Chapter 10 Chapter 1 Ma Mingfang in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region

In July 1946, Ma Mingfang, an alternate member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China who was released from prison in Xinjiang Province of the Kuomintang, returned to the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region. In November, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China appointed Ma Mingfang as the deputy secretary of the Central Northwest Bureau.At this time, the civil war launched by the Chiang Kai-shek clique of the Kuomintang has fully broken out. : In the following years, under the direct leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Chairman Mao Zedong, Ma Mingfang assisted the main leaders of the party in the northwest, Peng Dehuai, He Long, Xi Zhongxun, and Lin Boqu, to comprehensively lead the defense of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Liberated Area and the liberation of Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia The arduous struggle in the Kuomintang-ruled areas has made new contributions to the party and the people.

Invading and occupying the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region and seizing Yan'an was one of the important strategic goals of the Chiang Kai-shek clique in launching the civil war. On August 2, 1946, the Kuomintang Air Force bombed Yan'an.By October, the enemy forces assembled on the south, west, and north sides of the border area had reached 8 divisions, 23 brigades, 15 security regiments, 2 air brigades, 2 independent artillery regiments, 2 engineering regiments, 1 The armored corps invaded the liberated areas and fought more than 70 times, showing the tendency of "black clouds overwhelm the city and want to destroy it".In this severe situation, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided on November 9 to openly mobilize the party, government, military and civilians in Yan'an to defend Yan'an, and all heavy equipment was evacuated within a month or two. On the 11th, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China convened a meeting of cadres. Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi, Peng Dehuai, and Yang Shangkun spoke at the meeting, calling for mobilization to defend the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region.

In accordance with the spirit of the instructions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, under the chairmanship of Secretary Xi Zhongxun, the Northwest Bureau of the Central Committee held several meetings of the Standing Committee to discuss the situation and combat readiness issues, and specifically deployed various practical tasks for defending the border areas.Ma Mingfang repeatedly emphasized at the meeting of the Standing Committee: The general goal of the Chiang Kai-shek clique is to eliminate our Communist Party and the liberated areas. If they do not eliminate our Communist Party and the liberated areas, they will die.Our policy must be tit-for-tat, insist on defending the liberated areas, and persist in the war of self-defense.This war is certain and inevitable. The question is how we will win, whether we isolate Chiang Kai-shek, or we ourselves are isolated.We must despise U.S. imperialism and Chiang Kai-shek, but we must pay attention to him. This requires serious preparations for war, and we must actively prepare for war spiritually and materially.The time for the enemy to attack Yan'an will not be very far, and there may be a gap of two or three months. We must seize this gap and do a solid job in various combat preparations.Solving the land problem is an important part of the war preparation work. The war preparation work in various places must be carried out in conjunction with the land reform work. At the same time, the masses must be mobilized to do a good job in production.Once this war is fought, it may not be a few months. We must have a long-term plan, save money, and support the war.Many places can be saved, such as government personnel can be greatly reduced, horses can be greatly reduced.Financial expenditure must be comprehensively planned, carefully reviewed, strictly enforced and disciplined, and all human, material and financial resources that can be saved should be saved in order to win the long-term self-defense war.

Ma Mingfang also said: While doing a good job in combat preparations in the liberated areas, we must also send cadres to Ningxia, Suiyuan, Gansu, Guanzhong, Huanglong, and southern Shaanxi Kuomintang-controlled areas.Clean up the party organizations there, correct misunderstandings about the "hidden" policy, and wake up party members to actively participate in party work.It is necessary to publicize and educate the masses, organize secret guerrillas, pay attention to the use of slogans that the masses are eager to organize and carry out mass movements.We must make friends and organize a broad anti-Chiang united front.Use the people's struggle in the Kuomintang-controlled areas to match the self-defense war in the liberated areas.Under the direct leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the combat preparation work in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region has been carried out extensively and deeply.

The broad masses of the people enthusiastically responded to the party's call and actively participated in the struggle to defend the border area.Thousands of young people rushed to join the army, the land reform movement was vigorously carried out, and small groups of the Kuomintang army were bravely defeated or eliminated by local armed forces and militias, and they won the victory of the self-defense war steadily. In October 1946, when the Kuomintang army was plotting to attack Yan'an, Hu Jingduo, the deputy commander of the Northern Shaanxi Security Headquarters of the Kuomintang, accepted the instructions of the Northwest Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Liberate the Kuomintang-controlled areas in the south of Hengshan County and Yulin County, and build Yuheng Special Zone.The special zone has two counties under its jurisdiction, Hengshan and Zhenchuan, and Hu Jingduo is the director of the special zone's political affairs committee.The Yuheng Special Zone is located at the northern end of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region. Consolidating this newly liberated area is very important for safeguarding the security of the northern border area. Therefore, the Northwest Bureau attaches great importance to the consolidation of this new liberated area.

From the end of October to the beginning of November 1946, the Standing Committee of the Northwest Bureau discussed the work of the Yuheng New Area several times.Instructions on the work of Yuheng New District were formed. From January 4 to 7, 1947, the Northwest Bureau held a meeting of the Standing Committee for four consecutive days to discuss the work of Yuheng New District.Ma Mingfang said: Consolidating the new liberated area of ​​Yuheng contains two meanings. One is to mobilize the masses in the new area, solve the land problem, build up the masses' own armed forces, and transform the township regime; Continue to solve the Yulin issue, otherwise the new area will still be in danger of being harassed and invaded by the enemy at any time. Don't think that everything will be fine as long as the people in the new area are mobilized.In the leadership of internal and external work, the special committee of the party should use four parts of its strength internally and most of its strength externally, and actively correct the shortcomings of the relaxation of external work in the past one or two months.The meeting of the Standing Committee of the Northwest Bureau also focused on the training of Hu Jingduo's uprising troops.Ma Mingfang said: Hu Jingduo's department was the first to accept our party's call after the civil war broke out, to oppose the civil war and to revolt gloriously, which shows that this unit is good.We are going to use 3 months to train and improve this unit.Generally speaking, in the training, except for a few people who need to be reviewed and noticed, there is no need to raise slogans such as "elimination of counter-revolutionaries". Raise the political awareness of officers and soldiers.We must attach great importance to the cultivation of Hu Jingduo, making him a core figure in the internal and external unity of the unit.The comrades we send to work in this army must place themselves in a correct and appropriate position, otherwise they will cause resentment in the army and have a bad influence on new comrades and non-Party personnel.

After the Northwest Bureau withdrew from Yan'an, Ma Mingfang presided over a meeting of the Northwest Bureau's rear working committee on May 21 to discuss the Yuheng Special Zone's insistence on guerrilla warfare. The Longdong subregion is a pilot area for land reform in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region through the acquisition of land from landlords. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the leading organs of the border region have sent a large number of cadres to carry out pilot work here. On February 5, 1947, the Longdong Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China reported to the Northwest Bureau: By the end of January, the land acquisition work in 33 townships in 3 counties including Qingyang, Heshui, and Zhenyuan was basically completed, with a total of 56,823 mu of land acquired and donated. 9,080 landless and landless peasant households were allocated land.In order to strengthen the leadership of the land reform work, Ma Mingfang took the instructions of the Northwest Bureau on the acquisition of land in Longdong to Qingyang on February 10 to inspect and give specific guidance to the work of the Longdong sub-district.

On February 17, Ma Mingfang emphasized at the meeting of the Longdong Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China that: Treating the rich peasants carefully is actually a matter of consolidating and uniting the middle peasants.Our goal is to eliminate the system of feudal exploitation. Cutting off the tail of feudal exploitation of the rich peasants is the same as eliminating the system of feudal exploitation.However, the rich peasants should not be hit too hard. When the masses ask for the land of the rich peasants, the principle is to avoid causing panic among the middle peasants.If the rich peasants are hit too hard, the rich peasants will turn to the landlords, and the middle peasants will panic, and we will isolate ourselves.

But just as the land reform movement in the Longdong sub-region was developing in depth, the Kuomintang army invaded Longdong on February 28, and occupied Qingyang and Heshui on March 2.Ma Mingfang moved with the Longdong Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China to the vast countryside north of Qingyang to assist the prefectural committee in leading the self-defense guerrilla warfare in the Longdong District. He emphasized: (1) The enemy has occupied cities and towns, and we still have vast rural areas. As long as we adapt to this change, actively organize and rectify local armed forces, carry out extensive guerrilla warfare, change the form of party and government organizations, mobilize the masses to rectify rear services, and work hard to support On the front line, the situation will change, and the more the situation changes in the future, the better it will be for us. (2) Under the circumstances of war, we must use every opportunity to solve the land problem.The key to war mobilization lies in the settlement of land issues.In the countryside, persisting in guerrilla warfare and resolving land issues are the most important tasks at present. (3) The war has just begun, and the arduous war is yet to come.Some of our places may be occupied by the enemy, and some places may become guerrilla zones.But the masses are towards us, and the final victory is ours.Cadres must be educated to build up this confidence. (4) As for the "Baojia" compiled by the enemy, try to defeat those who can be defeated for a while, and those who cannot be defeated for a while, we can strive to "follow Cao Cao clearly and obey Liu Bei secretly", and use them for my use.

At the same time, Ma Mingfang also investigated the problems existing in the leadership work of the Longdong Division since the war. On March 12, Ma Mingfang pointed out in a telegram to the Northwest Bureau: (1) The enemy's invasion of Qingyang and Heshui this time exposed many serious shortcomings in our work. (2) The main reason is that the work of the local party and government is not reliable, and the working style of cadre commandism exists under the cover of various excuses and forms. On March 18, the Northwest Bureau made a decision on strengthening the Longdong Prefectural Committee, pointing out that "the many weaknesses exposed in this war prove that the work in Longdong has not seriously changed and can no longer adapt to the new war environment. Responsible", decided to adjust the main leaders of the party, government and army in the division.

From late March to early April, Ma Mingfang helped the Longdong Prefectural Committee conscientiously summarize the experience and lessons of past work and made a report to the Northwest Bureau. The Northwest Bureau forwarded the report on April 12.The report said: The leaders of the Longdong Prefectural Committee made a preliminary review. The main shortcomings of the past work are: 1. Selfishness, not faithfully implementing the decisions of the prefectural committee, and the party's unified leadership has not been achieved. 2. The members of the prefectural committees do not care about the overall work, and the main responsible persons of the prefectural committees have not fulfilled their responsibilities for overcoming and correcting, resulting in a poor effect of centralized leadership and individual responsibilities. 3. The system of strict inspection of work has not been established, little attention has been paid to the effect of implementing the party's instructions by the party and government grassroots organizations, the following situation cannot be well understood, and the decisions of the prefectural committees are often not implemented in actual work.Because the leadership has a serious bureaucratic style of work, there are serious problems in actual work. War educates people.From the leadership of the district to the grassroots, the style of cadres in Longdong has changed. While insisting on guerrilla warfare, they insist on land reform and the mobilization of production and combat work, and they continue to win. On March 19, 1947, the Northwest Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China voluntarily withdrew from Yan'an with the Central Committee, moved to the vast rural areas north of Yan'an, and continued to comprehensively lead various tasks in the border area. After the Northwest Bureau withdrew from Yan'an, in order to adapt to the war environment, it was officially divided into two parts: the "Front Enemy Committee" and the "Rear Working Committee".The former committee has Xi Zhongxun as its secretary, working with Peng Dehuai as the commander and political commissar of the Northwest Field Army Headquarters. Xi Zhongxun is also the deputy political commissar of Xiye.The rear committee has Ma Mingfang as secretary, and Lin Boqu, Wang Weizhou, Jia Tuofu, and Zhou Xing as members, responsible for local work and the army's food and clothing. At the end of April, Ma Mingfang arrived in Ansai Village from the north of Longbei to preside over the work of the Northwest Bureau's rear committee.In more than a month, Ma Mingfang took advantage of the gap in the battle to preside over more than a dozen rear committee meetings to discuss the deployment of local work after the withdrawal from Yan'an.Zhou Enlai, member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, secretary of the Secretariat, vice chairman of the Central Military Commission and acting chief of staff, and Lu Dingyi, head of the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, who accompanied Chairman Mao to northern Shaanxi and participated in commanding the national liberation war, also participated in several of them. The meeting gave important instructions.Ma Mingfang made speeches at every meeting. To sum it up, the main points are: (1) Our Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region has been in a relatively peaceful environment for ten years. In terms of thinking, from the Northwest Bureau to the lower level, the idea of ​​"fighting out" is dominant position, underestimated and underprepared for the enemy's attack.In terms of style of work, the work is not in-depth, not down-to-earth, formalism, commandism, and divorced from the masses. (2) This war will be long-term and arduous. To stand up to this test, the Northwest Party must start from scratch with the words "long-term and difficult".We have difficulties, and the enemy also has difficulties.Our difficulties can be overcome, but those of the enemy cannot be overcome, because they are fundamentally opposed to the masses of the people. (3) Efforts to expand the armed forces and expand the Northwest People's Liberation Army.One-fourth to one-third of cadres and one-tenth to two-tenths of party members should join the army.It is necessary to establish and develop local corps and carry out extensive mass guerrilla warfare. (4) Create a relatively solid rear.On the one hand, we must rely on the main force to fight, and on the other hand, we must also rely on our own hard work.The existing large area of ​​the rear should be preserved as much as possible, and the work in Hengshan, Jingbian, Wuqi, Zhidan, Huachi, Ansai, Zichang and other counties should be strengthened.Any personnel in the rear must be responsible for production tasks, which should become one of the criteria for measuring whether the rear staff is responsible or not.It is necessary to establish a small rear in Hedong and Shanxi, and send people to Hedong in the name of the Northwest Bureau, the Border Region Government, and the Joint Defense Command to organize it. (5) Do a good job in anti-rape security work.The anti-rape response should distinguish between masters and slaves, go through the masses, and avoid purely administrative processing.Security work should be strengthened, but not "left".The security work has a history of more than ten years, and there have been "left" and "right" in the middle. If you go "left", you will kill people by mistake, and the damage will be great. (6) Carry out work in enemy-occupied areas.Most of the party members and cadres in this area have to go to the guerrillas, and some can appear as the masses to carry out secret activities. All the procedures that the enemy requires the masses to go through, such as joining the Three People's Principles Youth League and taking oaths, are allowed to participate.During this period, in the name of the Northwest Bureau, the Rear Committee also issued important documents such as "Instructions on the Current War Situation in the Border Regions and the Party's Tasks", "Instructions on the Current Work of the Enemy Army", and "Decisions on Expanding the Northwest People's Liberation Army" , to guide the smooth development of work in various places. On June 15, Mao Zedong drafted a telegram for the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China to Lin Boqu and Wang Weizhou and told Peng Dehuai, Xi Zhongxun, Ma Mingfang, Ye Jianying, and Yang Shangkun: "The enemy's 'clearance and suppression' is mainly to harass our area and capture young men. According to our Experience, as long as we adopt a positive attitude and persist in the struggle against "clearance and suppression", even a guerrilla group of more than a dozen people may keep in contact with the enemy, but the enemy may hesitate to advance aggressively, or the enemy may not dare to go down to the ditch to capture the enemy. In this way, we can not only delay the enemy's advance, but also allow me to cover the transfer of the masses and institutions, and can prevent the enemy from harassing and reduce the losses of the masses and institutions." In accordance with the spirit of the instructions of the Central Committee, the Northwest Bureau issued "About Smashing the Enemy Army" on June 18. Instructions on "Cleaning up and Suppressing" made specific arrangements for the struggle against "cleaning up and suppressing" in the whole region. From July 21 to 23, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held an enlarged meeting of the former committee in Xiaohe Village, Jingbian County, to study issues such as the cooperation of various liberated areas during the strategic offensive phase of the People's Liberation Army.After the meeting, Mao Zedong called Peng Dehuai, He Long, Xi Zhongxun, Ma Mingfang, and Jia Tuofu for a three-day meeting to review the work, and decided that He Long would be in charge of the rear work of the unification of Hedong and Hexi, and Xi Zhongxun would return to work in the rear.And it was decided that the Northwest Field Army would move to Yulin.So far, the front committee and rear committee of the Northwest Bureau have been combined in one place. At the beginning of June 1947, Ma Mingfang guided the Suide Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China to hold a cadre meeting to discuss issues such as land reform. On June 10, Ma Mingfang wrote a written report to the central government himself.According to the report, according to what is known about the land problem in the Suide sub-district, there are the following problems: (1) The class composition is mistaken. Because the land is not distributed enough, the middle peasants are reluctantly regarded as rich peasants and rich peasants as landlords, causing rich peasants and middle peasants to dissatisfaction.B. In some places, the slogan of "revenge with hatred, and retaliation with grievances" was put forward to confuse the object of struggle, disperse the revolutionary forces, cause many disputes among peasants, and cause disunity among peasants.C. When the wealth of the landlords and local tyrants was confiscated, the masses did not mobilize, and the party, government, and army took over.D. When allocating land, cadres get more land and better land.E. Cadres took part in hunting local tyrants, digging cellars, taking things privately, and government agencies also confiscated things, resulting in the phenomenon of fighting for wealth and confrontation with the masses. The prestige of the party, government, and army has been reduced. The party membership of the secretary of the district party committee and the cadres were tied up.Zhou Enlai carefully reviewed Ma Mingfang's report. In the autumn and winter of 1947, the Northwest Bureau sent a large number of cadres to form a working group to help the counties in the Suide sub-region carry out land reform work, and repeatedly instructed the prefectural committees to pay attention to preventing "Left" tendencies and practices. On January 19, 1948, Xi Zhongxun and Ma Mingfang called the Suide Prefectural Committee: "In the process of land reform, non-Party people who participate in the three-thirds system should be handled carefully. Approved by the bureau, non-Party members below the county level and among primary school teachers must be approved by the prefectural committee before they can be dealt with." On March 26, Xi Zhongxun and Ma Mingfang once again instructed the Suide prefectural committee: "Where the composition is wrongly determined, the middle peasants will be wrongly assigned. Those who have become rich peasants must make a thorough correction, and the family should not make mistakes. Wherever the correction of mistakes is not thorough, they must continue to make corrections. Don’t say that the spring plowing has come and stop, and strive to clean up thoroughly in the shortest possible time, so that the masses can work with peace of mind. On April 4, Xi Zhongxun and Ma Mingfang wrote to the person in charge of the Suide Prefectural Committee, instructing to resolutely correct the "Left" mistakes in the land reform.The letter said: "Mizhi land reform has wrongly fought against many middle peasants. This is a big matter. It is necessary to seriously revise the composition and return the land and property that was wrongly given out. If my property has been sold or consumed, it should be replaced by other fruits of struggle. Compensation, if it is temporarily impossible to compensate, it can be dealt with by means of loans. To correct the "left" bias, we should take a firm attitude and practical steps. Generally speaking, it is not appropriate to "solve after autumn". Starting from the districts and townships, for those who have been wrongly fought, the classification should be changed, and the land and properties should be returned. Some land should be returned but the recipients have already planted it. Measures should be taken such as harvesting by the farmers and returning them to renters, so that Neither side suffers too much. Those who fought well but fought too hard must also pay attention to correcting them. Landlords who have fought against each other must enable them to maintain a minimum living, and must lead and help them participate in production, so that they can gradually acquire production skills , relying on labor to live. It is also wrong to ignore this aspect in the correction.” To the west of the three-sided division is the Ningxia Hui area, and to the north is the Suiyuan Mongolian area. The task of ethnic work in the entire division is relatively heavy.After the start of the Self-Defense War, part of the Tripartite Division was repeatedly occupied by the Majia Army of the Kuomintang in Ningxia, which made the ethnic work in this division more complicated and arduous.Therefore, the guidance of the Northwest Bureau for the trilateral work particularly emphasizes the strict implementation of the party's ethnic policy. In July 1947, the Trilateral Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to sort out the party's work in Ningxia. On the 29th, Xi Zhongxun and Ma Mingfang called the Trilateral Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China and pointed out: After the Trilateral Recapture, the main force of the Northwest Field Army will go north to Yulin, which creates an extremely favorable situation for the development of the Mongolian work of the Ikezhao League. The army and civilians fighting for the Iraqi League, in addition to suppressing some leading reactionary elements who launched mob struggles, should adhere to the policy of fighting for those who waver temporarily and surrender to the enemy during the enemy's occupation period, patiently educate them, eliminate their worries, and strengthen their victories Confidence, tell them how to fight the enemy, and win them to join us in opposing Chiang Kai-shek and fighting for the realization of Mongol autonomy.To this end, we must vigorously expand the Mongolian and Han guerrilla detachments and strengthen the leadership of the Mongolian Autonomous Association. During the same period, the Mongols in Otuoke Banner spontaneously raised an "independence movement". On August 3, Xi Zhongxun and Ma Mingfang called the Tripartite Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China, requesting the prefectural committee to strongly support and lead this movement.The telegram pointed out: To ensure that this movement is carried out extensively, special attention should be paid to cooperating with the current urgent economic struggle of the Mongolians.In order for this movement to develop, it is necessary to adopt a united approach to the frustrated Mongolian officials who support this movement, and use them to promote this movement, but the leadership of its struggle must be in the hands of active and reliable civilians, and attention must be paid to the establishment of armed forces. Power, the implementation of Mongolian self-government. There is a Mongolian army on the three sides called "Xiwu'e Banner Army".In order to consolidate this ethnic army, Xi Zhongxun and Ma Mingfang sent a telegram to the Trilateral Committee of the Communist Party of China on August 29, pointing out: in order to consolidate the Xiwu'e Banner troops, we must first pay attention to consolidating the internal forces and clean out unstable elements; We are responsible for all supplies of food, money, clothing, etc. The principle is to relax the small ones and pay close attention to the big ones (political aspects). , adjust accordingly. With the continuous victories in the self-defense wars of the trilateral divisions and the recovery of most of the enemy-occupied areas, a new situation has emerged in the trilateral ethnic work.From June 17 to 19, 1948, the Northwest Bureau held two meetings of the Standing Committee and one meeting of the City Working Committee to discuss the work of the Islamic League. Ma Mingfang said at these meetings: (1) The general policy of our party in the Iraqi League today is to unite Mongolia and Han, unite all sectors of the Iraqi League, and form a broad anti-Chiang united front in order to achieve the liberation and autonomy of the entire Iraqi League.Under this policy, it is necessary to carry out some improvement work among the Mongolians in the liberated areas, but this is a matter of internal struggle within the United Front, and it should be carried out in an appropriate, scaled, differentiated, and step-by-step manner. Any premature and "left" approach will separate us from the Mongolian masses, isolate ourselves, and cause difficulties in our work. (2) In our liberated areas, a Mongolian-Han joint self-government administrative committee should be established, and Mongolian-Han progressive elements who have prestige among the masses, including princes and other upper-level elements, should be recruited to participate in the work.Advocate equality and cooperation between Mongolian and Chinese, respect the autonomy rights and interests of Mongolians, and prevent Han cadres from arranging replacements. (3) Develop party members and train cadres among Mongolians.It should be particularly emphasized that in the self-defense war, Mongolian party members and cadres played a very good role, and progressive elements and outstanding young people among the Mongolian people should be absorbed into the party. (4) Land reform will not be carried out in the territory of Mongolian Banner for the time being, and the rent reduction and rent payment policy will only be implemented in areas where land is concentrated, such as the private land of princes and princes, Zhaomiao land, and Mongolian household registration land.After the liberation of the entire Iraqi League, in accordance with the instructions of Chairman Mao Zedong on October 24, 1949, and after consultation between the North China Bureau and the Northwest Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Iraqi League was placed under the leadership of Suiyuan Province. After the Northwest Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China withdrew from Yan'an, it was stationed in the rural areas of several counties in the north of the Yanzhou Sub-region for quite a long time. Therefore, the work of the Northwest Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was mostly face-to-face and direct guidance. After withdrawing from Yan'an, a large number of cadres from border region-level organs worked in Ansai County, district and township. On May 1, 1947, Ma Mingfang presided over the meeting of the Northwest Bureau's rear committee. In his concluding speech, he focused on the issues of guerrilla activities and production organization in districts and townships.He said: Each township can organize several guerrilla groups that do not take off work, implement a combination of labor and military, and cover the production of the masses and the work of the staff while participating in productive labor.Production is a major issue that determines the victory or defeat of a war. All party and government cadres must go to the countryside to organize production and participate in production. From the secretary of the county party committee and the head of the county to the secretary of the township party committee and the head of the township, they must set an example in this regard. On July 11, Ma Mingfang presided over a meeting of the Northwest Bureau's rear committee, and listened to a report by Li Jingying, Secretary of the Yanyu Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China, on the struggle against "clearance and suppression".He pointed out that the enemy's method of "clearing and suppressing" has undergone some changes, using "Huairou" to deceive the masses, so our method of countering "clearing and suppressing" must also be changed. In addition to organizing the transfer of the masses, we must adopt various methods to strengthen propaganda work, Use facts to expose the enemy's conspiracy and deceit, and vigorously organize mass production, relieve victims of disasters, and solve the practical difficulties of the masses. In mid-December, the CCP's Yanzhou Prefectural Committee held a land reform work conference, and Ma Mingfang attended the conference to give guidance and give a speech. On the 23rd, he wrote to report to Xi Zhongxun: "Leftist" mistakes were made in the land reform, and many middle peasants, rich middle peasants, new rich peasants and family members of cadres were killed. What kind of policy is adopted will obviously affect their production mood and affect the business of industrial and commercial people.This is an abnormal situation that must be paid attention to, otherwise the development of production will encounter more difficulties.The prefectural committee is going to use all its strength to lead the spring plowing and production, rehabilitate all wrongdoers, and return all property and property confiscated by mistake. After the spring plowing began in 1948, Ma Mingfang went to the urban area of ​​Yanchuan County to inspect production. On March 14, he went to Sixth Township for inspection and asked the secretary of the township branch some basic information: "How many households are there in your township?" "How many military workers are there in the township?" "How many lands are there in the whole township?" "In which village did you personally participate in the production mobilization meeting, and what questions did the masses ask? How many households have no land, and how do the households without land grow with others?"etc.For these basic situations, the township party secretary failed to provide specific answers.Ma Mingfang said: "You only conveyed the instructions from above, and did not discuss specific issues with the masses based on the actual situation below." "Yanchuan Daily" and "People's Daily" successively used "Deputy Secretary Ma of the Northwest Bureau and Secretary Liu to discuss production." As the title, the record of this conversation was published, calling on the cadres to strengthen the specific leadership of production and correct the unsteady work style. The Huanglong area is the Kuomintang-ruled area in the south and east of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region. The Chiang Kai-shek reactionary clique has stationed heavy troops here for a long time to blockade and harass the liberated areas.On the other hand, the underground organization led by the Huanglong Special Committee of the Communist Party of China also has considerable strength, with more than 800 party members and more than 2,000 guerrillas.Therefore, as soon as the civil war broke out, the Northwest Bureau put the task of opening up the Huanglong New District on the agenda. In May 1947, the rear committee of the Northwest Bureau submitted the records of the "Zhuoershan Meeting" of the Huanglong Special Committee of the Communist Party of China to the Central Committee.According to Zhou Enlai's review instructions, Ma Ming conveyed the following three instructions to the Huanglong Special Committee: (1) In view of many past experiences, our work in Jiang's administrative area mainly relies on the self-reliance of the people's guerrilla warfare, and the field army can only destroy the enemy's regular army. , to give impetus to opening up the situation, and more importantly, it must be estimated that the field army will not always operate in one area, and the enemy will come again after our main force has left. Therefore, it must go through many repetitions before the guerrilla base can become consolidated. liberated area.Therefore, all armed work and Party organizations must obey the development of this situation and define its forms of struggle and organizational forms. (2) It can also be seen from the report of the special committee that the targets, strategies and struggles of the united front should still be given great attention.It must be clear that the united front camp also includes the national bourgeoisie and enlightened gentry, but after all they are the upper class, and their vacillation is inevitable.Therefore, to liaise with people like them to oppose Chiang Kai-shek and Hu Zongnan, there must be unity and struggle. Don't be afraid that if they don't come, they will come back when they encounter reactionary pressure after fighting away. (3) Guerrilla forces should still be based on working people.Soldiers from the enemy's army, if they have passed the battle test, should be welcomed into the party with good grades and promoted.Guerrilla units with poor performance, such as poor discipline and poor fighting skills, should be led by capable leading comrades to change their style of work. In order to cooperate with Xiye's southward operations, the Northwest Bureau held several standing committee meetings to discuss various tasks of the party in the Huanglong area.Ma Mingfang made an important speech at each meeting, emphasizing: (1) The work of Huanglong Party should be based on the hard work done by oneself.Regardless of whether the main force goes to Huanglong or not, Huanglong's party should have the confidence to create and establish a base in Huanglong.If you don't work towards it, you will make mistakes. (2) Use great efforts to do mass work.All cadres must do mass work, and the vast majority of them must work with the guerrillas to mobilize the masses to struggle. By doing this, on the one hand, the masses are mobilized, and the guerrillas are transformed and developed in turn. Only by taking root can the guerrillas become the armed forces of the masses and all problems of the guerrillas can be solved.Without mass work, the guerrilla army will be invincible in battle and difficult to consolidate and develop. (3) Pay attention to the strategy to strive for the largest number.To strive for sympathy or neutrality from people from all walks of life, the more extensive this work is, the better.Win over those who have opposed us in the past, at least don't make them fear us.All students and teachers are subject to a policy of winning. Even if they are members of the Three Youth League and the Kuomintang, as long as they are not secret agents or have reactionary behaviors, they will still be given jobs.Even secret agents have to be coerced separately, and we should fight for such people.Industry and commerce, except for those run by counter-revolutionaries, which will be confiscated, the rest will adopt a policy of protection. (4) Huanglong's guerrilla unit already has three to several thousand members, and can be formed into three regiments.After the main force is transferred, it is even more necessary to have these local troops to attack the enemy who sent aid and strengthen ourselves. In January 1948, the party, government and military leadership of the Huanglong Division was established. In March, Xiye won the Yichuan Battle, annihilating more than 30,000 enemies, and the counties in the Huanglong area were liberated one after another.The Huanglong New Area and the Guanzhong Sub-area are connected together. When the Northwest Bureau was divided into the front committee and the rear committee, the Guanzhong division was under the command of the front committee.By the winter of 1947, the Guanzhong Division had recovered most of the areas occupied by the enemy. In the spring of 1948, when the Northwest Field Army was about to switch to outside operations, the Northwest Bureau forwarded the seven instructions on Huanglong's work to the Guanzhong Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China on February 1, requesting that the work in Guanzhong be deployed according to it. On April 16, the Northwest Field Army set off from Malan, Guanzhong District, and attacked the Kuomintang-ruled area of ​​Xifu.At the same time, the party, government and military leadership of the Xifu District was established.After half a month of fierce fighting, 10 counties including Baoji were liberated. On May 12, the Nishino and Xifu district consular agencies withdrew to the Guanzhong liberated area, and the liberated Xifu Kuomintang-controlled area entered the enemy's hands again.In order to deploy the next steps of the Xifu, He Long, Xi Zhongxun, and Ma Mingfang called the Xifu Prefectural Committee and the Guanzhong Prefectural Committee on June 26 and 29, instructing: (1) The current central task of the Xifu is to accumulate strength, win over the masses and strengthen the masses, Get over it and fight for it instead of waiting for it.Change the organizational forms and struggle methods that were made public in the previous period, so as to be able to hide and exist. All cadres who have been made public and unable to gain a foothold in activities should retreat in a planned way, establish new leadership cores in various places, and actively prepare for armed activities. (2) The guerrillas remaining in Xifu should be equipped with strong cadres and leaders, and they should break up into parts, move without trace, and move erratically, so that it is difficult for the enemy to encircle and rush.The main task of the guerrillas during this period was not to fight wars, but to do mass work, not to rush for development, but to preserve their vitality. All blind scurrying and desperateism were wrong. (3) The Baojia organization in the guerrilla area should not be destroyed prematurely, even in the more consolidated guerrilla area, it is not appropriate to abolish the Baojia to establish a rural democratic regime, otherwise it will become a mere formality, or the old and the new will be out of touch, which is not good for me.However, we should actively mobilize the masses to fight against the spies and reactionaries in the Xiangbao, and even expel them from Baojia. (4) The local teams and gray armed forces in the guerrilla areas should independently conduct united front work, only attacking the most reactionary individual parts, do not make too many enemies, and do not excessively demand that all sympathetic forces follow us immediately, otherwise they will be isolated We ourselves, as long as you don't hit me today, I will continue to cooperate today, and remember that we don't block the door. (5) Killing must be done with special caution. Secret killings are strictly prohibited. The execution of any counter-revolutionary must be tried by the masses and the charges announced. Killing must be reported to the prefectural committee for review and approval. On September 7, the Northwest Bureau called the Xifu Prefectural Committee again, criticizing the wrong policy of "not afraid of being exposed", and solemnly pointed out: once this policy comes out, it will inevitably lead to putschism and desperateism in the work below, and the leaders must pay attention to correcting and To prevent this kind of bias, we should mobilize and organize the broad masses of all walks of life to fight against the rule of Jiang and Hu under the slogan of anti-Chiang, anti-American, anti-Japanese, and anti-money. Work.When the enemy has repeatedly "cleared and suppressed", the masses have not been mobilized, and our guerrilla forces are weak, we can only use the old Baojia or the two-faced regime of revolution, and we must not establish our democratic regime. Avoidable losses may give the bad guys an opportunity to gain legal status, but it will not do any good for our guerrillas.Since then, the party work in the Xifu sub-district has embarked on a road of healthy development, and has made various preparations for the final liberation of the Xifu Kuomintang-controlled area. Under the situation that the Northwest Field Army won a major victory in the Yichuan Battle and took advantage of the victory to attack the Xifu Kuomintang-controlled area, Hu Zongnan, who was alone in Yan'an, fled Yan'an in a hurry on the morning of April 21, 1948, and retreated to Xi'an. On April 24, Ma Mingfang, Wang Weizhou, and Zhou Xing led a group of staff back to Yan'an from northern Shaanxi to guide the leading organs of the Yan'an sub-districts who returned to Yan'an first to carry out the reception work. On May 4, tens of thousands of people gathered in Yan'an to celebrate the recovery of Yan'an. Ma Mingfang attended the meeting and gave a speech.He said: The recovery of Yan'an, the Holy Land of Democracy, marks that the fascist rule of Chiang Kai-shek in the whole country will be completely defeated by the people's power, and a nationwide democratic coalition government will be established.记得去年此时，蒋匪侵入延安之后，蒋匪及其反动的官僚们，曾经冲昏了头脑，以为从此可以长期统治西北，安然压榨人民。美国的银行老板和白宫的大官僚们，也沾沾自喜，以为我国这块土地，又可以变成他们的殖民地了。甚至蒋贼还把去年3月“克服延安”在猪仔国大报功，夸耀这是他在“一年半的时间”“达成了两个重要战略目标”之中的第一个。可是仅仅一年一月零三天，延安就为我们光复了，这就给蒋介石打了一个十分清脆的耳光。从蒋匪侵占延安的累累罪行可以完全看清蒋匪对中国人民统治的本质，摧残破坏，欺骗与屠杀。因此，中国人民只有打倒蒋匪及其封建法西斯制度，才有活路。蒋匪及其封建法西斯制度，是和中国人民不能相容的，人民力量是无限强大的，中国人民在共产党、毛主席领导下，一定能打倒与推翻蒋介石政权而建设人民自治的新民主主义政权。光复延安以后的首要任务是发展生产恢复建设，并在一二年内恢复到战前水平。 延安光复后，中共中央西北局突出抓了干部学习，为解放大西北准备干部。 1948年7月1日，西北局发出《关于在职干部学习的指示》，并在延安召开学习动员大会，号召党员干部加紧学习，掌握政策，坚决执行中央的路线，迎接解放大西北的胜利。习仲勋、林伯渠、贺龙、马明方先后在大会上讲了话。马明方在讲话中着重对党员干部中存在的个人主义、自由主义、命令主义等不良思想倾向进行了深刻分析，号召通过理论学习，提高思想觉悟，克服各种不良的思想倾向。他说：个人主义，表现在个人方面的是计较名誉地位的得失，比资格比历史，总觉得党没有提拔自己，责己宽，责人严，牢骚满腹；表现在工作方面就成为本位主义，只顾本部门的需要，不顾全体利益，不顾党的政策和政府的法令；表现在军队中发展到高峰就成为军阀主义，不执行命令，忽视政治工作，打骂成为制度。至于自由主义则是个人主义的亲生子，其表现为随风转舵，看人说话，事不关己高高挂起，当面不讲背后谈，马马虎虎，对对付付；对事对人没有明确原则，不能给同志以思想政策上的指导，更不能帮助同志克服错误。特别普遍严重的是命令主义，表现在工作方式上简单，不耐心说服群众，不细心向群众解释，没有民主作风，不和群众商量，独断独行，没有高度为人民服务的精神，甚至捆打群众造成和群众的对立。这些都是党性不纯的表现，必须在这次学习中彻底加以纠正。此后马明方两次主持召开学习汇报会，要求在学习中和教条主义、经验主义的学习方法作斗争，以期达到改造思想和改进工作的目的。 他在9月22日的学习汇报会上说：（一）各单位在学习中要根据各自的具体情况，各有重点的学习西北局指定的文件，并针对本单位存在的主要问题进行检查。文件要精读，不精读文件就急于检查，学习一定搞不好，检查也会不深刻。（二）开展批评和自我批评是思想检查的主要方法，但现在仍有相当多的同志在这方面存在着各种错误态度，这是提高觉悟改进工作的思想障碍，克服它才能把学习继续引向前进。（三）首长负责制是搞好学习的关键，但它不在于首长和大家一起开会学习、读文件等这些形式，而在于首长在实际的思想领导作用，引导群众向正确的方向发展。（四）开展批评和自我批评要力求全面，实事求是，要反对片面，夸大等不解决任何问题的唯心主义的批评和自我批评。 这次干部学习运动12月底结束，成效显著，为迎接大西北解放做了思想上的充分准备。