Chapter 51 second quarter

After Ye Minghan learned that his uncle was imprisoned, he rushed to see him in the "Gangster Labor Reform Squad".After seeing Ye Minghan, Ye Qisun blamed him and said, why are you here?You don't come to see me.Before Ye Minghan could speak, Ye Qisun waved his hand to tell Ye Minghan to leave quickly.He didn't want Ye Minghan to be implicated!Seeing his nephew disappearing into the night, Ye Qisun couldn't help sighing up to the sky, how he wished someone could help him at this moment and explain to him why. He thought of his good friends Chen Yinke and Wu Mi.He remembered a question the three of them had discussed at Harvard in the 1920s.At that time, Chen Yinke once said: he does not oppose communism, but he does not agree with "Russian-style communism".Wu Mi felt the same way as him.When Chen Yinke said this, he was already 29 years old.His worldview and values ​​have been formed and never changed throughout his life.He advocated freedom of thought and academic independence, "If you don't think freely, you'd rather die."When he attended the meeting of Academia Sinica and received a banquet from Chiang Kai-shek, he had seen this man in person and "feeled that this man was not good enough and was responsible for his duty", so he came back and wrote a poem "Return to the Night Banquet in Chongqing in the Late Spring of Gengchen", in which there is "food Who knows what is going on in the world, just look at Huachou near the tallest building."However, he also did not buy the account of Guo Moruo, the president of the new Chinese Academy of Sciences, and refused to take up relevant positions in the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

In 1957, at the age of 67, Chen Yinke wrote in a poem: "What I have learned in my life is buried in the bones, and my poems are owed to me in my later years." In 1958, he was criticized in the national movement to criticize bourgeois academic thought. In the autumn of 1961, an old friend Wu Mi came to Guangzhou to visit. He once wrote a poem: "Wuyang was born with nine ileums. Although he lives in Luofu, he has a different hometown. He is appointed to teach and has supercilious eyes, and only red makeup is left when he writes books. Zhong Jun's ghost is about to arrive. Tangzi is even more busy when he throws people around. Dongpo still laughs at himself, and his career is not absurd when he is old." Wu Mi later recorded in his diary: "Brother Yinke can't see anything in both eyes, groping indoors, walking slowly with a stick Went outside with the support of Xiao Peng. His face was the same as before, with very little whiteness, but the front was bald, and his eyebrows were in a figure-splayed shape. Brother Yinke is in excellent spirits, and I want to briefly talk about the recent situation in the past twelve years... Although the government has repeatedly urged, Brother Yinke was determined not to leave Sun Yat-sen University and enter Beijing: to uphold his righteousness, to lie still, not to see visiting guests, especially any foreigners, not to talk about politics, not to comment on current affairs and policies, and not to criticize people. However, Brother Yinke His thoughts and ideas have not changed, that is, he still abides by the old theory of "the middle school is the body" (Chinese culture standard theory)... I still believe that the righteousness of Confucius and Taoism in China is beneficial to the world, and Buddhism is also pure. Although this belief is dangerous, its actions and words are dangerous, but it stands firm and will never change from the customs of the times." ("Wu Mi and Chen Yinke", written by Wu Xuezhao, Tsinghua University Press, 1993 edition) In 1965, it was presented to Jiang Tianshu in the text: "Yinke traveled tens of thousands of miles east and west for the sake of studying, but he failed in the end. For decades, he encountered two world wars, and the civil war was even more severe. Afterwards, he lost his eyesight and lived in the mountains, dying. , It will be dead. Meditating all my life, I have never insulted my self-esteem, and learning from Ashi, I seem to be able to comfort my friends.” In the article "After Reading Wu Qichang's Biography of Liang Qichao", it was said that "Yu Shaoxi's new method of Linchuan is new, while the old Tongshui is pedantic Old man's detour".

Such an upright and independent scholar in troubled times can imagine the heavy damage he suffered in the "Cultural Revolution".Because of the brutal criticism, Chen Yinke, who was blind, became disabled again.Even so, he could not escape the stormy exposure and criticism of the Red Guards, and he was accused of being a "reactionary academic authority" sheltered by Tao Zhu, a "capitalist roader". Looted, until October 7, 1969, in the residence of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, to the end of worry and indignation. But Wu Mi's life is not like this.This suave, liberal scholar did not change his judgment all his life, and persisted and persisted in silence.Wu Mi insisted on going to Guangzhou to visit Chen Yinke in his later years, but he still did not "convert from the customs".When facing the farewell at that meeting, Chen Yinke sent another poem to Wu Mi as he did when he first met Wu Mi:

It really is life and death. In January 1978, Wu Mi passed away unjustly.Even to the point of death, I did not change my original intention! Compared with Chen Yinke and Wu Mi, although Ye Qisun has a lot in common with them in terms of thoughts and feelings, and their world outlook and values ​​are almost the same, but as a natural scientist, when dealing with the relationship between profession and politics, and the relationship between people However, the relationship between people and society is still not the same.Perhaps because of the different social roles, he is more passionate and innocent than the deep-eyed Chen Yinke, and more stable and rational than the refined and elegant Wu Mi.When Wu Mi showed slack and pessimism during his study abroad, Ye Qisun always influenced him with the spirit of forging ahead and sacrificing courage. When Chen Yinke and Wu Mi expressed their views on politics and the current situation, he was also a listener and a learner .On the peak of morality, they are the three strange stones that are extremely tall, but Chen Yinke is the jagged one, Wu Mi's is covered with green moss, which gives people a romantic imagination, and Ye Qisun is not amazing but Won the astonishment of people.To do extraordinary things with a normal heart, and to be an ordinary person in big things, this is the principle of Ye Qisun's life.A scientist with his status, who personally led students to the front line of the Anti-Japanese War and strategized under the eyes of the Japanese invaders, how many people can there be in China?When he was at the Southwest Associated University in Kunming, as the acting principal, he was willing to fight for the students, help the coffin of the martyrs and angrily denounce the Kuomintang gangsters.He yearns for the light and progress, and is full of trust and enthusiasm for the Communist Party of China and the new China. He had no enthusiasm or interest in politics at first, but in order to adapt to the new era, he studied politics hard and gradually cared about politics and the current situation. In the diary, a considerable amount of space is used to record the international situation, diplomacy and military situation of New China.He cares about politics, but does not participate in politics, and takes the initiative to alienate politics. This is where he is similar to Chen Yinke.Chen Yinke made it clear: "I will never oppose the political power. I read the original text of "Das Kapital" in Switzerland in the third year of Xuantong (1911). But I don't think that we can first study Marxism-Leninism and then study academics." "Therefore, I Propose the first article: 'Allow the Institute of Middle Ancient History not to follow Marxist-Leninist works, and not to study politics'".Like Chen Yinke, Ye Qisun had read a series of works by Marx, Engels and Lenin when he was studying.He advocates applying what he has learned, rather than formalizing and superficializing, let alone following the trend.He once asked a student how many books on Marxism and Leninism he had read, and the student replied that he had only read "Popular Philosophy".Ye Qisun said, how can you make a choice and judge after only reading one book?Chen Yinke made his lifelong choice precisely because he had carefully studied a series of works of Marx: "I do not oppose communism, but I do not approve of Russian-style communism." Because they know too much about Russia, such as Stalin The establishment and formation of despotism.

Some scholars once said: "It was from Stalin that Hitler learned the art of exterminating all innocent people. We cannot fight Hitler's atrocities against the Jews with kindness, but at the same time keep silent about the 6 million refugees in the Soviet concentration camps. At the same time, as a maverick scholar, a great intellectual with independent thinking and free will, the most satisfying thing in his life is probably to be able to "choose" freely. It is said that the word "intelligentsia" was first used by the Russians, and when it was introduced to Britain, the meanings of "estranger" and "examiner" were implanted in English intellectuals.In Russia, the birthplace of "intellectuals", the encounters of intellectuals provided reference and inspiration for groups that later used this name.If you honor it, you bear its full history, its glory and its humiliation, its pain and its responsibility, in using it.You are not destined to stay the same forever, and you will always complete your life as an alienator and examiner.Such is the fate of a true intellectual.Chen Yinke is consciously making his own choices as an intellectual, including choosing his own attitude towards life, choosing his own academic judgment, and choosing his own free will.Although Chen Yinke and Ye Qisun were good friends, they bloomed like a pair of parallel lotus flowers in that era, but the orientation of the flowers was not the same.Ye Qisun's ideal is to save the country through science, while Chen Yinke's life pursuit is centered on liberalism.

Liberalism is a strange plant in China.This is a plant that has just sprouted and been beaten by freezing frost.Many people don't even know what it's all about.Although the liberalism that Mao Zedong first criticized included 11 manifestations, in essence, it only referred to some branches and leaves of this plant, which is obviously far from the complete appearance of liberalism. The term "liberalism" originated from the name of a political party in Spain in the early 19th century, and later it gained wide recognition in the Western world.At present, liberalism has become a banner of thought and mainstream thought in Western society. It is not only the political belief of many people, but also a philosophical trend of thought and social movement.For the government, in terms of social system construction and policy orientation, it should be a way of thinking and an important element that those in power should first consider when considering achieving social expectations.Personally, it's a way of life.A liberal named Spitz also summed up 10 principles for liberals like Mao Zedong. He believes that liberals must: (1) respect freedom more than other values, even equality and justice are no exception;( 2) Respect "people" rather than "property", but do not ignore the positive role of property in promoting human well-being; (3) Do not trust power, even if it comes from the majority; (4) Do not trust authority; (5) Be tolerant; (6) Believe in democratic politics; (7) Respect truth and reason; (8) Acknowledge the fact that society will inevitably change; (9) Don’t be ashamed to compromise; (10) Most importantly, maintain a critical spirit.This is probably the basic idea of ​​liberalism.It can be seen from the above that the true appearance of liberalism is not the kind of liberalism we usually refer to from a historical perspective.Although this theory of liberalism is based on individualism, it is not an individualism in which personal interests are paramount, but a neutral designation. It takes the individual as the basis of its arguments and demonstrations. Ethical principles are derived from this.Some theorists call this method of argument methodological individualism, because this theory regards the individual as the smallest and most basic unit of social analysis, and all other organizations, groups, communities, and even countries can be attributed to individuals, just like science and It is the same as the atomism that has appeared in the history of philosophy, so some theorists call this individualism atomism. "In fact, liberals do not reject the values ​​of the collective, society, or even the country. Individualism is not egoism. From individualism, it is not necessary to draw the conclusion that excludes all collective orientations and choices. It just means that judging a society The ultimate standard of policies and values ​​can only be the individual; individual freedom is the most basic starting point of a society and the basis of all social policies and legislation. Individuals constitute a crowd and society, and in the sense of genetics and ontology, individuals are It has priority. Liberals firmly believe that social policy must have an ultimate foothold, which is the individual.” ("Basic Ideas of Liberalism", Gu Su, Central Compilation Press, 2005 edition, p. 4)

Chen Yinke's swan song "independent spirit, free thought" and "unfreedom of thought or death of ear" on Wang Guowei's inscription are the ideological banner of his pursuit of freedom and independence, and also the roar of his inner loneliness.The concepts of "a gentleman is independent" and "a gentleman does not belong to the party" in traditional Chinese culture shaped his inner sense of independence, and Western ideas of freedom and democracy gave him a deep influence.From the idea of ​​freedom in ancient Greece to the concept of equality in Rome, from constitutionalism to pluralistic democracy, from Spinoza to Hamilton, from classical liberalism to modern and contemporary liberalism, he has touched and explored them one by one.In the absence of the Chinese cultural tradition of "Give me freedom or give me death", Chen Yinke and Wang Guowei may have given Chinese intellectuals their legacy in the 20th century just because of the nourishment of liberalism.

Chen Yinke and Wu Mi lived their lives with such thoughts and emotions. Compared with Chen Yinke and Wu Mi, Ye Qisun's political appeal is relatively less, and as a natural scientist, he is also much simpler than a humanist scholar. It is precisely this innocence that makes Ye Qisun mostly "join the WTO" in all previous incidents. It was this innocence that made his spiritual trauma even more painful.This pain went straight to his bone marrow... We excerpted from the book "The Cornerstone of Chinese Science and Technology" that a relative of Ye Qisun was forced to write "revealing" materials after being imprisoned, from which we can see the great spiritual damage Ye Qisun suffered at that time:

In November of this year (press: refers to 1967), Ye Qisun, a so-and-so member, was arrested, and Peking University posted a big-character poster to defeat Ye Qisun. I went to see it and realized that the so-called "anti-Japanese guerrilla" was actually an anti-communist and anti-people spy. Activity.The big-character poster of the New Peking University Commune stated that the School Cultural Revolutionary School and the New Peking University Commune had already grasped Ye’s material and had reported it to the Central Cultural Revolutionary Committee. Because the case was serious and involved many people, it was not released.After reading the big-character posters, I felt that the case was very serious.I should draw a line with him well.As for the facts of the case itself, according to the big-character posters of the New Peking University Commune, the leaders think it is not appropriate to publish it, so I should not know about it.Ye came to my house in mid-January. Ye said that he was taken away by Jinggangshan for a few days, and he wrote an confession.Ye said: "You don't know about my (19) 38-year history. Let me tell you." I said, "Don't tell me. You should explain to the leader. I shouldn't know." I didn't talk about it.I asked him if he had confessed in the past, and why he hadn't confessed earlier.Ye said that he also knew this way, so he must confess.Ye said that his problem was very serious, and he hadn't explained it well in the past, but only talked about it when writing testimonial materials for others.In the past, I didn't know enough about this issue, and I had concerns because many people were involved, including Lu Zhengcao, who was afraid of retaliation.Ye also said that he was not a CC spy, had never joined a secret service organization, nor had he joined the Kuomintang... Ye also said that in the past in Chongqing, he tried to rescue a certain member Xiong Dazhen. The prime minister said.

At the end of March, he said that his question was of a historical counter-revolutionary nature and would not be finalized until after the next National People's Congress.Ye also said that according to the circumstances of the case, he should be imprisoned, maybe he could be dealt with leniently, he could be executed outside the prison, and he could live at home.At the beginning of February this year, Ye suddenly said that he and Cui Xiongkun were asked to go to a study class opened in Jinggangshan, but he did not go.Therefore, Jinggangshan Radio Station called him out and criticized him every day.From then on, every time Ye came to my house, he said one thing, and said that when he went to Wangfujing, he could also hear the Jinggangshan broadcast.It is also said that there is a special broadcast in a low voice, which is dedicated to him.Sometimes the Jinggangshan and New Peking University radio stations debated his question.At first I thought what was being said was unreasonable, but then I felt more and more that he was out of his mind.In the middle of March, in order to prove that what he said was wrong, I went to Zhou Peiyuan and asked him if there was such a broadcast in Jinggangshan.The content of my conversation with Zhou Peiyuan is as follows: After I explained my purpose of coming, Zhou said that he had never heard of such a broadcast in Jinggangshan, and Zhou asked me what was the problem with Ye.I said that I don't know too well, I just read some from the big-character posters.Then I talked about the content of the big-character posters I saw, and said that Ye had talked about sending letters for "guerrillas" in Kunming in the past.Zhou said that in the past at the General Assembly, everyone knew a little bit about it. (19) After Ye arrived in Kunming in 1938, he published some articles in a magazine run by Qian Duansheng at that time, "Introducing the Guerrilla Zone in Central Hebei" (roughly speaking), which surprised everyone at the time.Zhou also said that Wang Dexi also went to Jizhong, and later came out to study in the UK, which is known to all.Everyone knows about Xiong Dazhen.I said to Zhou: "It seems that Ye is out of his mind. Can you do some ideological work for him and tell him that there is no such broadcast at Jinggangshan Radio Station. It is his own insanity and hallucination." Zhou said: " You can just talk to him.” In addition, Zhou also asked about Wen Ye’s arrest at the headquarters in Jinggangshan.

In mid-March, Ye said that Jinggangshan reacted to his every move. When he took a sip of tea, the radio station said that he was drinking the wrong tea; when he walked out, the radio station told him to go back immediately and so on.Ye said that Jinggangshan must have a radar-like reconnaissance system that can see all his actions.I told him, you are a physics student, you know that radio waves can't pass through earth walls, there is no such thing at all, it's an illusion.Ye didn't believe my words at all.Ye said that you will know when you come to my house and listen.Ye also said that maybe there is such a "radar" now.In order to break Ye's illusion, I went to Ye's house once in late March. Ye said: "Listen carefully, I will have a sip of tea now, and there will be an announcement in a while." No.Ye said: "Yes, you are deaf, so you can't hear." Ye said that his ears are highly sensitive, so he heard it.On the day I went, his co-worker Lao Zhou was not at home. A few days later, Lao Zhou came to me and said that he felt that Ye's nerves were wrong.Zhou Shuoye often said in the past few days that the radio broadcast asked him to go to Zhongnanhai for a meeting, but said that the broadcast would not let him go.Lao Zhou asked if he would persuade Ye to see a doctor.I said that I had suggested to Ye many times, but Ye refused to go. In the early morning of March 30, Ye came to my house. Ye said that he was very nervous last night. Jinggangshan came to him several times with gongs and drums, and wanted to marry him. Fortunately, the People's Liberation Army protected him.Ye also said that he heard that someone in the Academy of Sciences was injured, and he heard on the radio that Wu Youxun was injured, but he didn't know if there was such a thing.I said, "It's because you're mentally ill. Wu Youxun is fine." Ye said he didn't believe it, and wanted to ask others, Zhao Zhongyao.Ye said, "You can make an appointment with Zhao Zhongyao for me." I said yes.At that time, my idea was that I would go to say hello to Zhao Zhongyao first, let Zhao know that Ye's nerves were abnormal, and persuade Ye to seek medical treatment.I first went to Zhao Zhongyao and told him about my visit. At about 9:00 a.m., I accompanied Ye to Zhao's house.Zhao said: "Wu is fine, I'm afraid you heard it wrong." Ye said that he heard it right, maybe it was the radio broadcast that made a mistake.Later, Zhao and I kept persuading Ye Cai to agree to go to the hospital.In the morning, I accompanied Ye to the Department of Neurology of the Third Hospital of Peking University, where he was diagnosed with "hallucinosis" and given some medicine (Dongmianling orally).Ye rested at my house in the afternoon.In the evening, Lao Zhou came to pick him up. Three or four days later, because I knew that Ye was not good at taking medicine, I went to see him again to see how he was taking medicine.Lao Zhou said: "After taking it for two days, I won't take it. You can persuade him." I advised Ye to continue taking the medicine.Ye said that there was a problem with this medicine, and he felt sleepy after taking it all day long.Ye also said that he just didn't want to take the medicine: "Don't talk about it anymore!"I went to Beijing Medical University again and asked the doctor.The doctor said that the medicine made me feel drowsy at the beginning, but it will be fine in a few days. Now that the disease has just started, we must take the medicine according to the prescription. If the patient really refuses to take the medicine, he can take it every night instead. once.Later, when Ye came to my house, I persuaded him to take it again, but he still disagreed. Ye said that he was already cured, and now he didn't listen to the radio much, so he didn't need to take medicine.In fact, he said that he still heard the radio, but not every action was responded to.Since then, he has been refusing to take medicine and to see a doctor again.By the beginning of May, he still (said) heard that there was a broadcast dedicated to him. During the period from the beginning of February to the beginning of May, Ye always talked about the broadcasts he "heard" from Jinggangshan and Xinbei University Commune (in fact, they were all hallucinations of Ye).Ye Chang said that Jinggangshan held a study class and asked him to attend it.He was broadcast every morning to ask him to go, and because he didn't go, he was broadcast to criticize him after a while. Ye also said that the Jinggangshan and Xinbei University Commune stations often debated the issue between him and Cui Xiongkun, who is the bigger spy. Seeing that Ye Qisun, who was more than a few years old, was mentally tortured so inhumanely, Zhou Peiyuan, who was very sympathetic to Ye Qisun's situation, expressed his opinion on Ye Qisun's case for the purpose of protection: If Ye Qisun is a spy, he should be handed over to the police. Agency processing.Although this was the last step in the protection strategy, Zhou Peiyuan had no choice but to do so in the face of the chaotic situation in the whole country.At least, this can temporarily free Ye Qisun from the entanglement of the Red Guards, avoiding the pain of flesh and blood and the danger of his life.