Chapter 3 Chapter Two Advances in the Torrent of the Great Revolution

The torrent of the Great Revolution violently washed away the muddy water of imperialism and feudalism, and also shook the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi. The revolutionary tide was unstoppable.Gao Gang threw himself into the torrent of the Great Revolution. He participated in mobilizing student protests, denouncing Chiang Kai-shek's crime of betraying the revolution, organizing peasant lectures, and mobilizing farmers to resist taxes and overcome poverty. Gao Gang gradually plunged into the torrent of the great patriotic movement and embarked on a long revolutionary journey to overthrow the old China.

In the early 1920s, students from northern Shaanxi who lived in Beijing and Xi'an spread communist ideas among youths and schools in northern Shaanxi. At the beginning of the Great Revolution in 1925, a student movement broke out in Hengshan No. 1 High School, which shocked the northern Shaanxi plateau and hit the arrogance of the reactionary Kuomintang authorities.Under the influence of communism, new ideas, and new culture, especially the new style of study in Yulin Middle School, the students of No. 1 High School also became active. Behavior, abhorrent.That year, shortly after the start of school, many students could not pay the tuition fees and went bankrupt.There was a student whose parents collected enough tuition fees for their son to go to school. They drove a donkey to bring two or three buckets of salt from Inner Mongolia, and sold it on Hengshan Street. The Salt Bureau confiscated it for no reason. go home.Gao Gang, Lu Ben and other students rushed to the Salt Bureau indignantly, demanding that the bureau return the salt to them.The Salt Bureau not only refused to return, but also cursed at the students, and even punished the students who interceded.At that time, it was the way of the world that "all the yamen opened to the south, people who have reason and no money don't come in, and people who have money can eat without reason".The unreasonable abuse by the Salt Bureau aroused the public indignation of the students.Gao Gang and other students reasoned with the Salt Bureau, but the people in power at the Salt Bureau couldn't listen and wanted to drive the students out.Gao Gang, Lu Ben, Cao Kaicheng, Shi Zuoqi and others led the students to rush forward, grabbed the director of the Salt Bureau who scolded the students, and beat him up.After the "incident" of beating the director of the Salt Bureau, the crowd clapped their hands and applauded, but it caused great panic among the county government officials and ordered the school leaders to strictly discipline the students.The school leaders obeyed the will of the county magistrate to strictly control the students.In order to block the opportunities for students to connect and chat, and to prevent the enthusiasm of resisting the government, not only is the usual supervision and management very strict, but at the same time, under the pretext of learning the text well, the students are not allowed to move freely even on Sundays, and the drum band is cancelled. The school enforces a half-day self-study on Sunday.They repeatedly asked the school to cancel the Sunday study time, but the school ignored it.This aroused the students' indignation even more. Gao Gang and others led some older students to the county government to petition and negotiate, but the second young master (that is, the governor Liu Zhi's cousin) yelled at him and ordered the government officials to drive the students away, which angered the students. Gao Gang He took the lead in smashing the lobby of the county government office and beating the government officials.The county government held an emergency meeting. The county governor Liu Zhitang was furious and ordered the school to expel five students including Gao Gang, Wang Donggao, Cao Kaicheng (Dongzhi), and Wang Huaixin, and fined each of them 100 yuan.Wang Donggao, Cao Kaicheng, Gao Gang, Bai Peimou, Lu Ben, etc. from the student union organized all the students of the school to take advantage of the temple fair on March 18th in the ancient calendar to take to the streets to demonstrate, publicize new culture, new ideas, talk about democracy, and study science, and strongly demand that the school abolish the "Sunday" Collective self-study regulations", shouting "Freedom on Sunday!" "Protest against school corporal punishment of students in disguise!" , reform and teach new science!" "Oppose reading dead books, advocate new ideas, new culture, and new education!" In this way, the sound of gongs, drums, trumpets, and slogans on the street rose and fell one after another, making a day of commotion.This angered the county magistrate Liu Zhitang. He was like an ant on a hot pot in the county hall, restless, walking up and down, arranging yamen servants to understand the development of the situation, and reporting the situation. He was also busy all day.The student union organized all the students to leave school to go on strike, move to live in shops on Gaodianmao and other streets, expand lectures, and protest the government's unreasonable persecution of students.The officials of the county government became furious and conspired to solve the student unrest by force.After the student union learned about it, they immediately held a meeting to study countermeasures. Under the proposals of Lu Ben, Gao Gang, Cao Kaicheng, etc., they believed that there was no way out by relying on Hengshan, so they decided to sue County Magistrate Liu at the Yulin Daoyi Office.As soon as everyone's research opinions were announced to all the students, the students said in unison, "Let's go! Go to Yulin and dismiss the county magistrate of Liu Zhitang!" A hundred or so students from the whole school gathered together. On March 20, the students marched to the east gate of the city.The county government was in a hurry, and immediately sent a large number of armed men with live ammunition to stop the students from advancing, and fired warning shots.Gao Gang was so angry that he wanted to express his grievances for the students who were expelled and punished. He first took the lead and grabbed two and a half bricks, shouting: "Students, prepare to fight!" Pick up stones and bricks, hold them in hand and follow Gao Gang to the armed men, shouting loudly: "You dogs come, beat your dogs when you come!" Shi Zuoqi (nicknamed Lime Hammer) raised his hand and threw stones at the armed men , And shouted: "Fuck what a dog!" This shocked the yamen men, some were dumbfounded, and some backed away, fearing that they would suffer a loss.They didn't have an order to shoot anyone, they just pulled the bolt back and forth and bluffed for a while, then slipped back into the city in embarrassment.

The petitioning students marched to Yulin, stayed in Poluo Town at night, and drove to Xiangshui the next day.Cao Yushan, the principal of Hengshan No. 1 High School, is from Xiangshui and is recuperating at home. After learning about it, he persuaded the students to stay temporarily and discuss it.Cao Yusheng immediately sent a letter to President Du Bincheng, reported the situation, and asked President Du to try to solve it.The news quickly spread to Du Bincheng, the principal of Yuzhong, and the alumni of Hengshan Luyu, and received solidarity and support from students from various schools in Yulin.Principal Du wrote a letter and sent someone to Xiangshui, asking to send a representative to Yulin to appeal, in case the students went to Yulin and were persecuted by the military and police.With the assistance of Cao Yushan, the students arranged to live in various households and shops in Xiangshui.The student union is in charge of arranging accommodation and meals. You will take ten yuan of money that the students bring with you, and he will put away eight yuan, and arrange board and lodging.Everyone elected Gao Gang, Wang Donggao, Han Shengzu, Wang Dianying, and Guo Changshen as negotiators in Yulin. Liu Zhidan, head of the special branch of the Communist Party of China, and others cordially received the student representatives.

Liu Zhidan and Gao Gang hit it off immediately, they were congenial, they had frequent contacts, they discussed how to deal with the student unrest, they made decisions together, and laid the foundation for a long-term revolutionary friendship.When Du Bincheng and the person in charge of the Yuzhong special branch had a private conversation with the representatives, they found that Gao Gang was very talkative, strategic, knowledgeable, intelligent, eloquent, and upright. The person in charge of the special branch asked Han Shengzu and Wang Donggao individually Inquire about Gao Gang's performance in school, family background, etc.Subsequently, under the vigorous activities of Du Bincheng and Liu Zhidan, a joint meeting of heads of student unions of various schools in Yulin was held. Gao Gang and Wang Donggao reported the cause of the student unrest. The Yin Office appealed and reported to the public to deal with Hengshan's style of study.

At this time, President Du had a close relationship with Jing Yuexiu, and Jing respected Du Bincheng's knowledge, style, and opinions.After Principal Du's back and forth, the Daoyin Office decided to revoke the punishment of expelling students and fines according to Principal Du's suggestion, and promised to remove Cao Yushan from the post of principal and transfer Liu Zhitang, the county magistrate.Then, Du Bincheng rode a yellow gelding, personally sent the petitioning student representatives to Xiangshui, and held a student meeting in Xiangshui. President Du announced the decision of the Daoyi Office and gave a speech, encouraging students to study new culture and new ideas hard , Study science, improve one's ability to patriotize and serve the people, and confess to Cao Yushan (the dismissal was not announced at the time), report to the public to deal with the aftermath, pay attention to reforming teaching methods, instill new ideas and new cultures in students, and vigorously advocate science.President Du's speech greatly encouraged the students of No. 1 High School, and everyone received a profound education in revolutionary ideas.

A high school wave that shook the northern Shaanxi plateau succeeded.On the way back to school, the students happily composed and sang: The elementary school student is a real hero, carrying the cloth on his back and walking to Yulin. The county magistrate of Zhitang treated me rudely, and Bincheng came to do something. The students put forward conditions, and Yushan agreed. From now on, if the school beats and scolds again, we will fight. Hey cough, hey cough, we won. This student movement challenged the reactionary authorities, which greatly inspired and educated Gao Gang. He tried for the first time: "If you want to overthrow the rule of the reactionaries, you will never succeed without taking some risks." The contact with Liu Zhidan left a deep impression in his mind. The revolutionary friendship began from then on. Later, he and Zhidan started the revolution together.

Afterwards, the school reorganized the leadership team, transferred Gu Yushan (a member of the Communist Party) as the principal, transferred members of the Communist Party Cao Pijie, Qian Deming, and Cheng Zhenshan, who was progressive in thinking, to replace the old-fashioned teachers. Chen Jianchen and Huang Yazhong were also hired from Xi'an and Beiping Two progressive young female teachers.New ideas, new culture, new academic system, new girls entering the school, the implementation of male and female students studying in the same class, changed the way of studying and studying by rote.This student movement greatly educated and tempered the students of No. 1 High School, and it opened the prelude to the struggle of the students in the valley against the government. It was called the "harbinger" of the revolution in Li Zicheng's hometown.At the same time, it also opened the heart of Gao Gang's revolutionary life.

In the autumn of 1925, Gao Gang was admitted to Yulin Middle School, the highest school in northern Shaanxi.After he entered Yuzhong, it happened when Liu Zhidan came back from Xi'an to convey the spirit of the Provincial Federation of Schools and the Gongjin Society, and introduced Gao Gang to join the "Gongjin Society" to carry out revolutionary activities together and promote the spirit of the "Two Generations" Association. Under the circumstances, students asked to participate in school affairs meetings and participate in school administration, but the school did not allow it.After repeated negotiations and debates to no avail, the students distributed leaflets exposing the crimes of General Affairs Director Gao Chongshan and asked the local authorities to punish Gao Chongshan.But the local authorities ignored it, and the students rose up to go on strike. Some teachers also supported the students' struggle and went on strike.Gao Gang volunteered to join the student picket team to maintain the school's self-government order and fight with the school in a reasonable and beneficial manner.Jing Yuexiu sent people to "instigate rebellion" among the students.Soon, some students demanded resumption of classes under the activities of Gao Chongshan. The students were divided into two factions from within. Said 29) with the student status of party members and league members, including Wang Ziyi, Li Dengxiao, Jiao Weichi, etc. Two soldiers tied one, pushed and beat them, and sent them out of Sanyimiaotan outside the south gate of Yulin City, and were not allowed to enter the city again.

In the spring of 1926, when Jing Yuexiu’s son Jing Wenlong (a student from Yuzhong) was singing an opera on the street during the Buddhist Festival, he thought it was crowded and ordered the guards to beat the student Miao Cunquan (a member of the Communist Party), which aroused the students’ indignation , the student union held a meeting to denounce Jing Yuexiu's Zongzi's murder, and demanded that Jing Yuexiu come to the school to apologize to the students who were beaten and expel Jing Wenlong...The agent of the school had no choice but to ask Jing Chongzheng, who was then Daoyin, to try to deal with it. Jing only asked the teacher to persuade him, but did not agree to the student's request.The student union launched a student strike again, and most of the students left school and moved to hotels on the street.Jing Chongzheng saw that the situation was so serious that it was difficult to cause public anger, so he sent someone to invite Du Bincheng (who was recuperating at home) to return to school to solve the problem of student unrest.The school basically agreed to the student's request, and the student returned to school to resume classes after victory.Gao Gang took part in the fight against Jing Wenlong and slammed Jing Wenlong to the ground in the name of pulling a frame.Someone told Gao Gang to beat Jing Wenlong in front of Jing Yuexiu.Jing Yuexiu hypocritically said, Gao Chongde dared to beat my son, he is doing well and promising.The Yuzhong party organization told Gao Gang to be careful.Gao Gang was tempered by the student movement struggle and was educated in practice. The actions of the reactionaries were in fact cultivating revolutionary seeds. Strengthened the strong will to rebel against the reactionaries.During the struggle, Gao Gang was educated and tempered, and his revolutionary ideas gradually matured. He passed the test of the party organization and was introduced by Hu Liting and Shi Weiran to join the Communist Party of China. He became a professional proletarian revolutionist from a so-so patriotic youth.In order to prevent the persecution by Jing Yuexiu, he would rather not have a diploma, and was forced to drop out of school and leave Yuzhong (one said he was expelled).From then on, he "deviated from the classics" and embarked on the revolutionary journey.

Gao Gang was greatly inspired, educated and tempered by the student protests in the two schools, especially when the first student protest in Yuzhong was suppressed by armed forces, which touched him even more deeply.After he dropped out of school and returned home, he thought of a smooth way to rebel.He was influenced by adults telling the legendary story of Li Zicheng and reading some books about Li Zicheng. He yearned for Li Zicheng's rebellious spirit of raising the pole and raising the flag. Dun (legendary), Dianjiang military training ground, ancestral mausoleum, birthplace ruins, and local farmers discussing Li Zicheng's activities here and there before the uprising, "It would be great if we could have another Li Chuangwang here to overthrow the Kuomintang Lost." In his nostalgia for the past, he recalled Li Zicheng's childhood, the uprising, and the hardships and smoky past when he returned home to worship his ancestors after the uprising.Vaguely dreaming of the great cause of the future. In the autumn of 1926, Gao Gang left Yuzhong to Wushen Banner of the Yimeng to carry out revolutionary activities. "He was the first communist to enter the Iraqi League area. He carried out revolutionary propaganda activities, established the first party group in the Iraqi League area, recruited party members, and ignited the revolutionary fire in ethnic minority areas."

With the vigorous development of the Great Revolution, Feng Yuxiang and Yu Youren entered Shaanxi and expelled Liu Zhenhua and Wu Xintian, the leaders of the Beiyang warlords in Shaanxi, and replaced them with Feng and Yu, the progressive forces of the Kuomintang, turning Shaanxi from a reactionary situation to a In the revolutionary situation, Xi'an became the center of the northwest revolution.During the upsurge of the Great Revolution, Li Dazhao of the Northern Bureau of the Communist Party of China actively advocated the training of military, party affairs, worker and peasant cadres, and at the same time sent a large number of students to the Whampoa Military Academy, Baoding Military Academy, and Guangzhou and Wuhan Agricultural Institutes.After that, the Shaanxi-Gansu District Committee of the Communist Party of China urgently needed to train cadres. According to the instructions of the Northern Bureau, it actively established military, peasant movement and party and government schools. Graduated from Zhongshan Military and Political School. In February 1927, Gao Gang accompanied Shi Kexuan to Xi'an, where he taught lectures in Li Zizhou and Wei Yechou, also known as the teaching team, and assisted in the establishment of the Zhongshan Military School. In March 1927, on the basis of the military and peasant movement teaching teams, Zhongshan Military School was established and officially opened. ".Each semester is 6 months, focusing on military studies, paying equal attention to military affairs and politics, and combining theory and practice.Most of the enrolled students are party members and progressive youth sent by party organizations in Shaanxi, Gansu and northern Shaanxi.It also absorbed some progressive young people from the former Northwest University, Yulin Middle School, Suide Fourth Division, Yan'an No. 4 Middle School, Chishui Workers' School, Huaxian Xianlin Middle School, Xi'an No. 1 Middle School, No. 2 Middle School, Sanyuan Weibei and other regions. There are more than 500 people, including more than 150 members of the Communist Party of China and the Youth League.The students are organized into 3 brigades, each brigade has 3 squadrons, and each squadron has 3 sub-teams, and most of the captains at all levels are members of the Communist Party of China.The school is located at the North Courtyard Gate of Xi'an (in today's Xi'an Municipal Government Courtyard), where Cixi lived here when she sought refuge in Xi'an after being driven out of Beijing by the Eight-Power Allied Forces. This school is nominally the headquarters of the National Alliance Army, but in fact it is a new type of political school led by the CCP, and it is also a revolutionary armed force directly controlled by our party. It was called "Northwest Whampoa" at that time.The main leaders of the school are basically Communists Shi Kexuan, Liu Hanchu, Li Zizhou, Xu Quanzhong, Deng Xixian (Xiaoping), etc., and Liu Zhidan is the political instructor.At school, Gao Gang mainly studied military affairs, peasant movement, Chinese political situation, history of imperialist invasion of China, etc. He was most interested in Chinese military politics and peasant movement. Health is also an official. Xi'an Zhongshan Military Academy was the most important starting point for Gao Gang to start his revolutionary career.During this period, he laid a solid ideological foundation for his later creation of the Shaanxi-Gansu base area and military activities.He was gifted with intelligence since he was a child, and he has a good understanding. He listened very carefully in class, was good at thinking, and took a few notes when he felt fresh passages.The school implements communist revolutionary education, all reading is Marxist-Leninist works, and all are engaged in revolutionary activities.Zhongshan Military School changed the teaching method of reading rote books, implemented the combination of reading and practice, the connection between theory and practice, extensive contact with social practice, learning and improving in the struggle, and applying what they learned, "cultivating a revolutionary military foundation for the Northwest." .According to the school's requirement of "learning to seek knowledge and learning to save the country", Gao Gang often went to the streets, suburbs and rural areas to study in the "wordless scriptures" to conduct investigations, lectures, and publicity.He assisted in the formation of mass organizations such as urban trade unions, suburban farmers' associations, and women's associations. He took what he learned from books, put them into practice, and brought back the insights he got to teach his classmates. Well received by Yunban students.He demonstrated his "organizational talent" in organizing labor, agriculture, and school activities. During this period, "the scale and momentum of the peasant movement in Shaanxi shocked the dark China." Peasant organizations established peasant associations in more than 60 counties throughout the province, and more than 3,800 peasant associations were established in rural areas, with 411,000 peasant members; More than ten thousand people. In March, Shaanxi Province held a peasant congress, established a provincial peasant association and elected leaders.The meeting passed 20 resolutions including the "Political Report Resolution" and "Punishment of Corrupt Officials and Local Tyrants and Evil Gentry" and other resolutions, which further promoted the upsurge of the peasant movement.The Chang'an County Peasant Association arrested big landlords and gentry, and executed the heinous ones, which wiped out the arrogance of the reactionaries and boosted the morale of the peasants' revolutionary struggle. At the same time, under the influence of the two uprisings held by workers in Shanghai, trade unions in Xi’an Post and Telecommunications Bureau, Manufacturing Bureau and other units were established one after another, calling on workers to actively organize, “Stand under one banner, and work together to overthrow imperialism and warlords and complete the national revolution.” Revolution and world revolution." On May 1, the Shaanxi Provincial Federation of Trade Unions was established, passed the manifesto and articles of association, and put forward the slogan "arm up workers, unite workers and peasants, overthrow the warlord Chiang Kai-shek, overthrow local tyrants and evil gentry, overthrow counter-revolutionaries...". With Xi'an as the center, the Workers and Peasants Movement in Shaanxi is closely integrated and flourishing, with great momentum and scale. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, it has formed a north-south echo with the South Workers and Peasants Movement, and has played a great role as the main force. North Xi'an".Gao Gang was greatly tempered in the practice of participating in the establishment of trade unions, farmers' associations and women's associations, and his organizational skills emerged, and he became a well-known and active figure in the Shaanxi Party. After Chiang Kai-shek launched the "April 12" counter-revolutionary coup in Shanghai, the Shaanxi-Gansu District Committee organized more than 100,000 people in Xi'an to denounce Chiang Kai-shek for a rally and demonstration.During this period, the Xi'an revolution was extremely active. It mobilized and organized mass organizations from all walks of life, such as trade unions, farmers' associations, chambers of commerce, schools, and women's associations. They also secretly developed party organizations and actively carried out activities. A series of activities such as the Jinan Massacre and the "May 4th" Festival, promoted the revolution, condemned Chiang Kai-shek's counter-revolutionary crimes, mobilized workers and peasants to arm themselves, and opposed the dictatorship.The spearhead is directed at reactionary warlords, local tyrants and evil gentry, and corrupt officials.At this time, Gao Gang's revolutionary enthusiasm was extremely high and he was very active. He actively participated in organizing and denouncing Chiang Kai-shek's crimes. Showing his brave patriotic enthusiasm, his speech was sonorous and powerful, which aroused the confidence of the participants and strengthened their hatred of Jiang.He personally went to the streets and alleys to give speeches, distribute leaflets, and put up slogans.Secretly transported weapons and ammunition to the Zhongshan Military School.He used the night to give lectures to party members and organize anti-Chiang activities, showing high spirits, vigorous revolutionary enthusiasm and proletarian revolutionary firmness, full of victory in the future. Under the situation of Jiang and Wang's rebellion and revolution, Feng Yuxiang changed his body and actively followed Jiang and Wang's counter-revolutionaries. He sent a telegram to Shi Jingting in Xi'an to carry out the "Qing Communist Party", disbanded the Zhongshan Military Academy, transferred the political security team to Luoyang, and ordered the closure of all peasant associations in various counties.The Xi'an Garrison Headquarters issued an order to prohibit the activities of Communists; all Communists in all agencies are asked to immediately declare their separation from the Communist Party, and any propaganda "announcements" that violate the Three People's Principles are not allowed to be posted everywhere.Following the order, they immediately dispatched a large number of armed police to seal down mass organizations from all walks of life and hunt down the leaders and activists of the Communist Party.The Xi'an area was suddenly in a white and bloody terror.The great revolutionary movement in the Northwest suffered serious setbacks just like the whole country. Since then, the Communist Party organization in Xi'an was forced to switch from semi-open to underground and secret activities.In this bloody and dark day, "the Communist Party and the Chinese people were not intimidated, conquered, or killed. They got up from the ground, wiped off the blood on their bodies, buried their comrades' bodies, and continued to fight They held high the banner of revolution and held armed resistance..." ("On the Coalition Government").Under the situation of white terror, Gao Gang could no longer carry out public activities. He insisted on using the night to continue his revolutionary activities at the risk of danger.Go out in the middle of the night every day, and Gao Pengfei and others distribute leaflets and put up slogans in the streets and alleys, exposing Chiang Kai-shek’s crimes of betraying the revolution, calling on farmers and citizens to rise up, fight against the warlords, and fight against food, donations, and taxes. Gao Gang's active and courageous activities in the anti-Chiang struggle have already attracted the attention of the reactionaries and put him on the blacklist for arrest.Shi Kexuan (a member of the Communist Party), who was then the Minister of Security of the National Army's coalition headquarters in Shaanxi, immediately notified Gao Gang and others to leave Xi'an after receiving the news.Gao Gang was arranging work, and before he could leave, the police had already begun to search for Gao Gang.Gao Gang hid in the home of Chen Jianchen (Chen taught at Xingmin School at this time and was Gao Gang’s teacher when he was at Hengshan No. 1 High School) for two days. He cleverly climbed over the city wall and climbed over the moat. peasant movement. Originally, the revolutionary situation in the northwest region was very good, and the leadership of many key departments was in the hands of the Communists. The main armies controlled by the CCP and greatly influenced by the CCP included the Shi Qian Brigade of Jing Yuexiu's army, the Tenth Army of Yang Hucheng, and Zhen Shoushan's army. The division and the political security team led by Shi Kexuan and the Zhongshan School, many people hold real power and have relatively strong military strength.These troops, especially the political security team (nearly 1,000 people), Zhongshan Military Academy has the largest number of members of the Communist Party of China, and there are Communist Party members Shi Kexuan, Xu Quanzhong and other shrewd and capable military personnel, and the decisions of Wei Yechou, Li Zizhou and others are completely organized. It can pose a certain threat to Feng Yuxiang.However, Geng Bingguang, the main leader of the Provincial Party Committee (which has been changed from a district committee to a provincial Party committee) at that time, believed that such a large-scale military operation required the approval of the central government, and dared not make the decision. He sent Li Zizhou to Wuhan to ask the central government for instructions; The team of nearly a thousand people was taken out of Xi'an, pretending to carry out Feng Yuxiang's order to be transferred to Luoyang, waiting for the instructions of the central government, and observing the changes in the situation.Gao Gang was extremely dissatisfied with Geng's proposition. He said: "In the future, the revolution will have to rely on the military and the people's armed forces. It won't work without guns. Just shouting empty slogans can't solve the problem of political power. Why did Chiang Kai-shek engage in the 'April 1 Two', Chiang Kai-shek is not a fool, he will never hand over the power in his hand to you easily." His military views are in line with what Mao Zedong said in 1927, "Be very careful about military affairs, and you must know that power is obtained from the barrel of a gun." "Consistent.When Li Zizhou arrived in Wuhan, Wang Jingwei's government also launched a mutiny revolution on July 15, creating a murderous situation.Jiang and Wang merged to suppress the revolution, even Wang was more vicious than Chiang Kai-shek, and bloody notices were posted everywhere saying "I would rather kill a thousand in vain than let one slip through the net".The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China has turned to underground activities, and Li Zizhou couldn't find anyone for a while, so he couldn't report to work. Shi Kexuan led the guards to withdraw from Xi'an, waiting for instructions from the central government.At this time, Deng Baoshan, the deputy commander of the headquarters in northern Shaanxi, sent his secretary Ge Qiyun (a member of the Communist Party) to contact the provincial party committee, planning to organize leftist military forces to jointly oppose Feng Yuxiang.According to the opinions of the Provincial Party Committee, Shi Kexuan led the security team and some students from Sun Yat-Sen School to march to northern Shaanxi to establish a base area to "alliance with Deng and oppose Feng".When Shi led his troops to march northward, they passed through Meiyuan Town, Fuping County, where they were killed by local warlord Tian Shengchun, and their plan to go to northern Shaanxi failed.In summarizing the experience and lessons of the Northwest Revolution, Gao Gang once said: After Feng and Yu entered Shaanxi, our party adhered to the united front, carried forward the historical tradition of the revolution in northern Shaanxi, and sent a large number of party members and Progressive forces, actively carry out revolutionary work, mobilize workers, farmers, and student movements, and push the great revolutionary movement to a climax. Our party organizations have been generally established, and the number of party members has grown to thousands. The Shaanxi-Gansu District Committee was established, and the northern Shaanxi and Guanzhong parties were unified The leadership of the organization expanded the influence of communist ideology, cultivated and tempered the backbone of the revolution, especially military cadres, and made the great revolutionary movement develop into a high period.However, due to the right-leaning tendency in the united front of our party and the Kuomintang, the main person in charge of the provincial party committee at that time "only had unity, no struggle", and did not understand the duality of the representatives of the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie. They only saw the revolutionary side and ignored the reactionary side. , so the development of lower-level work and the peasant movement was insufficient, and they did not pay attention to the land issue. Armed work only engaged in upper-level political work, and they did not know how to organize their own army.In short, there is no adapting to changes and transforming the party's work and contingency ideological preparations.As soon as the Zhengzhou meeting of the Kuomintang was held, the "party purge" was implemented, and the landlords counterattacked the peasants, killing, chasing, and arresting, which caused great losses to the Northwest Party and the revolution.The situation in Northwest China changed from revolution to counter-revolution, and the revolutionary work was forced to transfer to underground activities, and from cities to rural areas for hard struggle. Gao Gang dabbled in a lot of progressive publications in Yuzhong and Zhongshan Military Schools. At that time, he and his progressive classmates criticized the theory of "good people's government" promoted by Hu Shi in Peking.When he was a student at Hengshan No. 1 High School, he read articles by Cai Yuanpei, Hu Shi, and others published in "Endouncing", advocating that regardless of party affiliation, good people recognized throughout the country should come out to organize a government of good people, implement "abolishing supervisors and reducing troops", open finances, He dissented after the inter-provincial self-government, the cessation of the civil war, and the peaceful reunification measures, when he debated with some students who supported this proposition, pointing out the question of whom the "good government" was good for.He believes that the view of a good government is a tendency to compromise. Now it is a struggle against the warlords, not a reconciliation with the warlords.Gao Gang studied at the Zhongshan Military School in Xi'an and participated in the vigorous revolutionary movement in Xi'an area. He received a profound education and tempered by blood and fire. He became more and more courageous, his revolutionary will was firmer, his revolutionary art was greatly improved, and his thinking was much more mature than before. .Gao Zengpei once said that when Gao Gang returned to Hengshan No. 1 High School from Xi’an to carry out revolutionary activities, he was studying in Hengshan No. 1 High School. Compared with before, Gao Gang was a different person. His ideological realm, working methods, and political acumen were much more mature than before. , truly became a proletarian professional revolutionist. "He brought back the knowledge learned in the military school and combined it with practice." "Later, when he worked in Suimeng and the border areas, he had prestige among the masses. He had a close relationship with the masses and became one with them. Prestige is not all determined by positions. It is determined by the spirit of connecting with the masses, hard work, and hard work. If he does not work with the masses, he will not have prestige." Gao Gang left Xi'an and returned to his hometown of Hengshan. According to the spirit of the "August 7th" meeting and the provincial party committee's decision of "going party members to the countryside" and "going to the army", he assisted Ma Jiwu (that is, Ma Mingfang, the third senior leader of Hengshan Xiangshui at the time) Elementary school teacher) and Cao Yahua (later rebellion), jointly led the Hengshan District Committee (Secretary Ma Mingfang), actively carried out the peasant movement, recruited more than 100 party members, established 6 branches, and showed their talents in practical work.He went deep into Xiangshui, Wujiapo, around Hengshan City and Heimitouchuan and other places to mobilize peasants to arm themselves, organize popular seminars, peasant seminars, and peasant associations. Cruel and the most serious, once the peasant masses accept the revolutionary idea, it will erupt like a volcano. It is the greatest force of the national revolution and the source of overthrowing the reactionaries." "The imperialists invaded China armed and economically, sold foreign cigarettes in, and poisoned the Chinese people , to exchange a large amount of wealth.” Bureaucrats, warlords, local tyrants and imperialists colluded to oppress the people, and they had to pay dozens of taxes every year, as many as a cow’s hair.The peasants carried the sun from the east mountain to the west mountain, but they still didn't have enough to eat, they didn't have enough clothes, they suffered so much from cattle and horses, and they couldn't even eat pigs and dogs.Before the farmers got their crops back in autumn, Jing Yuexiu sent out his dogs to collect grain and ask for money, eating and drinking, and yelling at people with sticks.Eat and drink enough, either smoking foreign cigarettes or hugging girls.Farmers who couldn't pay for their grain were either tortured or imprisoned.Jing Yuexiu alone has eight or nine wives.Unless these warlords and gentry who eat human flesh and drink human blood are defeated, the peasants will be oppressed forever. "The reactionaries can be overthrown only when the peasants organize, take action, and fight against the idiots. Li Zicheng couldn't bear the oppression and rebelled." After listening to Gao Gang's preaching, the peasants' brains became active, and their hands and feet moved into action. , Dare to fight against the reactionary government.He also established a "summer vacation research meeting" in Hengshan No. 1 High School, held teacher training classes, and preached Marxism-Leninism and the Three People's Principles.The "Self-Help Society" (actually the code name of the Communist Party) was set up in Xiangshui Primary School, and more than a dozen party members were recruited from among the students, and a party branch was established.Gao Gang asked students to "pay attention to learning culture and learn to be armed." He also mobilized students to use the opportunity of returning home and vacation to go to the countryside to promote rent reduction and interest reduction and to resist exorbitant taxes. Gao Gang personally organized the liquidation of corrupt officials' corruption accounts, setting an example for mobilizing farmers , to promote the development of the movement, and opened the prelude to the new democratic revolution of the peasant struggle in the Hengshan area. In 1928 (the 17th year of the Republic of China), northern Shaanxi suffered from severe drought.Peasants carried the Dragon King Tower everywhere to pray for rain, but the landlords prayed for drought. Because of a drought, the peasants' land was collected from the landlords once.Farmers work hard, and the result is thousands of miles of bare land, and the seeds will not return after autumn.Poor peasants suffer from hunger and cold, sell their land for property, sell their sons and daughters, and their wives leave their families and leave their homes.When Gao Gang went to the countryside, he saw that nine out of ten households had no food, and starved to death.Farmers can't even eat wild vegetables, and rely on bark and dried vegetable leaves to satisfy their hunger. ).There are dead bodies and hungry people strewn all over the roadside of the village, the tragic scene is unbearable to see, and the deaths are countless; sons and daughters and wives are sold everywhere in Xiangshui and Wujiapo, Hengshan County has set up a sales market, cruel human traffickers, tied with ropes, The whips were whipped, and young men and women were trafficked to Shanxi Province in groups like pigs and sheep.According to records, 8,408 Hengshan residents ran away from 2,128 households, 1,596 were sold to Shanxi Province, and more than 2,000 died of starvation. Selling, even if selling, the price is very high, how can the poor peasants have money to buy grain.Natural disasters and man-made disasters, there is no way to go, and some villages are cut off from human habitation.Now a large number of Hengshan natives in Zhidan, Ansai, Yan'an, Ganquan, Fuxian and other counties and cities are refugees who fled famine at that time. After the failure of the Great Revolution, the Kuomintang government imposed fascist rule on the people, and the oppression and exploitation intensified. The landlords and gentry relied on the government's breath, took advantage of natural disasters and man-made disasters, and took advantage of natural and man-made disasters to exploit farmers even more.Some upright and sympathetic officials in the corrupt government also shuddered when they saw this situation, and reported to their superiors to send some food money to comfort the victims.The Hengshan County Government of the Kuomintang, regardless of the life and death of the people, seized the opportunity to plunder and make a fortune.What is even more disgusting is that in order to suppress the rebellious peasants, the reactionary government diverted part of the grain money to build prisons.Land security personnel collected grain everywhere, demanded money, extorted money, and exploited usuriously.The exploited mountains and rivers are exhausted, the sky is angry, the people are destitute, the people are destitute, and the northern Shaanxi is full of sores. On the perennially dry plateau, hungry people are everywhere. press.Gao Gang hated the reactionary government and local tyrants for a long time, and mobilized farmers to share the grain of the big households. He organized members of the peasant association to carry out a liquidation struggle against corrupt officials such as Liu Shanghe, Wu Shichang, and Cao Sichao who had embezzled farmers' disaster relief funds. The corrupt elements spit out the food money they swallowed and distributed it to the poor victims, winning the victory.At the same time, peasants were mobilized to organize and encircle the county town to fight against grain, money, taxes, and donations. The victory was achieved, and the county government was forced to reduce or exempt grain taxes.农民从闯王推翻明王朝到现在，三百来年积蓄在胸中的怒火如同火山爆发，岩浆般喷发了出来，同反动派对着干。横山农民同官府多次斗争，千人至万人的斗争有三次，县长怕的钻进猪圈。高岗从农民抗粮抗捐斗争中，看到闯王故乡大地上的农民反对官府的星星之火，可以燎原中国大地潜在的力量，正是李自成发动农民起义的革命形势，从而奠定了注重农村工作的思想基础。 趁此机会，他组织农会，宣传李自成为什么造反、闹革命，就是天灾人祸逼出来的，“官逼民反”。李自成为人民生存，组织农民起义，打倒官府。大家为谋生存，动员起来，武装起来，行动起来，反对官府。这些，引起了敌人对高岗的极大仇恨。被高岗算账斗争过的武世昌等土豪，跑到县政府告状，狼狈为奸，勾结一起，搜集黑材料，罗织莫须有的罪名，诬陷高岗去年在西安等地当“土匪抢过人”，高岗是“共党分子”，在西安街上贴标语，散传单，煽动群众反对老蒋。他们和政府密谋策划，四处布控撒网，捉拿高岗。高岗为避免敌人逮捕，离开了横山，转移到外地工作。 高岗得到反动派策划捉拿他的消息后，同马明方等商量，暂离开横山。1928年前神木国民党高石秀等部队参加“倒井”活动未成。高岗离横前往高部打入手枪队，了解兵运情况，并利用关系当了高石秀的护兵。他秘密发展党组织，暗地策动兵变。高岗在高部发动兵变，策动拉走手枪队被敌人发觉，他闻风只身逃跑到安定县亲戚家躲避敌人逮捕。他到安定后，和此地哥老会组织一起动员农民进行抗粮抗款度灾荒斗争，分吃大户粮。他用西安亲眼看到的事实，揭露蒋介石叛变革命，屠杀人民，镇压工农运动的罪行，发动农民武装。他说“农民运动要深入发展必须逐步武装起来干”。期间，高岗到佳县、吴堡和慕嘉积、慕生贵、樊福仁、柳韶华(柳青兄)等考察和发动兵运工作，发展党员、团员，整顿农民协会，宣传武装农民革命。 大革命失败的教训，对高岗触动很大，通过西安革命的失败和横山站不住脚的现实，进一步深刻认识到“没有武装，革命没有希望”。从而坚定了“抓枪杆子”，壮大人民武装的决心，“抓枪杆子”是高岗的口头禅，念念不忘，难怪有人说他是个“枪迷”。他说：“穷人若要强，就要抓武装”。“要夺取革命胜利，非有工人榔头，农民锄头和军人枪头结合不可。”“千百年来穷人没有枪，没有穷人的武装，便没有穷人的天下。”这个观点和毛泽东对枪杆子和人民武装重要性的论述是一致的。此后，毛泽东在党的六届六中(扩大)会议上更进一步具体指出：“要争党的兵权，要争人民的兵权。”“劳动人民几千年来上了反动统治阶级的欺骗和恐吓的老当，很不容易觉悟到自己掌握枪杆子的重要性。”“有了枪确实又可以造党，八路军在华北就造了一个大党。还可以造干部，造学校，造文化，造民众运动。延安的一切就是枪杆子造出来的。枪杆子里面出一切东西。……谁想夺取国家政权，并想保持它，谁就应有强大的军队。”(《战争和战略问题》)。 陕北特委根据省委“党员要到军队去”的指示，决定高岗以特别党员身份派往肤施(现延安)搞兵运工作，任中共延安区委委员。从此，他化名为“高岗”。区委负责人李馥华，委员还有王世泰、吴鸿滨、高鹏飞、高崇义、杜守智等。 国民党叛变革命后，仍打着“革命”的旗号。当时延安地区革命力量很薄弱，我党活动很难开展，区党委决定利用国民党的牌子，开展有利于我党的工作。经组织批准，高岗打进国民党，在他参与协助下，由国民党肤施县临时党部的基础上，正式成立县党部，高岗被选为县党部委员，任党部录事，取得了合法身份，并打入高双成部搞兵运。延安县党部党务工作，基本上由共产党人包揽，党部主要负责人是焦维炽(共产党员)，党部委员高岗、陈俞延、易厚庵等均为中共党员。县党部设在延安钟楼附近的“义合站”，门上挂着“中国国民党肤施县党部”的牌子，实际上是共产党的联络站，里边设有游艺室、阅览室、会议室等。他们利用这个合法场所宣传革命，每逢节日、纪念日以国民党部名义召开大会演讲，张贴标语，把动员贫苦农民开展反对军阀，反对帝国主义和基督教势力的斗争及反对贪官、土豪，反对黑暗统治、动员吃大户粮渡灾荒的内容寓于其中，高岗寓意深长地说：“我们是'挂狗头，卖羊肉'”，“打白旗，干红事”。“打上国民党的旗号，为共产党办事，这不是最好的事吗！”采取这种方法，似有不当，在当时的形势下，确实起到发动群众的目的。 1929年春夏未下雨，上年大灾，陕北农民大乱，东奔西走，死尸遍地。这次灾荒，陕甘豫有3500万饥民，陕甘“鼠疫、饥饿死亡人达350万之多”，史称“中国历史上十大自然灾害之一。”官府地保豪绅，相互勾结，疯狂镇压“闹事”的灾民。高岗的妻子杨芝芳和儿子在家里无法生存，连树皮也吃不到了，还受到人们歧视，反动派说是“土匪”家属，家也被抄了门上封条，高岗的哥哥高崇义被抓押送榆林。她带儿子来到安定，在姐姐家托人打听到高岗在延安县党部干事，捎信给高岗。高岗不久来安定把杨芝芳和儿子接到延安。他们在去延安的路上，看到大川、小路上逃难的灾民，络绎不绝，饿的眉膀脸肿，一个个骨瘦如柴，一张张痛苦呻吟的面容和沿门乞求的惨相：“干大、干妈，行行好，给点吃的，救救这娃娃。”在山沟里扔着候娃娃哭叫，惨不忍听，惨不忍睹。高岗认识不少人及听口音大部是横山、米脂、榆林等一带的人。“富人兼拼土地，囤积粮食，穷人流离失所，尸横遍野。”男儿有泪不轻掸，此种惨状，使这个陕北汉子心里难受的撕肝裂胆，不时流出眼泪，痛骂黑暗社会制度。 去年大旱，也造成延安地区贫苦农民家无粮，加之外来灾民很多，高岗看准了这正是发动农民造反动派反的好时机，他在区党委会上提出专题研究讨论了救灾的问题，借此发动农民运动，配合兵变拉出枪杆子，组织自己的武装。他亲自到高双成部发动士兵运动，到延安四中发动学生运动，刻腊板，搞油印，向各县中共支部(当时延安所属各县只建支部)发指示，要求各县党员到农村，组织农民抗粮、抗税、抗捐，分吃大户粮，救饥民的命。他自己利用国民党县党部负责人的身份，深入到农村了解情况，领导发动饥民吃大户粮，解救了很多饥民的生命。他和地下党员冯世光等在安塞地区以“哥老会”名义组织地下游击队斗争富豪，开仓放粮救灾民。并指挥高善祥、闫树华等带领饥民，把安塞县政府围得水泄不通。高岗又以高双成的副官身份给县长做工作，伪县长被迫办起舍饭点，给饥民发粮食，舍饭3个月。这些举措，受到陕北逃难饥民的感恩，他们说：“横山出了个李自成，爱护穷人率大军；高岗学着李自成，救济我们穷人的命。”