Chapter 37 Section five

It is said that the "bear case" in the Jizhong Military Region alarmed the Party Central Committee and Chairman Mao in the form of rewards.The Jizhong Military Region arrested more than 180 intellectuals from Pingjin, which was a major case since the founding of the Communist Party of China.They thought they had made great achievements, so they reported the good news to northern Shaanxi in written form, hoping to get the approval of the Party Central Committee. Because of the age, we have no way of finding these written materials, but we can infer its almost absurd content from other texts.

In Zhang Fang's "Reminiscences of Military Industry Life in the Enemy's Rear", there was a description of several of them persuading Zhu Yide to use English. Five months later, this English conversation became another evidence of Zhang Fang and others' conspiracy activities . After arresting Zhang Fang, a section chief surnamed Luo interrogated Zhang Fang: "What kind of conspiracy are you Pingjin students doing in the Technology Research Institute?" "Why do you often speak in foreign languages?" Speaking in a foreign language is a crime in the Jizhong Military Region.The exact time when Zhang Fang and others persuaded Zhu Yide was the early winter of 1938.And the time to arrest him was the eve of May next year, which means that at least five months ago, pairs of vigilant eyes had begun to focus on Xiong Dazhen and the others.The monitors, from the political commissar of the supply department to the guards and soldiers, all devoted themselves to this pre-set "cat and mouse" game with great enthusiasm.Xiong Dazhen and the others were completely unaware.During this period of time, they worked day and night, transporting military supplies to the enemy's rear, manufacturing high explosives, forming explosive teams in turn to blow up Japanese trains, and trial-producing various weapons and shells made in Jizhong... They did not expect that even in the middle of the night, behind the scenes There will also be people spying secretly. These people are not worried about the safety of intellectuals, but observe their every move, pay attention to clues, and record them in the book immediately if they behave differently from ordinary people. accept.

Apparently, the guard soldier on guard reported the English-speaking Zhang Fang to the police under such circumstances.He is young and uneducated, but he knows how to obey orders.If uneducated fighters are to be allowed to carry out secret surveillance orders, or even monitor the minister himself, usually they will only believe and execute them in the name of the organization.In the name of the organization, some people in the Jizhong Military Region changed the nature of the work of the anti-traitor department and successfully focused their attention on a group of intellectuals who love the motherland, but they have no time to take care of the traitor spies who are actually engaged in treason and defection to the enemy. It is a very happy thing for the Japanese who hate the scientific and technological talents of the Jizhong Military Region very much.

The reason for the establishment of the anti-evil department was due to a speech made by Mao Zedong on October 14, 1938.In "The Status of the Communist Party of China in the National War", he proposed "to oppose spies in the nation" and "to prevent spies from mixing in".He said: "In order to overcome difficulties, defeat the enemy, and build a new China, the only policy is to consolidate and expand the anti-Japanese national united front and mobilize all the living forces of the whole nation. But our national united front already has The spies who play a destructive role are those traitors, Trotskyites, and pro-Japanese elements. Communists should always pay attention to those spies, expose their crimes with real evidence, and advise the people not to be fooled by them. Communists must raise awareness of national spies. The political alertness of the elements. Communists must understand that exposing and eliminating spies cannot be separated from expanding and consolidating the national united front.”

Mao Zedong's speech was very timely and targeted.Since the Japanese imperialists invaded China in an all-round way, there have indeed been some troops who have been on the lookout for rebellion, or secretly communicated with the enemy, or simply became the imperial association army and the second dog.There are also some traitors who surrendered and became agents of traitors, working for the Japanese.Some of them mixed into the anti-Japanese base areas and engaged in espionage activities, which caused many troubles and losses to the anti-Japanese work.These real traitors must be resolutely eliminated. This is the original intention of the central government to establish anti-traitor departments in the troops of each district.

However, the anti-corruption work in Jizhong District has not been implemented according to the established policies of the central government.Some people have different opinions just because they are not used to the dress, living habits, and manners of intellectuals. The deliberate creation of conflicts between ourselves and the enemy never started here and never stopped in the revolutionary ranks, but the accusation of more than 180 intellectuals as Kuomintang spy criminals is definitely a major case that shocked China and the world.Therefore, surrounding this major case, the top leaders of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party sparked a big competition on how to treat intellectuals and compete for talents.

Perhaps it was Xiong Dazhen who reported the "good news" of "cracking the Xiong case" to Yan'an through the radio station obtained from alms in Tianjin.When radio waves turned into hot telegrams and were sent to Mao Zedong’s desk in the morning or afternoon of a certain day, Mao Zedong, who had insight into the details, was furious. He slapped the table loudly, and the dust that rose up was like snowflakes in the June sun. like drifting.He may think of Dou Eyuan and Liu Yuexue, but what he thinks more about is the victory of the Anti-Japanese War and the cause of the people's liberation.For this lofty goal, it is necessary to absorb many intellectuals and scientific and technological talents to join the torrent of national liberation.However, the case in front of him actually involved nearly 200 students at once. Mao Zedong, who was born as a student, judged by common sense that this is unlikely.He immediately called the person in charge of the security department and ordered Comrade Xu Jianguo and comrades from the Northern Bureau to re-examine the Xiong case.This period of history is not groundless. We can see some relevant records from Zhang Fang’s memoirs:

This matter, the later situation is: Comrade Zhang Zhen was transferred to the party school to study after the case was over.After finishing his study, when he passed by Shennan and saw us, he once told me: The practice of the "Xiong Case" was spread to Yan'an, and after it was passed to the Party Central Committee, Chairman Mao was furious when he heard it, and said: How can this be done!Therefore, Comrade Xu Jianguo was assigned to deal with this case specifically, and only then did the dark clouds that appeared later dissipate and the light appeared again. Mao Zedong was also furious because the creators of the "Xiong case" quoted the telegrams received by Xiong Dazhen from the Hong Kong secret service organization. The so-called secret service organization was the Resource Committee.This telegram was exactly what Ye Qisun sent to Xiong to report his safety during his stay in Hong Kong, but this telegram also became a criminal evidence of Xiong Dazhen's collusion with the enemy agents. They insisted that this was a spy organization, and Ye Qisun was the spy organization. person in charge.

Mao Zedong had actually known about this so-called "secret organization" for a long time.As Chiang Kai-shek's political opponent, when Chiang secretly established this organization, Mao Zedong already learned about Chiang's true intentions through his comrades working in the white areas. In May 1932, a publication called "Independent Review" quietly appeared in Beiping.The main sponsors of the publication are some famous professors from Tsinghua University and Peking University, such as Weng Wenhao, Jiang Tingfu, Ding Wenjiang, Ren Hongjun, Hu Shi, Wu Mi, Fu Sinian, etc.Most of these professors and scholars have the experience of studying abroad, and have the experience of engaging in higher education since returning to China. They are all leaders in their respective professional fields.Most of the Tsinghua professors who initiated it came from the School of Science, and most of the Peking University professors were writers and historians.Due to the frequent national disasters and internal and external troubles at that time, scholars began to discuss the way out of China, contrary to the tendency of not caring about politics.This is probably the original intention of the independent review.Hu Shi took the lead in publishing an article entitled "Introduction to the Founding of the Nation" in this journal. Because it touched on the national issue that scholars were most concerned about, it stirred up a thousand waves with one stone and immediately triggered a big debate.Hu Shi's point of view is to oppose any form of dictatorship and advocate democracy and freedom.However, Ding Wenjiang and Jiang Tingfu believe that China lacks a democratic soil, and foreign flowers cannot grow in China.They therefore advocated a "new dictatorship," a "scientific despotism," a "technocracy" that would modernize government agencies, industry, and the national educational system.Ding Wenjiang said: "In today's China, if a new type of dictatorship can take place, maybe we can still preserve our independence, or else we have to commit suicide or become obedient citizens of Japanese imperialism." Ding Wenjiang's words are quite representative of that era. part of the intellectual mind. In the 1930s, what kind of country to build and how to build it were important, but under this assumption, everyone must consider the dangerous existence of Japanese imperialism, which is sharpening its knives.The situation does not allow lyricism and romance, and rejects utopianism and mysticism. Therefore, the democracy and freedom that are often talked about suddenly lose their former fullness and fullness, and suddenly pale.The distant democratic political system is like a cloud in the sky. Although it is dazzling, it is not real.The real reality and existence is Chiang Kai-shek's regime.After experiencing the anguish from fantasy to disillusionment, most intellectuals began to turn to a more practical attitude of obedience, expecting the Chiang regime to succeed at the critical moment of saving the country at the cost of compromise.

They said: Good government is certainly what we need, but the absence of government is absolutely terrible.If the current power center crashes to the ground, the result will only make our originally broken country more broken, and the originally disordered situation will become more disordered.In order not to make the already fragile government even more fragile, intellectuals with expertise decided to put down their aloof airs and adopt an attitude of cooperation with the government.As long as the Chiang regime can make the country stronger in a short period of time, we can put aside any freedom and democracy, personal values ​​and ideal pursuits.So they hope to use their own efforts to positively influence the government's decision-making by participating in politics.They pointed out that "politics cannot be left to the politicians, it needs the participation of trained economists, engineers, chemists and technicians", and when the country is in crisis, professionals in all fields "must stand with the government Under one banner", unite with one heart and one mind to deal with vicious foreign enemies.

The subtle psychological changes of the intellectuals were accurately captured by Chiang Kai-shek.He originally looked down on intellectuals.In his eyes, only "the king of Qin sweeps Liuhe, the tiger looks at He Xiongzai", especially after the establishment of the Nanjing Nationalist Government, he pursued a one-party autocratic policy, adopted a policy of suppressing the critics of the intellectual circles, and argued with the academic circles on the issue of the existence and abolition of the university system. The leading figure, Cai Yuanpei, turned his face in a quarrel, and so on, too numerous to mention. It can be said that he has a deep grudge with the Chinese intellectual circles.There are few specialized academic authorities in his government, and there are few well-educated cultural figures, and China's intellectual and educational circles have become the birthplace of opposition to the government and him, which makes him headache.After the September 18th Incident, the attitude of intellectuals toward the government changed, which provided him with an opportunity.If this opportunity is used well, it will wash away the bad reputation of being hostile to literati and win their new respect.As a head of state, he gradually understood the importance of intellectuals. They not only engraved patterns on the sword, but also changed the structure of the sword to make it sharper. The Independent Review caught his attention. The views of Ding Wenjiang and others are quite popular. The theory of "new dictatorship" was growing before his eyes like spring and summer plants.Experts with expertise discuss state affairs, and in their analysis, the future seems to be clearly visible, and they are presented section by section before his eyes, almost at his fingertips.He knew what kind of national model he wanted. He kind of likes this group of intellectuals. He recited the articles of Ding Wenjiang, Jiang Tingfu, Weng Wenhao and others over and over again, with a great feeling of resentment.He met them one by one, drinking tea in Chiyue, reciting poems in the breeze, sometimes having a drink, sometimes talking, without restraint, just like relatives and friends.The gesture of being friends with literati was designed in advance by him.As a politician, but also as a head of state, such an identity requires careful calculations to achieve abundant expectations, and there is room for twists and turns.Because he has the supreme power like a king, there has been a practical rule of "exchange" for such an appointment since ancient times.You give me the strategy of governing the country and the country, and I will give you the officials of the frontier; you give me the beauties of the country, and I will give you gold, silver and treasure.But after interacting with these intellectuals, Chiang Kai-shek made a major discovery, that is, the word "pure".They are too pure, transparent and white, clean and gentle, with few personal desires and requirements.With them, Chiang Kai-shek became aware of his own complexity and humbleness.They want almost nothing but their country.They only want the prosperity of the country and the prosperity of the nation, and they hardly want anything else.Sometimes, Chiang Kai-shek hinted to them inadvertently, hoping to continue this historical exchange rule on them, in order to satisfy his heart.However, most of the time, they don't give themselves this opportunity.Weng Wenhao even said: "Governments and systems will come and go, but the basic problems specific to specific countries and ethnic groups still exist. The research and resolution of these problems is more important than any debate on political forms." Look at How high did these people place themselves!This kind of gaze that penetrates social systems and ideologies, if confronted directly, is so unpleasant, but it is so sharp and clear!Think about this kind of silly literati pursuit, sometimes the unhappiness will go with the wind.If you make friends with them, what you gain is country, and what they gain is problems, let them solve China's problems one by one! China has many problems, but the biggest and most urgent is the problem of weak national defense.This is a system project with a huge plan, and it needs talents from all walks of life to solve it.After exchanging opinions with Ding Wenjiang and others many times, Chiang Kai-shek finally changed his perspective on the problem. His vision began to focus on the group of "returnees" who returned from studying abroad with Geng money from the late Qing government... This is probably the richest piece of wealth donated to him by the Qing government. It was at this time that Chiang Kai-shek had a real image of "expert politics" in his mind. In November 1932, at the behest of Chiang Kai-shek, the "National Defense Design Committee" was established.Except for Chiang himself who knew the true intention of its establishment, no outsider knew about it.Chiang Kai-shek gave it enough mystery and enough power.It is his personal secret organization, a think tank composed of top scientists, experts, and scholars, a soul group that can influence him and be controlled by him at the same time.In order to give this private organization his stamp of the Chiang family, he required that anyone who participated in the organization must agree with his political views, preferably a member of the Kuomintang, or his personal friend. In a sense, this organization is at least It's his Pals Club.Chiang Kai-shek took this organization very seriously. When he was the chief of staff of the armed forces, this organization was set up in his headquarters. When he was commander-in-chief or president, this organization always followed him.Of course, Chiang Kai-shek was the chairman of the organization, but he was just a name.It implements the secretary-general responsibility system.Ding Wenjiang was originally going to take up the post of secretary-general, but Ding Wenjiang recommended Weng Wenhao, Jiang's Zhejiang fellow, to Chiang Kai-shek.Weng Wenhao originally refused to show Lao Jiang face, but he almost died in a car accident. Chiang Kai-shek called famous medical experts from Beijing and Shanghai to save his life, and all medical expenses were paid by the government.After this accident, Weng Cai changed his original intention and came to Chiang Kai-shek's command.The organization has about 40 people, all of whom were chosen at a time.For example, Wu Youxun, Zhu Kezhen, Li Siguang, Zeng Zhaolun, Wang Chongzhi, etc. are among the committee members. Most of these people are leading figures in various fields.Chiang Kai-shek personally participated in the selection and screening of talents, and whoever was selected as a committee member had to make an appointment for an in-depth discussion in person.The organization has a military group, an international group, an economic group, a raw material and manufacturing group, a transportation and traffic group, a population land and food group, a cultural group, and so on.It was not until the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War that this invisible organization was revealed.Chiang Kai-shek has these great intellectuals as his think tanks, and his "wisdom index" in power has risen sharply. As far as the achievements of national defense construction are concerned, as Chen Cheng said: "The effectiveness of national defense construction in 1936 exceeded that of 1932. The sum of the four years to 1935; and the effectiveness of national defense construction in the four years from 1932 to 1935 is equivalent to the sum of the twenty years since the Republic of China." (Shen Xiaoyun, "Returned Overseas Talents and the Establishment of the National Defense Design Committee", "Modern History Research, No. 3, 1996) The Defense Design Board was the predecessor of the Resource Board. Mao Zedong chanted the names of the members of the resources committee, chewing out the deep meaning of the word "resources".Resources, resources, in addition to natural resources, material resources, and social resources, there should also be human resources.Now, Lao Jiang is taking precautions, taking advantage of his central government, and has already been one step ahead of him, gathering the Chinese intellectual elite under his command.With such resources, he can not only resist foreign aggression, but also conquer the world internally. Jiang Gong's chess is really a master.As his political opponent, he should react quickly and attract many intellectuals to the revolutionary camp. However, the Jizhong Military Region, which is "unfamiliar with customs", came up with a "bear case" at this time, and took more than 180 intellectuals into prison. It is really stupid.If it spreads out, how will Chinese people think of me, Mao Zedong?How do you view the Chinese Communist Party? He believes that the Jizhong Military Region sent a dangerous signal, and this practice of ostracizing intellectuals should be stopped immediately.Xu Jianguo and other comrades who were sent to the Jizhong Military Region to review the Xiong case also reported back that the so-called "Xiong case", except that Xiong Dazheng (Zhen) had problems, the rest were purely wronged.This further confirmed Mao Zedong's judgment.Based on the wrong approach of the Jizhong Military Region, not only more than 180 people are innocent, but maybe even Xiong Dazhen was wronged. Therefore, he ordered the relevant departments to immediately notify Jizhong District to send the so-called "bear case" protagonist Xiong Dazhen to Yan'an as soon as possible, and the central government will personally screen it before making a conclusion... If Mao Zedong's instructions were followed, Yan'an would gain at least one young scientist, and perhaps gather a group of expert scientific and technological talents at an extremely fast speed. If Mao Zedong’s instructions were followed, the first unjust case involving scientific and technological talents since the founding of the party might not happen, and its lessons would be remembered. After the Chinese Communist Party seized power, it might treat intellectuals less make mistakes... If Mao Zedong's instructions are followed, Xiong Dazhen may have a chance to survive. However, for some reason, the Jizhong Military Region stubbornly pushed the case forward in the direction of tragedy according to its own logic. Xu Jianguo and others believed the accusations made by the Jizhong Military Region against Xiong Dazhen: first, he was a CC agent assigned by the Tianjin Party-Government-Military Joint Office, and was directly under the leadership of the spy chief Ye Qisun; second, he had a large amount of funds and military supplies provided by the KMT As evidence... Xu et al.'s trust largely came from human interference from the Jizhong Military Region.If even Xiong Dazhen is innocent, it means that the so-called "Xiong Case" was just a mistake.If this is the case, the central government will investigate and the personnel who handle the case will be investigated. These people will lose face and lose their prestige.In addition, another voice from the Jizhong Military Region began to appear, and the investigators believed that they must deal with it harshly.Some military personnel thought that the "Xiong case" was a fuss, and even Xiang Wang danced the sword with the intention of Pei Gong. Serious distrust of him is a divorce plan that the Japanese can't complete but wish for.This statement was confirmed half a century later, when the "bear case" had not been rehabilitated.General Lu Zhengcao, then vice chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and former commander of the Jizhong Military Region, expressed his pent-up anger for half a century in front of national audiences in the TV film "Rejuvenating the Country through Science and Education".He said that when Xiong Dazhen, Zhang Zhen and others were arrested, although he was the commander of the Jizhong Military Region, because he was Zhang Xueliang's adjutant in the past and a new party member who had just been absorbed into the party, he had no right to interrogate the anti-rape department. All activities.He fully affirmed the contributions of Xiong Dazhen and Pingjin intellectuals.In the "Memoirs of Jizhong" written by him, Xiong Dazhen was included in the list of meritorious personnel. Although the organization of the Jizhong Military Region designated Xiong Dazhen as a "traitor spy", he firmly believed that Xiong Dazhen was wronged. He was angry at the unjust death of such an outstanding scientific and technological talent as Xiong Dazhen.More than half a century ago, although Lu Zhengcao was well-known in the War of Resistance Against Japan, he was insignificant in the organizational system of the military region.Some military personnel who felt the same as him dared to be angry but did not dare to speak out.However, among the makers of unjust cases, they often have a strong political position, and their methods are always extraordinary. As long as they lock the target, it is difficult for kind people to escape. In their world of power, Xiong Dazhen can only be executed.He must die. One late night in July 1939, Xiong Dazhen was secretly executed by the escort during the transfer of troops. According to historical data, Xiong was executed by the escort himself.This person killed Xiong Dazhen in the dark and buried him on the spot during the transfer of the organization without any order from the organization.Xiong Dazhen died very painfully. He was stoned to death by this person. Because it was dark and it was hard to find stones, the whole process lasted for a long time. It is said that the person who executed Xiong Dazhen privately was punished for this.The author thinks that perhaps this person has received some kind of hint, at least on weekdays, the attitude of some leaders towards Xiong Dazhen gave him an illusion - even if Xiong is killed, it is nothing.Everyone knows that in the army, it is almost impossible for a soldier to execute a high-ranking person without authorization. Those who were sent to Yan'an for screening, didn't the escorts know about these situations?impossible.If you know that you want to kill without authorization, this is against common sense and makes people suspicious.Sometimes I even think it's a murder.Such an important character was killed without authorization, and he was only punished at that time. What kind of tortuous calculations are behind this? Three months later, in view of the fact that there was no proof of his death, the Jizhong District concluded the "Xiong case" by declaring that Xiong Dazhen was a traitor and a KMT spy, and had been executed by the Anti-Crafting Department of the Jizhong Military Region. The "Bear Case" in Jizhong ended with the death of Xiong Dazhen. This major case against intellectuals came to an end in layers of fog, hidden in the depths of history. After Xiong Dazhen's death, Yan Yuchang also died heroically in the May Day raid three years later.Lu Zhengcao's "Memoirs of Jizhong" wrote about his heroic sacrifice: ...Men Benzhong (Yan Yuchang) is the main person in charge of the blasting team's research room.He used to be a technician at Tsinghua University. When he arrived in the base area, some people called him a technician and others called him an engineer.He has a lot of guts and wears a military uniform all day long.He said he would shoot the devil when he came, so why are you so timid?Once the enemy entered the village, he secured the wall of the machine and got under a big boat on the street.The enemy caught chickens everywhere, and a chicken got under the boat, but he was searched out.The enemy asked him what he was doing, and he said he was a soldier. How could he wear a military uniform if he was not a soldier?When the enemy tortured him, he cursed.He said it was death at most, and he didn't care.The enemy used a wire to walk around his collarbone, asking the common people who knew him.Everyone in the village knew him, but no one revealed that he made explosives and detonators.There is no one who does not cry.He shouted: "The Japanese devils will definitely fail. The Japanese devils are the sworn enemy of the Chinese!" Finally, the enemy killed him.Comrade Men Benzhong was steadfast and unyielding in the face of the enemy. He is a typical figure of Chinese patriotic intellectuals. He contributed everything to the military production of the Jizhong Military Region and the Jinchaji Border Region... Ye Qisun personally sent Yan Yuchang to Jizhong.Before going to Jizhong, Ye Qisun put him and Zhang Ruiqing in Tsinghua University's list of "non-dismissal personnel" so that he would not have to worry about the future.At that time, the university moved to the south, and besides the teachers who applied for it, most of the original janitors and employees were dismissed.Ye Qisun tried every means to keep their future way out, so that he could fight against Japan with peace of mind.Although Yan Yuchang was not included in the severance list, Ye Qisun still paid his family a large sum of severance pay and monthly living expenses until Ye Qisun left Tianjin.It was also this money that allowed the Yan family to survive the difficult years after the fall of Beiping. Ye Qisun put Yan Yuchang on the non-dismissal list, which is to leave a door for him. This is the door of Tsinghua University. He belongs to Tsinghua University and is a Tsinghua native.In his report to the school, Ye Qisun said that those who would not be dismissed were those who contributed and helped the school. He hoped that one day Yan Yuchang could return to the Department of Physics of Tsinghua University and the laboratory...Yan Yuchang will stay in Jizhong forever , but his name has been on the roster of Tsinghua University until now... Xiong Dazhen and Yan Yuchang used their loyal images to tell a poignant and heroic story about saving the nation through science...