing around, nor was there a decadent person with a smoky face. "There isn't a single inch of land left uncultivated, and no one seems to be wandering around. A friend told me that the government seems to be responsible for the life and livelihood of every ordinary person. This sentence is true, and there is no other way in politics. Problem." Before Huang Yanpei and others left Yan'an, Mao Zedong asked them how they felt.Huang Lao said: "I have been living for more than 60 years. I don't tell what I have heard, but what I have seen with my own eyes is really the so-called 'its prosperity is also booming' and 'its death is also sudden'. One person, one family, one group, one place, and even No country can jump out of the domination of this cycle rate. In the early days, everyone concentrated on everything, and no one was inattentive, and no one was inactive. Maybe it was difficult and difficult at that time, and they had to find a life from ten thousand deaths. Then the environment gradually improved, and the spirit gradually let go. Some of them develop lazily due to a long period of time. They evolve from a minority to a majority, and when they develop into a trend, they cannot be reversed or remedied despite great efforts. There are also cases where the region expands step by step, and some of its expansion comes from nature. Development, some are driven by the desire for achievement and strive for development. When the cadres and talents are gradually exhausted and difficult to deal with, the environment becomes more and more complicated, and the control force inevitably becomes weaker. There are also those who "destroy the government" and those who "seek glory and replace disgrace". In short, none of them can escape from this cycle. From the past to the present, I have a little understanding of the CCP's monarchs. Come out of the domination of this cyclical rate." Mao Zedong replied: "We have found a new way, we can jump out of this cyclical rate. This new way is democracy. Only when the people are allowed to rise up to supervise the government, the government will not dare to relax. Only Everyone should stand up and take responsibility, so that no one will perish.” In 1940, Germany, Italy, Japan and other world fascist forces were very arrogant and domineering, and almost annexed the whole of Europe and parts of Asia.The main contradiction in China has changed from a class contradiction to an ethnic contradiction.China is also a "big in the middle and small at the ends" society.For any political party to manage state affairs well, the policies it implements must take care of the class interests of the "big middle class".In response to the current situation, the Party Committee of the Border Region fully implemented our party's ten principles and policies and the Border Region's governance program, adhered to the policy of the national united front in terms of political power construction, and used the magic weapon of the united front to unite the people of the Anti-Japanese War from all walks of life, implement democratic cooperation, and jointly build the nation for the War of Resistance And struggle. In March 1940, in accordance with the instructions of the Central Committee on "Regime Issues in the Anti-Japanese War Base Areas", under the leadership of Gao Gang and others, the Party Committee of the Border Region carefully studied and grasped the construction of the "Three-Three Systems" regime. East and other places tried to establish the "three-three system" regime, and hired non-Party people to participate in the county councils and government committees, and received very good results.“An important step has been taken in regime building.” On January 30, 1941, the Central Bureau of the Border Region issued instructions to party committees at all levels regarding the election campaign for the thorough implementation of the "Three-Three System", requiring the Senates and governments at all levels to establish a democratic regime in accordance with the "Three-Three System".Counties and townships have established election committees, and more than 80% of the voters in the district participated in the election, such as Suide, Qingjian and other counties with more than 90% of the voters participating in the election.The rural culture is backward, and some people don't understand "democracy". The cadres explained: "Democracy means that everyone is the master of the country."Illiterate people voted with beans to elect "the one who wants to be the head of the house".More than 30,000 senators at all levels were elected in the whole region, and the "three-three system" regime was generally established at the county and township levels.Gao Gang announced at the Second Senate Council of the Border Region: After ten months, the election campaign in the whole region has ended successfully, and the average number of voters in the region has reached 90%...Basically, the "three-three system" public opinion organs and government organizations have been established. .This major pioneering work is the product of the political democratization of the border areas and set up a banner for the construction of political power and the united front in each base area. On September 1, 1941, in order to expand and consolidate the anti-Japanese national united front, the Central Bureau of the Border Region issued the "May 1 Policy Program" for trial implementation. The progressive and middle forces participated in the construction of the border area and supported the long-term war of resistance. In November, at the first council meeting of the second session of the border area, representatives of Mongolian, Hui, Tibetan, Han and other ethnic groups, as well as representatives of various parties and classes gathered together to discuss state affairs.Gao Gang explained the "May 1 Policy Program" at the meeting, further expounding on the importance, necessity and necessary work style of the "Three Three Systems" regime.He emphasized that to implement the political program, "First of all, we must implement the three-three system of power, and we must all participate in the political power, instead of going arbitrarily and controlling everything. The three-three system means that in the political organs, the Communist Party members account for one-third People from other parties and people without party affiliation account for two-thirds. The reason why the Communist Party adopts this policy is obviously not to ask non-Party people to put on a facade, but to really want people outside the Communist Party to have actual power to do things. China is so big, so In a complex country with such a large population and only 500,000 members of the Communist Party, the Communist Party cannot take care of it anyway. There are so many talents in the country, and it is undesirable to prevent them from actually managing the political power. The Communist Party will never do this. If you do this,... whoever is not the real Communist Party.” He also said, “There are too many members of the Communist Party of China elected, and the party can decide to withdraw members and make way for other parties and people without party affiliation.” That’s what he said , did the same.Before the election of government members this time, Gao Gang withdrew from the candidates on behalf of Wang Weizhou and other comrades.He said: "They are all members of the Communist Party, and Communist Party members account for too many candidates."There was one more party member in proportion, Xu Teli asked to withdraw, and democrat Bai Wenhuan made up in turn. According to the instructions of Gao Gang in the border areas, counties and townships, among the councils at all levels and leading cadres of the government, Party members accounted for one-third, non-Party progressives accounted for one-third, and intermediate elements accounted for one-third standard.A large number of patriotic anti-Japanese elements were won to participate in the management of the regime.Some areas were unwilling to elect non-Party people. Gao Gang instructed the Communist Party members to take the lead in electing them, and publicized the masses to elect them, thus realizing the anti-Japanese national united front policy of uniting all classes, strata, and parties.Activists who emerged during the Democratic Anti-Japanese War and the mass production movement, as well as rich peasants, landlords, and ethnic minorities, were elected as people's representatives, senators, and government members.In the various departments of the border area government, as well as in the prefectures and counties, many non-Party people hold important positions such as chief and deputy directors, administrative commissioners, and county heads. They have positions and powers, and a democratic political system has been fully established.This is a great initiative in Chinese history, a democratic election that has never been held before.It not only strengthened the unity of all classes in the border area, but also "guaranteed the leading position of the Communist Party in the political power." He and the right's mistakes set a shining example for the establishment of a new democratic regime.Gao Gang said happily: "The great revolutionary giant Mr. Sun Yat-sen did not see that this place realized his Three People's Principles". In the construction of the "three-three system" regime, Gao Gang fully carried forward the spirit of democratic centralism. For major line, principles, and policy issues, he first discussed within the party committee and reached a consensus before submitting them to the Senate or the resident council. Discussions with government committees.In this way, the opinions of the leaders and the masses can be combined, and the political opinions inside and outside the party can be better communicated.Practice has proved that this kind of republican system is suitable for China's national conditions, can be accepted by all classes, and is supported by various classes, parties, and people's organizations. Promoted the national democratic movement, provided a reliable basis and model for the establishment of the political consultative conference system, the people's government and the people's congress system for the birth of new China. The democratic politics and the construction of the three-three system in the border area are in essence the "experimental area" before the founding of New China, which embodies the form of the state system and political system of the new democratic state.Just as Comrade Mao Zedong commented: "The Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region has become a model region of democratic politics and a specimen of a democratic republic." Set an example for the people of the whole country." "The social nature of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border area is already new-democratic." "When it is extended to the whole country, it will become a new-democratic republic." The embryonic form of constitutionalism is like a bright morning star. It is easy to establish a three-three system regime, but it is difficult to consolidate this regime.The border region is a society practicing new democracy.早些时候实行工农民主制度。 1937年以来实行民主制度后，地主、富农、资本家等都恢复了公民权，同工农民众一样享有人权、财权、政权，地主富农和资产阶级同工农之间有些对立情绪。但是他们反对日本侵略，反对大地主和大资产阶级专政，和工农一样有抗日和民主的共同要求。这就是实行“三三制”政权的社会基础。在实行中也存在一些缺点，主要是曾出现过左右摇摆的现象，当时有一部分党员干部甚至是边区级的领导干部，存在着“主人总是我，他们总是客”的思想认识，边区政府曾一度对副主席李鼎铭不够尊重，开会时送一个通知单，事先并不同他商量会议内容；有些非党人士也认为“枪杆子在共产党手里，基本群众在共产党一边”，存在着作客思想；还有些群众认为共产党不靠穷人了，依靠地主、富农了；也有的对具体地区不作具体分析，缺乏从实际出发的作风，把三三制绝对化，机械地实行三分平均，在政治上不加区别，凡是一切上层分子和所谓有威望的人一律视为“三三制人物”，个别不纯分子混进政权机关，从中捣鬼，破坏三三制政权，破坏经济建设，破坏文化教育，出现压制农民的现象。农民说：“政府怕地主”，“政权落在坏人手里”。 1943年，开展了反奸、肃特、审干和减租减息运动后，又出现党外人士不安、畏惧的情况。 针对上述问题高岗带领考察团到延川等地进行调查了解，并在参议会常驻会上认真进行研究，弄清出现上述毛病的原因：主要是干部对马列主义理论、党中央、毛主席指示理解不深，存在着主观主义、关门主义，对施政纲领领会不够，对抗战政策认识不足，缺乏民主作风。他针对干部中存在的认识问题，多次强调党内外团结合作共事，为巩固抗日民族统一战线，协调一致，共谋大计。特别强调指出要发挥党外人士的作用，教育党员干部要谦虚谨慎，倾听他们的意见，不能用党内的方式对待他们，向群众做解释工作。要民主人士有职有权，不是陪衬，这是“巩固三三制政权的关键。如果党内把民主人士当客人，民主人士认为自己是客人，三三制政权就难以巩固。”要求领导干部认真学习理论政策，提高认识，提高觉悟，改进领导艺术，巩固三三制政权。他在西北局高干会上指出：“共产党员必须继续反对关门主义的残余”；同时，不要忘记，“除绝对坚决不愿悔改者外”的规定，“三三制必须以施政纲领为政治基础，以民主集中制为组织基础”，从而赢得党内外群众的好评，他们说：“高岗同志是团结民主人士一道工作，统一抗战，共建边区的典范。” 对待党外人士的学习、生活，高岗也是关心备至。他既尊重民主人士，放手让他们工作，又抓紧他们的学习，如1942年春，他带民主人士李鼎铭、柳浞等到绥德、米脂进行两个多月向实践学习，深入调查研究，和党外人士一起研究解决基层问题，有时让党外人士直接解决具体问题。1944年1月，西北局召集李鼎铭等民主人士座谈会，征求对本年工作意见，林伯渠作克服官僚主义，改进工作作风，完成今年工作的报告。高岗作了总结讲话。这样做，既锻炼提高党外人士工作艺术和领导水平，又在群众中树立了他们的威信；既做出样子让各级仿行，又为将要开始整风从实践中掌握第一手材料，使整风有的放矢。他在统一战线工作中，既放手让党外人士大胆工作，让他们有职有权，同时又坚持了我党在统战工作中的领导权和立场原则。所以，党外人士对共产党无话不讲，关系非常融洽。“精兵简政”这条意见就是党外人士李鼎铭先生提出来的，对于加强集中领导，克服困难，解决财政紧张等问题，挥了重大作用。党内外干部群众普遍反映：“高岗同志是一个统战政策水平很高的领导干部，在统一战线中，他巧妙地具体运用毛主席的'又团结又斗争'的方针，并有新的发展和新套套。他魄力大，眼光远，敢放手，又大胆。”他对办公厅和交际处的同志说：“要重视交际处的工作，这是统战工作的一个重要阵地，统战政策要从接待中体现出来。我们经济困难，应该花的钱要花，不能过于寒酸。” 1943年，国民党发动第三次反共高潮，悄悄部署分九路向边区进攻，指使不法之徒印发什么“告边区父老书”，造遥说李鼎铭边区的副主席已被“撤职”，采取卑鄙的手段，造谣惑众，极尽挑拨、离间之能事，企图破坏三三制政权。民主人士李鼎铭等写文章驳斥了敌人的谣言，指出：“反共就是反对三民主义，进攻边区就是破坏团结抗日。”他尽职尽责为抗日救国、为边区建设而努力工作。陕甘宁边区周围的地方实力人物和蒙、回等少数民族上层分子，如榆林二十二军邓宝珊、高双成，西边八十四师高桂滋，伊盟蒙古族上层人物沙王、乌审旗的王府协理奇国贤等，在抗日战争时期同边区保持了团结、合作抗战的友好关系。延安时期中共与非党人士合作最好时期，并创造了新鲜经验。毛泽东曾赞扬：“陕甘宁边区的三三制搞得好”，是“抗日民族统一战线的模范”，是“三三制政权建设的模范。” 由于机关编制扩大、人员增加，特别是全国各地和海内外的革命青年和爱国进步分子，在“抗日救国真理在延安”的影响下，蜂涌而来边区，寻求抗战救国真理，吃供应粮的人口急剧增加。加之国民党发动军事进攻、经济封锁，募捐区域缩小，机关干部、军队、学校供给非常紧张，是边区最困难时期。 1941年11月，边区第二届一次参议会上，把如何克服困难，渡过经济难关，坚持长期抗战作为大会讨论的重大议题之一。高岗在会上要求与会参议员群策群力，献计献策，共议克服困难，渡过财政困难之大计。民主人士李鼎铭先生等11人以主人翁的精神，在会上提出几个提案，其中最关键的是“精兵简政”的提案。这条议案提出后，在讨论过程中，有些议员不赞成，有的劝李鼎铭不要提这样的议案，一来参议会通不过，二来共产党不会接受。李鼎铭认为“国家兴亡，匹夫有责”，他从长期抗战着想，增加了信心，主动地同姬伯雄几位议员商量，毅然向大会提交了“精兵简政”的议案。议案提交大会后，引起了一场轩然大波。有的议员认为正值抗战救国的紧要关头，国民党正以大兵向边区进攻，我们的力量本来就不多，还要精兵简政，不是束手待擒吗？现在的问题不是精简，而是要增加……。有的竟然怀疑他的提案是别有用心，动机不良。不少议员觉得不可思议，无法理解。但多数议员认为提案有一定道理，办法也可取。议论传到高岗的耳朵后，引起高度重视。他到各小组听取大家的意见，并说这个提案是中肯的，是有远见的，是共产党的真朋友，敢讲心里话的表现。他要求主席团召开各组负责人会议，听取了讨论的情况报告并亲自看了提案内容后说，这个意见提得好，讲出道理，提出了办法，击准了要害，提交大会表决。在表决时，得到165票通过。高岗亲自向毛泽东专题汇报。毛泽东主席把提案内容抄在笔记本上，并在提案上加了批语：“这个办法很好，恰恰是改进我们机关主义、官僚主义、形式主义的对症药。”12月，党中央向全党发出指示，明确提出：“为了长期抗战，准备胜利反攻，必须普遍实行精兵简政”。 “精兵简政”议案经参议会通过后，边区政府召开委员会，成立以刘景范为主任的整编委员会，首先在边区开始精兵简政工作。毛泽东在《解放日报》上发表文章，论述了贯彻精兵简政的重要性和重大意义，为贯彻这一政策起了极大推动作用，扫除了一些干部在贯彻精兵简政政策中的思想阻力。西北局机关带头开始精简。高岗提出边区级机关减少三分之一以上的人员，紧缩上层，加强下层，合署办公，党政分明。经过两年的努力，经过三次运动，边区级机关裁并一百多处，人员减少40％，基本适应财政的要求，达到“统一、精简、效能、节约和克服官僚主义”的预期目的，“人员减少，工效提高”。边区政府文秘科3个人就作了过去13个人的工作，工作量较前增加了近二倍。通过精简，解决了“头重脚轻”和人浮于事、机构臃肿的问题。共减少12300多人……减下来的人一部分到县、区，加强基层工作。县级领导机关加强职权，规定一县之内应兴应革，干部调配、培训和经费支配等，都由县委、县政府决定，使基层政权不仅增加人员，权力也扩大了。一部分到生产第一线，充实基层领导生产，一部分送到各级党校学习提高。 精兵简政工作不仅在边区实行，并取得宝贵经验，其他抗日根据地党政军民学等单位，都贯彻了这一极其重要政策，推广边区的经验，进行了精简活动，以陕甘宁边区为榜样，大刀阔斧进行精兵简政，克服了官僚主义、文牍主义、机关主义，改进了领导作风，改善了上下之间的关系，加深了党政军民之间的鱼水关系，提高了工作效率，增加了劳动生产力，对克服困难，渡过难关起了重大作用。 “历览前朝国与家，成由勤俭败由奢”，“勤能补拙，俭以养廉”。这是中华民族的传统美德，成为边区的普遍风尚。高岗担任边区党委领导后，狠抓廉洁奉公，反对铺张浪费的问题，他决定公开发表了早在1926年中央《关于坚决清洗腐化分子的通知》。通知说：“在革命潮流中，许多投机腐败的坏分子，均会跑到革命队伍中来，一个革命的党若是容留这些分子在党内，必定会使他的党陷于腐化，不仅不能执行革命的工作，且为群众所厌弃。所以应该很坚决的清洗这些不良分子，和这些不良倾向斗争，才能坚定我们的营垒，才能树立党在群众中的威望。”这是中国共产党最早反对腐败作风的文件。区党委要求各级党组织，按文件精神，向党员、干部进行廉洁勤俭、反对铺张浪费的教育。边区政府于1939年颁布了惩治贪污条例，共15条。条例规定贪污千元以上者，处以死刑；五百元以上者，处以五年徒刑或死刑；百元处以一年徒刑或苦役。边区政府还发出规定指出：“防止浪费腐化的习气侵入”。公私费用必须“严格分开”，一切私人费用，均“不能出公家帐”，禁止“高价办酒席”。“不急之务不举，不急之钱不用，且须在急务和急用上，力求合理经济”。“要减少公差公马，提倡动手动脚”。“要注意一张纸，一片布，一点灯油，一根火柴的节省。要爱护每件公物。”除招待外宾外，“一切大会、节庆、纪念会、婚丧，不论公家与私人，不得铺张浪费宴请。” 边区党委、政府领导高岗、林泊渠等身体力行，坚决执行有关规定，作廉洁奉公的模范。据资料记载，42年光客饭招待，就节省6000石粮食。这种领导以身作则，廉洁勤俭，群众看得见，摸得着，本身就是最有力的号召，群众从干部的行动上，来认识共产党，决心跟党干革命。在艰苦的年代，它对团结革命队伍，维系党心、军心、民心，克服困难，争取胜利，起过不可低估的作用，使边区成为“廉俭奉公的模范”。南洋华侨陈嘉庚先生，先后参观访问重庆和延安对比后说：“余观感之下，喜慰无可言喻，认为别有天地，如拨云雾而见青天。前此忧虑建国未有其人，兹始觉悟其人乃素蒙恶名之共产党人物。由是断定国民党蒋政权必败，延安共产党必胜。”