Chapter 16 Appendix II: Report of Deputy Director Jatov on Studying the Adjustment of the 1959 Plan (Record Draft)

(On the morning of June 17 and 18, 1959, at the meeting of cadres above the section chief of the Planning Commission) The Wuchang meeting decided that everyone has studied it, and the report on the adjustment of the 1959 plan has been distributed.The Planning Committee is going to organize all comrades to study this report from today to June 20. The content of the 1959 plan is very rich and there is much to learn.During the Wuchang meeting, the chairman (note: refers to Chairman Mao Zedong. The same below) instructed to study two books in the "Party Newsletter".I feel that many new problems have arisen between our planning work and economic life, and that we cannot solve these problems well if we do not study well.Last year, it was advocated to combine reality with fiction. This is a question of combining theory and practice.Without advanced theories, our practical actions cannot be well guided.Last year's Great Leap Forward, this year is too nervous, what is the problem?We are going to carry out the 1960 plan and the second five-year plan. If these questions are not correctly answered and understood correctly, we will fail to do so.

Today I would like to combine the discussion of the party group, the spirit of what Director Li (Fuchun) said, and talk about the problems raised by comrades in the study and the problems I thought of in the past.Prepare to speak your mind, speak the truth.There may be something wrong with what I said, but I just want to study with you.The so-called "knowledge" means learning and questioning, arguing and arguing.If it is admitted that there is a contradiction, there will be an argument.Controversy is not a bad thing, it is a good thing.Recently, there are different opinions in the committee, which is very good. There is no need to make a fuss. There are many contradictions in the work of the planning committee. If there is no dispute, it is an illusion.No argument is detrimental to our work.For some issues, it is impossible to argue about which one is right and which one is wrong at once, and it must be proved through practice.Let our minds be lively, otherwise, our brains will be empty.Over the past year, many things have not been well understood. After a period of practice, my mind is clearer.Quite a time has been "philosophical poverty"—the poverty of the mind.Many things seem to be believed.

The 1959 plan was the earliest we worked out, starting in June last year.It has been a whole year since the second meeting of the "Eighth National Congress".Over the past year, plans have been made several times.The Beidaihe meeting determined the steel output to be 20,500 to 30 million tons; the planning meeting determined 30 million tons, and the next report will be 39 million tons; the Wuchang meeting made some adjustments and determined it to be 20 million tons; Eighteen million tons, including 16.5 million tons of good steel.After the ordering meeting, I felt that there were still problems with 16.5 million tons. After returning, Director Li arranged for us to find out what problems were there with 16.5 million tons. After the Central Finance and Economics Group clarified and implemented them, it has now occurred Such an adjustment plan was proposed - the steel output was 13 million tons.This is not yet an official revision plan.The official plan has already been approved by the National People's Congress, and it is not good to revise it.In fact, a change has taken place.According to the situation of the order meeting in the first and second quarters, plus the forecast for the second half of the year, the raw materials will be allocated according to the spirit of implementation, and the production level and capital construction projects will be determined.

Capital construction projects used to be more than 1,200 projects, which were deployed at 18 million tons (steel).Now there are 780 projects above the quota, and others are postponed or discontinued.The front line must be shortened according to the current production situation and the possibility of raw material supply. According to this arrangement, by the end of the year, it is estimated that iron can reach 20 million tons (if not, it will be difficult to guarantee 13 million tons of steel); good or bad steel); nine million tons of steel.I also studied the other main varieties and made some adjustments.This is only as a prediction.How much can be accomplished depends on the efforts in the second half of the year, on the mutual relationship and balanced results.

What does the process of formulating and adjusting the 1959 plan show?It shows that the plan for 1959 was set on the high side, "on the high side" - this is what the outside world said, but it was actually too high.Since January this year, there have been many tensions in the national economy due to the high level.A lot of these tensions seem to have something to do with our over-planning. During the Beidaihe meeting, the people's communes and the Taiwan Strait issue were focused on, and the issue of planning was not discussed more.At the Wuchang meeting, the chairman noticed it and proposed to reduce it from 30 million tons (steel) to 20 million tons (steel).I remember that at that time, the plan of producing 400 million tons (steel) in 15 years was proposed. The chairman was surprised when he heard it. What is the basis for it?Therefore, there was no discussion either.During the Wuchang meeting, the chairman's speech was very thorough.After I came back, I made minor adjustments, but no major changes.Later, it was held at the Shanghai Conference, and after implementation, it has made great progress compared to the original one.

But can we safely say that the current implementation indicators are very reliable?Is the estimate too low, is it too high?This problem still exists and needs to be further studied. Our original plan was set too high or too high, and we have the responsibility to sum up experience and lessons from it well, so as to ensure that starting from 1960, we can gradually improve the planning work. Because every time the plan is proposed by us, it is the basis for the central government to decide the issue.But our work is faulty, and we have not done a good job of comprehensive balance. Of course, you can't be intimidated by the problems that have happened now, and you can't hate the sky and complain.In general, this paragraph is also inevitable.Last year, the whole party set up industry, and the whole party focused on planning, industry, and agriculture. There were many things.However, economic work is more complicated, and it is inevitable that problems will not occur.As Chairman Mao said, a wise man will turn around when he hits a snag.Beforehand Zhuge Liang was a saint, but afterwards Zhuge Liang was at least a sage.So our greatest triumphs are these failures as we know them.If all comrades in the party can learn from it, defeat will turn into victory.We are comprehensive agencies, and we have the responsibility and the possibility to be sensitive to these lessons.

Why are our plans overdone? 1.First of all, in terms of the way of thinking, it is basically a contradiction between the subjective and the objective.In the past, we talked about "subjective initiative", but subjective initiative should not exceed objective possibility.At the Wuchang meeting, the chairman said that there are two possibilities, one is real and the other is false.Only when the subjective initiative fully reflects the objective reality can the subjective and the objective be consistent.It must not be imagined subjectively: to give an order, if you want to listen to us, you must first understand it and know it, and then you can control it and use it.It can be seen from this that the subjectivity is active precisely because it correctly understands the law of development of objective things and correctly reflects objective possibilities.When this possibility does not exist objectively, then our subjectivity cannot be "active".If you move reluctantly, you will become reckless, and reckless movement will lead to passivity.To be passive is to be restrained by objective necessity and fall into the kingdom of necessity, so there is no freedom.

When we talk about the emancipation of the mind, the basic one is the leap from the kingdom of necessity to the kingdom of freedom.The Chairman said that the relationship between freedom and necessity is worthy of study by our comrades doing planning work.The drop of the steel index from 20 million tons to 13 million tons proves this. The subjective assumption is too big, and the comprehensive balance is not well carried out, and it is not analyzed and studied as an objective necessity.Regarding this point, we should have the courage to take up this responsibility, recognize what the problem is, and then answer the question.Answering the question is the victory of our planning work.

Plan adjustments are inevitable and necessary.As the chairman said last time, the situation of leaping forward requires our comrades in planning work to be resourceful and decisive, to leave room for war, not to fight unprepared battles, and to advance in waves; .These questions are addressed to our economic work and also to comrades engaged in planning work.It's actually a criticism. In the past, our level was low and our consciousness was not yet high.Starting from the Beidaihe meeting, the chairman encouraged our enthusiasm and struggled against our subjective one-sidedness. He once criticized an article we wrote, thinking that we lacked research on the problem, and asked us to study industry well.But things pass by, without understanding the significance of the question.During the Wuchang meeting, we were asked to read two books; the plan should be based on a reliable foundation; the proportional relationship should be adjusted; revolutionary enthusiasm and drive should be combined with calm scientific analysis.However, we are not aware enough.The Shanghai meeting also talked about the problem of working methods, pointing out that there is no correct working method if there is a general line, and the general line cannot be done well.At the Beijing meeting, we also talked about metaphysics and dialectics, and asked everyone to delve into the problems, fully expose contradictions, analyze contradictions, and then resolve contradictions.According to the chairman's instruction, we should analyze and understand the source of the current tense situation from the perspective of thinking and how to improve it, which will be very helpful to our work.

2.The biggest shortcoming in our working methods is that we have not followed the mass line in our planning work.This point was not done well in the first five years. In 1958, the mass line was implemented in appearance, but it was not implemented in reality.As far as the planning committee is concerned, every time the plan is adjusted and changed, the time is very tight, and there is no time to talk to some comrades below (first of all, the comrades inside the planning committee). Tons of things don't show up.In the end, it is inevitable to be "indecisive". The connection with the various ministries is not so close, and sometimes it is just to make a decision.Listen to the opinions of the comrades in the planning departments of the various ministries, and we have not done enough.This time the 1960 plan is planned to be linked with the planning departments of the various ministries and the provincial and municipal planning commissions.Working behind closed doors, it's hard to get the plan right.

The chairman once asked, do we have any experience and do we have a mass line?It cannot be said that there is no experience, but it has been lost since last year. He only listens to positive words, not negative words, only listens to the opinions of the majority, and does not pay enough attention to the opinions of the minority.From the perspective of the party group, I feel that there are shortcomings in the internal and external working methods.Due to this shortcoming, our brains cannot fully reflect the situation, and contradictions cannot be clearly exposed.In planning work, if there are no contradictions, there will be nothing to write about.Contradictions exist objectively. Planning should be resourceful and decisive.How can we be resourceful? If we don't think about it, we can't talk about resourcefulness.Without resourcefulness, without exposing problems, there can be no talk of good judgment.How to judge?The chairman often said, "Listen to both, you will be bright, and listen to one side, you will be dark."It is not enough for the planning committee to also listen.Everything related to the national economy should be known.In the past, it was always easy to forget this point in practice, and the understanding was not deep. As for some specific business methods in the planning work, during this period, I did not pay attention to them, and did not pay attention to quotas and calculations. 3.In addition to the problems of thinking methods and working methods, the basic problem is that they have not studied Marxism-Leninism and Chairman Mao's thoughts well, such as "On Contradiction" and "On Practice". During a period of time, we avoided conflicts and were not so willing to reveal them.Now it seems that the balance of the national economic plan is to put aside the contradictions in all aspects.The Chairman said that contradiction is the basic law of the development of things, without contradiction, life stops.Now we are messing around, and there are many contradictions in production. The biggest problem at present is coal; the biggest problem in capital construction is timber; steel is not the most prominent problem, of course, the variety of steel is also a big problem.Pay attention to when to grasp what kind of main contradiction.Is it possible for us to gradually foresee these contradictions in the future?It is possible.As long as experience is summed up well, objective laws are not unknowable. To practice.The chairman has long foreseen that it will not work to produce 30 million tons (steel), but to produce 20 million tons and announce 18 million tons, but we are hindsight.After further practice, I saw various problems and retreated.Back, in fact, is forward, it is compressed air, to truly reflect the objective possibility.Implemented, because the original is to fall through the cracks.Pay close attention to practice.Looking at it now, the "time" in the first half of the year will no longer come, and the opportunity in the second half of the year must not be missed.Half of 1959 has passed, and there are still two quarters left in the second half of the year, depending on the development of the situation in the third and fourth quarters; if we have a good understanding and proper arrangements, the situation can be changed.Otherwise, there will be losses. To expose contradictions and analyze problems, only with analysis can we find difficulties.Our cause is so big that it will not be without difficulties.Talking about difficulties is of course not to be afraid of difficulties or to be discouraged. On the contrary, only when you see difficulties can you do everything possible.All results cannot be attributed to strength.There are various methods of medical treatment, including qigong, but qigong alone is not enough, and physiotherapy is also needed.And if you have the energy to be energetic, you must also have ambition.The current Great Leap Forward also reflects the aspirations of the 600 million people under the leadership of the Communist Party. In planning work, this condition must be taken into account; on the other hand, technical conditions must also be considered, and new problems in the economy must be paid attention to.What is balance is to consider many contradictions.According to this lesson, pay attention to "opportunities must not be missed, and the time will never come again"; some "opportunities" were seized in the first half of the year and some were lost, and we must grasp them well in the second half of the year. Otherwise, we will not be able to get rid of the passive. Therefore, leaving "On Contradiction" and "On Practice" violates Marxism-Leninism and Chairman Mao's thinking.During the Nanning Conference and the Chengdu Conference, the chairman said that materialism should be respected and dialectics should be paid attention to. This actually requires a process in practice.The reduction of the steel quota from 20 million tons to 13 million tons is a process of understanding. 4.The relationship between planning indicators and the general line.Under the leadership of Chairman Mao, the party went through the first five-year plan and created a set of general lines for socialist construction on the basis of completing socialist transformation and gaining experience in the first five years.household name.The chairman said that "going all out and striving for the top" is an ideology, and "doing more, faster, better and more economically" is the basic economic strategy.In construction, the words "more, faster, better and more economical" cannot be separated.The practice of last year and this year and a half has proved that this is completely correct, and it expresses the aspirations of the 600 million people under the leadership of the Communist Party.Our construction should be done more quickly, because we have many good conditions, experience and help from the Soviet Union.We should emancipate our minds and get rid of superstitions.In the past, there was a superstitious belief in foreign countries, "foreign" people and "foreign" things. Everything is "foreign" good, and everything that is good is "foreign", and "native" is not good.To get rid of superstition, the speed of the United Kingdom and the United States is nothing to worry about.This sentence played a great role in mobilizing the masses. However, when problems arise, it is impossible not to infiltrate some microorganisms, and some non-proletarian things cannot but grow.Advocating emancipation of the mind has also "released" some scientific things, and broken some reasonable rules and regulations, resulting in a considerable degree of exaggeration.Later, the "communist wind" blew up, not only in the countryside, but also in the cities.This trend is not of the proletariat, but of the egalitarianism of the petty bourgeoisie, such as "one leveling, two adjustments and three collections".The production order of some factories is very bad, and a lot of waste products have appeared.In the past, some unreasonable relationships between people were broken, but normal organizational leadership, business management, science and technology, etc. should not be broken casually. The mass line combined with centralized leadership.In some units, there is only the mass line and no centralized leadership.The chairman said that it is now in a state of semi-anarchy, free from the constraints of the government, and absolutely free.Every place and every enterprise has its own planning, which is not restricted.Everyone is free, and the result is no freedom.To engage in large-scale industry, how can we do it without centralized leadership and a game of chess. The general line cannot be shaken, and at no time can we say that we should not go all out and strive for the top, but to reduce the delay fee.Only by following the requirements of the general line, combined with actual work, and adding some possible conditions, can we find a correct development speed. The speed is also wave-like.In general, production is growing, with highs and lows in different conditions from year to year.The entire national economy is interconnected, and there must be a proportional relationship so that each link can adapt to each other.Agriculture can be done alone, but industry cannot be done alone. They are mutually dependent, and we cannot abstractly think that the more the better.The number and level of specific indicators, and how well we estimate the reality, are major issues related to whether the general line can be correctly implemented.Don't worship high indicators superstitiously. The general line is correct, it reflects the reality and also reflects the future.These are: (1) social production relations have changed; (2) production has been greatly improved; (3) poor and empty, but rich in resources and rich in resources; (4) the leadership of the party and the enthusiasm of the masses; experience (including the experience of socialist countries such as the Soviet Union, and even the experience of capitalist countries).All this has been proved by one year's practice.However, such a general line cannot specifically answer what to do each year. We still need to be active and reliable, advanced and realistic.In the past, only advanced, not so reliable.Whether it is possible or not is something that our planning agencies should grasp. It is impossible for a region or a department to fully see whether it is possible. Special attention should be paid to the concentrated reflection of the research and analysis of material technology.It is necessary to consider not only energy, enthusiasm, but also reliability, both hot and cold.Don't think that heat is positive and cold is negative. The two aspects should be well combined.As far as our planning agencies are concerned, we must pay special attention to the word "cold".Communists, who hasn't been hot yet?Conservatism is subjectivism, and underestimation is also subjectivism.Sometimes more than less.This is a pain. Human factors and material factors should be fully considered.In the past year, we have considered a lot of human factors, but not enough consideration of material factors. The saying "it depends on man's effort" is correct, but to what extent is "for"?In a certain period, there are different conditions in different situations.There is a factory in Tianjin with the slogan "As long as you can think it, you can do it".It is wrong to see things but not people, but it is also wrong to see people and not see things. High and low are not abstract, but the result of concrete comparison.It is impossible for the economic figures to be 100% accurate. If it is lower or higher, it should be adjusted.In short, to truly implement the general line, we must analyze human, material and technical factors well, and then come to a judgment.Only when subjective initiative and objective possibility are combined and unified instead of opposed can the requirements of the general line be reflected.Any aspect that is neglected will bring losses. 5.How can we build the 1960 plan on a reliable basis? As the Chairman said, there are two possibilities, one is real and the other is false.In order to base the plan on a solid basis, it is necessary to distinguish between these two possibilities. The boundary line is: Is it Marxist-Leninist or is it subjectivist?False possibilities are subjectivist rather than Marxist-Leninist. Possibilities should be a comprehensive study of productivity and production relations.The relationship of production is a political factor, which must be taken into account. If there is no energy and enthusiasm, other things will not be discussed.Under the conditions of individual farmers, the enthusiasm for production was not high, but now it is high, because they are no longer working for the landlord.It is necessary to see the relationship and interaction between the lower foundation and the superstructure.This is known in the study of political economy.Politics and economy must be combined, and people and things must be combined.The combination of people and things, things and things, and people and people should also be combined.When we talk about proportional relationships, we mostly talk about the relationship between objects. If one thing is improved, other things must be improved accordingly, otherwise it is impossible.It is not enough to consider only one type of machine, but also to have matching accessories; to have equipment, to have a factory building; to install the machine in the house, to consider fuel power; Enterprises have become a set, start the machine, but also consider human and technical issues.It should be admitted that our current technical level is still very low compared with the capitalist countries.We're going to catch up.In the past, we made mistakes in some respects. We paid more attention to the infrastructure and material technology, settled dead scores, paid attention to the material aspect, and neglected the role of politics.But, conversely, if one only pays attention to the superstructure and political factors, but ignores or ignores the aspect of things, one will also commit the error of subjectivism.Both tendencies can have adverse economic consequences.Since imperialism is still surrounding us and requires us to speed up our construction, if it is objectively possible, if we do not do it, we will commit the mistake of conservatism.It is also wrong to go beyond the objective possibility.The chairman said that whatever can be won through subjective efforts must be won; on the other hand, if it is overdone, it will also have adverse consequences.If the basic construction front is stretched so long, it will be dismounted. In 1956, the scale was not as large as it is now.The main mistake in 1956 was to fight against rash advances, which dampened the enthusiasm of the masses. However, on the other hand, the basic construction and market arrangements in 1956 were generally not very flawed.Overall, adjustments are necessary.At that time, the chairman said, we only have so much money and so much material, and we can only do things according to the possibility.Without such an adjustment, we would not be able to accumulate strength in 1957, and it would be difficult to make a leap forward in 1958.At that time, it was said: "It is easy to get on a horse, but it is difficult to get off a horse." When you get on a horse, everyone is elated;In 1959, it was even larger than in 1956, and the current scale of capital construction has retreated from that of the Wuchang Conference, but it is still a very large scale, due to layer upon layer increase.Judging from the adjustment of the plan, if the current construction scale can be fully utilized in the second five years, it will mean the level of 30 million tons of steel in 1962.It is a difficulty now, but in the future, unfavorable conditions will turn into favorable conditions.Once the sets are matched and the house is built, you can go up again.The Prime Minister said that our basic construction can be divided into four steps: 1.Dismount; 2.Take a break; 3.4. walk slowly;To guarantee a part, you must walk fast. Be aware of the consequences.Some consequences we have not yet anticipated.To analyze well.Now one is to get on the horse, and the other is to get off the horse. The problem is not the dismounting, but the getting on.Some parts of 1956 should not have been played, but a considerable part should have been played.In terms of labor force, the number of workers increased by more than 2 million at that time, compared with the increase of more than 20 million in 1958, which weakened the strength of agriculture.In industry, the productivity of labor has fallen and the level of technology has fallen.The shortage of certain products and the tight market are all related to these.It is planned to reduce the number of people by 10 million. Otherwise, the market supply cannot be eased. The plan is not well controlled and the order is too large.In the past, the control was too strict, and all the money spent passed through it, but once it was "released", more than 20 million people were involved. There is no country in the world like ours, which is almost equal to a dozen Albanias.Blindness is great, more than that.To realize this deeply is a great victory.After practice, it was possible to get in in 1960.How many years have we fought in the past. 6. "Conditionalism" problem.We have raised this question when analyzing the technical conditions of matter.Originally, this was not a problem.In the past, newspapers published articles of this type called against "conditionalism".Politics is the condition, and the economy is also the condition. It is wrong for us to pay attention to the political conditions and not the economic conditions, or to only pay attention to the economic conditions and not pay attention to the political conditions, when we engage in planning business.Conversely, if we deny "conditionalism", can we engage in "unconditionalism"?I don't think this is right.Marxism pays attention to time, place, and conditions, which cannot be modified.Is there something that exists unconditionally apart from time and conditions?Haven't thought of it yet.The last time I went to Tianjin, I talked with a grassroots cadre. He always talked about his motivation first, and he dared not raise any conditions, for fear of criticizing him from above.I said let’s talk about it, and then the air was different, and some questions were raised.When talking with others, don't be afraid of them asking for conditions, but let them ask, and the more complete and complete the better. The chairman has said in the past that politics and economy are mutually conditional, and politics and economy cannot be opposed. One is the foundation and the other is the superstructure.The development and changes of anything in the world (including the economy) are conditional.What to develop, what to increase, if you don't pay attention to the conditions, it will become subjectivism and idealism. When discussing the 1959 plan at the secretariat, the Premier also mentioned this point. Last year's Great Leap Forward emancipated the mind and abolished superstition, but many comrades did not pay so much attention to time, place, and conditions.We can't think that we can finish the things we need to do in five years in one year.There is still a cycle in the production of the machinery industry. Large machines and small machines are manufactured for three, four, five, and eight months respectively, and all aspects must be put together, adapted to each other, and well arranged. The time can be shortened. If the arrangement is not good, the time will be shortened. extend.The training of skilled workers also takes a certain amount of time. 7.Excessively high planning targets are a manifestation of subjectivism.I remember when I rectified the Three Styles in Yan'an, I said that carelessness is a manifestation of subjectivism, and subjectivism is a manifestation of impure party spirit. We should seriously understand this point.Why it is so high, basically in the following three aspects, the estimate is unrealistic. First, the existing production capacity is overestimated, but it has been proved that there are not so many (metallurgy, machinery, etc.).Therefore, when working on the 1960 plan, each bureau and the ministry should do a good job of studying how much capacity they have. At the same time, they should not look at capabilities in isolation, such as smelting capabilities. The capabilities of open hearth furnaces and converters also depend on the capabilities of mines, transportation, and coking.It is also necessary to find out how capable the machinery industry is.For power generation equipment, some comrades said at the time that it was impossible to build so many, but most comrades said it was still possible, and Comrade Jing Lin had doubts.Every bureau should have the courage to say yes or no, and speak boldly about objective facts, otherwise, our agencies will remain silent.You can't strive to be wise beforehand, but if you expose contradictions and explain the truth clearly, you can strive to be wiser after the fact. Second, the estimate of new production capacity is too fast.Initially, 30% was considered to rely on new production capacity, but the first five years was only about 10%.After Comrade Chen Yun said this, the chairman was very interested.Now it has been proved that relying on so many new capabilities is not enough. Third, about small soil groups.The ministries have placed great hopes on the small soil groups. Now it seems that the "small soil groups" will run industries by all the people. If this continues, farmers will come to run industries, capital, labor, and handicrafts will be brought in, and state-owned enterprises will stop working. There is a big contradiction. In agriculture, last year was indeed a great leap forward, and it was indeed a bumper harvest.It was originally estimated that there were more than 700 billion catties of grain, but now it has been proved that there is not that much. The chairman estimates that it is only 470 to 480 billion catties.To verify, waste is also created due to overestimation.After the food was harvested, three dry meals were eaten with open stomachs.When the iron and steel industry was in operation, food was eaten everywhere and thrown away everywhere.Planting too close together also wastes some seeds.Because of the overestimation, "it is a false name, but it is a real disaster." With such a painful experience, you will be fine. The chairman said that rich life should be poor. Attention must be paid to agricultural problems next year from now on.Now the Prime Minister is directly focusing on agriculture and plans to build more agricultural machinery and fertilizers.The entire agriculture should be solved in three stages within ten years: a small solution in four years, a medium solution in seven years, and a major solution in ten years.Agriculture didn't pass the test.Farming is not as easy as we think. The industry walks on two legs and the big, medium and small remain the same, but the big is the outline.The economic basis of socialism is based on large-scale industry.When considering speed, it is not enough to only consider small blast furnaces.Pay attention to the constant balance.Of the more than 11 million tons of steel last year, there were three components: (1) the main force was still the 5.3 million tons of Dayang Furnace (in 1957); Three million tons of foreign furnaces; (3) more than two million tons of small soil groups.This year, the proportion of soil and steel is very small.Now, in order to reach 13 million tons, it is necessary to consider how to increase the level of the flat converter; secondly, to pass the converter and the blast furnace.Basically rely on existing capabilities. When the 1959 plan was formulated, there were also many unexpected factors.The fourth quarter is the climax of the iron and steel industry. The Wuchang meeting was held at the end of December. What is the actual situation?I still don't know what to do.For 11 million tons (steel) there are no studies.At that time, I also realized some new problems, and I didn't have time to study them.In March this year, the Bureau of Heavy Industry and the Bureau of Statistics jointly compiled a data on the steel industry.When working on the 1960 plan this time, I hope to have a look at the situation in each industry: what happened in the first five years, and what happened in 1958.When the materials are produced, they can communicate with each other, and only by exposing contradictions can they be resolved.This point was not paid enough attention in the past, and now we have to make up lessons. Contradictions cannot be covered up. Therefore, when considering plans for next year, we must first work hard to calculate the existing production capacity.Most of the infrastructure construction currently arranged is for next year. It is necessary to combine the existing capacity with the new capacity for next year to consider the speed of next year, and do it as accurately as possible.In each industry, key enterprises play a decisive role.To get to the bottom of the truth, to avoid falsehood.Some comrades assume that it doesn't matter if the setting is a little higher.If the difference is too far, the fall will have a great impact. Comrade Fuchun said, what is the Great Leap Forward?Does it have to be doubled?The annual rate of 25% of the industry is the Great Leap Forward. (The first five-year average rate was 19.2 percent). It is impossible to combine the virtual with the real, and it is not enough to only abstract the virtual without combining it with the reality. "Virtual" should not form emptiness, which is not practical.The emptiness creates the "illusory realm of emptiness" in Li, Jia Baoyu dreams, from nothing to existence, from existence to nothing, seemingly real but not real, true and false, seemingly non-existent. Being able to criticize yourself and figure things out is a big win.This is a big deal for millions of people.To go through practice.The revolutionary war has also gone through decades, and it was not until the "Seventh National Congress" that it gained complete experience.With experience, the progress of the war will be faster; the same is true for economic construction, with experience, it will be faster. 8.The Great Leap Forward and the proportional development problem. Great Leap Forward is basically good.But many new problems have emerged, and a disproportion has occurred.At the Wuchang Conference, it was pointed out that when arranging the 1959 plan, attention should be paid to adjusting the proportional relationship.In general, the Great Leap Forward cannot be opposed to proportionality.The Great Leap Forward must be proportional, and the Great Leap Forward cannot be achieved without proportionality. This problem is essentially the relationship between speed and proportion.According to the requirements of the general line, what is the growth rate every year?We set the level of steel for the second five-year period at 10 million tons, and the five-year plan was completed in 1958.But last year, the amount of good steel was 8 million tons (the Bureau of Heavy Industry said 7.4 million tons).According to Comrade Fu Chun, an annual rate of 25 percent is the Great Leap Forward.Speed ​​cannot be separated from the objective basis.According to the situation in the past eight months, we have not grasped the bottom line, and we must gradually grasp it. In 1958, the Great Leap Forward was launched, and the people of the whole country really mustered their energy.If we analyze it in detail, there are indeed many problems. It is necessary to better grasp the essence of the problems and conduct good research to answer some questions.In this way, the experience of 58 years should be absorbed more comprehensively (both positive and negative), so as to strive for both the Great Leap Forward and proportionality in the future. This year we have to adjust the ratio to ensure a leap forward, so the speed is naturally not as high as last year.Pay attention not only to quantity but also to quality.In 1958, 7.4 million tons of unqualified steel were removed. Last year, some converters did not work.If the basic construction is carried out according to the leap forward in 1958, there will be many "kelang pigs" who will not grow up. We have to calculate when these "kelang pigs" will be filled.If the proportional relationship is well adjusted, the imbalance can be gradually reduced, otherwise it will gradually expand.An industry cannot be called too prominent. 9.Contradictory issues between how much, how fast, better and less.More, faster, better and more economical is a unified whole, and of course there are contradictions.Since the fourth quarter of last year, product quality has declined considerably, especially steel quality.That is to say, I only paid attention to how fast it is, and ignored the good savings.Iron cannot become steel.There are three kinds of iron, and the sulfur content does not exceed 0.2 is qualified iron, but the international standard does not have more than 0.1.But if this is the case, the pass rate will be lower.At the same time, there is also a combination of iron, that is, iron from 0.3 to 0.4. Can it be used?The quality of other coal, cement and other products is also very bad, and they are returned after going abroad, which affects the international reputation.Since May, the central government has also focused on quality issues.Of course, there are also some complicated technical problems in quality, which cannot be solved at once.总路线的多快好省是统一的，如果没有好省，多快也不是真正的多快。有些单位只追求多快，似乎生产只是为了献礼。基本建设项目，搞好多，究竟什么时候能投入生产，不摸底。只要是好东西，成本大一点，一个顶一个。价廉物美，不能价不廉物又不美，宁可价不廉物要美。高炉小，风不多，焦炭用得多，铁含硫高，就像人身得瘤病一样的不得了。炼焦煤必须经过洗选。如果用的焦炭少，降低含硫，铁的质量可提高。 多快好省关系到各个方面，如工业布局的合理与否，也决定能不能多快好省。去年工业遍地开花，把原材料吃光了，劳动力、运输力都占用上。天天喊执行总路线，实际上执行一半甚至没有执行。质量不好到底是不是多快好省？质量不好就是最大的浪费。地区分布谁先谁后，应当有个排队。我们就是这么多材料，如果用得好，明年的项目都能投入了生产，迅速发挥作用；否则，不适应的多搞，许多项目都不能投入生产，实际上是又慢又差又费。以后，在设计上也要分清好坏，不能混在一块。 体制也同多快好省有关系。条块应该统一起来。两放，有好的一面，但是也放了些小资产阶级的东西，把原来好的东西也放掉了。体制下放，有积极作用，但是有些企业不一定全是地方性的，是为全国服务的。同时不仅中央往省下放，省又放到专区，专区放到县，县放到社。有些现象，同多快好省有矛盾。商业也下放了。 总路线是速度问题，也包括质量。 10.需要同可能问题，过去常讲需要同可能，大跃进以来，“可能”讲得少了。两者都应该兼顾。只讲可能不讲需要是错误的，保守的，反过来，只讲需要不讲可能，也会犯盲目性的错误。 需要是无限的，无止境的，但是能满足多大程度？要考虑可能，不能设想要多少就能搞多少。 要把需要同可能加以平衡。需要多少，最大需要多少？可能多少，最大可能多少？如果材料就这么多，“巧妇难为无米之炊”，就不能保证最大需要。不能一步登天，走路要一步一步，这是常情。去年讲：“人有多大胆，地有多大产”，这是主观主义。听数字也是听高不听低。热情积极性是需要的，但是作为计划机关就不能一个劲地跟着这样热下去，要冷一些。注意科学的方法。过去也有点不敢讲“可能”、“可靠”，就怕有“保守”的嫌疑，现在看起来，“保守”是留有余地，总不能把国家储备叫作保守，“保守”还是有油水的。 11.计划方法问题（拟放在后面讲）。 12.研究苏联的经验与总结自己的经验问题。总的说，苏联四十年经验，有了一套经验，我们还没有一套。当然它也有缺点，它在掌握了物质技术之后，对于政治，对于并举，群众路线方面，注意得较差。但无论怎样，还是十个指头中的一个指头的问题。我们在群众路线，政治挂帅等方面，假定比他强，但在掌握有计划按比例注意科学技术方面似乎比他差的。去年有一阵，似乎觉得苏联那一套什么都不如我们。因此今后还必须继续学习。有些技术上的东西，本来，已经得到了苏联的资料，但是放在那里，非要自己搞一套。气势太高，不可一世，这样对自己没有好处。孔明挥泪斩马谡，马骄傲，不听王平意见，把一个阵地失掉，调度失灵，后来，按兵法斩了。孔明当时还记得刘备临死时讲：马言过其实，不可重用，志大才疏。我们去年是否有马谡的味道呢？苏联是第一个社会主义国家，如果在自己的第一个五年经验的基础上加上很好地学习苏联的经验，就会搞的更好。今后，不要忽视苏联的经验，不要忽视自己的第一个五年经验。过去的生产基建，经济生活基本上比较稳定，要做到在稳定上不保守，跃进中注意比例。老路不能完全否定，新路不能完全肯定，要从这两方面找出正确道路。 不能完全排除苏联的经验，当然它有失败的经验，就是这些，对于我们也是有积极作用的，它已经走过的弯路，我们可以不再去走。 有些问题，是有个否定之否定的过程，但是一些技术经验，管理经验不能否定。 13.一九五八年大跃进经验的总结问题。 在学习中，有人对一九五八年大跃进提出应当怎样估计？这在武昌会议上已经作了估计。当然主席在南宁、成都会议上讲过，总路线要经过几年、十年二十年来证明它。大跃进中的失调，是个发展过程。所以能大跃进，主要由于总路线深入人心，调动了一切积极因素，工人干劲确实很足。“共产党说到哪里，我们干到哪里”，虽出事故，也是前仆后继的干。工业是大家办，过去少数人办，冷冷清清。既然要群众路线，不叫群众干，怎能群众路线？虽然统计数字有不准确，无论怎样也会高于第一个五年的平均速度百分之十九。 人民公社也是个大的变革，虽有问题，但也很难经过七八个月一下搞好，总要经过三年五年。 国民经济各个方面都是跃进的。 所以要从两方面看，主要的方面是正确的，这是应当肯定的。 但是也应当承认大跃进中产生许多新的矛盾，比例失调，走得太远了些。每个行业里都有很多问题。钢的质量，钢材的质量、品种都有问题，铁变不成钢，钢变不成材，材不易成器。机械工业也跃进，造好多东西，干许多大的东西，但在制造能力和技术上不相适应，由于它造不出大的东西，也很难解决轧钢设备和解决钢材品种问题。动力工业和交通运输赶不上。从国民经济内部来看有四大部门：（1）采掘；（2）加工；（3）交通运输；（4）农业。有长线短线。 机械工业，造了好多主机，配不上套。准备请机械局算算账。 原材料工业同加工业之间也不平衡，有些产品试制成功还不能大量生产，如“东风窑”到底行不行？试制结果应有个交代。 基本建设规模过大，同原材料供应不相适应，应缩短战线。要很好注意后备，上马容易下马难，仓库出货容易进货难，工人招来容易遣散难，工资增加容易减少难。明年计划要考虑，进一步对薄弱环节、长短线之间进一步调整。既然要有计划按比例，就必须这样老老实实的去做。 14.今年一至五月生产与建设实践的研究、分析、总结，对于更好的指导下半年，正确安排一九六〇年和第二个五年，是非常重要的。这项工作，计委、统计局，要配合搞一下。 上半年除了少数产品外，大部分未完成计划。所以完不成，开始讲是松劲问题，后来感到是指标过高了。当然也不能完全推之于客观上。 影响较大的是工业两个“元帅”，一季度钢材一百五十三万吨，分配的更少了，第二季度二百六十万吨，分配按二百五十万吨，一至五月实际日产还未超过二万吨，既按二万吨，下半年还必须增加一百八十万吨，要经过很大的努力。 对其他各行各业也都要算一下。首先煤炭，第一季度是完成计划的，装车数也完成了，但是也有问题，第一季度的完成包含些不正常的因素，第一季度的煤的掘进搞少了。运输方面，短途运输占的比重较大，煤平均运四十公里，运木材平均一千公里。同运什么有关。 机械工业，按计划口径，十一万吨，订货X万吨，材料供应不上。材料利用率也比往年低。材料不全。 总的看，在国民经济出现了紧张的局面： （1）粮食由于高估了，有些浪费。 （2）农业战线有些条件比去年还差，排灌设备不够，肥料不够，劳动力不足，运输力不足。最近主席亲自抓工业支援农业，然后农业支持工业。农业机械要四年小解决、七年中解决、十年大解决。工农业并举，由于工业搞多了，基建搞多了，实际挤了农业。主席讲，搞工业的人离开了农业。 （3）在工业方面，工人干劲还是足的，但是生活有些困难。同时由于生产任务大，设备负荷很高，百分之百以上；许多设备不能及时检修，“轻伤不下火线”但“重伤”也没有医院去治。 （4）材料不足，库存空虚。 （5）质量下降。 （6）雨季准备不足。有些地方由于大雨，交通不便，没有煤。 三季度生产也会有很多困难。二季度的产值还比第一季度下降了。四季度会好些。 （7）交通运输紧张、特别是短途运输紧张。 （8）市场紧张，穿的问题不大，鞋子紧张，女同志都参加工作了，没人做鞋。吃的东西紧张。这些并不难解决。有四十亿购买力平衡不了，经过调整，采取些措施，有二十亿左右。 （9）基本建设战线太长，要缩短。缩短不要泄气，要向大家说清。 （10）储备，不管怎样紧张，如果有大量储备也好办，但是储备不足。 所有这些，将在秋后有所好转。 （11）生产与维修要搞好。 （12）计算生产水平要全面，缺一不可，“巧妇难为无米之炊”，没有煤，饭做不出来。 （13）对于速度问题，要考虑经常的因素和临时因素，如去年收废钢铁三百万吨，今年能不能有这些？去年进口一百五十多万吨钢材，今年是没有这些。煤炭增加许多，但是吃了老本，老本不能经常吃掉。所以生产稳定下来是很主要的。 15.波浪式前进问题。波浪式原因很多，从钢铁方面可以基本回答。以钢为纲的基本问题，是解决钢材问题，小高炉占很多，今年不同，土钢也少了。去年有七百七十万吨钢材，做什么用了，要有个统计，不然没有底。考虑数量、品种、质量、生产与运输，加以平衡的结果，表现了波浪式（或马鞍型），波浪式是存在的。明年又如何？所以跃进是事实，但阵地未巩固。在考虑明年时，要考虑现在阵地巩固到什么程度，对明年有好处。 16.机械工业，原材料数量与品种问题。有了材料，没有设备，制造能力的平衡问题，这个底要摸一下。 17.以钢为纲全面跃进、重点与一般的问题。以钢为纲，纲要举，目要张。有了钢才有了原材料，其他才能上去。在执行中，反映出对以钢为纲的了解不一致。似乎以钢为纲，“纲”就可以不管其他，其他过分让路，“目”怎么能够张。重点与一般，没有重点就没有一般；但没有一般，怎能有重点？“一般”、“目”必须补上去。 18.每年新增能力究竟有多少，过去统计局计算一般百分之十左右。公报上讲，去年全国投入生产的项目有七百多，后来一查有五百多。要摸一下。今年依靠当年新增能力按调整的情况看，也是百分之十左右。要具体摸一下：项目分类、安排力量、技术力量怎样，要算一下。 19.物资后备，要留有余地。在大跃进中，后备少了，钢材五十万吨左右，去年后备少了几十万吨。生产安排，要发挥潜力但应当留有余地。文艺、演戏都留有余地。 搞第一个五年计划去苏联时，斯大林还未死，就向我们讲留有余地。一九五六年的跃进就是由于有了一九五五年的丰收和后备。所以后备问题是个重要教训，有备无患，有实无空。 20.要心中有数。去年职工人数，报给中央的数和实际增加数相差很大。要算账，算账派是不满方面的，但是当权派不算账危险很大。过去，听列宁讲，社会主义就是计算；如果普通人说，那又是算账派了。“计划委员会”，“计”为计算，“划”为筹划，搞来搞去，还要找来大量“算账派”来算。我现在也感到，不能光虚，通过算账，才能合乎实际。统计局搞统计，计委搞指标，都要算账。世界上就是物质，有量有质，经济上要算账，军事上要算账。浪漫主义才是2×2=5，而现实主义是2×2=4。 twenty one.物资分配的体制和管理制度问题。条块有争论。一竿子到底地方反对，各部拥护。到底怎样好，要研究，搞得好些。否则，生产、建设受影响。 twenty two.政治与业务——红与专问题。周总理接见一个矿工出身的在国家机关工作二十多年的一个外宾时说，我们的部长们多数是红而不专。部长真正由企业里来的不多。我们搞计划的也是在总理所讲的红而不专的范围之内。不能当空头政治家，要钻业务。这两方面不能对立起来，应该统一起来。不能只红而不会业务。这就是说，必须把政治工作，群众工作与业务工作结合起来。 政治挂帅与群众路线的结合问题，一个大厂，没有统一领导怎能行！积极性要发挥，也要避免盲目性，没有这些条件，计划管理就是空的。 twenty three. “保守”与过火问题。要做到既不保守又不过火。这两方面的经验我们都有了。 24.计划工作的群众路线，也同其他工作同样的重要。没有群众路线就没有千方百计，集思广益。我们的计划应把千百万群众的积极性创造性反映出来。人民的力量是无穷无尽的，但有了积极性，还必须加上先进的科学技术、物质条件。群众的积极性创造性也不是抽象的概念，必须同具体的物质技术条件结合起来。必须具体反映物质实际。画上可以画一人用双手把高山辟开，但是，实际上必须干劲加上物质技术。 25.劳动、工资、劳动生产率问题。今年增加这些人，明年怎么办？计件工资要考虑。“刮共产风”，“取消资产阶级法权”，这些都要研究。 26.大中小问题。要有个主力，社会主义的基础还是大工业，要有骨干，以大为纲，不能把重点放在小高炉上。去年各地都搞小土群。 27．指标的高低，上马下马、泄气问题。上马劲头很足，下马是否要泄气？不能单纯追求高，如果高切合实际，下马会泄气，但不切合实际，应当下来，要向群众交代清楚。生产指标如果不落实，群众怎么努力也完不成，倒是容易泄气；切合实际，完成了计划，就不会泄气。 “气”，要看什么气，有的气要有“空气压缩机”，武昌会议（钢）由三千万吨压到二千万吨。主席在会上讲得很深刻，务虚不务实，结果务了空，“孙悟空”。 28.虚与实。虚不离实，实不离虚。斯大林讲，要学会以完备的知识运用有计划按比例的规律，我们的知识还不完备。社会主义，恩格斯讲从空想到科学，我们一年来是从科学到空想。要加强理论学习，没有理论，就没有正确的实践。 29.为什么写不好文章？基本原因是把问题没有摸透。没有抓住根本矛盾。现在能不能写出好文章？possible.只要充分暴露出矛盾，为什么没有搞好？要找出经验教训。 计委准备用下半年这个时间总结几条。如果大家都动手，就要在未动手之前，辩论一番，就会有内容。当然文章的技巧安排是个问题，但基本上是内容。要求各局整理些资料，大家都看，可以提出反面意见。重工局专门搞钢材的资料，抓品种与质量，分析去年今年情况。同时，重工局还要提出搞一千万吨钢需要什么条件。每个局都要搞这样的材料。 “书到用时方恨少，事非经过不知难。”这是经验之谈。 不要一下就要求搞出成品，甚至也可以半成品或初步资料。资料搞得好会起很大作用。 两本书，要很好读。 昨天讲了，最大的胜利是所知道的这些失败，失败为成功之母，但我们的目的不是为了失败而是成功。要很好的总结这些经验，这是个很大的代价换来的。吃了豆子拉豆子不行，要消化它。主席的话是指全党来说，没有经验碰了钉子才能转过来；坏事就会变成好事。 一九五六年的经验也要联系起来。反冒进挫伤了群众积极性是不对的，但一九五六年作了调整是必要的。那时虽犯了错误，但是作了控制，积蓄了力量，没有这一点，一九五八年很难大跃进。 对这些经验过程，要研究、总结、议论。学习为了工作，工作也是学习。关于学习问题，李（富春）主任批了几句：“应放手发动大家展开批评、辩论；以虚带实。”我认为这样讨论是正常的，必要的。应该有不同意见，这样才会交锋，坚持真理，改正错误。写的文章还要改三四道，出版了的东西还要更正呢。要毫无顾虑。 现在大字报又不见了。要勇敢。有意见不讲，无非是“五怕”，个人患得患失。要有个新东西，开始不晓得多少人反对。 大家谈，以后像今天这样的四级干部会开它一两次，思想要活泼起来，空气要活泼起来。在我们这个会上，有什么讲什么，不要到外面去讲，免起副作用。 计划方法问题以后再谈。 我个人，也学习了，但一些问题未经过整理，仅作为个人学习感想和意见，有错误请批评。抛砖引玉，每人都可以想几条，可以写文章。