Chapter 46 Chapter 48 Measuring the Earth

Follow the instructions below and draw carefully: On a piece of paper, draw two vertical parallel lines 3 inches apart, each 7 inches long.Draw a vertical parallel line exactly in the middle of the first two lines, the same length as those two lines.Write the letter "S" (South) on the top of the construction paper (that is, the place farthest from you), write the letter "N" (North) at the bottom, and add "E" to the left in the appropriate position on both sides " (East) and "W" (West) are added to the right. What you are looking at now is the Egyptian geometry.Very different from modern maps, ancient maps had south on top (modern humans have fixed north on top).The ancient map authors who know how to place the south on the map seem to have a very scientific understanding of the size and shape of the earth.

Before completing this map, the reader should first draw a "point" mark on the central line of the three parallel lines, 1 inch from the bottom to the south (top), and then connect the point mark with the two sides with a diagonal line. Connect the lower ends of the parallel lines; that is, draw a small oblique line from the bottom of the center line to the northwest and northeast. After all this drawing we have a north-south rectangle measuring 7 inches by 3 inches with a triangle underneath.The triangle represents the delta of the Nile.The position of the apex of the triangle is exactly 30 degrees 6 minutes north latitude and 31 degrees 14 minutes east longitude, which is very close to the location of the Great Pyramid.

Geodesic stronghold Since Napoleon led the French army to invade Egypt at the end of the 18th century, many mathematicians and geographers have identified one of the functions of the Great Pyramid as a geodesic stronghold (geodesics is the knowledge of accurately measuring the shape and size of the earth).Napoleon, who was interested in the enigmatic pyramids, led 175 imperial scholars during his expedition to Egypt, including "greybeards" (greybeards) recruited from various universities who were proficient in ancient Egyptian knowledge, and some actually Immediately useful mathematicians, cartographers, and land surveyors①.

One of the most important tasks of these accompanying scholars after they occupied Egypt was to make a detailed map of Egypt.During the operation, they found that, as mentioned in the sixth part, the orientation of the Great Pyramid is accurate, and the four directions face due east, due west, due south, and due north respectively.As a result, the enigmatic Great Pyramid became an extremely convenient base for triangulation.Based on the meridian (that is, the line of longitude) passing through the apex of the Great Pyramid, scholars began to measure and made the first correct map of Egypt in modern times.At the time the map was completed, scholars were interested in the fact that the meridian of the Great Pyramid runs right through the middle of the Nile Delta and cuts the Delta in two.They also found that the diagonal extending from the apex of the Great Pyramid to the northwest and northeast (extending indefinitely to the Mediterranean region) just covered the entire delta.

Let's go back to the map we just made.Below the figure is a triangle representing the delta zone.Three parallel lines are meridians.The east meridian represents 32 degrees 38 minutes east longitude, which was the official national boundary in the early dynastic era of ancient Egypt.The position indicated by the line on the west is 29 degrees 50 minutes east longitude, which is the official border line to the west of ancient Egypt.The central meridian is 31 degrees 14 minutes, which is exactly in the center of the national border (1 degree 24 minutes from both sides). The zone depicted on the map is exactly 2 degrees 48 minutes wide, and as for the length, the "correct" north and south borders of ancient Egypt were 24 degrees 6 minutes north latitude and 31 degrees 6 minutes north latitude (which has nothing to do with the official habitation zone. relation).The 31 degrees 6 minutes representing the northern boundary is exactly where the two estuaries on the outer side of the Nile meet, while the 24 degrees 6 minutes of the southern boundary pass through Aswan (ancient name Seyne) on the island of Elephantine.Egypt has had an astronomical observatory in Aswan since its history.It seems that this sacred land created and inhabited by gods since ancient times was originally designed as a rectangular piece of land in a seven-degree space from 31 to 24 degrees north latitude under the geometric conception.

In this conception, the Great Pyramid was carefully evaluated and chosen as the geodesic site for the apex of the delta.The location of the apex of the delta is 30° 6' north latitude and 31° 14' east longitude, which is in the middle of the Nile River north of Cairo.The position of the Great Pyramid is at 30 degrees north latitude (after adjusting for atmospheric refraction), 31 degrees 9 minutes east longitude, only west and south, slightly off the top of the delta.However, this "error" was not caused by the laziness of the pyramid builders.On the contrary, when we carefully observe the surrounding terrain, we will find that the location of the pyramid is determined after careful selection. It not only has a design suitable for astronomical observation, but also is geologically sufficient to support a base. The 13-acre building weighs 6 million tons and is 500 feet tall.

From various angles, the Kisha Heights are very suitable for building the Great Pyramid: close to the apex of the delta, it is a platform higher than the Nile Valley, and it is based on solid limestone. AK submachine gun We headed north from Luthor to Kesha.The driver, Hua Lili, drove the Peugeot 504 across four latitude lines, that is, from 25°42' north latitude to the 30° north latitude line.Between Asiut and El Mingya is an area of ​​frequent disputes. In the past few months, there have been clashes between Islamic extremists and Egyptian government forces.Therefore, when we passed, the government specially sent armed soldiers to guard us. One of them was wearing civilian clothes and holding an automatic pistol. Two small military vehicles clamped our Peugeot one behind the other.

When we arrived at a roadblock in front of Ashit, and the guard asked us to wait in the car, Hua Lili said secretly, "The people living here are very dangerous." After passing the roadblock, the guard speeded up, Hua Lili Lily, though flustered a bit, seemed overjoyed to be part of a convoy of sirens wailing, lights flashing, and snaking all the way fast, leaving civilian cars behind. I looked out the car window and enjoyed the unchanging scenery of the Nile River for thousands of years.Less than a few kilometers away from the green river bank, you can see the red soil of the desert.This is Egypt, the real, living Egypt, the Egypt of the past and the present.This vibrant Egypt overlaps with the phantasmagorically rectangular "orthodox" Egypt depicted on the map across seven latitudes.

Ludwing Bor-chardt, a famous ancient Egyptian scholar in the 19th century, once said: "We should absolutely rule out the possibility that ancient people had the concept of latitude and longitude." His view is still supported by many scholars .However, today, this statement is increasingly untestable.No matter who the people who originally designed and built the monuments of Gisha, they must be the same as our modern people, not only knowing that the earth is round, but also dividing the earth into 360 degrees. As for the evidence, the symbolic official "national boundary" is set within the range of latitude and longitude, and the Great Pyramid is used as a geodesic base, and it is set in the direction of true north, etc., are the best explanations.As mentioned in Chapter 23 of this book, the perimeter of the base of the Great Pyramid and its height have a relationship of 2π, and the entire building itself seems to be designed as a "projection circle" of 1/43200 of the northern hemisphere:

The Great Pyramid is a projection of four triangular faces, the apex is the North Pole, and the base is the equator, so there is a relationship of 2π between the perimeter of the base and the height. Pyramids compared to Earth We have already talked about the pyramid before.The use of the situation, here will not repeat ②.At the same time, although many traditional scholars believe that it is purely accidental, even they admit the fact that π exists.However, can we seriously accept that the Great Pyramid may be a miniature of the northern hemisphere on a plane at a scale of 1/43200?Let's examine the relevant numbers in depth.

According to the latest measurements collected by artificial satellites, the circumference of the Earth at the equator is 24902.45 miles, and the radius to the North Pole is 34949.921 miles.The Great Pyramid has a circumference of 3023.16 feet and a height of 481.3949 feet.The ratio between the two, after calculation, is very close, though not perfect.Moreover, if we consider the expansion of the Earth at the equator (our Earth is an ellipse, not a perfect circle), the ratio between the two seems to be closer to 1/43200. how close If we divide the equatorial circumference of 24902.45 miles by 43200, we get 0.5764 miles. 1 mile equals 5280 feet.If you multiply 0.5764 by 5280, you get 3043.39 feet.In other words, the earth's equator is scaled down by 43200 times, which is 3043.39 feet.For comparison, the Great Pyramid's circumference, as seen earlier, is 3023.16 feet.The "error" between the two is less than 20 feet, or only 1/3 of a percent.However, in the way pyramid builders always work with incomparable precision, this kind of error should not have occurred during the construction of this giant pyramid, but due to the underestimation of the circumference of our earth—an underestimation of only 163 miles.This error may be the result of failing to correctly account for the equatorial bulge. Next, let's review the radius from the North Pole to the Equator, which is 3949.921 miles.If we scale it down by a factor of 43,200, we get 0.0914 miles, or 482.59 feet.The height of the Great Pyramid is 481.3949 feet. The difference between the two is less than 1 foot, and the error rate is less than 1/35 percent. This slight error aside, the circumference of the Great Pyramid should indeed be 1/43200 scale of the equator.Likewise, putting aside the slight difference, the height of the Great Pyramid is equal to 1/43200th the length of the radius from the North Pole to the equator.In other words, when Western civilization went through the dark ages when the earth was unknown, just multiply the circumference of the Great Pyramid by 43200 times to get the circumference of the earth. All this, how likely is it to be "accidental"? Judging by common sense, it should be "very unlikely".Any reasonable person should be able to see that these figures could only have been achieved with very careful calculations and careful planning.However, ancient Egyptian scholars have never regarded common sense as something that should be used frequently. Therefore, we must further prove that 43200 is not an arbitrary setting, but a deliberately selected value based on wisdom and knowledge. In fact, the number 43200 itself is already a proof, because it is not a random number (such as 45000, 47000 or 50500, 38800, etc.), but a link in a series of numbers, which is related to the precession movement. And it is closely related to ancient myths all over the world.As discussed in the fifth part of this book, the ratio of the pyramids to the earth can be seen from time to time in mythology. Sometimes it appears directly as 43200, but sometimes it becomes 432, or 4320, or 432000. This seems to reflect two striking facts, and two closely related things, as if designed to complement each other.The Great Pyramid is the correct miniature of the Earth's northern hemisphere.That alone is amazing enough.But what is even more astonishing is that the scale ratio chosen by the ancient Egyptians is actually related to the key figures of the Earth's precession movement. This is because the two ends of the earth's axis rotate forever and fixedly to describe a circular arc, causing the position of the vernal equinox on the zodiac to move at an arc of 1 degree every 72 years and 30 degrees every 2160 years (a complete constellation). To move two constellations, or 60 degrees, would take 4320 years. In different ancient myths, the number 432, which is related to the precession movement, has appeared. Of course, this itself may be purely accidental.Judging from a single event, the ratio of the pyramid to the earth is 1:43200, which may be purely accidental (but the probability of this accident must be lower than the astronomical figure).However, when we see numbers related to precession in two very different things—ancient mythology and architecture, we can’t and shouldn’t take it lightly.Moreover, just as warriors fighting wolves are described on the walls of the Hall of Valor (the temple of the highest god Odin) in Norse mythology, after careful counting, we got 432,000 numbers related to precession (500+40×800, See Chapter 33 of this book), the construction of the Great Pyramid, from the π relationship between the circumference and the height, led us to find 43200, which is also related to the precession movement, and then reasoned from the size of the northern hemisphere, and finally thought of the possibility of downscaling. matching fingerprints After we arrived at El Minya, the escort convoy left, but the plainclothes soldiers remained in the vehicle and accompanied us all the way to Cairo.On the way, although it was past lunchtime, we stopped in a lively village and had an Arabian sandwich before continuing north. Along the way, my mind kept returning to the Great Pyramid.Obviously, it is no accident that such a conspicuous giant is not only built in a very important position in geography and geodesy, but also geometrically runs through the imaginary rectangular country of 7 latitudes.What really interested me, though, was the function of the Great Pyramids as a stereographic map of the northern hemisphere, and the use of the advanced techniques of ancient mapmaking described in the first part of this book.As we mentioned earlier, ancient maps used spherical triangulation to measure the earth and used quite complex projection methods.Professor Hapgood once put forward concrete and credible information to prove that a high-level civilization with rich knowledge about the earth rose before the end of the Ice Age.Sure enough, now we find that the Great Pyramid is not only a miniature of the northern hemisphere, but also uses a very advanced projection method.According to one expert: The original design of the pyramid was to make each face represent 1/34 of the northern hemisphere, which is 90 degrees of 1/34 of the sphere.In order to correctly project the spherical 1/34 circle into a triangle, the 1/34 arc, that is, the base must be exactly the same length as the base of the triangle.Also, both must be of the same height.And to achieve this day, the apex of the meridian that divides the pyramid into two, and the height of the base, must have a slope angle in the relationship of π... Is it possible that the rare or original maps that survive now—such as the ancient maps used by Piri Reis—could have been used to weave knowledge about the Earth into the various dimensions of the Great Pyramid (and ancient Egypt from geometry) The original map made by the civilization in the border line obtained in the study? Hapgood and his research team spent a lot of time investigating the origin of the map used by Perry Reis, and finally found that the answer was Egypt, especially Sion (Aswan) in Upper Egypt , which is what we said earlier, the location of an important astronomical observatory at 24° 6' north latitude of the southern border. As we all know, to be able to accurately measure latitude, there must be sophisticated astronomical observation technology.However, how long before the ancient Egyptians and their ancestors had written history, did they have the technology to observe astronomical phenomena?Was it true that, as the legends say, their knowledge of astronomy was taught by the gods who once lived among them? navigator of the million year ship The ancient Egyptians believed that the god who taught them the principles of astronomy was Soth: "Soth counts the stars in the sky, investigates on the earth, and measures on the ground." Usually portrayed in portraits as a man wearing a ibis (ibis) mask, Sous is an elite member of the gods of the founding era of "creating the world" and the religious ruler of ancient Egypt.On the one hand, he has the godhead of "Quatro"; on the other hand, it is generally believed that he has the ability to create himself, and there is a special relationship with another world.The so-called another piece of heaven and earth is a beautiful and distant transitional place that appears in the language of mythology. Ancient documents call it "TA-NETERU" or the land of the gods (land of the gods). It is generally believed that the land of "Ta-Netru" does exist, from ancient Egypt all the way to the south, across the sea, across the ocean, and even beyond Punt (Punt, probably on the coast of Somalia in East Africa), which is famous for its spices The place ③.To make things even more confusing, Punt has sometimes become a "divine land" (DivineLand) or "GodsLand" (GodsLand), and is regarded as able to produce frankincense and Mecca of myrrh spices. There is also a mystical paradise associated with the "Ta-Netru" - the sacred dwelling place.According to legend, humans were often taken there.It is generally believed that Paradise was in a "place separated by a vast city of water."In his important book "Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection" (Orisis and the Egyptian Resurrection), Wallace Butch made this description: "The Egyptians believed that to get there they had to take a boat or be guided by God. The gods take whomever they please..."Those lucky enough to make it to that paradise find themselves, as it were, in a magic garden in which "islands are connected with each other by canals, and the land is fertile and covered with greenery."On the islands, "the wheat grows to a height of 5 cubits, the ear of wheat 2 cubits, and the stem 4 cubits". Did Osiris, who brought agriculture to Egypt, really have such a piece of land that was irrigated by ditches and produced grains scientifically?Did Osiris, titled "Lord of the Southern Lands", come to Egypt by ferry at the beginning of the "creation of the world"?And Sous, wearing the ibis mask, also traveled across the ocean from a land that could not be reached by boat, and came to the Nile Valley. Before the history began, he taught the residents who lived a primitive life the knowledge of astronomy and measurement. Did you give them a big gift? Regardless of the facts behind this legend, the ancient Egyptians always remembered that it was Thoth who taught them mathematics, astronomy, and engineering.According to Wallace Butch: "It is his will and strength that maintain the balance between heaven and earth. Because of his great knowledge of astronomy and mathematics, he is able to use appropriate skills to maintain the foundation and operation of the universe. Sous is also recognized as the god who taught the Egyptian ancestors geometry, surveying, botany and other technologies, and moreover "the god who developed mathematics and letters, as well as the art of reading and writing".He is the Great Demon God ⑤ (GreatLordofMagic), who can move objects with sound, and is also "the creator of all work and knowledge, regardless of man or god". The teachings of Sousse are said to have been preserved in the world in the form of 42 guide books. The Egyptians carefully hid these secrets in the temple and passed them on from one generation to the next.It is from here that the ancient Egyptians obtained their world-renowned knowledge and wisdom about the sky.Commentators who visited Egypt in the 5th century BC were all in awe of the Egyptians' knowledge of astronomy.One of them, the early traveler Herodotus, once wrote: The Egyptians were the first to discover the solar year and divide it into 12 parts...this distinction was based on their observations of the progress of the stars... Plato (4th century BC) wrote that the Egyptians had observed the stars "for 10,000 years".Later, in the 1st century BC, the Greek historian Diodorus left a more detailed record of this point: The configuration and position of the stars are the objects that the Egyptians often observe carefully... From ancient times to the present, in the unbelievably long years, they recorded the records of each star... Why did the ancient Egyptians have to be so obsessed with the long-term observation of the astrology?In particular, why did they maintain records of astrological movements for so long?If it is only for interest, or only for agricultural reasons (such as the need to predict seasonal changes, etc., as long as you are from a rural area, anyone can do it), some scholars have pointed out that it is really unnecessary to make such detailed records.Therefore, the Egyptians must have another purpose in pursuing astronomical knowledge. Also, how did the ancient Egyptians start their astronomical observations?Observing the stars is obviously not a hobby invented by people who live in the Nile Valley and are surrounded by land.Perhaps we should take their own argument more seriously: their ancestors learned how to observe and study the stars from a god.We may also wish to take a closer look at the techniques of navigation that recur in the Pyramid texts.In addition, in the ancient religious paintings, the pictures of gods sailing the ocean in beautiful high-performance streamlined boats are also worthy of our further scrutiny.There should be many similarities between the structure of the ships in the picture, the pyramid ships unearthed in Gisha that can navigate the open sea, and the mysterious fleet moored in the Abydos desert. People who live surrounded by land, not sea, hardly ever become astronomers.Only sea peoples can become astronomers.Is it possible that the ancient Egyptians' longing for the ocean, and their attitudes of being good at designing ships and observing astrology, shows that in the long prehistoric past, there was a mysterious seafaring nation who was fond of the sea and taught the Egyptians this knowledge ancestors, making maritime culture part of their heritage?Unless there is such an ancient seafaring nation and civilization that have been forgotten, it is impossible to leave these fingerprints and record the map of the world situation at the end of the Ice Age in detail and correctly.Only this kind of civilization that can record the "10,000-year" star route can accurately observe the phenomenon of precession and record it in mythology.In addition, although it is only a hypothesis so far, only such a civilization can correctly measure the earth and get enough numbers about the size of the earth to make it into a pyramid in a reduced scale. swire signature It was nearly midnight when we arrived at Kisha.Staying at the big Siag hotel with a panoramic view of the pyramids, and sitting on the balcony of the hotel, we watched the three stars of Orion moving slowly in the southern sky. Archaeological astronomer Rob Poval recently pointed out that the configuration relationship of these three stars was applied to the configuration of the three pyramids on the Giza Heights.This in itself is an astonishing discovery, showing that the ancient Egyptians were more advanced in observational astronomy, measurement, and construction techniques than current scholars believe.But even more astonishing—and this is one of the reasons why I arranged to meet him the next morning—is the configuration of the three pyramids on the ground that Baufar believes (using 15 million tons of perfect stone to build and The completed configuration) is exactly the same as the image of the sky in 10450 BC. If Pofar is right, then the pyramid is equivalent to using the position of the planet to move, leaving a mysterious signature, telling future generations that it was built in 11,000 BC. note ① "The Secret of the Great Pyramid", p. 38.Most of the information in this chapter comes directly from the original materials provided directly by Professors Peter Tompkins and Livio Catullo Stecchin. ②See Chapter 23 of this book. ③ "The Gods of the Egyptians", Vol. 2, p. 7.Regarding the myth of Amen-Ra, there is a poem that directly describes it: "The love of the gods comes from the fragrance of Punt, you are born of dew, you come from the sacred land (ta-netru)." Also, Volume 2 , 287 pages, many scholars believe that Punt is a scholar who lives in Somalia, a piece of fertile land on the coast of East Africa. ④ Eanes, "Egyptian Mythology", p. 84. Veronica Ions, Egyptian Mythology, Newnes Books, London, 1986, p. 84． ⑤ "Egyptian Mythology", page 85.