Chapter 17 Chapter 16 Responsible for Propaganda and Cadre Education

During Zhang Wentian's tenure as general secretary, he was mainly in charge of propaganda work and cadre education within the CPC Central Committee. In April 1937, the weekly magazine was founded, with Zhang Wentian as the editor-in-chief. From December 1937, Zhang Wentian concurrently served as head of the Central Propaganda Department. In May 1938, the Marxist-Leninist College was founded, and the dean has been concurrently held by Zhang Wentian.Of course, after the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee, publicity and cadre education became Zhang Wentian's main work.In addition to continuing to hold the above positions, from February 1939, he also served as Minister of Cadre Education. At the beginning of 1940, the Propaganda Department and the Cadre Education Department were merged into the Propaganda and Education Department, and Zhang Wentian was still the Minister. In October 1939, the "Communist" magazine was launched, and he was the editor (ie editor-in-chief) of this publication. In March 1941, the central government decided to adjust the publications. The editorial boards of the two publications, "The Communist" and "Communist", were "in charge" by Zhang Wentian, and Wu Liangping and Luo Mai were the "editorial directors" respectively.Therefore, Zhang Wentian has made outstanding achievements in the party's theoretical construction, cadre education, propaganda and agitation, and cultural work. He is a Marxist theorist, propagandist, and educator respected by party cadres.

On May 5, 1938, the 120th anniversary of the birth of Marx, the founder of the theory of communism, Yan'an Marxist-Leninist College officially opened on this day.The school site is located in Lanjiaping, seven or eight miles north of Yan'an City. The row of cave dwellings on the earth-rock mountain is the school building. It faces Yangjialing across the Yanhe River, and is close to the cave dwellings where the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Zhang Wentian lived.Since the founding of the Marxist-Leninist Academy, Zhang Wentian has served as the dean concurrently.Until the reorganization of the Marxist-Leninist College in July 1941, he served as the dean for more than three years.There are eight or nine hundred students who have received his education and influence here.Yan'an Marxist-Leninist College was the first relatively formal school founded by the Communist Party of China to study Marxism-Leninism, and it was the highest institution in Yan'an at that time.In order to run this school well, Zhang Wentian devoted all his energy.His hard work has borne fruit.The Marxist-Leninist College has trained and re-educated a group of strong cadres, raised the theoretical level of the whole party, created a wealth of experience in running schools, and written an unforgettable chapter in the history of cadre education in China.

It is true that the founding and construction of the Marxist-Leninist Academy was Zhang Wentian’s main practical activity as a well-known party educator, but his concern and practice of cadre education did not start with the Marxist-Leninist Academy.Before that, he had done a lot of practical work in this area and made some theoretical generalizations. As early as March 1933, shortly after Zhang Wentian entered the Central Soviet Area from Shanghai, he founded the "Marx School of Communism" (the predecessor of the Central Party School) in Yangxi, Ruijin.He once served as the principal himself, and gave a lecture on "Basic Issues of the Chinese Revolution".During the Long March, the school and the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army University (referred to as "Hongda") jointly formed a "cadre regiment", which has not been dispersed.Before and after the Party Central Committee settled in northern Shaanxi, Zhang Wentian mentioned in several Politburo meetings that in order to meet the new situation, the Party must be expanded and consolidated organizationally, and a large number of cadres must be trained. On November 10, 1935, after Zhang Wentian led the central government to station in Wayaobao, the school system was restored immediately, and it was officially named "Party School of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China".Later, the new Red Army Cadre School was also established in Anding County (February 1936).In the "Wayaobao Conference Resolution" drafted by Zhang Wentian and passed at the Politburo meeting, it is stated: "A large number of cadres must be trained. The party must have tens of thousands of new cadres, and batch after batch will be sent to all fronts Go up. It is not to teach every aspect of leadership skills well before giving cadres jobs, but to put these cadres into the struggle and let them learn from the struggle.”

After the Eastern Expedition ended in May 1936, the plan to restore and expand the "Red University" was discussed at the Politburo meeting on May 20.Mao Zedong put forward a complete set of plans for the "Red University" education policy, educational content, teaching methods, and organizational leadership.After the meeting, the "Chinese People's Anti-Japanese Red Army University" was established in Bao'an in June 1936.Both Zhang Wentian and Mao Zedong served as teachers in person.Zhang Wentian lectured on "Basic Issues of the Chinese Revolution" to the first batch of students, and made a profound and thorough analysis of the nature, tasks, objects, driving forces, leadership, and future of the Chinese revolution.He also lectured on philosophy at the Red University.

At the same time, Zhang Wentian also took advantage of the relative stability of the central government after the Eastern Expedition, and clearly proposed the task of organizing in-service cadres to carry out the study of Marxist-Leninist theory.He pointed out at the meeting of all the staff of the central government (nearly 50 people), "It is an urgent task to learn the theory of Marxism-Leninism!" The situation and reasons for the low level inspire everyone's self-consciousness in learning.He also organized cadres from the central government to attend lectures at the "Red University".Every morning on the day of lectures, Zhang Wentian always walked out of his cave a little earlier, went to the grass field outside the cave of the Central Secretariat, and asked comrades from the Secretariat, the Propaganda Department, and the Organization Department to go to the "Hongda University" to attend lectures.Under the proposal of Zhang Wentian, the cadres of the central government established the Marxism Research Association in October 1936. They first learned dialectics and had weekly seminars.Under the inspiration and guidance of Zhang Wentian, the discussion on the field of philosophy was carried out lively and lively in connection with the situation at home and abroad and the party's policies.The participants recalled: “I remember when I was studying dialectics about the categories of form and content, it was the time when the cadres had a debate about the slogan of the democratic republic put forward by the central government. Some comrades believed that the democratic republic was a form of bourgeois regime, It is difficult for us to understand this slogan. Comrade Wen Tian finally summarized the study and discussion. He thoroughly analyzed this issue from the dialectical relationship between form and content. He used the analogy that old bottles can hold new wine to illustrate that under certain circumstances Old forms can also express new content, and it is pointed out that we Communists must master the laws of form and content in order to better grasp various forms (including forms of struggle, organizational forms, and working methods), and to achieve the party's goals. struggle."

After the peaceful settlement of the Xi'an Incident, China's domestic situation has entered a new stage.With the establishment of the second cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, the Chinese Communist Party will openly and legally enter China's political arena and become a national mass party.It must overcome all difficulties and resistance in a more complex and more tortuous struggle, and obtain and guarantee its leadership in the anti-Japanese national united front.In the era of great changes, facing new situations and new tasks, even cadres who have been tested by long-term wars and tempered by long-term underground work urgently need to learn.For this reason, Zhang Wentian proposed at the Politburo meeting in March 1937, "It is necessary to re-educate and train cadres so that they understand new policies and are suitable for new requirements." .At the subsequent meeting of the Party's Soviet Area Representatives, Zhang Wentian further clearly stated the task of "strengthening the education of Marxism-Leninism within the Party" and "strengthening the military, political, and cultural education of Red Army cadres." .In the report of the White Area Work Conference, he further emphasized: "The issue of inner-Party education is particularly important now. Arming all comrades in the Party ideologically with the weapon of Marxism-Leninism is the key to the Party's current struggle for leadership in the national united front." The most important task is to make all comrades in the party understand the importance of studying Marxism-Leninism and develop an interest in studying theory. Only this weapon can enable us to solve problems correctly in various complex environments without making serious mistakes .”

At this time, another important reason why cadre education urgently needs to be strengthened is that a large number of revolutionary educated youths came to Yan'an.After the Xi'an Incident, the Communist Party of China advocated a peaceful settlement, and its reputation among the people of the country, especially among the youth in the country, was unprecedentedly enhanced.Beginning in January 1937, a large number of organized Party members, league members, pioneers, youth rescue members, and non-party revolutionary intellectual youths from Peiping, Tianjin, Xi'an, and all over the country went to Yan'an enthusiastically to participate in the Resist Japan and participate in the revolution.This is a major event in the history of the party after the Great Revolution of 1925-1927, with far-reaching significance.Zhang Wentian attached great importance to and cared for these revolutionary intellectual youths.When he discovered that the students coming from Peking to Yan'an were blocked, he called Liu Shaoqi of the Northern Bureau and asked him to pay attention to the organization. On January 24, 1937, Luo Fu sent a telegram to Hu Fu.At the same time, the Shaanxi-Gansu Provincial Party Committee was instructed to do a good job in hospitality along the way. .A large number of revolutionary intellectual youths came to Yan'an, and urgently needed to be trained and trained so that they could become cadres of the Party and the Red Army.The Party Central Committee immediately took measures to change the name of "Hongda" to "Kangda" (Chinese People's Anti-Japanese Military and Political University) and expand enrollment. In the second phase of the Anti-Japanese University, which started in January 1937, 609 educated youths were recruited.After that, it will be increased step by step. The third period (August 1937-April 1938) recruited 616 intellectual youths, and the fourth period (April-December 1938) recruited young people from all over the country, overseas Chinese and international students. A total of 4655 young people.Zhang Wentian personally lectured on "The History of China's Modern Revolutionary Movement" to the first team of the second phase of the Anti-Japanese University (mostly cadres at the army, division, and regiment level of the Red Army), and organized the compilation of teaching materials.When the students of the third class of the Anti-Japanese University graduated, Zhang Wentian gave a speech on "On the Problem of Treating People and Things".

After the "July 7th Incident" broke out in the National War of Resistance, at the Luochuan Conference, Zhang Wentian talked about education issues in his speech.In response to the Kuomintang's refusal to establish "Northern Shaanxi University", he pointed out that "the school still needs to be established, and it should be refined."He also affirmed that "the Anti-Japanese University has achieved results in this period", and at the same time pointed out that our organizational work is still poor, political work is not enough, and the enthusiasm of the teachers must be improved.According to the minutes of the meeting.At the meeting in December 1937, Zhang Wentian made a political report, proposing to "expand and strengthen the Anti-Japanese War, train a large number of military and political cadres, and send people everywhere."He believes that "in the united front, it is even more necessary to improve the education of Marxism-Leninism communism, especially to strengthen the work of the party school, to cultivate cadres who can go deep into the masses, and to cope with the situation of the united front, so that the cadres can adapt to the new conditions."According to the minutes of the meeting.

From the autumn and winter of 1937 to the spring of 1938, upon the decision of the Party Central Committee, the "Northern Shaanxi Public School", the "Wartime Youth Training Class" and "Lu Xun Art Academy" were successively established in Anwubao (in the north of Yunyang Town, Jingyang County, Shaanxi Province).Zhang Wentian is also very concerned about these schools.Although Zhang Wentian was not the initiator of "Luyi", Mao Zedong had discussed with Zhang Wentian before the establishment of "Luyi", and the educational policy of "Luyi" had been discussed by the Secretariat of the Central Committee. After the establishment of "Lu Yi", Zhang Wentian wrote an inscription for the special commemorative issue of Lu Yi on April 20, 1938: "Know the great era, describe the great era, live and struggle in the great era, stand at the vanguard of the great era and serve the great era— ——This is the mission of modern writers and artists." Zhang Wentian was invited to give a lecture at the Northern Shaanxi Public School, and his influential "On the Cultivation of Youth" is the record of this lecture.Zhang Wentian also personally intervened in the matter of the "Anwubao Youth Training Class" arresting students who promoted the views of the Trotskyists.He called the person in charge of the youth training class and said that the youth training class was held in the Kuomintang ruled area. This was due to the special historical conditions formed during the Xi'an Incident. The Kuomintang was trying various methods to ban the youth training class. Arresting people is just an excuse for the Kuomintang, so this mistake must be resolutely corrected and people should be released immediately. .Regarding the "special historical conditions formed during the Xi'an Incident", Hu Qiaomu's article has the following explanation: "At that time, the Red Army was stationed in Jingyang, Sanyuan and other places. For transportation, traffic and other liaisons, in addition to setting up liaison stations in counties from Sanyuan to Luochuan, there was also a left-behind station in Yunyang Town, which belongs to Jingyang County, and there were also wounded stationed in Anwubao, both of which were in Sanyuan Not far to the west."

In order to adapt to the new situation of the Anti-Japanese War, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China restored and established the Party School, the Anti-Japanese University, the Shaanxi Public School and other schools for training party, government, and military cadres in a short period of time, and even established the "Luyi" which specializes in cultivating literary and artistic talents. , The development of cadre education in Yan'an is rapid; learn from struggle, exercise in practice, arm cadres with Marxism-Leninism, and enable them to master new policies and meet new requirements. The policy of cadre education is clear.With the development of the situation, comrades in the whole party are more and more aware of the importance of studying the theory of Marxism-Leninism.As Mao Zedong said: "It is impossible for a party to guide a great revolutionary movement to win without revolutionary theory, without historical knowledge, without a deep understanding of the actual movement." For us, the task of the theory of doctrine is a big problem that needs to be solved urgently and can only be solved with serious efforts.".At that time, there was no school in Yan'an that specialized in the study of Marxist-Leninist theory and focused on training cadres with more theoretical accomplishments.For this reason, in the spring of 1938, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to establish the "Marxist-Leninist Academy" ("Marxist-Leninist Academy" for short), with Zhang Wentian concurrently serving as the dean.

At the beginning of the establishment of the Marxist-Leninist Academy, Zhang Wentian personally led and carefully planned, and he was directly involved in matters such as transferring cadres, making plans, and hiring teachers.He even conducted an oral test in person for the young people who should take the exam to decide whether to admit them. There were 70 to 80 students in the first phase (also known as the first class) of the Marxist-Leninist College, and about one-third of them were educated youths who joined the party after the "December 9th" Movement.Before entering school, most of these people have already completed short-term study in the Central Party School, the Anti-Japanese University, the Shaanxi Public Security Bureau, the Anwubao Youth Training Class, or the Central Organization Department Training Class. They also passed written and oral exams when they entered school. Certain basis.In addition, nearly two-thirds of the students are veteran cadres who have participated in the revolutionary war for many years or have worked underground for many years in the Kuomintang ruled areas. Some of them are senior commanders of the Red Army and leaders of the underground party. An old party member released on bail from the district prison.It is very beneficial for young intellectuals and veteran cadres to study together, to learn from each other's strengths and to achieve the unity of theory and practice.The Marxist-Leninist College ran five classes successively. The second, third, and fourth classes had more than 100 students each, and the fifth class had less than 100 students.The Marxist-Leninist College also held two special classes (more than 100 people) for representatives preparing to attend the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China. They are all the main backbones of the Party in various regions and in all aspects. Zhang Wentian personally led the formulation and implementation of the teaching plan of the Marxist-Leninist College.The college offers six courses: political economy, philosophy, basic issues of Marxism-Leninism, party building, history of modern Chinese revolutionary movements, and history of Western revolutions.The staffing of the school's full-time teachers is first-class.Vice President Wang Xuewen lectures on "Political Economics". He is a well-accomplished scholar and the leader of the Marxist front in the debate on the nature of Chinese society in the 1930s.The lecturer on "Basic Issues of Marxism-Leninism" was Wu Liangping, who was Zhang Wentian's old classmate at Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow. At that time, they had collaborated in translating Marx's "French Civil War" and Engels' "Socialism from Utopia to Scientific Development".In the Central Soviet Area, Wu served as the Minister of National Economy.When Snow came to visit and talked with Mao Zedong, he acted as an interpreter.The famous philosopher Ai Siqi taught "philosophy". Before he came to Yan'an, his "Popular Philosophy" had been widely circulated among progressive young people. The teachers of "History of Modern Chinese Revolutionary Movement" and "History of Western Revolutionary Movement" are Yang Song and Chen Changhao respectively. They both went to the Soviet Union to study, and Chen Changhao was also one of the famous leaders in the Red Army. In the first part of "Party Building", Kang Sheng gave lectures on the theory of party building, and in the second part, Liu Shaoqi, Chen Yun, Li Fuchun and others were invited to make special reports on the basic issues of party building.Liu Shaoqi's "On the Cultivation of Communist Party Members" and Chen Yun's "How to Be a Communist Party Member" were reports for the students of the Marxist-Leninist Academy. In addition to the above six courses, Zhang Wentian has attached great importance to the study and research of the party's guidelines, policies, and current major practical and theoretical issues since the establishment of the college.He attached great importance to Mao Zedong's reports and writings.Not long after the start of the Marxist-Leninist Institute, Mao Zedong delivered a speech "On Protracted War" at the Yan'an Anti-Japanese War Research Association. Every time Zhang Wentian sent students from various groups and comrades from the academy to attend the lecture.Later, he personally invited Mao Zedong to give a report at the academy.Some of Mao Zedong's "Problems of War and Strategy", "Opposition to Surrender", and "On New Democracy" were all lectures given at the Marxist-Leninist Academy.When Mao’s other important works were published, Zhang Wentian asked the Marxist-Leninist Academy to organize students to study them seriously.Mao Zedong's works armed the whole party, and they are also the guiding ideology of theoretical study in the Marxist-Leninist Academy.The political direction of the Marxist-Leninist Institute has always been completely consistent with the political line of the party represented by Mao Zedong, and there is no opposition or resistance. Zhang Wentian attaches great importance to the actual work experience behind enemy lines, theaters and Kuomintang-controlled areas.Some leading comrades returned to Yan'an from the front line or the rear. Whenever there was an opportunity, he personally invited them to come to the Marxist-Leninist Academy to give reports."The Situation at Home and Abroad and the United Front in the Rear Area" by Zhou Enlai, "The Situation and the Anti-Japanese Guerrilla War in North China" by Zhu De, "The Battlefield in North China" by Peng Dehuai, "The Situation of the Anti-Japanese War in North China and the Construction of Base Areas Behind the Enemy" by Deng Xiaoping, "About the Jincha War" by Peng Zhen Hebei Situation", Dong Biwu's "About the Situation in the Great Rear Area" and the reports of He Long, Zhang Dingcheng, etc., have all enriched the teaching content and promoted the combination of theory and practice. In addition to personally lecturing and hosting class questions and answers, Zhang Wentian himself often makes reports on major events within the party, important policies and decisions of the party center.Not long after the start of school at the Marxist-Leninist College, Zhang Wentian made a report criticizing Zhang Guotao for defecting to the enemy, and repeatedly stated the truth that "the party must direct the gun, and the gun must not direct the party".According to Zeng Yanxiu: "Deep Roots Are Not Afraid of the Wind Shaking—Remember Zhang Wentian", see "Recalling Zhang Wentian", Hunan People's Publishing House, 1985 edition, p. 135. After the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Party in November 1938, he immediately conveyed it to the teachers and students of the Marxist-Leninist College.A total of six or seven reports were made, expounding in detail the spirit of Mao Zedong's political report "On the New Stage", combining history and the current situation, brilliantly expounding the party's strategy and tactics in the War of Resistance Against Japan, and criticizing Wang Ming's Right-leaning erroneous claims. . On July 7, 1940, the third anniversary of the Anti-Japanese War, the Central Committee made the "Decision on the Current Situation and the Party's Policies." The Marxist-Leninist College suspended classes for research and discussion. Zhang Wentian answered the questions raised in the discussion seven times collectively. .As stated in an article entitled "How Strategic Education is Carried Out in the Marxist-Leninist College", the above-mentioned reports, as well as the discussion of various resolutions, instructions, and declarations of the Central Committee, and the reading and discussion of party newspapers and periodicals, "make The students have gained practical results. As a result, they accepted certain experiences and lessons during the War of Resistance, which enriched the study of general Marxist-Leninist theoretical principles with practical and vivid content. Therefore, they were guaranteed to be exposed to practical problems in their study and life. , to participate in domestic political life within the party, and learn from it the specific application of the party's strategies in various environments, in various periods, and in different work departments." It can be seen from this that Zhang Wentian is very clear about the fact that the Marxist-Leninist Institute must adhere to the school-running policy of consistent theory and practice.Not only that, but his understanding was further developed and deepened in the practice of the Marxist-Leninist Academy.The tasks of "propagating Marxism-Leninism, improving the theoretical level of the country" and "sinicizing Marxism-Leninism" put forward by Zhang Wentian in the organizational report of the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee are the same as Mao Zedong's "great power of Marxism-Leninism" in his political report. , because it is related to the specific revolutionary practice of each country. For the Chinese Communist Party, it is to learn to apply the theory of Marxism-Leninism to the specific environment of China.” The spirit is consistent.Regarding the educational policy of the party school, Zhang Wentian pointed out that, first of all, "the connection between theory and practice, with special emphasis on the education of the revolutionary spirit and methods of Marxism-Leninism, and the emphasis on explaining the principles of Marxism-Leninism with practical problems." In February 1940, on the basis of summarizing the experience of the Marxist-Leninist Academy, Zhang Wentian drafted the "Instructions of the Central Committee on the Management of the Party School", emphasizing that "consolidating and developing the party" is the fundamental purpose of running the party school to strengthen the Marxist-Leninist education for cadres, and stipulated that " Obtaining the consistency between theory and practice is the central goal of the party school's teaching." At the same time, it pointed out that "in order to achieve this consistency in school life, it should be different from actual work. In order to enable students to truly understand the spirit and spirit of Marxism-Leninism As a method, we should frequently study and discuss various documents and instructions of the Party Central Committee and the Party’s leading organs, and we should frequently invite local and foreign responsible comrades to report on various current affairs issues and various practical work situations and experiences. These should become One of the main tasks of the party school."Under the direct guidance of Zhang Wentian, the Marxist-Leninist Academy trained and educated cadres based on the basic theory of Marxism-Leninism and the practical experience of the Chinese revolution. In order to "make students understand the spirit and methods of Marxism-Leninism", Zhang Wentian asked students to study hard and develop the habit of self-study.The school adopts the principle of self-study (that is, reading by oneself) under the guidance of teachers, and guides and helps students with high cultural and political levels to directly read and study the basic works of Marx, Engels, and Lies. In order to help students understand the principles of the courses they are studying, and also to check the teaching effect, Zhang Wentian really put in a lot of effort.Wu Liangping lectured on "Basic Questions of Marxism-Leninism" to the first class. After each lecture, Zhang Wentian came to host a question-and-answer class.Every one or two weeks he would come to take a "photograph" for everyone, which left a deep impression on the students.The so-called "photographing" is an alias given by the students to a class question and answer.Almost every Saturday afternoon, when the students gathered in the large classroom with earth walls and mud roofs at the foot of the mountain, Zhang Wentian would ask comprehensive questions about the various courses he had learned in the week.Usually, he asks questions first and answers by name. The person named stands up and speaks. If it is not enough, he asks the second or third person to speak, and then he gives pointers.The questions asked are lively, centering on the principles learned, but also related to the international situation at that time and the reality of the War of Resistance.At first, the students were a little scared, afraid that they would make a fool of themselves if they could not answer well, but then they gradually realized that this method inspired thinking and promoted the integration of theory with practice, and they all liked this lively and free discussion of "photographing".Sometimes Zhang Wentian was busy and couldn't come to "take pictures", and everyone would feel disappointed. In addition to teaching, Zhang Wentian also organized all the cadres and students of the academy to participate in the mass production movement in Yan'an. In 1939, he personally made a mobilization report at the meeting of the whole academy, explaining the significance of opening up wasteland and growing grain, and issued a production task of 148 shi and 5 buckets of grain.His own catering units are in the Central Propaganda Department and the Central Secretariat, and these two units have opened hundreds of acres of barren hills. Zhang Wentian also attached great importance to the study and research of basic theories at the Marxist-Leninist College.In addition to running student classes, the Marxist-Leninist College also established some research laboratories, including the Research Laboratory of Marxism-Leninism, the Research Laboratory of Political Economy, the Research Laboratory of Philosophy, and the Research Laboratory of Chinese Revolution. In order to allow students and cadres to read the original works of Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin, a compilation department was also set up to specialize in translation.Tasks are set for translators, with an average translation of 1,000 words per day and 360,000 words a year. In the spring of 1940, Zhang Wentian also invited Shi Zhe, who had just returned from the Soviet Union and lived temporarily in the cave of the Central Propaganda Department, to hold a Russian language class at the Marxist-Leninist Academy, attracting cadres from the Central Propaganda Department to participate.He hopes that some people will be able to read the original Russian texts of Marxist-Leninist works with the help of dictionaries, and even translate the original texts.He often asked Shi Zhe about the teaching situation.In order for everyone to study hard, he lent his dictionary to everyone, and donated his Russian version of "The Question of Leninism" as an extracurricular reading. In 1939, he organized a "Das Kapital" study group. The participants included Wang Shoudao, Wang Xuewen, Wu Liangping, Wang Sihua, Ai Siqi, He Xilin, Deng Liqun and other ten people.I spent half a day studying and discussing in Zhang Wentian's cave every other week, regardless of the heat or winter, and never stopped until I finished all 25 chapters of the first volume of "Das Kapital", which took more than a year.Each discussion was chaired by Zhang Wentian himself.For the first time, he talked about his learning experience.He focused on why "Das Kapital" started with commodities and money.After the discussion, the group members will take turns to be the central speakers of each chapter. Those who have read it will talk about their experience, and those who have not read it will ask questions and discuss fully.When you encounter key points and difficulties, you will not hesitate to spend time and study repeatedly.In order to understand "the fetishistic nature of commodities and its secrets" in Section 4 of Chapter 1, the study group discussed three times.In order to understand the original meaning of Marx, the study group often compares the original German version of "Das Kapital" with Chinese, English, Russian, French, Japanese and other translations for analysis and research.Among the group members, Wang Xuewen has studied "Das Kapital" for many years, Wang Sihua is the Chinese translator of "Das Kapital", Wu Liangping, and He Xilin are both scholars who translated Marxist-Leninist works. The depth is conceivable. Zhang Wentian has always believed that our party cadres should "dare to speak and do things", "willing to take responsibility, not afraid of responsibility", quoted from Zhang Wentian: "On the Anti-Japanese National United Front and Party Organization Issues", published in "Selected Documents of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China" (11 ), CPC Central Party School Press, 1989 edition, p. 707.Therefore, in the Marxist-Leninist Academy, he especially advocated the promotion of inner-party democracy, the courage to doubt, dare to ask questions, dare to express opinions in the study, and advocated the style of comradely debate on issues.Whether it is the study of theoretical courses, the study of party documents, or the digestion of various tutoring reports, students are required to conduct democratic discussions.There are often debates in the class.A table was set up in front of the bungalow, and the debate started. There were those who spoke positive opinions, and some who spoke negative opinions as "villains". The debate was fierce and impressive.In order to allow students to compare and differentiate, the newspaper reading room of the college publicly displays reading materials of various viewpoints, including the newspapers and periodicals of the Kuomintang diehards. When the Kuomintang launched its first anti-communist upsurge in 1939, several schools in Yan'an organized a debate in the auditorium of the Central Party School.The Academy of Marxism-Leninism was assigned to the KMT side, and because of the convenience of materials, the side that refuted from the Communist Party’s position was not well prepared. As a result of the debate, the anti-Communist viewpoint was not refuted.The news reached Mao Zedong the next day.He said to the comrades of the Marxist-Leninist Institute, I will refute you and see if I can refute them. The contents of "On New Democracy" such as "refuting the diehards" were originally taught by Mao Zedong when he went to the Marxist-Leninist Institute. .The democratic style of study and comparative and research methods of the Marxist-Leninist College enable students to have a deep understanding of Marxist viewpoints and a solid grasp, which is conducive to cultivating cadres who dare to act and dare to think independently. The well-known Chinese journalist Fan Changjiang wrote about Zhang Wentian's scholarly demeanor after the Long March in "The Northwest Corner of China" (published in 1936), saying that he "doesn't seem like someone who has crossed ten thousand mountains".In the work of the Marxist-Leninist Institute, Zhang Wentian's modest demeanor, approachable and persuasive style left an unforgettable impression on people.Everyone from top to bottom affectionately called him "Comrade Luo Fu", and they could talk to him directly if they couldn't figure out any problems.According to Zhang Wentian's opinion on training teachers, a young man who had just graduated from the Marxist-Leninist Academy was selected to give a lecture on "Basics of Marxism-Leninism".He expressed to Zhang Wentian that it was difficult to take on the responsibility while walking.Zhang Wentian repeatedly told him, "Don't be afraid, speak boldly!" He said that when he went to teach in Chongqing, some students were older than me, and they were girls. You are not afraid, you have studied systematically for three years, what are you afraid of?" He also said, don't think about the "little teachers" of the Marxist-Leninist Academy, just think that you are promoting the ABC of Marxism, so you don't have to be afraid.At the end of the day, Zhang Wentian took out a handwritten letter from the cave and sent it to him. The text read: "The roots are deep and the wind will not shake, and the tree is right, so why worry about the moon's shadow." It was persuasion and encouragement, and the young man mustered up his courage. Stepped onto the podium. . Before the October Revolution Day in 1940, the German fascist army hit the city of Moscow.In support of the Anti-Fascist War, the Academy of Marxism-Leninism decided to rehearse the play "Professor Mamen" written by German writer Wolff against fascist atrocities (the script was translated by Xiao San, directed by Zhang Wentian, and Chen Boer).The student who was assigned to play the role of Professor Mamen's wife was afraid of affecting his studies, so he approached Zhang Wentian and asked to be exempted from acting, saying: "Comrade Luo Fu, I don't want to act anymore. I came to study Marxism-Leninism! Before coming to the Marxism-Leninism Institute, Cheng ( Like me) the principal also said that we should read Das Kapital well!" This female student played Gorky on the second anniversary of the founding of the Marxist-Leninist Institute, and it was quite successful.Zhang Wentian said with a smile: "Oh, is it the little mother? Please sit down, please sit down, that performance was good. "Das Kapital" needs to be read, and the play needs to be performed. Now that our friends are in trouble, we can't stand by and watch! On the Moon Revolution Day, to support the Anti-Fascist War, this is the obligation of the Communists!" Zhang Wentian's words cleared her mind. Zhang Wentian cared deeply about the life, study and work of cadres and students.He often chatted with his classmates, asked how the food was going, and even asked how to spend the pocket money of the "border area ticket" of one yuan and fifty cents a month.According to Wu Wentao: "Teacher's Biao", "Recalling Zhang Wentian", Hunan People's Publishing House, 1985 edition, p. 123.Back then, the monthly living allowance paid by the Institute of Marxism-Leninism to compilers was four yuan and fifty cents, which was only five cents less than that of Mao Zedong and Zhang Wentian.Zhang Wentian got foreign-language editions of books (some of which Zhang Wentian specially asked his comrades in Hong Kong and Chongqing to buy), and delivered them to the residences of the editors himself.The Department of Compilation is at the back of the Marxist-Leninist College.Zhang Wentian's cave was separated from their residence by a mountain pass, so he always climbed the mountain without fear of getting tired. . In 1940, Fan Wenlan went to the Marxist-Leninist College as the director of the History Research Office, and edited "Compendium of General History of China".Zhang Wentian asked him what difficulties he had, so he just said it.Fan hesitated for a long time, saying that there was a shortage of books, and his books were all in the Kuomintang ruled area.Zhang Wentian asked him to rest assured, and immediately asked the underground party to try to transport Fan Wenlan's book from Kaifeng to Yan'an.There are fifty or sixty boxes of books, most of which are thread-bound.After they were transported, they were all placed in the newly completed megalithic building of the Central Office in Yangjialing.These books have become one of the collection sources of the Central Library.In the cold winter, Zhang Wentian also gave Fan Wenlan one of his leather jackets. Zhang Wentian's love for cadres and young people is particularly prominent in his bold use of them.Except for veteran cadres such as General Branch Secretary Zhang Qilong and Secretary-General Zhu Guang, most of the cadres of the leadership of the Marxist-Leninist College were selected from among the students.Song Ping, Deng Liqun, Ma Hong, An Pingsheng, Sun Hongzhi, etc. who participated in the work of the school's leading organization at that time were all young people in their twenties.Some students were selected as teaching staff and researchers, such as Wang Guangwei, Tian Jiaying, Zeng Yanxiu, Li Qing, Wu Junyang, etc. Most of them were in their early twenties at that time, and Wang Guangwei was slightly older, not yet thirty. The Marxist-Leninist Academy, founded and directly led by Zhang Wentian, has been in operation for three years, and it should be said to be a success.As Li Xiannian (who was a student in the first class of the school) summed up in a letter to the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Yan'an Marxist-Leninist College, "It is the first relatively formal school established by our party to study Marxism-Leninism. The school has made great contributions to improving the party's theoretical level. It has trained a group of cadres with basic knowledge of Marxism-Leninism, and helped many cadres who have gone through the Long March and long-term struggle in the Kuomintang area to sum up experience and learn theory; The establishment of the research institute provided the conditions. All the cadres who have been studied and trained by the Marxist-Leninist Academy and the Academia Sinica, in the hard struggles of various periods, and in the extensive practice of various fronts, can be said to have played a role in the backbone effect." The Yan'an Marxist-Leninist Institute was reorganized into the Marxist-Leninist Institute after Mao Zedong's "Reform Our Learning" report in May 1941, and was reorganized into the Academia Sinica in July.It can be seen that its reorganization is adapted to the requirements of the Yan'an rectification situation.It should be admitted that the phenomenon Mao Zedong criticized in his report did exist in varying degrees in the Marxist-Leninist Academy. However, if it is believed that there is a problem with the teaching policy of the Marxist-Leninist Academy, or even a "dogmatic stronghold" in a word, it is obviously a mistake. inappropriate.As mentioned above, from Zhang Wentian's guiding ideology of running the school to the practice of running the school for three years, he has always attached great importance to the combination of theory and practice, and has emphasized the integration of theory with practice.Most of the students who graduated from the Marxist-Leninist College feel that through this period of study, they have initially acquired the basic knowledge of Marxist-Leninist theory, have a relatively clear understanding of the party's line, principles and policies during the War of Resistance Against Japan, and have a clear understanding of the entire New Democratic Party. I have also gained a more comprehensive understanding of the theory and policies of communism, especially greatly improved my ideological level, strengthened my communist beliefs, and understood the party spirit that Communist Party members should have. This is a life-long benefit and an unforgettable experience.These gains are obviously not obtained under the teaching policy of completely disconnecting theory and practice.这恰好说明马列学院在整体上是贯彻了理论与实际结合的方针，并取得了成效的。 整体上贯彻了理论与实际结合的方针而又存在着若干理论与实际脱节的毛病，马列学院工作中的这种矛盾性，应该从党的思想路线的发展中得到解释。从创办马列学院到1941年毛泽东作《改造我们的学习》的报告，对理论与实际统一的认识有一个深化的过程。在1938年六届六中全会上，毛泽东强调了“使马克思主义中国化”，“马克思主义必须和我国的具体特点相结合”，“要学会把马克思列宁主义的理论应用于中国的具体环境”；张闻天强调了“要使组织工作中国化”，“要认真的使马列主义中国化，使它为中国最广大的人民所接受。”但那时毛泽东号召全党来一个“学习竞赛”的侧重点还是“普遍地深入地研究马克思列宁主义的理论”，张闻天对“理论与实际联系”的认识侧重点是“考虑中国的特点”、“在民族环境中来实现这些原则”；。在教学中，要“着重于拿实际的问题说明马列主义的原则”。到1941年毛泽东提出“改造我们的学习”之后，全党的认识获得了一个新的飞跃。毛泽东提出“矢”和“的”的关系：“'的'就是中国革命，'矢'就是马克思列宁主义”，找“矢”是为了射“的”；特别是他又提出“实事求是”，对马克思主义认识路线作出了新概括。这就使全党对理论与实际的统一的认识有了极大的提高。从这样的认识高度来看马列学院和它的院长，应当说当时对于理论与实际的联系的认识和理解还没有达到内在的、深刻的水平，还未能从整风所提出的思想路线的高度来认清理论与实际的关系，对什么是理论，什么是知识，也就没有达到后来毛泽东在整风报告中所讲的那样全面的认识。这就造成了马列学院虽然认真贯彻了理论与实际统一的方针而又不同程度地存在着不够重视实践、不够重视实际的缺点。 同延安整风统一起来历史地、全面地评价马列学院，可以看到，马列学院实际上是中国共产党在政治路线成熟之后向着解决思想路线过渡中的一个产物，如果说它的产生是适应了全党普遍加强理论学习的要求，那么它的改组又是适应了全党在理论与实际结合上的深入与提高。特别可贵的是，继续担任马列研究院和中央研究院院长的张闻天，在这一深入与提高的过程中，又以亲自长期到陕北、晋西北农村调查研究的实际行动，在理论与实际的结合上登上了一个新的台阶，为全党树立了光辉的榜样。 1939年2月17日中共中央书记处发出通知，为统一领导中央直属各学校的教育工作和党政军民各机关的干部教育，“特决定组织干部教育部，以洛甫同志兼任部长”。本来这项工作就是由张闻天兼任部长的中央宣传部负责的，现在另设了专门的领导机构，在张闻天的领导下，延安和全党各学校和机关的干部教育工作就进一步开展起来了。至1940年初，宣传部与干部教育部合并为宣传教育部，张闻天兼任部长。他及时总结各学校、各机关干部教育的经验教训，经过中央研究，连续发出了《中央关于干部学习的指示》（1940年1月3日）、《中央关于办理党校的指示》（1940年2月15日）、《中央关于在职干部教育的指示》（1940年3月24日），对教育方针、教育计划（包括不同程度干部分类学习的课程标准）、教学原则与方法、教科书的编辑发行等都作了明确、切实的规定。1940年8月13日中央宣传部又发出了《关于加强干部策略教育的指示》，干部教育工作进一步得到了加强。 1940年10月，中央宣传部对延安的在职干部教育作了总结，指出：“一年多来的延安在职干部教育，已经发动了最大多数在职干部学习的积极性，并把这种积极性组织成为经常性……在教育制度上，我们已经有了比较完整的建设，如：小课与大课之相辅而行，指导员与支部教育干事的确立，巡回教育制与顾问团制的采用，各种研究组与研究会的推行，一般大讲演的举行与干部教育中策略教育的开始等等。在学习方法上，我们有过许多创造，并积累了一些好的经验；在今年5月总检查中，曾经发现了许多模范的学习小组。总之，延安的在职干部教育，正在继续展开和不断的前进。”同时也指出存在着策略教育不够、许多干部未能养成自习与独立思考的习惯等弱点。 .在总结经验、揭示弱点的基础上，张闻天领导宣传教育部从当时实际情况出发，对不同地区、不同方面的干部教育提出了新的要求，作出了具体指示。 1940年10月，中央宣传部先后就“抗日根据地在职干部教育中的几个问题”、“各抗日根据地内党支部教育”、“提高延安在职干部教育质量”、“大后方党的干部教育”、“华北联大教学任务、方针等问题”发出指示，。推动了延安、各根据地以及大后方干部教育的发展。 张闻天是党的干部教育事业的开创者之一，他的贡献是多方面的。除了前述创办马列学院和上述对干部教育的全面领导以外，要数《中国现代革命运动史》这部教材的编著与马列著作的编译出版了。 张闻天认为，“供给教材”是党内教育首先需要解决的问题，“供给各地教员、教材、教育计划、研究讨论大纲”是党中央和宣传部的责任。 .所以，张闻天十分重视教材建设。他刚到陕北就指导宣传部的同志编写过一本简明通俗、图文并茂的《党员课本》（共32课），亲自修改定稿。 .他甚至还亲自组织与指导编写了一套抗日根据地小学语文课本。 .当然，最为著名的是他亲自编著的《中国现代革命运动史》。这是一部用马克思主义观点系统地分析自鸦片战争以来中国近百年历史的教本，是用马克思主义观点研究和编写中国革命史、中共党史的开创之作之一。 在党内教育中开设党史、革命史课程方面，张闻天称得上是一位先驱者。1933年出版的教本《中国革命基本问题》，就是他在江西瑞金马克思共产主义学校讲课的记录整理稿。他共讲三讲，一为“中国革命的社会经济基础”，二为“1925年至1927年中国大革命”，三为“大革命时期的中国共产党”（铅印本未收第三讲）。这本书对中国近现代革命历史作了比较具体的分析，根据地内的干部学校都采用它做教本。它是后来的《中国现代革命运动史》的雏形。1936年“红大”恢复，张闻天又一次讲授了《中国革命基本问题》。周恩来1936年7月10日在安塞会见埃德加·斯诺时曾介绍此书说：“书中虽有一些史实和分析上的错误，但仍算是现有最好的一本书。”7月19日张闻天同斯诺在保安长谈，用“正反合”的哲学观点，精辟地分析了大革命以来中国现代革命历史的发展阶段，表现了他在这个领域的深厚造诣。 1937年春，“红大”改名为“抗大”，打算将《中国革命基本问题》这门课程发展为《中国现代革命运动史》。课程内容的侧重点是“中国革命运动的经验教训，党在各个革命时期的政治路线与具体政策”引自张闻天《党的宣传鼓动工作提纲》中关于课程内容的规定，见《张闻天选集》，人民出版社1985年版，第305页。这对重新训练老干部和培养青年知识分子以适应抗日民族统一战线的新形势是很有必要的。可是，当时既没有教材又没有教员。虽然共产党的早期宣传家恽代英、萧楚女在大革命时期分别编写、印行过中国现代革命运动史方面的教材，恽代英：《中国民族革命运动史》，1927年3月15日印行，全书七讲，从“反清复明至鸦片战争”讲到“五卅运动”。 .但在延安很难找到。那时，延安可以找到的是李鼎声（平心）编著的《中国近代史》，这部书就成了张闻天主要的参考书。 为编好教材并培养教员，张闻天亲自将开设这门课程的任务承担起来。他在抗大组织了一个“中国现代革命史研究会”，参加者有刘亚楼、张爱萍、杨兰史、莫文骅等。朱德总司令不是研究会的成员，但参加研究会的活动。张闻天首先指导大家自学，要大家找有关的书籍，认真阅读研究，然后组织讨论。张闻天说明全书框架，提示每讲要点，并明确分工，每人写一讲。各人写好后交给他修改。在做过这番认真准备之后，张闻天亲自在抗大第一队（军、师级高干队，还有个别国民党抗日将领参加）从头至尾讲了一遍，朱总司令和研究会成员都去听讲。尔后，各人以张闻天的讲稿为蓝本，依据听讲学员的实际水平，对自己所讲的一讲加工修改。除朱总司令去第二队（也是高干队）讲课外，其他人都是去团以下的干部队或学生队讲。为使理论问题寓于历史过程的叙述之中，大家作了不少努力。经过教学实践检验的讲稿，又作了补充修饰，上下连贯成书，最后由张闻天审阅修改定稿。 这本书从1840年鸦片战争写到1927年广州起义，内容生动具体，文笔流畅，深刻地总结了鸦片战争以来历次革命运动和重大政治事件的经验教训。出版后立即产生了很大的社会反响。在“孤岛”上海，在武汉等地，都相继翻印，流传全国。当时中国共产党在延安和各抗日根据地的各类院校，无论开设“中国革命基本问题”课程，还是“中国现代革命运动史”、“中共党史”课程，一般都以这本书为教材或蓝本。此后，范文澜等许多人写的关于中国近代史、中国革命史方面的著作，都是参考了这本书的。直到新中国成立前，解放区各种干部学校都以这本书作为课本。从抗日战争到解放战争，它先后出了10多个版本，印行在20次以上。可见它是一本深受读者欢迎、适合干部学习的教本。 《中国现代革命运动史》建立了比较完整的结构框架和叙述体系。全书分七讲，从鸦片战争开始的旧民主主义革命时期，讲到五四运动为发端的新民主主义革命时期。前三讲为“太平天国革命运动”、“戊戌变法与义和团运动”、“辛亥革命”。后四讲为“五四运动”、“中国共产党的产生与中国工人运动的发展”、“中国国民党的改组与国共合作”、“一九二五——二七年的中国大革命”。 这种讲法，讲清了近百年来中国反帝、反封建革命斗争的全过程，使人对中国革命发生、发展的原因及历史过程，对中国共产党领导的新民主主义革命的背景、性质和意义，有清晰完整的概念；对只有共产党才能救中国、才能领导资产阶级民主革命取得胜利，半殖民地、半封建的中国不可能走资本主义道路的道理，有较为深刻的理解。每一讲都先分析革命运动发生的时代背景和这类革命运动的历史渊源，然后用翔实的史料，生动具体地评述历史过程，最后论述经验教训，使读者把感性的历史知识提到客观规律的理性高度来理解和认识。 坚持马克思主义所要求的逻辑的与历史统一的方法，是这个教本的一个显著特点。张闻天遵循关于历史发展的终极原因必须到物质生活的生产方式中去寻找，社会革命的最深刻的根源存在于社会基本矛盾之中的历史唯物主义观点，在说明中国现代历次革命运动的发生、发展时，特别注重社会经济结构及其变动情况的分析。同时，张闻天又能够用世界眼光来认识中国历史。因为既然西方帝国主义的大炮轰开了中国闭关锁国的大门，现代中国的历史进程就同帝国主义对中国的侵略，同世界的历史变动息息相关了。作者还成功地运用了历史比较方法，坚持对具体历史事件进行具体分析，许多论断新颖独到、中肯贴切。例如，作者认为义和团运动“是南方太平天国运动在当时落后的北方之变态的再版”，“义和团虽然是一种迷信的农民组织，可是它又带有一种民族思想与反对统治阶级的情绪”。而太平天国同历史上的农民战争相比有它的新特点，它是“中国过去历史在新周期的再现”。在鸦片战争后中国社会正酝酿着新变动的情势之下，太平天国这样的农民战争“恰成资产阶级民主革命的序幕，在客观上正是更明显地谋为中国资本主义的发展扫清道路的”。又如，作者将戊戌变法的失败同日本明治维新的成功作比较，指出“戊戌变法的失败，证明用改良主义的方法，自上而下来改造中国，使中国走上资本主义的道路是不可能的。” 这本教材中最精彩的篇章，是对各次历史运动经验教训的总结。张闻天开设《中国现代革命运动史》这门课的目的，是要通过历史的学习，记取中国革命运动的经验教训，理解并掌握当前党的路线、方针、政策，因此，每讲的经验教训部分自然是他最下工夫的地方。例如，关于太平天国，书中讲到，农民革命领袖洪秀全，当年是何等的英明果决，在领导革命取得胜利的过程中起了不可磨灭的作用，但到了后期，却是“近小人、远贤臣”，个人专断，昏迷猜忌，发动一场内乱，残酷迫害功臣忠良，造成令人痛心的自相残杀的惨局。作者以痛切的笔触道出这一历史的悲剧，给人极深刻的教训。对于第一次大革命历史的总结是张闻天写得最为深刻、细致的部分。张闻天以其在丰富的革命实践中取得的正反两方面的经验教训来反思1925—1927年大革命的历史，对武装斗争、土地问题、群众运动、国共合作等关系革命成败的重大问题进行了历史具体的、深刻的总结，对陈独秀右倾机会主义作了透彻的、极有说服力的批判。张闻天指出，大革命遭到极为痛心的挫败，首先是陈独秀的机会主义完全不了解“革命的根本问题，是政权问题”（列宁语），“而政权最重要的工具便是武装”。张闻天指出了从中山舰事件起陈独秀在武装问题上不可宽恕的错误，直到“四一二”政变后最紧急关头自动地将武汉工人纠察队的武装缴械的叛卖罪行，用血的教训阐明这样一条真理：“中国国民革命要得到彻底胜利之先决的条件，必要变更旧的官僚机构和雇佣军队系统，而创造直接民权和真正国民武装。”这样具体而深刻的历史经验的总结，为党在抗日民族统一战线中坚持独立自主原则，巩固和发展人民军队和抗日根据地，提供了历史的殷鉴和理论的根据。 自然，这本书也存在一些不足。由于当时参考资料很少，全党对于历史经验还没有来得及进行系统的总结，因此书中若干史实欠准确，若干论断未必得当，这是在所难免的。总的说来，由于张闻天深厚的理论功底、良好的文字素养，对中国国情与中国革命历史的深入研究，使得这本中国现代革命运动史著作达到了很高的水平。在中国现代学术史和政治思想史上，张闻天及其《中国现代革命运动史》都有一席之地。胡乔木在1988年指导编写《中国共产党历史》时仍然把它作为一个范本，说张闻天的这本书是按照他自己对局势和历史发展规律的判断来写的，那时毛泽东对这些问题还没有作出论断。全书一气呵成，看起来很流畅，有极大的可读性。 《中国现代革命运动史》教材的下限是1927年大革命失败。张闻天后来在马列学院又接续讲了《两次革命高潮之间的反动时期》、《十年苏维埃运动》，加上传达六届六中全会详细地讲述党在抗日战争中的“战略与策略”，实际上一直讲到了抗战。 .又，《两次革命高潮之间的反动时期》当时曾将记录整理稿油印成讲义发给学员，惜迄今未找到。可惜这些讲课的内容未能增补到这本教材中去。 张闻天为马克思主义经典著作的编译出版，也倾注了大量的心血。20世纪20年代在莫斯科留学期间，他就翻译出版过马克思的《法兰西内战》和普列汉诺夫的《马克思主义基本问题》等著作。他在延安时，为了做好马列著作编译工作，特地在马列学院内成立了一个专门机构编译部，张闻天亲自兼任编译部主任。他管得很具体，抽调干部，个别谈话，了解工作进度和困难等等，他都过问。他还亲自审阅部分译稿。编译部起初不到十人，他还组织延安其他单位的一些同志参与这项工作。他提出的目标很明确，第一期集中力量编译出版“马恩丛书”10册，第二期编译出版“列宁选集”20卷。在他的领导下，这项工程有组织、有计划地开展，终于克期竣工，前后花了将近六年。这30本书的翻译出版，不论对于全党的理论学习，还是对于马克思列宁主义在中国的传播，都是一件大事。它扩大了马克思列宁主义的宣传阵地，为广大干部提供了学习和掌握马克思列宁主义基本理论的精神食粮，适应了党中央大量培养干部的迫切需要。 张闻天认为：“除阅读与研究我们出版的马列主义书籍以外，也还有许多书籍，可以作为我们增进知识的辅助读物的。”因为“马列主义是人类文化知识最高的发展，学习马列主义必须有很丰富的、具体的社会知识与科学知识做基础”。 .为此，在他的倡导下，延安编辑出版了《抗战中的中国丛书》、《西北丛书》、《文化教育丛书》等知识读物。他还提倡读鲁迅的杂文和小说，认为这是“每个干部所必须研究的读物”，。 “现代中国的青年，从鲁迅先生的作品中可以得到很多有益的、宝贵的东西”。 .为此，他指导刘雪苇编选了两本集子，一本是《鲁迅论文选集》，一本是《鲁迅小说选集》，“作为青年所必需的读物”。在1940年10月19日鲁迅逝世四周年纪念