Chapter 4 Chapter 4: Chen Yun's unique tortuous journey

This year marks the 70th anniversary of the victory of the Long March of the Red Army of Chinese Workers and Peasants.Among those who witnessed the world-famous Long March, Chen Yun played an important role as the leader of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.What is less known is that his journey from the Central Soviet Area to northern Shaanxi was much more unique than other central leaders who participated in the Long March. In October 1934, the Central Soviet Area lost its fifth campaign against "encirclement and suppression" and was forced to implement a strategic shift.On the eve of the withdrawal of the Central Red Army, the Party Central Committee and the Central Revolutionary Military Commission decided to send central representatives to the 5th, 8th, and 9th Army Corps of the Red Army, with Chen Yun, member of the Politburo Standing Committee, Liu Shaoqi, and Kai Feng (He Kequan), alternate members of the Politburo, respectively.On the eve of Chen Yun's appointment, Zhu De, chairman of the Central Revolutionary Military Commission and commander in chief of the Red Army, and Zhou Enlai, vice chairman of the Central Revolutionary Military Commission and general political commissar of the Red Army, talked to him in person.

Zhu De briefly introduced the situation of the 5th Red Army to Chen Yun.The Red 5th Army was formerly known as the 26th Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army. After the Ningdu Uprising, it was reorganized by Zhao Bosheng and others in accordance with the party's instructions into the 5th Army of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army.Although this regiment was established later than the Red 1st and 3rd regiments, it used to be Feng Yuxiang's troops. It received formal training and was good at fighting tough battles. It is a heroic army. Regarding the characteristics and fighting style of the 5th Red Army, Zhou Enlai talked to Chen Yun about the intention of the Central Committee: the 1st and 3rd Army Corps will be the pioneers, the 8th and 9th Army Corps will follow closely behind, and the two columns of the Central Committee and the Military Commission will be in the middle. The task is undertaken by the 5th Army Corps.Then, Zhou Enlai introduced the situation of the army commander Dong Zhentang, political commissar Li Zhuoran, chief of staff Liu Bocheng, political department director Zeng Risan and others.Finally, he solemnly said to Chen Yun: Although the leading team of the legion is very good, there are many unexpected things in the rear. For the overall benefit of the whole army, some sacrifices must be made.Therefore, the central government decided to send you to serve as the representative of the central government, responsible for grasping the situation of the rear guard of the whole army, and decisively dealing with urgent issues, so as to strengthen the leadership of the 5th Army.This actually gave Chen Yun the right to make the final decision.

On October 18, 1934, Chen Yun set off from Quli with the Red 5th Army and embarked on the Long March.The task of guarding the entire army undertaken by the Red 5th Army was extremely difficult, but at that time the entire army had only two divisions and six regiments of the Red 13th Division and the Red 34th Division.Chen Yun collaborated with Dong Zhentang, Li Zhuoran, and Liu Bocheng, chief of staff of the Red Army who was relegated to the 5th Army Corps by the "Left" dogmatists who held the leadership of the central government, and served as the chief of staff. While organizing the march and transfer, he went deep into the company for political education and combat mobilization.

On the third day after the troops set off, Chen Yun came to the 13th Division, informed the division cadres of the situation at that time and the tasks of the 13th Division, and gave specific instructions on several central tasks in the westward march, requiring the 13th Division to The cadres of the 13th division do a good job in all tasks to complete the important tasks assigned by the central government.In view of the serious phenomenon of soldiers from the Soviet area deserting after leaving the base area, from November 4th, Chen Yun simply marched with the officers and soldiers of the 13th Division.During the march, he talked with the soldiers to understand their mental state.After investigation and research, Chen Yun convened a meeting of political work cadres, and analyzed and pointed out that the main reasons for the serious desertion of soldiers were: first, insufficient political mobilization; second, poor leadership in the work of special commissioners and political organs; The work of the branch is not perfect.Under the guidance and help of Chen Yun, the Red 13th Division formulated specific measures and did serious political and ideological work, which gradually reduced the desertion of troops.It was not until November 15 that Chen Yun, with the 13th Division finally broke through the enemy's third blockade and entered the southern Hunan area, did Chen Yun leave the 13th Division and return to the headquarters of the 5th Red Army.

The enemy set up a fourth blockade along the Xiangjiang River north of Guilin.Since the Red Army's intention to march to the northwest of Hunan and join the Red 2nd and 6th Army Corps has long been exposed to the enemy, and the large-scale move-style march delayed the military plane, the Red Army fell into a dangerous situation after the enemy blocked the front and chased them. The battle in the rear of the Red 5th Army was extremely difficult, and countless commanders and fighters died heroically.In order to organize and command the battle, Chen Yun and the head of the army had not slept for several days and nights.

On December 1, the Red 1st, 3rd, 8th, and 9th Corps and the two columns of the Central Committee and the Military Commission finally broke through the enemy's heavy blocking and crossed the Xiangjiang River.At this time, the enemies on both sides had begun to quickly close together along the Xiangjiang River, and some troops of the 5th Army Corps were still stranded on the east bank to fight fiercely with the enemy. If they did not cross the Xiangjiang River quickly, they would be in danger of being isolated and surrounded by the enemy.For this reason, Chen Yun wrote an urgent letter and sent it to Chen Bojun and others, urging the troops to withdraw from the battlefield quickly, overcome all difficulties, break through the enemy's encirclement, and rush across the Xiangjiang River.After receiving the order, the Red 13th Division marched 45 kilometers overnight to cross the Xiangjiang River before the enemy closed.However, the Red 34th Division, which served as the guard of the 5th Army, did not have time to cross the river, and most of the division commander Chen Shuxiang died heroically.

In the day-to-day fierce battles of the 5th Army Corps, Chen Yun has always shared joys and sorrows with the troops and forged a profound friendship with the cadres and soldiers.The officers and soldiers loved this kind, calm and young party representative very much.Due to the pressing mission of the 5th Army Corps to stop the attack, the troops often had no food or sleep, especially the regiment leaders such as Chen Yun.Once, Chen Yun came to the 37th Regiment of the 13th Division. Xie Liang, a 19-year-old political commissar of the regiment, tried his best to get chicken soup and some dried noodles, so that Chen Yun finally had a decent meal after many days of sleepiness.Chen Yun was particularly impressed by the fighting friendship forged in the midst of hardships, and he always remembered it. In 1936, Xie Liang was seriously injured and lost his left leg during the Battle of Shandan of the West Route Army.After arriving in Yan'an, the organization arranged for him to go to the Soviet Union to install artificial limbs. When he went to the organization department to apply for a letter of introduction, he met Chen Yun.Chen Yun enthusiastically persuaded him to keep him for dinner.Xie Liang was afraid of troubling the old chief, so he repeatedly shied away, but Chen Yun insisted on staying, and said sincerely: "This meal must be eaten. Didn't you treat me to boiled noodles in chicken soup on the Long March?" In the end, Chen Yun insisted on keeping Xie Liang. Next, treat him to a meal of horse intestines brought back from the Soviet Union.

After the Battle of Xiangjiang, the troops continued to move northwestward and entered the Yuechengling Mountains.Yuecheng Ridge is locally called Laoshanjie, which is a part of Nanling Mountains.Laoshanjie is difficult to climb.This is a mountain that Chen Yun has never seen before.When he arrived at the foot of the old mountain boundary with the 5th Red Army, it was already the time when the sun was setting.After dinner, the troops began to go up the mountain.The night was dark and the weather was cold and windy, the team walked very slowly, and the mountain road was narrow, so everyone stopped after a few steps.Soldiers who marched continuously were extremely tired, so they often stumbled and fell into ravines.Chen Yun, who was caught in the marching team, kept reminding the soldiers in front and behind to walk carefully.The team walked slower and slower, and the prepared torches were burned out one by one. After midnight, the troops had to rest on the spot.No matter whether the ground is wet or dry, everyone just falls to the ground and sleeps.Like everyone else, Chen Yun felt extremely sleepy as soon as he stopped walking, and immediately fell asleep.

When the Red Army crossed the old mountain border, Chiang Kai-shek and his staff found out the strategic intention of the Central Red Army's main force to join the Red 2nd and 6th Army Corps, and ordered He Jian, the commander-in-chief of the "Pursuit" Army, to go to Hongjiang, Zhijiang, Hunan, and Songtao, Guizhou. Nearly 200,000 troops were assembled in the areas of Tongren, Tongren, and Shiqian, four lines of defense were set up, and a pocket formation was quickly deployed.If the Central Red Army continues to go northward according to the original route, it will get into the pockets laid by the enemy.

Disputes took place within the central leadership over the Red Army's marching route. On December 12, the person in charge of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held an emergency meeting in Hunan Channel to discuss the direction of the Red Army's actions.Li De insisted on the original plan of the main force of the Red Army going north to Xiangxi to join the 2nd and 6th Red Army.Starting from the fact that the enemy's heavy troops prevented the main force of the Red Army from going north, Mao Zedong advocated westward march to Guizhou, where the enemy's troops were weak.Most people including Wang Jiaxiang, Zhang Wentian and Zhou Enlai agreed with Mao Zedong's proposition, while Bogu and Li De still insisted on their own views.Among the two opposing opinions, the meeting passed a resolution by a majority, that is, the Red Army will continue to advance westward. As for the general direction of the strategic shift, it will be discussed and decided at the meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee.

After the channel meeting, the Central Red Army marched towards Liping, Guizhou. On December 18, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee held a meeting here to continue discussing the Red Army's course of action.The meeting was chaired by Zhou Enlai.After heated debate, the meeting adopted Mao Zedong's proposal that the Central Red Army go to northern Guizhou, formally decided to abandon the original plan to join the 2nd and 6th Red Army in western Hunan, and passed the resolution of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee on establishing a base area on the border of Sichuan and Guizhou.This meeting changed the direction of the Red Army's advance and was the beginning of the Red Army's strategic transformation. At this time, the 5th Red Army Corps was still in charge of the rear guard of the whole army. Chen Yun was unable to attend the channel meeting and the Liping meeting because he was traveling with the 5th Army Corps and was a few days away from the Central Committee and the Military Commission.After the meeting, at the appointment of Bogu, Chen Yun and Liu Bocheng met with Bogu in Hongzhou Division.Bogu conveyed to them the decision of the Liping meeting, telling them that the Central Red Army had given up its plan to go to Xiangxi and marched to northern Guizhou.Chen Yun was very pleased to hear the news of the change in the strategic direction of the Red Army.Later, he wrote in "Westward Journey with the Army": "The Red Army transferred from southern Hunan to Guizhou, and at this time it did seize a lot. At least one division of Hou Zhidan was disarmed, and Li Ping, Huang Ping, and Zhenyuan were lost. Fucheng, especially Zhenyuan, is an important commercial town leading to the west of Hunan. The Red Army bought up all the cloth stored in the cities. After a series of battles, the morale of the Red Army was very high at this time, and the clothes were neat. All the troops wore new military uniforms. In the state of fatigue in southern Hunan, It's been swept away." In Liping, in order to implement the new strategic policy of the Party Central Committee, the Central Revolutionary Military Commission decided on the same day to tighten the organization, enrich the combat troops, cancel the Red 8th Army, and merge the original Red 8th Army into the Red 5th Army; the 1st and 2nd columns of the Military Commission were merged into the Military Commission For the column, Liu Bocheng was the commander, Ye Jianying was the deputy commander, and Chen Yun was the political commissar. On December 21, Chen Yun and Liu Bocheng left the Red 5th Army according to the order of the Central Committee, and joined the Military Commission's column operation. At the end of 1934, the column of the Military Commission arrived at Houchang (now Caotang) through the old grave in Weng'an County.At this time, the "Left" leaders put forward two propositions: one is that they can't reach the Wujiang River, and the other is to turn around and join the 2nd and 6th Army Corps.In order to determine the course of action for the Red Army after it entered northern Guizhou, the Central Committee held a Politburo meeting in Houchang on January 1, 1935.Chen Yun attended the meeting.The meeting reaffirmed Mao Zedong's idea of ​​establishing a new base in the border areas of Sichuan and Guizhou proposed by Mao Zedong and approved by the Liping Meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee. region, and then develop to southern Sichuan, is the most central task at present. The next day, Chen Yun and Liu Bocheng led a column of the Military Commission across the Wujiang River, the largest river in Guizhou Province, and then entered Zunyi City.Zunyi is an important town in northern Guizhou.It is adjacent to Loushan Mountain in the north and Wujiang River in the south. It is the main traffic route from Guiyang to Chongqing. There are more than 30,000 people living in the city. The gathering places, the market is very prosperous, there are both a new city and an old city, and a river passes through the middle. It is the first bustling city that the Red Army has passed through since the Long March.In Zunyi, Chen Yun and Liu Bocheng were respectively appointed political commissar and commander of the Zunyi Garrison Command, responsible for the defense of Zunyi City. From January 15 to 17, 1935, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held an enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau in Zunyi.History has turned a page of permanent commemorative significance. As a member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, Chen Yun attended the Zunyi meeting. The meeting was started by Bo Gu.At the meeting, he gave a report on the summary of the fifth anti-"encirclement and suppression" campaign, defending the wrong military leadership that led to the failure of the fifth anti-"encirclement and suppression" campaign, and attributed the failure to the strength of the enemy.Zhou Enlai made a deputy report on the issue of military leadership, checked the reasons subjectively and realistically, conducted self-criticism on the mistakes of military command, and took the initiative to assume responsibility.Mao Zedong made a long and important speech. He pointed out that the mistakes made by Bo Gu and Li De in military leadership were adventurism in offense, conservatism in defense, and escapeism in transfer.In terms of commanding operations, it is just talking on paper, just formulating a combat plan according to the map, without considering the actual situation.In his speech, Mao Zedong correctly expounded the strategic and tactical issues of China's revolutionary war and the policy that should be adopted in the military. Chen Yun actively supported the correct propositions of Mao Zedong and others at the meeting. He wrote in his autobiography: "When I was in the Five Army Corps, I always felt that unity was the right thing in difficulties; at the Liping Conference, I knew that Mao, Zhang, Wang and the independent house (referring to Comintern adviser Li De) content of the controversy; Luo Fu talked to me once in Tuanxi, and told me the losses in the mistakes made during the five "encirclement and suppression" campaigns. Therefore, at the Zunyi Conference, I have already understood the mistakes of several military command, (was) a man in favor of changing the military and party leadership." The Zunyi Conference ended the dominance of Wang Ming's "Left" adventurism in the central government and established the correct leadership of the new central government represented by Mao Zedong. After the meeting, Chen Yun, Mao Zedong, and Zhang Wentian were designated by the meeting as the communicators of the spirit of the Zunyi meeting. The Zunyi Conference occupies an extremely important position in the history of the Communist Party of China. However, due to the difficult conditions at that time, complete information could not be left, and some important plots have been divergent in party history research and propaganda. In April 1982, the Central Archives sent a manuscript "(B), Zunyi Politburo Enlarged Meeting" from the archives of the CCP delegation to the Communist International that was brought back from the Soviet Union in the 1950s to Chen Yun's office.After carefully reading the manuscript, Chen Yun said: This thing is my handwriting. It is the outline I wrote to convey the meeting situation to the central column after the Zunyi meeting. The time is about on the way from Weixin to Shanghai Dingqiao.The discovery of this precious communication manuscript provided a reliable basis for clarifying some situations of the Zunyi Meeting, and thus attracted great attention from the party history circle.This was unexpected by Chen Yun. After the Zunyi meeting, Chen Yun and Liu Bocheng led the Military Commission's column from Yudu to Banqiao, crossed Loushan Pass to Tongzi and Jiuba.On the way, the Central Revolutionary Military Commission issued the "Operation Plan for Crossing the River". At this time, Chiang Kai-shek had realized that the Central Red Army might cross the Yangtze River to the north, so he urgently ordered Liu Xiang of the Sichuan Army to concentrate his forces in the Chishui, Gulin, and Xushui areas to block the attack, and also ordered Xue Yue and Wang Jialie's troops to cross the Wujiang River to pursue them.When the Red Army arrived at Tucheng, two brigades of the Sichuan Army had arrived at Chishui City ahead of the Red Army, blocking the way for the Red Army to advance northward; the Sichuan Army chasing after them also entered the area east of Tucheng. On the way to Tucheng, Chen Yun inspected the terrain together with Mao Zedong, Zhu De, Zhou Enlai, and Liu Bocheng, and determined to encircle and wipe out the Sichuan Army Guo Xunqi's troops in the Qinggangpo area east of Tucheng.However, after the battle started, it was found that the number and combat effectiveness of the Sichuan Army participating in the battle were far stronger than expected, and the two sides formed a see-saw state.What's more serious is that the two brigades of the Sichuan Army's follow-up troops have been quickly reinforced, and the two Sichuan Army brigades located in Wanglongchang also attacked the Central Red Army from the flanks. Mao Zedong made a decisive decision, called a meeting of the main leaders of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, and decided to withdraw from the battle immediately, changing the original plan to cross the Yangtze River from Luzhou to Yibin. Lin and Xuyong headed westward.Zhu De and Liu Bocheng remained in command at the front; Zhou Enlai was in charge of erecting a pontoon bridge on the Chishui River; Chen Yun was in charge of arranging the wounded and handling the heavy supplies of the Military Commission column. After accepting the task, Chen Yun immediately made arrangements: gather most of the stretchers from the health and transportation departments, rush to the front line to transport the wounded, place them in the homes of ordinary people in the town and nearby villages, pay a certain amount of medical and food expenses; Bulky materials such as gun repair machines and X-ray machines were destroyed and thrown into the Chishui River, but not a single radio station could be discarded.After the task was issued, Chen Yun personally visited various points on the front line to check the implementation and stayed up all night.By 4 o'clock the next morning, they had all completed the tasks assigned by the central government. After that, Chen Yun crossed Chishui four times with his troops, conquered Loushan Pass, then occupied Zunyi City, crossed Wujiang River to the south, threatened Kunming, and fought day and night. Chen Yun, who was already very thin, became even thinner due to overloaded work and a difficult living environment.Once, Chen Yun met Deng Yingchao, Cai Chang, Kang Keqing, Liu Ying, Liu Qunxian, Liao Shiguang, Yang Houzeng and other eight elder sisters. Seeing that Chen Yun was so tired and thin, they were very concerned and asked about his health.Sister Deng also gave Chen Yun a small spoon for eating.A small spoon is insignificant, but in the years of war, the comradeship contained in it is infinitely profound, so that decades later, Chen Yun still misses this little thing. In late April, the main force of the Central Red Army marched westward in two routes with great speed. The main force of the Yunnan Army was transferred eastward to Guizhou. On April 29, the Central Revolutionary Military Commission issued an instruction in Shaokou Village, Xundian County on the Central Red Army's rapid crossing of the Jinsha River and the establishment of a Soviet base in western Sichuan. The Jinsha River is part of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, originating in Qinghai.It gallops southward from Yushu in Qinghai, passes through Batang to Shigu, and suddenly makes a sharp turn of more than 100 degrees. It throws off the Lancang River and Nujiang River that run parallel to it, and turns northward alone, forming the famous first bend of the Yangtze River. .The rushing water of the Jinsha River rushes between the Haba Snow Mountain and the Yulong Snow Mountain at an altitude of more than 5,000 meters, cutting out a Grand Canyon more than 3,000 meters deep.This is the world-famous Tiger Leaping Gorge.The roaring river rushed out of the canyon and flowed to Yuanmou and Luquan in Yunnan, where the river gradually widened.Longjie Ferry in Yuanmou County has always been an important ferry between Sichuan and Yunnan; Jiaoping Ferry in Luquan County is also a relatively large ferry.The Jinsha River got its name from the abundance of sand at the bottom of the river.Poor people along the river usually collect gold sand and sell it to make a living.The part of the Jinsha River that flows through the junction of Sichuan and Yunnan is called the Jinsha River, and the part that flows into Yibin County, Sichuan Province is called the Yangtze River.On both sides of the Jinsha River, there are high mountains and steep mountains, and except for a few ferry crossings, they are all cliffs.From south to north in Yunnan Province to the Jinsha River, 30 kilometers away from the river, it starts to go downhill.It is 20 kilometers straight down to Jiaopingdu, and there are still 10 kilometers from Jiaopingdu to the riverside. The mountain is steeper, and you must use a walking stick to go down the mountain, otherwise you will be in danger of rolling down the ravine. No matter how dangerous the Jinsha River is, if the Central Red Army wants to get rid of the enemy's siege and interception and achieve a decisive victory in strategic shift, it must seize the time to cross the Jinsha River.According to the original plan, the troops wanted to cross the river in three routes.Unexpectedly, when the 1st Army reached the upstream Longjie Ferry, the ferry was burned down by the enemy first; when the 3rd Army occupied the Hongmen Ferry downstream, they only captured two small ferryboats, which could only ferry more than 10 people each time, which took too long .Both of the above two ferry crossings are wide and the flow is fast, so floating bridges cannot be erected.Only Liu Bocheng and Song Renqiong led a battalion of cadres in Zhonglu, traveling more than 80 kilometers day and night. In the middle of the night on May 3, they seized the Jiaoping Ferry, captured two large wooden boats, and successfully crossed the North Bank.Then, they collected five wooden boats upstream and downstream. The large one can carry more than 30 people at a time, and the small one can carry more than 10 people. In order to organize all the troops of the Red Army to cross the river smoothly, the Central Committee and the Central Revolutionary Military Commission specially organized the Crossing River Command.Chen Yun was appointed as the political commissar of the Crossing the River Headquarters, and together with Commander Liu Bocheng organized troops to cross the river. To the south of Jiaoping Ferry is Yunnan, and to the north is Sichuan.The so-called ferry is only slightly flatter than other places, and the terrain is still very dangerous.The place where the boat can be parked on the south bank can be on the beach, while the north bank is a cliff. A nearly 100-meter tunnel was dug on the cliff, leading to a checkpoint in the middle of the mountain. Windows were also dug beside the tunnel to facilitate lighting and ventilation.When the boat arrives at the north bank, the ferry passengers disembark and go up the stone steps to the entrance of the tunnel, and go up the mountain through the tunnel. The river at the ferry is very wide, and people on the other side can't hear the shouts from the other side.The water flow reaches four to five meters per second, and the waves usually reach one or two feet, and when there is a storm, the waves reach three or four feet.The climate on the riverside is unpredictable, and the wind and rain are violent. Fortunately, the wind and rain usually last no more than half an hour.When the wind blows, the sand on the beach by the river can be blown up and dance with the wind, making it difficult for people to stand. Chen Yun came to the river to direct the crossing, and the health worker even found a hole in the earth for a temporary rest.Chen Yun has carefully considered every detail of the work of crossing the river. How much time does it take for each ferry to go back and forth, how many people can cross the river per hour and every day, who crosses first and who crosses later, all are arranged in an orderly manner. Along the way to the river, the crossing headquarters sent people to post the rules of crossing the river.When the troops come to the river, they must stop. They cannot go to the side of the boat and listen to the command of the bugle.When boarding the ship, they should not swarm, but must form a column in order.This regulation, down to ordinary soldiers, up to senior cadres such as legion commanders, must abide by it.After boarding the ship, each ship has a commander, and everyone on board must obey his orders.The horses could not get on the boat, so the groom sat in the stern and led them. After the boat started, the people on the bank took the whips to drive the horses down the river, and swam behind the boat. At that time, the people in the headquarters of crossing the river only had green beans for each meal, but Chen Yun arranged for the boatman to have six times a day and night, killing pigs and eating meat every day, and returning 5 yuan a day to cash in the ocean.These wooden boats are already extremely dilapidated, and the river water gushes from the bottom of the boat to the boat. Every time they go back and forth, they must send someone to scoop up the water in the cabin with a wooden bucket and pour it back into the river before they can be used again. Can go back and forth three or four times.In order to ensure the safety of crossing the river at night, the Red Army lit large fires on both sides of the river, illuminating the surface of the river brightly. After several days and nights of continuous intense work, by May 9, the Red Army crossed the Jinsha River in an orderly manner.After crossing the river, destroy several boats.For the boatmen, they not only paid their salaries, but also gave them an additional 30 yuan and other things in consideration of the temporary impact on their livelihood after the ship was destroyed. The Red Army skillfully crossed the Jinsha River and got rid of the harassment of hundreds of thousands of chasing troops.At that time, the Red Army propagandists also made a skit, saying that the Red Army had crossed the river north, Jiang Jun chased the Red Army to the Jinsha River, only picked up a broken straw sandal thrown away by the Red Army on the riverside, and faced the surging river water and shouted. Nothing.The pride of the Red Army soldiers' victory is beyond words. After crossing the river, the Red Army bypassed Xichang City and occupied Mianning City on May 21. After the Zunyi Conference, in addition to serving as the political commissar of the column of the Military Commission, Chen Yun also served as the head of the Central Local Work Department.Therefore, wherever the Red Army went, as long as there was an opportunity, Chen Yun actively contacted local organizations and carried out work. The next morning after the Red Army arrived in Mianning County, Chen Yun, as the head of the Central Local Work Department, met Chen Yeping, a member of the Xichang Special Branch of the Communist Party of China, at the Mianning County Government Guest House where the General Political Department of the Red Army was stationed, and asked him about the situation of Xichang and the underground party in Mianning , to discuss the establishment of the Mianning County Revolutionary Committee and the organization of the anti-donation army.Subsequently, Chen Yun held a meeting in the General Political Department with the participation of Red Army cadres and local cadres, and decided to establish the Mianning County Revolutionary Committee.Zhou Enlai also attended the meeting.After the meeting, Chen Yun also drafted the notice of the Revolutionary Committee, presided over the ceremony for several local activists to join the party, and gave them party lessons. Arriving in Mianning, the Red Army had already approached the Yi people's area in the west of Daliang Mountain.This area has a large area, stretching from Ningnan County in the south to Dadu River in the north, Anning River in the west and Pingshan on the Jinsha River in the east.The northwest of Mianning and the south of Kangding belong to the area of ​​the Yi nationality.The Yi people are all armed, with thousands of fast guns and a small number of portable machine guns, all of which were handed over to the Han army.The land along the banks of the Anning River was originally owned by the chieftains of the Yi family, but after Liu Wenhui of the Kuomintang entered Yazhou, they expelled the chieftains of the Yi family and took their land as their own. Therefore, the Yi family and Liu Wenhui's tribe had a deep feud. In order to allow the troops to pass through the Yi people's area smoothly, Chen Yun and Liu Bocheng led the military committee's column to take the lead in propagating and implementing the party's ethnic policy, proposing slogans such as equality of all ethnic groups and opposition to the oppression of the Yi people by the Han warlords.Liu Bocheng also formed an alliance with Xiaoyedan, the leader of the Guji tribe, and became brothers.Later, Chen Yun wrote in "Records of Experience with the Army Westward Journey": "After making an alliance with blood, the Yi people of the 'Guji' tribe not only did not fight the Red Army, but were incorporated by the Red Army into the 'Red Army Guerrilla Detachment', and led the way with the Red Army and recruited 'A Yue' and 'Luo Hong' Waiting for more than 10 tribes. Afterwards, when all the Red Army passed the Yi Min Mountain, the Yi people welcomed the Red Army with oxen and sheep. The Red Army sent the Yi people leather clothes, old guns, salt, and cloth. The mountains of the Yi people, who are feared day and night, passed safely like this." After crossing the Yi nationality area, Chen Yun followed the troops through the chain bridge over the Dadu River and arrived in Luding County on May 31.At this time, he accepted a arduous and special mission. On the night when the Red Army arrived in Luding County, Chen Yun attended a meeting of heads of the CPC Central Committee held near the county.It was decided at the meeting that the Central Red Army would go northward on the snow-capped mountains and grasslands, avoiding densely populated areas; Chen Yun would go to Shanghai to restore the party organization in the white areas, and then go to Moscow via Shanghai to report to the Communist International on the situation of the Chinese Communist Party, the Red Army, and the Zunyi Conference. After the Long March of the Red Army, the party organizations in the white areas were severely damaged, causing the Party Central Committee and the Red Army of Chinese Workers and Peasants during the Long March to lose the strong cooperation of the party organizations in the white areas.During the Battle of Xiangjiang, the central 100-watt high-power radio station was destroyed in Xiangjiang again. Since then, it has completely lost contact with the Shanghai Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Communist International.After the Zunyi Conference, Mao Zedong's correct line replaced Wang Ming's wrong line. On the one hand, the Red Army was able to get rid of the passive situation and regain strategic mobility.On the other hand, there is an urgent need to resume work in the white area. On June 7, 1935, the Central Red Army captured Tianquan County in western Sichuan.Chen Yun set off from Lingguan Hall in Tianquan County and headed for the White District. The mission undertaken by Chen Yun was top secret, and only a few leaders and core confidential personnel knew about it at the time.Chen Yun himself was even more tight-lipped, and he didn't even disclose any information to his relatives who were also in the Long March team at that time.Before leaving, he handed over all the confidential documents he carried with him to the organization for processing, gave a mosquito net to his good friend Zhang Wentian, and entrusted Liu Ying, secretary-general of the Central Team, to hand over a blanket and some clothes to his relatives. Before leaving the team, the central government made careful arrangements for Chen Yun and arranged for him to be escorted. Zhou Enlai agreed with him on how to report his safety, and Liu Bocheng provided him with several useful contacts. When the Chinese revolution is at a low ebb, the party organizations in the white areas have been completely destroyed, and spies and traitors are hunting down Communists everywhere, Chen Yun, a senior CCP leader who is a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and head of the work department of the white areas, is unfamiliar with people and places. One can imagine the danger of crossing half of China alone and going to the core area ruled by the enemy in such an environment.But Chen Yun and the underground party member Xi Maozhao who escorted him tactfully dealt with various situations along the way and arrived in Chengdu safely.Here, Chen Yun entrusted someone to the "New News" newspaper and published a "Notice of Liao Jiajun", which said: "Jiajun lost a dentin stamp on the way to the province this time. The article is printed by Liao Jiajun. I hereby publish it in the newspaper The statement is invalid." This is the "Safe Family Letter" that he and Zhou Enlai agreed to send back to the central government to arrive in Chengdu safely before leaving. Chen Yun went east by boat from Chongqing.When the ship arrived in Wuhan, passengers disembarked one after another for activities and shopping.Chen Yun considered that the environment in the White Area was complicated, and the traitors and spies hunted down the Communist Party members wantonly to claim credit, which would increase the risk after going ashore.He wanted to avoid disembarking as much as possible, but it was unreasonable and would arouse suspicion.Chen Yun thought of a way.Before approaching the berth, he bought some wine and pretended to drink it himself.When he arrived in Wuhan, his fellow cabin crew invited him to go ashore for an excursion, but he excused himself by saying that he was too drunk and wanted to stay on board and sleep for a long time. Shortly after arriving in Shanghai, in early September 1935, according to the instructions of the CCP delegation to the Communist International, Chen Yun and some other important leaders in Shanghai secretly went to the Soviet Union on a Soviet cargo ship. On October 15, Chen Yun reported to the leaders of the Communist International in detail the transfer of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the main force of the Central Red Army to the northwest and the Zunyi Conference.He introduced the relevant situation of the Zunyi Conference, and pointed out that this conference completely corrected the mistakes made by the military leaders in the final stage of the fifth counter-campaign against "encirclement and suppression" and the first stage of the Western Expedition. Elect Comrade Mao Zedong as leader".The "strategists who command with a pencil" mentioned here refer to Bo Gu and Li De.Chen Yun pointed out in his report that the first stage of the Western Expedition was from Jiangxi to Guizhou. Although the Red Army broke through the four blockade lines of the Kuomintang army, there were three mistakes in military command and organization: 1. Before the troops set off, there were no Sufficient interpretation was done within the party, the army, and among the masses, and the Politburo did not discuss this issue.2. There was too much luggage on the road, and 5,000 people were occupied just to transport the machines of the various factories. Sometimes the rear guard lagged behind the vanguard by as much as ten days and nights, which caused great difficulties for military operations.3. Our marching route seems to be drawn with a pencil, and we always advance in a straight line. As a result, we can meet the enemy no matter where we go, and we become the target of passive beating everywhere.Chen Yun said that in Liping, there were disputes among the leadership of the Red Army, and the majority of commanders and fighters expressed great dissatisfaction with "strategists who command with pencils."After the Zunyi Conference, we changed our military strategy, adopted a flexible approach, and achieved a series of major victories. Chen Yun clearly pointed out that the Chinese Communist Party is already capable of solving problems by itself.Its purpose is to make the Communist International understand the Chinese revolution, especially the new leadership of the Central Committee headed by Mao Zedong, and to obtain their support.Because the criticism and correction of Bogu and Li De's wrong military line at the Zunyi Conference, as well as the reorganization of the party's central leadership, were all carried out under the condition of breaking off contact with the Communist International.The Long March was still able to win, which shows that "our party has really matured, especially the party's leadership has matured", "our party can and is good at leading civil wars flexibly and correctly. Military leaders such as Mao Zedong and Zhu De have matured ".After the Fourth Plenary Session of the Central Committee, "Of course our party made some mistakes, but it corrected them with its own power. There will never be a situation where the Communist International needed to intervene when Chen Duxiu, Li Lisan, and Qu Qiubai made mistakes. At present , our party is able to propose new tasks on its own under new circumstances". Through Chen Yun's report, the Comintern learned about the actual situation of the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese revolution, and increased its understanding of the leaders of the Chinese Communist Party, Mao Zedong, Zhu De, Zhou Enlai, etc., especially Mao Zedong.Facts show that after Chen Yun arrived in Moscow, the Comintern quickly changed its attitude and expressed its support for Mao Zedong's leadership in the Chinese Communist Party. In 1936, the 1st and 2nd issues of Comintern, the official publication of the Communist International, published the article "Mao Zedong, the Leader of the Chinese People". , the determination of Bolshevik, the courageous spirit, the infinite genius of the famous revolutionary and political leader".It can be said that the beginning of the Communist International to clearly support Mao Zedong's leadership in the Chinese Communist Party was closely related to Chen Yun's trip to Moscow. In Moscow, Chen Yun participated in the work of the Chinese Communist Party's delegation to the Communist International, serving as a member of the Supervisory Committee under the pseudonym "Shi Ping". The Long March of the Red Army is a matter of widespread concern in the world.Since the Central Red Army failed in its fifth anti-"encirclement and suppression" campaign and was forced to march, Chiang Kai-shek boasted of his achievements in "suppressing bandits" both at home and abroad, nonsense that the Red Army had been completely "defeated" and only a handful of people were "fleeing". .Those who don't know the truth believe it and are deceived by it.In order to expose Chiang Kai-shek's lies and let the Chinese people and the people of the world understand the actual situation of the Chinese revolution and the truth of the Red Army's Long March, in the autumn of 1935, Chen Yun wrote "A Record of Experiences with the Army Westward Journey" in Moscow, which was published in the Paris Overseas Chinese Organization in the spring of the following year. Hosted by "National Monthly". In the article, Chen Yun signed "Lian Chen" and pretended to be a Kuomintang military doctor who was captured by the Red Army. "Knowledge Records" completely records the Central Red Army's expedition from Jiangxi to Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Yunnan during the eight months from the breakout from the Central Soviet Area in mid-October 1934 to the departure of Chen Yun in June 1935. , Xikang, and transferred to Lifan, Songpan, Sichuan and the 12,000-mile journey where the Fourth Front Army of the Red Army met; vividly described the Red Army breaking through the enemy's four blockade lines, moving to Guizhou, rushing across the Wujiang River, outsmarting Zunyi, crossing the old mountain border and Heroic feats such as Daxue Mountain, crossing Chishui four times, attacking Kunming feignedly, approaching Guiyang with soldiers, skillfully crossing the Jinsha River, passing through the Yi nationality area, and flying across the Dadu River.From Chen Yun's writing, people can feel that the Red Army is not a "defeated soldier" who was "pursued and fled" by the Kuomintang, but a brave, tenacious, invincible, and invincible fighting force with strict discipline, firm belief, and a new type of fighting force. Officer-soldier relationship. "Knowledge" especially describes the deep mass base of the Red Army.For example, it is written in the article: When the Red Army entered southern Hunan, the area around Zixing, Chenzhou, and Yizhang was the area where Mao and Zhu had been active for a long time in the past, and the residents were deeply propagated by the Communist Party. Tea and water were served along the way to entertain the Red Army.When I was marching, I saw every village and town I passed, men, women, old and young stood on the side of the road, and there was a crowd of spectators. When the Red Army arrived in Yizhang, all the more than 400 Guangdong-Han Railway road construction workers there joined the Red Army. This was the result of several years of secret work by several Communist Party members.针对此事，文中评述说：此事深深使我忆起，国民革命军北伐时，各处民众响应，北伐军势如破竹，正如王者之师。自国共分裂以后，像北伐时民众响应之事，已销声匿迹。反之，全国人心，大都失望。共党分子如此埋头苦干，而返视国民党员，则徒争名利，何曾见一个在东三省日本势力下埋头苦干的人！我深感共党自有其社会上根深蒂固之潜势力，剿共与消灭共党决难成功也。 《见闻录》还细致入微地描绘了红军领袖们的坚毅、勇敢和机智，以及他们与国民党官员形成鲜明对照的朴实、高尚的品质和廉洁、民主的作风。如“毛泽东似乎一介书生，常衣灰布学生装，暇时手执唐诗，极善词令”，待人“招待极谦”；“朱德则一望而知为武人，年将50，身衣灰布军装”，“人亦和气，且言谈间毫无傲慢”。他们的形象与人们受欺骗后，以为“凶暴异常”之想象“完全不同”。毛泽东、朱德“非但是人才，而且为不可多得之天才”，更辅之以“周恩来之勇敢、毅力之办事精神”，红军岂有不成功之理！同时文中称，红军领袖如毛泽东、朱德、周恩来、林祖涵、徐特立等，“均系极有政治头脑的政治家”。这就打破了国民党报章对毛泽东、朱德等的丑化。 更可贵的是，《见闻录》以极恳切的语言宣传了中国共产党的国共合作抗日的主张： 我以为当今局势，如再继续内战与剿共，非但不能救国，而且适足以误国。政府当局应该改变计划，协同赤军以共御外侮。……今在国家一发千钧之时，内战则死、对外则生的时候，只要两方开诚布公，何愁不能合作以对外。而且赤军领袖及共党均有过联合全国兵力一致抗日的主张。我并闻友人传说，共党中央及苏维埃政府主张合全国兵力组织国防政府及抗日联军。我以为政府之对内对外政策之迅速改变，此其时矣！我辈小百姓唯一的目的，是在不使中国之亡于日本，不做亡国奴而已。我总觉得无论如何，赤军总是中国人，总是自己的同胞，放任外敌侵凌，而专打自己同胞，无疑是自杀政策。以中国地大物博、人口亦多，如果停止自杀，而共同杀敌，则不仅日本不足惧，我中华民族亦将从此复兴矣！ 1937年3月起这篇文章在国内刊载和出版单行本。新中国成立后，《见闻录》多次被各种研究和宣传红军长征的书刊摘录和转载，但作者的真实身份一直不为人所知。直到1985年1月纪念遵义会议50周年的时候，中共中央理论刊物《红旗》杂志，才第一次说明廉臣是陈云的笔名，并以作者陈云的名字公开发表了《见闻录》全文。 以往都认为《红星照耀中国》（又译《西行漫记》）的作者、美国记者埃德加·斯诺是红军长征最早的宣传者。其实，在斯诺1936年7月到陕北采访毛泽东的时候，《见闻录》早已在巴黎发表，并在莫斯科出版了。陈云才是红军长征最早的宣传者。 然而，在苏联相对安定的生活并没有持续太长时间，陈云就又开始续写自己的长征篇章了。 1936年10月，中国工农红军一、二、四方面军在甘肃会宁胜利会师。为执行“夺取宁夏，打通苏联”的战略计划，10月下旬，红四方面军的5军、9军、30军及总部共2.1万人，先后从甘肃省靖远县西渡黄河，组成西路军。 在西路军鏖战河西走廊之际，中共驻共产国际代表团决定组建赴新疆迎接西路军的代表团。这个代表团既代表共产国际，又代表中共中央。陈云被指定为团长，滕代远为副团长，另外还配有三名工作人员，段子俊负责电台，李春田负责译电，冯铉担任翻译。 陈云一行五人受命后，在共产国际“留克斯”大楼集中休整了三天。其间，共产国际执行委员会总书记季米特洛夫举行家宴招待他们，并询问他们有什么困难和要求。陈云等提出西路军进疆后缺少弹药、武器，于是，季米特洛夫通过联共（布）中央领导，答应送给他们90辆坦克和90门大炮。 不久，陈云一行乘火车从莫斯科出发，直抵哈萨克共和国的首府阿拉木图。在这里，他们脱下西装，换上苏联军队的棉袄，逗留了一个星期左右，然后乘车秘密到达中苏边境霍尔果斯。 在霍尔果斯住了三四天后，陈云因劳累，旧病复发，经常流鼻血，病情十分严重，不得不返回阿拉木图休养治疗，约一个月后，即返回霍尔果斯。这时，国内发生西安事变；为此，中共驻共产国际代表团让他们停下来，这一等就是5个月。 在陈云等一行五人在霍尔果斯等待命令之际，英勇的西路军正在河西走廊与国民党马步芳、马步青的部队浴血奋战。1937年3月中旬，西路军在张掖县西南的梨园口同敌人作殊死搏斗后失败。部队由初建时的2.1万多人锐减为1000余人，余部分成三个支队突围。不久，右支队以及以妇女、伤员为主的支队在战斗中失利溃散，只有李先念率领的左支队仍在祁连山的冰天雪地里孤军奋战。党中央、毛泽东十分关注左支队的命运。3月23日，中央终于与左支队仅存的一部电台取得了联系。中央指示他们：团结一致，保存力量，设法向新疆转移；并谓将派陈云等前往迎接。左支队当即复电：坚决执行中央指示，向新疆前进。 4月20日左右，在焦急中等待任务的陈云等人，终于收到中共驻共产国际代表团的电示，命他们急速前进，赶到新疆星星峡地区，接应西路军残部。接到命令后，陈云等人立即整理行装，于4月23日，乘坐新疆督办盛世才派来的汽车，经伊犁抵迪化（今乌鲁木齐）。 盛世才是个野心很大的军阀，1933年他夺取并掌握了新疆的军政大权，当上了新疆边防督办，成为“土皇帝”。为不被国民党蒋介石吞并，盛世才便向苏联求援。苏联政府为了有一个比较安全的漫长边界，经过谈判，同意在人力物力，特别是在武器装备上支援盛世才，并在迪化建立了领事馆。作为回报，盛制定了“反帝、亲苏、民主、清廉、和平、建设”六大政策。由于这种关系，陈云等到迪化后，立即通过苏联领事馆，与盛世才沟通联系，商谈建立合作关系和接应西路军进新疆等问题，并很快得到盛的支持。至此，陈云正式出任中共中央驻新疆代表。 4月27日下午5点左右，第一批西路军左支队的干部和战士历尽艰险，终于走出了荒漠的戈壁滩，到达甘肃、新疆交界的星星峡附近，受到边务处星星峡办事处主任王效典的热情接待。在王的支持下，初到的战士们又打着红旗，乘车返回戈壁滩收容了失散的左支队人员，人数慢慢地集合到400多人。在陈云的要求下，新疆督办公署航空队派出两架飞机，给在星星峡的西路军空投了食品、衣物和枪支。临近五一节的一个早晨，陈云和滕代远等带着盛世才提供的几十辆装有枪支、衣物和食品的汽车，向星星峡驶去。 五一节那天，陈云在星星峡主持召开了纪念会。陈云代表党中央和毛泽东向历尽艰险、九死一生的指战员们表示了亲切的慰问。陈云还深情地说，要把西路军的武器以及衣服、鞋袜等物品，送到莫斯科共产国际去，让全世界的无产阶级看看，中国工农红军是在什么样的艰苦条件下从事解放斗争的！ 为了让指战员尽快恢复体力，陈云把从迪化带来的物资分给大家，每人一套棉衣、一套单衣、一套衬衣、一双皮鞋、一双袜子、一个瓷杯、一双筷子，还有大批的羊肉、苏联的纸烟和白糖。同时，他又商请盛世才再空运一批物资。盛世才答应了，两次派飞机空投衣物、粮食、枪支、弹药，使聚集到星星峡的400多名指战员装备一新，并逐渐恢复了精力。 5月1日下午，西路军左支队400余人在陈云、滕代远带领下，坐车向迪化进发。到迪化后，陈云、滕代远和西路军工委李卓然、李先念等研究决定，把西路军左支队进行整编，西路军工委继续保留，西路军左支队改称为西路军总支队，设政治处、总务科，下编四个大队，每大队编三个排，每排编三个班，每班10人左右，对外统称“新兵营”。陈云为“新兵营”党代表。 由于长期连续地艰苦作战，许多干部和战士的身体都很虚弱，有的伤口还未愈合。陈云十分关心大家的身体健康。为了使大家尽早恢复强健的体魄，初到迪化时，陈云安排对全体人员进行了体检，有病的得到了及时治疗。同时，部队加强了保健工作，尽量想办法改善伙食，安排好生活。为了改善大家的生活，陈云还同盛世才交涉，每月发给每个战士新疆币1500两银票，排长5000两，大队干部1万两，总队首长和工委的负责人更多一些。 在生活方面安排就绪后，陈云加强了对部队的思想政治教育工作。首先是对部队进行抗日民族统一战线政策的教育。这个问题对总支队的干部战士来说是一个很新的问题。为了讲清楚这个问题，他每周抽出两三个半天时间到迪化图书馆阅读日本自19世纪60年代开始到发动九一八事变的历史与侵华史料，前后用了两个多月的时间。在做了充分的准备后，陈云亲自给总支队指战员上课。在讲课中，他结合日本历史和日本侵华史料，结合九一八以来的国内外形势，深入浅出、生动具体地给大家讲解党的抗日民族统一战线政策，收到了很好的教育效果。 经过调理身体和整顿思想，部队的面貌焕然一新。生活、思想、组织编制都稳定下来之后，陈云向总支队传达了党中央“严守纪律，安心学习”的指示，并号召全体指战员要抓紧一切时间学习军事技术、政治理论、科学文化，要使“新兵营”成为一所培养红军人才的学校。 “新兵营”经过几个月的文化基础课学习，有了一定的文化知识基础。陈云不失时机地提出把“新兵营”的文化学习转入军事技术的学习。 陈云已通过各种渠道，详细调查了盛世才驻迪化部队的机械化装备情况和军官学校的教学能力，了解到盛世才近几年从苏联接受了不少现代化武器装备援助，还从苏联聘请了教官，他们自己也培养了一部分教官，搞了几个技术兵种训练队。根据这种情况，陈云提出，请盛世才和苏联的教官，帮助“新兵营”学习、掌握这些武器装备。盛世才聘请的苏联总顾问巴宁中将首先表示可以在器材保障和教学上予以协助。盛世才考虑到统一战线的形势，又深知中国共产党与苏联的关系，就打着借此可以向苏联多要些装备的小算盘，同意了陈云的提议。 根据盛世才提供的装备和师资，陈云确定“新兵营”第1、2、3大队共200多人学驾驶汽车，其中第三大队在学会驾驶汽车的基础上再学开装甲车；第四大队100多人学各种火炮。 陈云从官兵们不懂得发动机传动运转原理的实际情况出发，买来两辆自行车，对学习驾驶汽车的1、2、3大队的官兵们说：“每个同志都要学会骑自行车。在学习复杂的机械技术之前，先学学摆弄简单的机械；在学驾驶四个轮子之前，先学学掌握两个轮子的车。咱们就从学骑自行车开始学机械化！” 对于学习多种火炮的四大队，陈云也提出从炮的构造、射击原理到实弹射击几个阶段依次进行。按照陈云提出的方法去做，学员们果然收到了好的效果。大家都称赞陈云提出的由简到繁的学习方法好。 干部队的学习重点是军事、政治理论。为了发挥和调动干部队五六名老无线电技术人员和两名医生的才能和积极性，陈云又抽调出20多人组成无线电训练班和近10人的军医班。他还选派了几人到盛世才的兽医站学习，以适应发展骑兵的需要。 从此，“新兵营”俨然成了人民军队第一所多兵种的军事技术学校。后来，“新兵营”的许多人都成为军事技术的宝贵人才，在人民军队现代化建设中发挥了，重要作用。实践证明，陈云当年的设想是富有远见的。 1937年7月全面抗日战争开始，10月在迪化正式设立八路军驻新疆办事处，对外只称“南梁第三招待所”。陈云任党代表，滕代远任主任。办事处成立不久，经与盛世才多次交涉，办事处为八路军争得了5万件羊皮大衣，10辆汽车，12挺高射机关枪，12万发子弹的物资援助。 陈云的视野是极其开阔的。1937年深秋，在“新兵营”已学习了汽车、大炮、装甲车、军医等技术的基础上，陈云又设想着为党训练一批掌握航空技术的年轻干部。 陈云先找到苏联军事顾问，了解盛世才新疆航空队的一些情况，然后多次同盛世才交涉，请他的航空队下期为八路军培训50名空、地勤干部。盛世才心里当然不愿意让共产党人使用他的飞机培养人才，但他既然答应使用他的汽车、大炮、装甲车学技术，就不好拒绝借他的飞机学飞行。于是，盛世才向陈云提出三项条件：第一，他的飞机不多，要求中国共产党出面请苏联再援助几架比较先进的飞机，用于代培共产党的飞行人员；学员要由50名减为45名，其中飞行25名，机械20名。第二，为八路军训练的这批飞行员毕业后，不要马上回延安，要他们帮助航空队把军威建立起来，因为他训练的头两批飞行员都是学生出身，怕死，不愿意打仗。第三，要求中国共产党派一批得力干部在新疆工作，帮助发展文化教育，整理财政经济，卫戍边防。盛世才的算盘还是打得蛮精细的。 陈云答应了盛世才提出的条件，并和他达成了用盛的名义，以苏联的教官和装备，为八路军培养航空技术人才的协议。 考虑到这是为党培养的第一批航空种子，必须慎重选人，所以，陈云亲自筹备派人进新疆航空队的具体事宜。 陈云在“新兵营”作了动员，向大家讲明办航空队的重大意义。动员结束后，陈云开始在“新兵营”内排队摸底，亲自找人谈话，预选学习航空技术的第一批学员。为了保证第一批航空队员的质量，陈云决定全部在共产党员中选拔，基本条件是：年轻，身体好，有一定文化。 11月下旬，陈云奉命回延安。临行前，他特别找有关人员郑重交代：有关学航空技术的问题，待我回延安请示党中央、毛泽东之后才能定下来，这里的400多人绝大多数是红四方面军的，考虑到这是我们党组建的第一支航空队，应由各个方面军的同志组成比较合适，准备再从延安挑选一些人来这里学航空技术。陈云把按条件精心挑选的30名年轻干部、战士推荐给接替他工作的邓发。邓发按照陈云的交代，对各大队预选的30余名学员于次年1月进行了体格检查，经苏联专家检查，合格者有25人。1938年3月10日，陈云在延安选拔的18名学员，千里迢迢来到迪化。一支在陈云精心组织下的红色航空学员队伍就这样诞生了。后来，这批学员中的大部分走上人民空军军师级以上的领导岗位，成为栋梁之才，为创建人民空军作出了基础性贡献。 有了援接西路军的这段经历，陈云实际上就把自己也当成西路军的一员，对这些战友产生了深厚的感情。由于各种复杂的原因，西路军的行动后来被当作张国焘分裂路线的产物，使西路军将士蒙受了不白之冤。陈云一直挂心这件事。中共十一届三中全会后，重新担任中共中央副主席的他，亲自出面解决。1981年11月22日，陈云同李先念谈西路军问题，认为西路军过河是党中央为执行宁夏战役计划而决定的，不能说是张国焘分裂路线的产物。1982年2月27日，他同李先念谈话时，李先念提到邓小平上一年批给他看了一篇有关西路军问题的文章，陈云满怀深情地表示：西路军问题是一件和自己有关的事，我今年77岁了，要把这件事搞清楚。他建议李先念准备一份有关西路军问题的材料。1983年1月5日，陈云看过有关西路军问题的29份历史电报后，请工作人员打电话给李先念办公室转达他的意见说：送来的电报已看过了，可以送邓小平同志。西路军打通国际路线，是党中央、毛主席过草地以前就决定的。当时，共产国际也愿意援助，