(June 2, 1932)
Going south stirred up peasant struggles in Weibei
1. The struggle situation of farmers in Weibei when they went south.During the peasant struggle in Weibei, when the five detachments went south, the situation was very high, and Sanyuan North District was the central struggle area.Under the leadership of the Sanyuan Party, peasants started a general grain distribution struggle. The peasants in the front and rear districts of Wuzi and Xingzi districts in Xiyuan rose up and confiscated the grain distribution of the gentry, landlords and rich peasants. A total of more than 200 shi of grain was distributed. The leadership center The organization is the Peasant Anti-Japanese Salvation Association and the Peasant Federation, the armed forces are the Volunteer Squad, the weapons are spears, and more than ten new armed forces have been added.The Kuomintang sent a platoon of troops, but was driven away by more than 200 armed volunteers.The propaganda and agitation to welcome and support the Red Army guerrillas is an open and practical appeal to the broad masses.At this time, the guerrillas had notified the local party headquarters that they were going to Sanyuan. After the Sanyuan party headquarters received the notification, there was a plan among the peasants to arouse and organize more than a thousand peasants to be armed.Go to Fangliyuan, where Chunhua belongs, and Xiaoqiuyuan in Yaoxian County to distribute food and meet the Red Army guerrillas.Before these tasks were realized, the five detachments had arrived from the north of Sanyuan.Influenced by Sanyuan, peasants in Fuping also rose up against taxation, surrounded Meiyuan, and confiscated all guns from the police station.However, due to the rich peasant leadership of the local party, they did not actively lead to a higher stage.The peasants of Yaoxian County and Pucheng rose up and besieged the county town, mainly to resist exorbitant and miscellaneous taxes.This situation is more conducive to the southward movement of the guerrillas. At the same time, the southward movement of the guerrillas must ignite extensive peasant struggles and increase the courage and determination of the peasants to fight.
2. Farmers help the guerrillas to besiege Ma'e City, welcome to condolences to the guerrillas.The guerrillas camped in Shang Village, Sanli, Ma'e Town, Wuzihou District, Sanyuan. Wang Maocheng, the gentry and landlord in Ma'e City, was still in the city with more than 20 guns. I ordered Comrade Yang Chongyuan, Chief of Staff, to lead a cavalry squadron to surround the city. Attacked with bombs, the enemy allowed to surrender their guns, and at the same time sent letters asking for surrender.At this time, I went to the front to find the local party headquarters. On the way, I met 200 armed farmers in the front area. They rushed to Ma'e Town to help the guerrillas in the siege, and brought a letter of welcome and condolences from the Farmers' Federation. At that time, the guerrillas were tired from marching for several days, retreated and rested for a few hours, and then prepared to attack the city.After the peasants arrived, they were surrounded from all sides. After going up to the city, the militiamen had already fled at this time, and without catching one, the guerrillas entered and occupied Ma'e City.At this time, the emotions of the guerrillas and farmers were highly raised.
3. The peasants welcome the mass meetings of the guerrillas and pass all proposals put forward by the party.At 10:00 a.m. on the second day after arriving, at the Burning Temple at the junction of the front and rear districts, the Anti-Japanese National Salvation Association and the Farmers’ Federation convened an armed mass meeting to welcome the guerrillas. More than 3,000 people attended the meeting, all armed, with spears like a forest Stand up like a row.All the guerrilla brigades went to the first squadron, and the cavalry squadron and the young pioneers all went to participate.The guards at the meeting place and the sentries at each intersection are entirely served by farmers.The guerrillas set off from Ma'eshang Village, and the farmers along the way received them hospitablely. The attitude of the farmers towards the guerrillas was like the reunion of a father and son of a family who had been away for a long time. They were extremely happy!Most of the people attending the meeting held their pockets, ready to distribute food.
The main agenda of the meeting was: (1) welcome speech by the chairman, (2) speeches by representatives of the Shaanxi Provincial Committee of the Communist Party, (3) speeches by representatives of various groups, (4) replies by representatives of the guerrillas, (5) discussion of proposals and resolutions (with advance notice) (6) free speeches, (7) shouting slogans, and (8) adjournment.
Comrade Huang Zihan was elected by the chairman of the meeting to represent the masses at the same time (in 1927, the peasant leader, shortly after returning, served as the secretary of the Sanyuan local party department, and he was the most prestigious among the peasant masses).During his speech, the applause of the crowd was really like thunder.I spoke on behalf of the Provincial Party Committee, the main content: What is the Communist Party?Distribute land and food, establish revolutionary committees, establish Soviet power, establish peasant armed organizations, overthrow the Kuomintang and overthrow the rule of landlords and landlords, prepare to break through the enemy's encirclement and suppression, and automatically arm yourself to oppose imperialism.Farmers pay the most attention to the distribution of land and food.Representatives of each group include representatives from the Anti-Japanese National Salvation Association and the Farmers' Federation.
The main resolutions at the congress were: (1) Establish a revolutionary committee consisting of seven representatives from the guerrillas, the Sanyuan Party, the Anti-Japanese Salvation Congress, and the Peasants’ Federation, and instruct the revolutionary committee to promulgate all decrees and resolutions of the Soviet government. (2) Before the next day, all farmers in the back district were armed and divided into two teams, one went to Xiyuan, Yao County to distribute grain, and the other went to Xiyuan to distribute grain.Because there is very little food in the front and back areas, it is not enough to distribute. Only by developing outward can this problem be solved.The guerrillas were also divided into two parts to help, and they assembled and set off at 8:00 the next morning.The guerrillas were provided with part of the food confiscated. (3) The Volunteer Army was reorganized into the Red Guards, and rich peasants in the Volunteer Army were expelled, and rich peasants were prohibited from participating. (4) Cancel all organs such as the district office and the militia, and arrest the district chief Wang Maocheng. (5) Send a telegram to the Soviet Central Government, the Red Army, the Shaanxi Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, all revolutionary groups across the country, and the toiling masses of workers, peasants, soldiers, and the revolutionary committee.Finally, after shouting "Welcome the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army's Shaanxi-Gansu Border Guerrillas", "Break through the enemy's encirclement and suppression", "Down with the Kuomintang of the Nationalist Government", "Establish the Weibei Soviet Government", "Implement all the decrees and resolutions of the Soviet Government", "Automatic armed forces" Rise up and expel imperialism from China", "Support the Chinese Soviet Provisional Government", "Support the Soviet Union with arms", "Oppose imperialism to attack the Soviet Union", "Long live the Communist Party of China", "Long live the Chinese Soviet Republic", "The Great United Proletariat of the World" "Long live" the meeting was adjourned.
4. The enemy's attack and the departure of the five detachments.When the Revolutionary Committee was convened in the evening after the meeting, it was immediately reported by the scout post (formed by the peasants themselves) that the original sent down to two battalions of the enemy, with two mortars.At that time, we estimated that the enemy would take me to arrive for the first time, and the various tasks were not ready yet.That is to say, there will be a fierce attack, so all mobilized to the front area overnight to set up an ambush, if the enemy attacks all can be solved.Waiting for one night at dawn, I retreated to Shangcun. When I was four or five miles away from Ma'e Town, I heard gunshots. We left the horse's forehead that night.
The situation at that time was very tense, and we estimated several conditions: (1) The guerrillas had just arrived two days ago, and the peasants’ sentiments were high, but there was no land distribution, the establishment of a revolutionary regime, or the reorganization of armed organizations. Seeing everyone's siege, they all became frightened, fearing that if the guerrillas failed, they would suffer disaster. After receiving the news that night, the peasants in several forts in the front area all ran away, so it was impossible to call on the peasants and the guerrillas to fight together. (2) Sanyuan is the enemy's confidant, and it is inevitable to mobilize large soldiers to surround it. When the guerrillas first arrived and the mass work has not yet been established, they will attack violently from all sides. The military terrain of Loudi, Xiyuan, Fuping, and North District is very The bad thing is that combat is very disadvantageous, and it is not easy to withdraw if surrounded, so we decided to retreat ten miles north to Shanglu Village for dinner, surround the enemy's encirclement, and then decide our military strategy.When we arrived at Shanglu Village, the peasants reported that more than 1,000 special agents had arrived from the north, only 20 miles away from us.At this time, we knew that the enemy was encircled from east, west, north, south, and we retreated westward from Shanglu Village to the small hills.Eight miles away from Xiaoqiu Town.Xiaoqiu militia Chai Zifa, more than 40 people, has strong combat effectiveness and excellent guns. After the enemy arrived, we went to Xiyuan, and the special agent group quickly occupied Xiaoqiu Town. The soldiers were depressed.Because I was extremely tired after several days of marching, and because I was not familiar with the geography, I couldn't attack the enemy fiercely. When the enemy was in chaos, I was fully sure that I could defeat it. At that time, I decided not to attack, but to go to the mountain pass to ask for a danger camp.At this time, we knew that the third detachment had left the border area and went to Chunhua, that is, to develop in Chunhua, and after connecting with the third detachment, we would decide on a specific action plan.When we camped in Yayao Village, we knew that the third detachment had crossed the Jinghe River and went to Liquan. Comrade Huang Ziwen, the political commissar, and I decided to go back to the border area and continue to carry out the mission that the third detachment had abandoned to consolidate the border area.At this time, the enemies in the border area drove away, and all the branches unanimously agreed to this decision. I handed over the work to Comrade Huang Ziwen, left the guerrillas, and returned to the provincial party committee to report and decide on all work.
(1) The objective conditions of Sanyuan
1. Sanyuan is the second largest city in Shaanxi, and its commercial culture was more developed than Xi'an in the past.It is the largest county in Weibei, with a large area and good land. It is a place where the warlords in Shaanxi must fight.In 1926, Sanyuan was also besieged for several months. Finally, after a great famine, Sanyuan was the largest. There was no harvest for three years, and there is no hope for this year's harvest. Therefore, Sanyuan's economy went bankrupt to the extreme.The city's commerce was in great decline and never recovered. There was no industry, only some small handicrafts.
2. Sanyuan education was very developed in the past, but now most of the township schools at all levels have been disbanded. There are only two middle schools (five in the past) and four or five primary schools in Sanyuan County, and there are not many students.
3. There are many Hakka residents among the residents. In Beixiang and Xixiang, most of them are from Hubei and Shandong, and they are tenant farmers.
(2) Mihara's work status
1. The party organization, which is now the district committee, has six branches, all located in Wuzi District and Xingzi District. There are more than 70 party members, including six or seven primary school teachers, rich peasants and middle peasants. most.The Sixty Comrades developed after the "September 18th" Incident.Organizations in the cities have not been established since their collapse in 1928.
2. Party reform. Before the "September 18th" incident, the party's work was completely in the hands of old party members, all of whom were rich peasants. After the "September 18th", the provincial party committee sent inspectors to live for a month, held a training class, promoted two poor peasant comrades to participate in the work of the district committee, and the secretary was a peasant comrade (a poor peasant), and the work began.The entire region established the Peasant Anti-Japanese Rescue Congress, and organized more than a thousand volunteers, all of whom were spear darts. However, because of the inspector's rich peasant line, he put forward the slogan "Yang Hucheng does not go out of the customs to resist the Japanese, and we will not give money" to prevent the deepening of the peasant struggle. ——Go up the stage of dividing grain and even dividing land.Due to the wrong political line, it turned out that the complete transformation of the party was finally impossible.In fact, the leadership of the party is still controlled by old party members. They do not lead the masses in struggle at all. They call on comrades in branches to dig graves (digging ancient tombs of dead people), and the district committees distribute the spoils, which discredits the party's prestige among the masses.District committees and branches cannot be opened frequently, and even if they are opened, it is only a formality. If any practical problems of the branch cannot be solved, the party's leadership will become a problem.In April of this year, the Provincial Party Committee decided that I should organize the Weibei Special Committee.After I arrived in Sanyuan, I first conducted a thorough inspection of all crimes committed by the old Bolshevik gentry and rich peasants in the district committee, and finally announced the dissolution of the district committee, leaving only the secretary and Comrade Huang Ziwen, who had just returned from Peiping. (Peasant leader, current political commissar of the fifth detachment of the guerrilla army) was in charge, convened a joint meeting of the branch secretaries, and conducted a detailed inspection of all the work of the district committee, which aroused discussions among the various branches. Work, the main work at that time was to distribute food, consolidate and expand the organization of the peasant federation, prepare to welcome the work of the guerrillas, and recruit new party members.Among these major tasks, branch work is established.In this struggle, promote new active cadres and re-establish new district committees.As a result of such reforms, within 20 days, ten active cadres were promoted, and an extensive grain distribution struggle was launched, confiscating more than 200 shi of grain from the rich peasants and landlords in the entire region and distributing it to poor peasants, hired peasants, middle peasants, and coolies.The peasants' federation has grown to more than 600 people, and the number of peasants' armed forces has increased to more than 1,500 people. The masses' fighting spirit is burning like fire.In this kind of struggle, the branch can play a leading role, often discuss the party's strategy, and the comrades in the branch can actively participate in the work.The leaders of the district committee have also become stronger. Every time the branch meets, the district appoints someone to attend to help the branch solve all work problems.Activist meetings and party secretary joint meetings are held once a week, and life within the party has also become tense.This transformation has achieved a lot in a short period of time.But in this transformation, there is still the most serious weakness, that is, the collective leadership of the party has not been established, Comrade Huang's work is done by himself, and the newly promoted cadres have not been given the best in the process. The education provided them with the ability to work independently. As a result, Comrade Huang left and felt helpless at work. The provincial party committee recently sent inspections to help the work of the new district party committee.
3. In recent work, the Provincial Party Committee has concentrated its efforts to lead the Weibei guerrilla warfare centered on Wuzi District.The current struggle situation is even more different. After the guerrillas went south, they had the most profound and broad influence on the peasants. The masses organized armed organizations.At the same time, the Kuomintang government is well aware that the peasant struggle in Sanyuan is the most terrifying force at present. When deploying a new guerrilla team for encirclement and suppression, it must first attack the Wuzi area on the rear defense. Organize peasant guerrillas to merge with the guerrilla areas in the Shensi-Kansu Border Region.
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