Chapter 9 Chapter Eight Welcomes the Central Red Army "Home"

In the bloody "elimination of counterrevolutionaries" in northern Shaanxi, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Zhang Wentian and other central leaders led the Central Red Army through 11 provinces, across the snow-covered mountains all the year round, and across the inaccessible swamps and grasslands. , marched 25,000 miles, and successfully arrived at Wuqi Town (now Wuqi County) in northern Shaanxi on October 19, 1935.Since then, the Northern Shaanxi Soviet Area has become the base for the Party Central Committee and the Red Army headquarters to "survive and make a comeback" and found a "home" on the Loess Plateau. , and make it full of vigor and great vitality, and open a new page of the victory of the Chinese revolution.Mr. Lu Xun knew that the Central Red Army had settled down in northern Shaanxi, so he wrote a letter to congratulate him: "In you, the hopes of China and mankind are pinned." When Chiang Kai-shek heard the news that the Red Army and the Northern Shaanxi Red Army had joined forces on Mount Emei, he expressed his gratitude to the left and right. He said dejectedly: "I have worked hard for six years, but I haven't completed all my achievements. The sky is immortal, and it is beyond the reach of human beings."

The Central Red Army was forced to withdraw from Jiangxi and began to move away from Jiangxi. It entered Zunyi twice in Guizhou, but failed to settle here. Later, it planned to establish a base in western Sichuan to redify Sichuan. Finally, it changed to Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan to establish a base, but failed.Later, they went to Gansu and didn't know where they would end up. The future was uncertain. They went to Ningxia to develop in Outer Mongolia?To the Soviet Union?There is no certain clear direction. In September 1935, the Central Red Army chose northern Shaanxi because it happened to pick up a piece of news in the "Jinyang Daily" that there were Liu Zhidan and Gao Gang's Red Army and base areas in northern Shaanxi. On September 22, the Central Committee held a meeting in Hadapu to reorganize the troops. The Central Column and the First Army were reorganized into the Shaanxi-Gansu Detachment. Peng Dehuai was the commander of the detachment, and Mao Zedong was the political commissar.The meeting decided to go to northern Shaanxi.At that time, there were only more than 2,000 people left in the Three Army Corps. Peng Dehuai shed tears when he spoke to the Three Army Corps.Mao Zedong said at the meeting: Northern Shaanxi has its own people, and there is a "home" there.For the Central Red Army, which is short of men and horses, suffers heavy losses, and has a bright future, it is undoubtedly a blessing from heaven. "Jinyang Daily" exaggerated the strength of the Red Army in northern Shaanxi in order to solve the dilemma of the Jin army's failure, pointed out the direction for the Central Red Army, and played an important role in saving the Central Committee.

When the army was reorganized, there were still 14,000 people. In less than a month, there were only less than 8,000 people left in Wuqi. If there is no foothold in northern Shaanxi, the consequences will be difficult to imagine if there is no foothold in northern Shaanxi, and the history of Northwest China may be rewritten. Gao Gang and Liu Zhidan knew during the Battle of Laoshan that Mao Zedong led the central government and the Red Army had moved to Gansu. Liu Zhidan and Gao Gang were at the critical moment of being shot and buried alive. When Mao Zedong and others came to Wuqi Town, they saw signs reading "Democratic Government of Workers and Peasants", "Long Live the Communist Party of China!" and "Support Liu Zhidan and Gao Gang".When they were greeted by Zhang Mingke, Ma Fuji, Gong Fengchun, Liu Jingquan and other comrades from the workers' and peasants' democratic government, security guerrillas and cavalry regiments, they learned that Liu Zhidan, Gao Gang and many other revolutionary cadres were imprisoned, killed and buried by the Northwest delegation. On October 22, the Politburo meeting was held in Wuqi. Mao Zedong made a report on the current policy of action. After the meeting, General Secretary Zhang Wentian sent Wang Shoudao, director of the Central Security Bureau, Liu Xiangsan, and Jia Tuofu to take a radio station to Wayaobao to convey Chairman Mao's message: " Keep people under the sword, stop arresting people, stop censorship, stop killing people, and let the central government handle everything.”When Chairman Mao talked to Wang Shoudao, he said: Killing people is not like cutting leeks, leeks can still grow after cutting, but human heads cannot grow when they fall to the ground.If we kill the wrong person, if we kill revolutionary comrades, it is a criminal act, everyone must keep this in mind and handle it with caution.Wang Shoudao waited until Wayaobao to bring the situation under control as soon as possible, investigated and reviewed the "key criminals" such as Gao Gang and Zhidan, solved the problem of eliminating counter-revolutionaries in northern Shaanxi in time, and reversed the crisis in northern Shaanxi.Chuck said, "Its significance is not only here, but also creates conditions for the upcoming national anti-war climax and national victory. The central government came to save northern Shaanxi, and northern Shaanxi also saved the central government. The role of the Shaanxi-Gansu base area and then Look, it also saved the Chinese revolution.” At that time, the central government did not have a foothold in northern Shaanxi, and the consequences were indeed disastrous.

Northern Shaanxi is not only the foothold and starting point of the Chinese revolution, but also a turning point and a new starting point.It is exactly "the sky is full of dark clouds and the wind blows away, and when Chairman Mao comes, the sky clears." Ding Ling told her close friend Yang Zhifang that Chairman Mao once talked to her at the security guard and said that the Central Red Army was like a beggar when it first arrived in northern Shaanxi.The Northern Shaanxi Red Army sent a lot of ocean, food, and clothing to solve the urgent needs of the Central Red Army. "Compared with Zhang Guotao of the Fourth Front Army and the Red Army in northern Shaanxi, there is a world of difference."

Mao Zedong seized the time to deploy and command the Shaanxi-Gansu detachment to repel the four cavalry regiments of Ma Hongkui's department chasing the Central Red Army, cutting off their "tails". On October 29, after the Central Red Army and the Northern Shaanxi Red Army joined forces at Xiasiwan, all the commanders and fighters of the Central Red Army (known as the Shaanxi-Gansu Detachment at the time) wrote to all the commanders and fighters of the 25th and 26th armies: "We have gone through more than 20,000 troops. The long-term expedition in Li, went through eleven provinces, smashed all the Kuomintang warlords' blocking, chasing, and intercepting, and crossed countless natural dangerous passes, mountains, and rivers, in order to fight with the beloved 25th Army, 2nd Army, and 2nd Army. The Brotherhood of the Sixteenth Army joined together to launch the Northwest Soviet Movement, which laid a solid foundation for the Chinese Soviet Movement and quickly reddened the whole of China." "We have heard for a long time that the comrades of the Twenty-sixth Army have a history of long-term struggle on the Shaanxi-Gansu border ,...these make us very happy, and today we can meet with you in person and join hands with you, which makes us extremely excited." The letter pointed out: "Our rendezvous is a great victory for the Chinese Soviet movement! It is a great development of the Northwest Revolutionary Movement. the trumpet!"

"Precisely because of the tremendous development of the Shaanxi-Gansu revolutionary movement, and because of our confluence, the landlords, capitalists, and reactionary rulers, imperialists, and the Kuomintang are preparing to use a new encirclement and suppression campaign against us. However, we have a reconciled strength and abundant resources. Combat experience, with the correct leadership of the Party Central Committee and the support of the masses, we will surely win." The letter appeals: Dear comrades, we unite closely to defend and expand the Soviet area in northern Shaanxi, smash the enemy's new encirclement and suppression, carry out the general situation of the Soviet movement in the Northwest, launch the sacred national revolutionary war, and fight for the armed defense of the Soviets!

On November 3, Mao Zedong and others led the central government to the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Special Committee and the 15th Army Corps headquarters in Xiasiwan, Ganquan County. When they met with Xu Haidong, they said: "We must establish a solid base in northern Shaanxi. The rosy clouds and the solitary ducks fly together, and the autumn waters share the same color of the sky'." No one knows why Mao Zedong used a slightly sad ancient Fu to describe the future scenery of northern Shaanxi.The Politburo Committee of the Central Committee was held, and Nie Hongjun, Cheng Zihua, etc. made oral reports to the Central Committee on the situation of the 25th, 26th, and 27th armies joining forces, the formation of the 15th army regiment, the battle of Laoshan and the "elimination of counter-revolutionaries".Mao Zedong criticized the mistakes of arresting Liu Zhidan, Gao Gang and other comrades and said: "Without these good comrades, how could this base come from!" Located in Wayaobao, it was decided to abolish the Shaanxi-Gansu-Shanxi Provincial Party Committee, and establish the Shaanxi-Gansu Provincial Party Committee, the Northern Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee, and the Guanzhong, Shenfu, and Sanbian Special Committees. On the 5th, Mao Zedong delivered a speech to the troops in Elephant Trunk Bay, and decided that the Shaanxi-Gansu Detachment of the Central Red Army and the 15th Red Army would be combined into the First Army (the original designation was restored), with a total of more than 11,000 people. On the 13th, Mao Zedong said at the meeting of the Northwest Bureau of the Central Committee held in Xiasiwan that the strategic position of the Northern Shaanxi Soviet Area was "at the forefront and leading the national revolutionary war." Now there are only less than 10,000 people left. Although the number is small, what remains is the essence of the Chinese revolution." When arranging the Zhiluo Battle, Peng Dehuai held a cadre meeting of the 78th Division (formerly the 26th Army). Regarding the situation of the cadres being reorganized in the 26th Army, he said: "The Shaanxi-Gansu base area is very important. On the 10th of the Red 26th Army and the 27th, Zhang Wentian, Qin Bangxian, etc. led the central government from Xiasiwan to Shaanxi, Gansu and Shanxi provinces. After the committee was stationed in Wayaobao, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Shanxi Provincial Security Bureau was abolished according to the Central Committee's decision, and the Central Security Bureau took over all the work; Dong Biwu, Wang Shoudao, Zhang Yunyi and other five members formed the Party Affairs Committee to investigate the "suppression of counter-revolutionaries" in northern Shaanxi. Gao Gang, Liu Zhidan and other major "criminals" of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China conducted serious investigations. Zhang Wentian, Bogu, etc. listened to the review report. During the review period, Zhu Lizhi and others hid the real situation, distorted history, and deceived the central government. They also said that they "created the The Red Army and the Soviets...''created the Fifteenth Army Corps'."

The Central Committee convened a party affairs committee, Zhu Lizhi and Guo Hongtao also participated, and Dai Jiying brought a bunch of unwarranted criminal evidence against Gao Gang and others.After consulting the materials, the Party Affairs Committee found that there were many loopholes, and there was no fact under the big hat. In early November, when the prison door was opened, the dark clouds were pushed back, and 18 people including Gao Gang, Liu Zhidan, Xi Zhongxun and Liu Zhidan's guards were released first, and their heads were saved, "seeing the sun again."As Liu Zhidan said to fellow prisoners in prison: "Dark clouds can never cover the sun."

On November 11, the central government held a rehabilitative meeting, chaired by General Secretary Zhang Wentian, and delivered an important speech."The tradition of violence against dissidents within the party cannot continue," he said. "Treating people is not allowed in the party, nor is it allowed in society."The "Decision of the Northwest Central Bureau of the Communist Party of China to Examine and Eliminate Counter-Revolutionaries" was announced, and Liu Zhidan, Gao Gang, etc. were declared innocent, released immediately, and assigned work.Wang Shoudao hosted a banquet in the Security Bureau. He said, comrades have suffered. You are all good comrades who created the Northwest Red Army and the revolutionary base area. You are brave in combat, active in work, selfless and fearless commanders and revolutionary cadres.This time the suppression of counterrevolutionaries was wrong. The central government rehabilitated you, resumed your work, and apologized to you.Until 1982, Wang Shoudao said at a symposium: "Gao Gang and Liu Zhidan in northern Shaanxi have made great contributions to the establishment of the Northwest Revolutionary Base. Before the Central Red Army arrived in northern Shaanxi, they were once arrested as rightists. Later, we gave them Gao Gang was very excited when they rehabilitated and kept people under the sword."

Liu Zhidan gave a thank you speech on behalf of the comrades released from prison.He said: "The Party Central Committee and Chairman Mao came in time and rescued us. If we had come later, all of us might have died." Partially listen to partisan beliefs, and even only listen to the lies fabricated by the rightists in order to muddle through, protect themselves, frame good people, and sabotage the revolution. It is a chaotic situation. The central government has come, and things will be easy to handle in the future.” He also said to the comrades who were released from prison that we also have various shortcomings and mistakes in our work, and we must be strict with ourselves and be good at self-criticism.The central government has resumed our work. Comrades should not care about the position when accepting work, but obey the leadership of the Party Central Committee and do their jobs well.

After Liu Zhidan and Gao Gang were released from prison, the soldiers and civilians rushed to tell each other, cheering and shouting: "Northern Shaanxi has been saved!" "Liu Zhidan and Gao Gang have been saved!" After Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and other comrades commanded the victory of the Zhiluo Town Campaign, they left Dongcun on December 6 and went to Wayaobao via Ansai County. It's a mistake, it's an unwarranted framing, it's opportunism, it's madness." On the 13th, Liu Zhidan, Gao Gang and other comrades were received.It was the first time they met Mao Zedong.Mao Zedong said: "You have been wronged. But for a revolutionist, it is a test."Liu Zhidan said: "The central government will come, and everything will be easy in the future." Gao Gang said: "Old Liu led everyone to risk their lives to create a base area. Chairman Mao came late to northern Shaanxi, and we may die. They don't listen to the revolutionaries. Go your own way and only listen to what other people say." Mao Zedong said: "Don't you do a good job here! As soon as I arrived in northern Shaanxi, I saw that the masses of the people understood the principles of revolution, their political awareness was high, the rural political power was strong, and the guerrillas were very effective. I believed in creating The comrades in this base area are good cadres of the party." He also said, "This place in northern Shaanxi has a revolutionary tradition. Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong started the revolution here. Although the place is poor, but the poor want to change, and the poor It’s about revolution! The mass base here is good, the geographical conditions are good, and it’s a good place to carry out revolution!” “We thank you for creating this base and giving the central government a foothold. I’m here to join you!” “We When you arrive in northern Shaanxi, you are home, with a base and a foothold, Comrades Liu Zhidan, Xie Zichang, and Gao Gang have made special contributions to northern Shaanxi." Zhou Enlai: A prison with a "left" name is also surprisingly "left"!He criticized Dai Jiying and others for suffering from "crazy disease", and Dai Jiying argued unconvinced.Zhou Enlai: "The more 'counter-revolutionaries' like Liu Zhidan and Gao Gang, the better. It would be better if there were no 'real revolutionaries' like you." When Liu Zhidan and Gao Gang were released, the masses said that if they became "climates", there would inevitably be "a hundred-day disaster" and "rescue from the nobles", which was "determined by the number of days". In the winter of that year, after the Party Central Committee arrived in Wayaobao, the relevant departments of the Central Committee inspected the Northwest Revolutionary Base and concluded: "The comrades of the Shaanxi-Gansu Party, the Red Twenty-six Army is the best." Veteran cadre Wang Donggao’s recollection of the situation at that time is very illustrative. He said: “At the end of the autumn of 1935, I was transferred from Chiyuan County to Wayaobao to suppress counter-revolutionaries and confessed to the rightist counter-revolutionaries. Hell, looking back on it now makes me shudder. At that time, the interrogators were interrogated almost every day, and the interrogators all spoke with a southern accent. If you did not understand some words, you would be beaten; If it is said that Liu Zhidan and Gao Gang were kind to the poor, the beatings were even worse. They were brutal and unreasonable, but they made people miserable. They said that Liu Zhidan and Gao Gang loved the poor (they didn't know that Liu and Gao were also imprisoned), so they scolded them for painting "rightist counter-revolutionaries", beat them until their noses and mouths were bleeding, their faces were swollen and fat, and they were dragged out half dead Buried alive. I saw that Liu and Gao were also arrested. They gritted their teeth and did not say a word, and were beaten several times. "When the Central Red Army arrived in Wayaobao, I was released. I saw that the Central Red Army, whether they were senior generals or ordinary soldiers, were all in rags and trousers, with yellow skin, thin face, and long hair. They looked like beggars and scattered everywhere. Live in a fellow villager's house, and carry out training lazily. Even Chairman Mao, General Secretary Zhang Wentian, and Vice Chairman Zhou all wear rough clothes." After Gao Gang was released from prison, he was entrusted by the Organization Department of the Central Committee to go to various places to understand the chaotic situation caused by the "suppression of counter-revolutionaries" and do some stabilizing work.He was ordered to go to Chiyuan, Hengjing counties and other areas to learn about the situation, and to publicize the good news of the Party Central Committee's visit to northern Shaanxi.When he went to the border area of ​​Macheng, Hengjing County, he happened to meet Gu Qifeng and Feng Xiaozhang (formerly a classmate of Hengshan No. 1 High School) who came from the white area. In July, Yugu and Feng first went to contact the Red Army, but were imprisoned. Prior to this, our party, government and army were making a big mistake to eliminate counter-revolutionaries. They didn't know that the counter-revolutionaries and Gao Gang were imprisoned.They approached the district government and asked to be part of the Red Army, saying that they were classmates of Gao Gang, and they used the brand of Gao Gang's classmates, which had a negative effect. They were arranged in a village in the valley, and guerrillas were sent to monitor them.Then the White Army came to encircle and suppress the Soviet area, and the guerrillas imprisoned them together with landlords and gentry, put them in shackles, and moved them many times.Gu Qifeng wrote several letters to the district government.No reply.Once during the transfer, Gao Gang happened to see him and said, "Fat baby (Gu is small and fat, he was called fat baby in school), why are you here?" After Gu told Gao Gang about joining the army and being imprisoned, Gao Gang released Gu and Feng in the afternoon when he returned to the district government.He told Gu and Feng: The Central Red Army has arrived in northern Shaanxi, the revolutionary situation is very good, and he has taught many revolutionary principles. "You have been imprisoned for dozens of days, and your family is worried. The army is in need of educated people. You are a small intellectual, and your family lives in a white area. Go back and carry out revolutionary activities in your hometown first, and cooperate with the army to liberate Hengshan County." Publicity materials and books, and wrote a letter to Wang Zhaolin and Xu Hongyou of Wushen Banner, carrying some propaganda materials for the Central Red Army to northern Shaanxi. From December 17 to 25, 1935, Zhang Wentian, General Secretary of the Party Central Committee, held a Politburo meeting in Wayaobao. The meeting passed the "Resolution on the Current Political Situation and the Party's Tasks" and "The Central Committee's Decision on Military Strategy Issues" .In order to adapt to the new situation, the meeting clearly put forward a new and complete political line, strategy and policy of the anti-Japanese national united front, with the goal of uniting the people of the whole country to resist Japan and establish a new democratic republic.The meeting decided to violently expand the Red Army, actively expand its troops, and prepare for direct combat against the Japanese army. After the Politburo meeting, a meeting of party activists was held in Wayaobao on the 27th.Comrade Mao Zedong made the famous report "On the Tactics of Opposing Japanese Imperialism" at the meeting.Gao Gang listened to Comrade Mao Zedong's incisive speeches for the first time, which greatly inspired and educated him. He widened his horizons, used his brains, and made detailed notes.He realized the greatness of Mao Zedong from the bottom of his heart. He stood tall, saw far, spoke broad and profound, had a clear view of China's situation and future, and his incisive discussion of strategies strengthened Gao Gang's determination to make revolution with Mao Zedong. This is a crucial meeting.According to the resolution of the meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, Chairman Mao Zedong penetratingly discussed the possibility and importance of re-establishing a united front with the national bourgeoisie under the conditions of resistance to Japan, and criticized the erroneous view in the party that Chinese workers and peasants cannot unite to resist Japan , emphasizing the decisive leading role of the Communist Party and the Red Army in this united front, expounding the long-term nature of the Chinese revolution, and criticizing the narrow closed-doorism and acute illness towards the revolution that existed in the party for a long time in the past-these are the characteristics of the party and the One of the basic reasons for the severe setbacks suffered by the Red Army during the Second Civil Revolutionary War. Chairman Mao Zedong's report not only hit the crux of the failure of the revolution in the south, but also fully conformed to the reality of the revolutionary movement in the northwest.Comrade Mao Zedong could only defeat the wrong line at the Zunyi Conference through collusion and doing the work of individual people. It was also when he lost contact with the Communist International that he won the leadership of the army without interference, and he could only reach northern Shaanxi for a reliable settlement. Only in the base area can we systematically explain many problems faced by the central government on such a major political strategy issue.The reason why Mao Zedong’s speech impressed Gao Gang the most is that what Mao Zedong said was exactly what Gao Gang thought; , "acute illness", etc., are exactly the problems that they want to solve but are unable to solve during the revolutionary struggles in the Shaanxi-Gansu border and northern Shaanxi.In the face of reality, the feelings are deep.He originally thought that what Zhu Lizhi and others said was not true to reality, but he couldn't explain it theoretically. After listening to Mao Zedong's report, he realized that the central government also had two lines of struggle. In fact, Mao Zedong was persecuted by the wrong line.When he arrived in Yan'an, he recalled to Gao Gang that in 1927 Chiang Kai-shek betrayed the revolution and massacred Communists and workers in the city.Mao Zedong went to Hunan to conduct investigations and witnessed the peasant movement write an investigation report. He believed that the peasants would definitely rise up and be the main force of the revolution in the twentieth century. A peasant uprising led by the Communist Party was defeated, and then attacked the city.He established a base in Jinggangshan, and later established the Soviet regime. In 1930, Stalin sent Wang Ming, who was only 25 years old and studied in the Soviet Union, back to China as the representative of the Third International.After Lenin's death, the Third International became Stalin's tool, and the Chinese Communist Party was brought under the command of the Third International, and naturally became the tool of the tool.The executors of Wang Ming's line changed the revolutionary line from the countryside to the city.Mao Zedong believed that the revolutionary forces were weak at that time, and the Red Army would be defeated steadily if the city was launched first, which would seriously damage its vitality, so he strongly opposed it.He disagreed with Stalin's opinion and believed that China's affairs should be decided by the Chinese themselves according to China's situation, not by foreigners. He opposed foreign interference.However, at that time some major leaders of the CCP, such as Qu Qiubai, Li Lisan, and Bo Gu, handed over their heads to Stalin, and naturally labeled Mao a right-leaning conservative and a "narrow empiricist." Stalin even called Mao Zedong a "heretic." ", "Red-skinned and white-hearted radish".Bo Gu ridiculed Mao Zedong as the green forest hero in "Water Margin". They pinned the hope of the Chinese revolution on the urban proletariat, "Marxism-Leninism cannot emerge from the valley", "peasant leaders cannot lead the proletarian revolution." Li De held a meeting in Hunan At the meeting of the Military Commission, they waved their fists and shouted, "Mao Zedong is deceiving people's hearts and conspiring to usurp the party and power..." As a result, Mao Zedong was repeatedly excluded, dismissed, demoted, and transferred from the army. The territory of less than 6 counties. In the summer of 1933, Chiang Kai-shek learned the lessons from the failures of the previous four "encirclement and suppression" campaigns against the Red Army. On June 8, he held a military meeting in Nanchang to deploy the fifth "encirclement and suppression" campaign. Li De opposed Mao Zedong's guerrilla warfare with positional warfare, and suffered even more losses in the Xiangjiang campaign, which led to the complete failure of the fifth counter-campaign against "encirclement and suppression" and had to withdraw. base.During the retreat, Bo Gu and Li De refused to let Mao Zedong go with the main force. After the efforts of Zhang Wentian, Wang Jiaxiang, Zhou Enlai, etc., they agreed to move with the army. Fortunately, they left the base area on October 18, 1934.Chiang Kai-shek's army swaggered through the starving Red Army without firing a single shot, and marched into Ruijin City, the red capital, holding the banner of blue sky and white sun.Our army was chased and attacked by hundreds of thousands of enemies, drove out of several provinces, and rushed from the southern country to the northern country. It is precisely "the east is dark and there is the west, and the south is dark and there is the north." "Look for another treasure land, settle down to survive, and make a comeback." Mao Zedong always believed that the early failure of the Red Army had something to do with Stalin and the Third International.The "Communist Party of China is in a mess, the white areas have lost 100%, the base areas have lost 90%, and our army has lost from 300,000 to about 20,000. I don't blame Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party. I only blame our comrades for committing dogma. doctrine error." At that time, many leaders of the CCP also agreed with Wang Ming and Bo Gu's approach, and disapproved of Mao Zedong's "peasant guerrilla tactics."He believes that the Chinese peasant revolution is not a proletarian revolution after all, and the proletarian revolution led by the Communist Party cannot be satisfied with the peasant movement in any case.If so, what is the difference with Li Zicheng and Hong Xiuquan?But they did not see the extremely important aspect that Mao Zedong took Marxism-Leninism as the guiding ideology, which is the fundamental difference from Li Zicheng and Hong Xiuquan. Hu Qiaomu said in the book "Thirty Years of the Communist Party of China": When the enemy attacked the Red Army for the fifth time, "The Red Army failed to defeat the enemy because the Party Central Committee implemented a completely wrong military line of pure defense and other wrong policies. Offensive. In October 1934, the Central Red Army withdrew from the Jiangxi base area and carried out a long march unprecedented in world history. During this period, other revolutionary base areas and the Red Army in the country also suffered the same damage from the "Left" elements. Everywhere The Red Army, except for the Shaanxi-Gansu Red Army led by Liu Zhidan, Gao Gang and other comrades, all withdrew from their original base areas and carried out the Long March." "Before the fifth siege by the Kuomintang, the Red Army had grown to 300,000 people", " After the rendezvous in northern Shaanxi, there will be less than 30,000 people in total. But this is the extremely precious essence of the Red Army and the party." Mao Zedong always believed that "whoever wins the peasants wins China; whoever solves the land problem wins the peasants".He told Wang Jiaxiang on the Long March that Chen Duxiu, Qu Qiubai, Li Lisan and even Bogu's childish left-leaning disease lay in their improper grasp of China's current situation.China's capitalism is underdeveloped and its working class is immature. How can it copy the dogma of the European proletarian revolution?Peasants, who account for more than 80% of the country's total population, have not been mobilized. Even if the urban working class seizes power, it will eventually melt into the vast ocean of small peasant consciousness.Therefore, China's revolution, "cannot be a peasant revolution, the road of China can only be the road of encircling the cities from the countryside, thousands of outstanding Communists organize the peasants to carry out the agrarian revolution and armed struggle, so that the peasants can reborn and follow the party in the practice of revolution, There is no reason why the Chinese revolution is invincible." He said that we should no longer be superstitious about the experience of the Soviet Union, "don't believe the nonsense of the quick victory of the Chinese proletariat", all Chinese people make their own decisions, and use the most advanced Marxism to explore through repeated practice. A road to success for the Chinese revolution.... After hearing these words, Wang Jiaxiang was overwhelmed and convinced.At the Zunyi Conference during the Long March, when Mao Zedong regained the military command, Wang Jiaxiang made a great contribution. After Mao Zedong arrived in Yan'an, he talked about these principles many times with Gao Gang, which made him more aware of the power and significance of farmers, and further realized Mao Zedong's greatness and correctness.This is also an important factor for him to follow Mao Zedong closely.He said: China's working class is too weak, workers account for less than 1%, farmers account for the vast majority.Peasants are suffering from the land crisis, and the land crisis will definitely help them agitate the whole country and shake Chiang's regime.At the same time, he further realized why Zhu Lizhi wanted to attack the cities, emphasized "promoting workers in the leadership and protecting the leadership of the proletariat", ignoring the importance of the peasant revolution. divorced from China's reality. Not long after Mao Zedong arrived in Yan'an, when he talked to Gao Gang and Xiao Jinguang about military issues, he once again praised Yan'an: "Our Yan'an is beautiful! Don't underestimate Yan'an. We traveled 25,000 miles and almost destroyed all our bases. Lost, only this place is left. This is our capital, our 'home', we want to take root here, learn from Liu Bang, the great ancestor of the Han Dynasty, and establish a base." Importance at the barrel of a gun.There is no doubt that after the Central Red Army escaped danger during the Long March in more than ten provinces for the past year, it has a home to settle down and live, and it is natural to feel the warmth of "home". According to the resolution on the expansion of the Red Army at the meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, a massive movement to expand the Red Army was launched.The Central Military Commission established a mobilization department and sent Gao Gang to northern Shaanxi Province to be responsible for expanding the Red Army, preparing for the Eastern Expedition, and directly fighting the Japanese army.Gao Jiujiu, He Jinnian and others accompanied him to Yan'an, Chiyuan, Yanchuan and other counties in northern Shaanxi Province to expand his popularity.Gao Gang went to Xiuyan County to expand his popularity. Relying on the local party organization and the Soviet government, he launched a propaganda campaign for spreading popularity. He organized Yangko teams of young men and women, and propaganda teams, went deep into the villages, through singing, twisting Yangko, allegro, storytelling, and performances Use other methods to mobilize the masses, publicize the masses, and mobilize young people to join the army.Gao Gang organized the masses to compose and perform programs such as "It's Most Glorious to Send Lang to the Red Army", "To Turn Over, Only to Become the Red Army" and "One Person to Be the Red Army, the Whole Family Is Glorious", etc. In particular, he organized a group of young women's propaganda teams (lesbians, Female Propaganda is the new name) and Children's League have the greatest publicity appeal. As soon as the "female propaganda" came to the village, they sang: "On the third day of March, the men will be the Red Army and the female propaganda. They want communism, and everyone will turn their backs..." "As long as the revolution is successful, there will be a female student for each person."When the propaganda team entered the village, the masses said that they would come and watch the lesbians sing, and the little red army (boys) spoke, and the surrounding masses came to watch the excitement. Gao Gang used these occasions to deliver mobilization speeches many times, calling on young people to join the army to protect their families and land, to overthrow the Kuomintang reactionaries, to resist the Japanese invaders, and to defend the fruits of revolutionary victory.He said: "The Red Army is the poor people's own team, which is different from the Kuomintang army. The Kuomintang army is to protect the interests of the landlords and gentry; the Red Army is an army to protect the fruits of victory for our poor people. Without the protection of the Red Army, our victory will be restored. It was lost, and the landlords and gentry snatched it away.” "Japan is invading Chinese territory, fighting from east to west. Without the Communist Party leading the Red Army and the people of the whole country to resist Little Japan, we will be bullied by Japanese devils."He also said: "For the sake of the revolution and for our poor people, the Central Red Army traveled from the south of Jiangxi to northern Shaanxi after a 25,000-mile long march. In order to eliminate the reactionaries, they climbed snow-capped mountains and crossed grasslands. Comparing with them, what is there to say, we need people to give people, men to be the Red Army and women to promote, rich people to give money, to overthrow the reactionaries, to overthrow Japanese imperialism, to give people and money.” After mobilization, Xiuyan In the county, there was a situation where "parents asked their son to fight in the East, and his wife sent him to the battlefield". During the Red Expansion Movement, they insisted on implementing the policy of supporting the army and giving priority to family members, and combined the expansion of red with economic work such as hunting local tyrants and dividing land. Farming on behalf of others makes military families feel honored and economically beneficial.The vast number of poor peasants have suffered, oppressed, and exploited for generations. They have long hated the Kuomintang warlords, bureaucrats, and local tyrants. It is said everywhere that "you must stand up and become the Red Army, and only by being the Red Army can you live a good life." One word spreads to hundreds, and hundreds of thousands spread it, changing the old concept of "a good man should not be a soldier, and a good iron will not be nailed". Gao Gang was very good at mobilizing the masses. After listening to Gao Gang's mobilization, the masses became like a prairie fire, and young farmers enthusiastically signed up to join the army.In Xiuyan County, more than 2,000 young people joined the army in just one month.The Central Military Commission, the Central Northwest Bureau and Northwest Office, and the Northern Shaanxi Provincial Government promptly praised Xiuyan County for its deeds of expanding its popularity. The "Red China News" reported on Xiuyan County's achievements and experience in expanding the red, and spread it to the whole province and the whole border region.He Jinnian, Gao Jiujiu and other comrades popularized and applied the experience of Xiuyan County in Qingjian and other counties, and launched the red expansion campaign.The report said that "Xiuyan County won the first place in popularization", "Xiuyan County took the lead in expanding popularity, and overfulfilled the task in raising funds", and called on all counties to "learn from Xiuyan County and emulate Xiuyan County!" Central Committee The Military Commission and the Northwest Revolutionary Military Commission's rear office (director Zhou Enlai, deputy director Liu Zhidan) set up Xiuyan County as a model for spreading popularity and established it as a "ring".Driven by Xiuyan County, the process of expanding the Red Army in northern Shaanxi was accelerated. By the spring of 1936, the task of expanding the Red Army to more than 20,000 people was completed, and the newly established 28th, 29th, and 30th Armies and the Eastern Expedition and Western Expeditions were completed. Zheng sent a large number of soldiers and was praised by Chairman Mao Zedong of the Central Military Commission. In order to expand the room for maneuver on the northern line, in mid-December 1935, the Central Military Commission established a temporary North Route Army, with Liu Zhidan as the commander and Song Renqiong as the political commissar, leading the 78th Division of the 15th Army Corps; Gao Gang and Zhang Aiping led the Second Route Cavalry Regiment directly under the Central Military Commission Together with the northern Shaanxi guerrilla division (formerly Mixi and Hengshan guerrilla), they marched from Wayaobao to the Hengshan area, attacked the Kuomintang army's "encirclement and suppression" of the base area in northern Shaanxi, and wiped out the enemy's vital forces. On December 28, the Northern Route Army issued the "Letter to Jingyuexiu's Troops", calling on Jingbu to abandon the dark side and join the Red Army in resisting Japan and saving the country. On December 30, the central government decided to establish the 28th Army, with three regiments under its jurisdiction and more than 1,200 people. A military meeting was held in Shiyaogou area of ​​Hengshan to announce its establishment.The Sui and Wu combat regiments were reorganized into the first regiment; the northern Shaanxi guerrilla division was reorganized into the second regiment; the An and Qing independent regiments were reorganized into the third regiment, with Liu Zhidan as the commander and Song Renqiong as the political commissar. On January 7, 1936, Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai replied to Liu and Song: "In order to allow ample room for maneuver in ambushing the enemy, it is agreed that our Northern Expeditionary Army will divert operations to Hanjiacha and Shipaizi. If most of the enemy forts have been completed If the enemy has already retreated, we should go straight to Hengshan, mobilize enemy reinforcements, and besiege the enemy's castles and towns. We must cut off their traffic." Carry out two-wing encirclement, and effectively cut off the enemy's retreat, in order to eliminate them in one fell swoop, so as not to let them slip through the net." On the 10th, Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai called Liu, Song, etc., "I want the Red Seventy-eighth Division to start moving south and return the main force to the vicinity of Wayaobao. Concentrate on standby; the northern Shaanxi guerrillas and cavalry regiments are still operating on the northern front to eliminate Jing Yuexiu's small unit and confuse the enemy so that they do not know the purpose of the 78th Division's operation." Liu Zhidan, Song Renqiong, Gao Gang, and Zhang Aiping led the North Route Army in accordance with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai's telegram order, passing through Sanyanquan in Suide County (now Zizhou County), Shiwan, Shiyaogou, Wujiapo and other places in Hengshan County, and organized guerrilla warfare. Team, expand the team, expand the influence, strengthen the momentum, and cover the transfer of the 78th Division.On the 15th of the twelfth lunar month, they gathered in front of Hengshan County. That night, the vanguard army went around the county to scout the enemy's situation. 16日晨，红军两个营攻击五龙山守军，一连国民党军闻讯弃寨逃跑。中午，指挥部命令各部队在曹动之、吴亚雄的骑兵游击部队、赤卫军的配合下，全面包围了横山县城。下午三时左右战斗打响，红军首先向李家洼、五里墩等城外守军发起进攻，不到半小时占领县城外面的全部敌人据点，并歼灭了部分敌人，其余敌人逃回城里。国民党军张子英部固守孤城，惶恐不安。刘志丹、宋任穷、高岗、张爱萍对横山守敌围而不打，在“围城打援”中消灭一部敌人。达到了掩护七十八师暗暗南移和敌人北调，加强榆林和米脂、绥德一线，扩大红军影响的目的后，主动撤出战场，到石窑沟等地休整，欢度春节。期间，中央命二十八军返回瓦窑堡。 2月19日，刘志丹、宋任穷致电周恩来： 甲、我们拟以五天行程到达瓦窑堡。 乙、关于独立营及游击队的布置，我们意见米西独立营及第二支队十五日已出横山与波罗之间活动，并散布谣言察横山，波罗二处无敌情，该部即渡过无定河在横山以北以西活动。在横山、波罗之间活动，再经横山以西向横山活动。第二支队在水地湾，周家硷、三皇峁一带活动。第三支队在武家坡一带活动。以上布置今晚电发，以便告诉米西县委。 骑兵团仍按原定向伊盟行动。 第二次打横山达到了为红军东渡作准备的战略目的，使神府、佳县和吴堡的守敌迅速抽兵北调，集中兵力固守榆林等地，刘志丹率二十八军从瓦窑堡出发经吴堡到神府过河东征。 陕北红军两次攻打横山，当地群众编出信天游和顺口溜： “三十个马队两杆号，一队队红旗朝北摇，刘志丹的队伍上来了！” “对面沟里流河水，横山里下来些游击队。” “刘志丹是清官，坐上飞机打横山，一心要共产，……” “高岗刘志丹，百姓都喜欢，解放横山城，人民把身翻。” 高岗等从禁闭出来不以右派反革命对待了，但在信任和使用上，仍受着左倾路线执行者的干扰，实际未能得到彻底平反，正确使用。头上仍戴着“右倾取消主义”、“对反革命自由主义”两顶帽子。刘志丹至阵亡这两顶帽子还戴着。正如李维汉回忆里说：“当时由于'左'倾路线没有清算，陕甘边苏区的地方干部和军队干部仍然戴着右倾机会主义的帽子，特别是对一些高级干部的工作分配，所以对他们的工作分配，一般不是公正的。”张秀山说：所关押出狱的领导干部，都降职降级使用，习仲勋当环县书记，惠子俊当赤安县组织部长，杨森、杨琪、黄罗斌、王世泰等高干当独立营长、县军事部长，他自己去红大当教员，高岗带十几人、马打发到伊盟草地。刘志丹、杨森、杨琪在东征时都牺牲了。 打罢横山后，高岗按中央决定到伊盟开辟根据地，被任命为伊盟工作组长(一说陕北省委书记)带骑兵团开进长城线的陕北和伊盟边界。抵抗日寇从绥蒙而来，他带领的骑兵团基本是一个空架子，挂着中央军委直属陕北骑兵团的番号，原骑兵团人马武器抽得七零八落，只有十几人、马、枪，人马靠自己扩，枪支全靠他自己从敌人手里夺。 开展创建三边和伊盟根据地几乎是“白手起家”。高岗到靖边由曹动之、吴亚雄和郝玉山、马腾保的游击队给调一些人马和武器。开辟伊盟地区力量单薄，装备极差，供给困难，没群众基础，开展工作困难可以想见。可“左”倾路线执行者都担任重要职务，还说什么“中央刚来，不了解陕甘、陕北的情况”，想方设法把真实情况隐瞒起来，歪曲历史，欺骗中央。他们向中央党务委员会夸功说他们创造了十五军团，把自己打扮成陕北红军和苏区的创造者，将“肃反”错误全推给聂鸿钧、戴季英，与他们没有责任。党务委员会讨论出狱同志的党籍时，有人仍认为刘志丹、高岗等“存在右倾取消主义及对反革命自由主义态度。”在他们的干扰下，使平反工作留下一条尾巴。贾拓夫到关中任特委书记要高岗任司令员时，有人说“他没能力，做不了。”毛泽东叫高岗任陕北省书记，他们在张闻天、毛泽东等中央领导跟前嘀嘀咕咕说高岗的坏话，毛泽东气愤地说：“在实践中考验，他是真革命，会为抗战奋斗，为人民服务；是假革命让他们跟敌人跑去”。1945年秋，西北局高干会上座谈西北历史问题时，马文瑞说，实际上象苏武牧羊，把高岗“流放到沙漠草地。”