Chapter 25 Chapter 27

During the last Ice Age, a series of catastrophes met all living beings on Earth.From what happened to other larger species, we can infer how these scourges affected humans.The evidence for this is sometimes quite confusing, as Darwin said after visiting South America: No one is more surprised than me by the extinction of species.When I found in La Plata [Argentina] the bones of mastodons, sloths, saber-tooths, and other extinct species of ancient creatures—who lived together at a relatively recent geological time—embedded in the bones of When I was holding a horse tooth, I was stunned.After the Spaniards introduced horses to South America, they galloped in the wilderness and multiplied very quickly, which proves that the geographical environment of South America is suitable for the growth of horses. Then, why did the native horses become extinct in a relatively recent period①?

The answer, of course, is the Ice Age.It wiped out the native American horse and some of the mammals active in the region.Species extinction doesn't just happen in the Western Hemisphere.In other parts of the world, due to different reasons, species extinctions have occurred at different times during the long process of glaciation.For the entire planet, most of the many species that suffered extinction died out during the last 7,000 years of the Ice Age.This period was roughly from 15,000 BC to 8,000 BC. The ice sheets sometimes expanded and sometimes receded, causing massive animal deaths.We will not discuss the nature of the climate and geological events related to ice sheet activity at this stage.We have reason to believe that in this disaster, the tsunami, earthquake.Severe storms, sudden intensification and extinction of glaciation all played a major role.But more importantly, regardless of the real cause of these phenomena, the upheavals generated by the last ice age led to mass extinctions.

Darwin noted in his Journal that this upheaval had shaken "the whole structure of the earth".For example, in the Western Hemisphere, between 15,000 BC and 8,000 BC, more than 70 species of large mammals met with extinction, including all North American members of seven families and all proboscises.During this period, the total number of animals that died suddenly exceeded 40 million, but most of them were extinct in just 2,000 years (11,000 BC to 9,000 BC).In contrast, only about 20 animal species disappeared from the earth in the previous 300,000 years. Late, mass extinctions also occurred in Europe and Asia.Not even distant Australia was spared—in a relatively short period of time, Australia lost a total of about 19 species of large vertebrates, some of which were not mammals.

Alaska and Siberia: The ground suddenly freezes Among the geological upheavals that occurred between 13,000 and 11,000 years ago, Alaska and northern Siberia were the hardest hit areas.The "dead zone" around the Arctic Circle is littered with the remains of countless large animals, including many intact carcasses and large quantities of well-preserved ivory.In fact, in both areas, mammoth carcasses are often thawed, their flesh cut off, and fed to snowmobile dogs; in Fairbanks, Alaska, "mammoth elephants" can be seen on restaurant menus. Pai" (mammoth steak) this dish.An expert pointed out: "At that time, tens of thousands of animals were frozen immediately after death, and they have remained frozen since then, otherwise their flesh and tusks would not have been preserved so well... What caused the catastrophe , must be some kind of extremely powerful force."③

Dr. Dale Guthrie of the "Institute of Arctic Biology" (Institute of Arctic Biology) mentioned that in 11,000 BC, there were many kinds of animals living in Alaska: All kinds of animals live together: saber-toothed cats, camels, horses, rhinos, donkeys, longhorned deer, lions, ferrets, camel antelope.When imagining this scenario, we inevitably wonder about the world they inhabit.These animals were completely different from what we see today, so we have to ask: the environment must have been different at that time④? The Alaskan ooze that buried the remains of these animals looks like a layer of fine, gray-black sand.According to the observation of Professor Hibben of the University of New Mexico, frozen in this layer of ooze is:

Twisted animal remains and jumbled tree trunks, mixed with crystallized ice and layers of peat and moss... American bison, horses, wolves, bears, lions... Apparently, the whole group of animals died suddenly under the threat of some force ...The piles of animal or human corpses can never be caused by ordinary natural forces...⑤ In various formations, scholars have found stone artifacts "deep in the ground, placed together with the remains of animals from the Ice Age. This phenomenon proves that humans and extinct animals once lived together in Alaska." ⑥ In Alaskan ooze, scholars also found:

Evidence left behind by intense atmospheric turmoil.The carcasses of mammals and bison were dismembered and twisted, as if killed by the palm of an angry god.In one place we found the forelegs and shoulders of a giant elephant, with bits of muscle, toenails and hair still attached to the charred bones.Nearby, we found the neck and head of a bison, the sinews and ligaments of the spine still intact, and the keratin covering the horns intact.No knife marks or other similar wounds were visible on the animals (so we can infer that they were never killed by hunters).Like scarecrows, they were torn to shreds and their remains scattered—even though some of the animals weighed several tons.Mixed with the piles of bones were twisted and tangled trees.Beneath a fine layer of sand, the bones and trees are forever hidden in ice⑦.

Similar scenes can also be seen in Siberia.Around the same time, Siberia experienced catastrophic climate change and geological upheavals.The frozen mammoth burial ground here has been "mined" by ivory traders since Roman times; it is estimated that 20,000 pairs of ivory were produced here in 10 years in the early 20th century. Once again, we sense that some mysterious force seems to be behind the scenes, leading these mass extinctions.General scholars believe that the skin is firm and the flesh is thick.Shaggy giant elephants are well adapted to cold weather, so it's no surprise to find their remains in Siberia.However, it is puzzling that human remains are buried next to giant elephants, and there are other species that are simply not suitable for growing in cold regions:

The plains of northern Siberia once raised a large number of rhinos and antelopes.Horses, bison, and other herbivores; they are the prey of many species of carnivores, including saber-toothed cats... Like the giant elephants, these animals range as far as the northern tip of Siberia, to the shores of the Arctic Ocean, and beyond North into Lyakhov and Novosibirsk, where the North Pole is only a short distance away. Researchers have confirmed that at least 28 of the 34 animal species that lived in Siberia before the cataclysm in 11000 BC, including Ossips mammoth, giant deer, cave-dwelling coyotes and lions, were only suitable for living in temperate regions .This brings us to a baffling fact: the further north we go, the more remains of giant elephants and other animals we find.This is exactly the opposite of what we expected.In fact, the first explorers to discover the Novosibirian archipelago (in the Arctic Circle) described several of the islands in the archipelago as being made almost entirely of stacked bones and tusks of giant elephants.As the 19th century French zoologist Georges Cuvier pointed out, this phenomenon proves: "The climate in those regions was not so cold before, because this group of animals could not survive at such low temperatures. Obviously , the moment these animals die, the land they inhabit begins to freeze."⑨

There is also plenty of evidence that around 11,000 BC, temperatures in Siberia plummeted and became very cold.While exploring the Novosibirian archipelago, Arctic explorer Baron Eduard von Toll found "the remains of a saber-toothed cat and a fruit tree 70 feet high. The fallen tree, perfectly preserved in the permafrost In the layers, the roots and seeds are intact. The green leaves and ripe fruit still cling to the branches...Today, the only trees growing in the Novosibirian Islands are the 1-inch-tall willow."⑩ The food that the extinct animals ate before their death also shows the magnitude of the catastrophe caused by the sudden drop in Siberia's temperature: "In the freezing cold, the giant elephants died one by one. The death came too suddenly, and the food swallowed by the giant elephants did not have time. Digestion... We found weeds, hyacinths, buttercups, calamus, and wild beans in the mouth and belly of the giant elephant, all so well preserved and instantly recognizable."⑾

Needless to say, it is impossible to grow these plants in Siberia today.They appeared in Siberia in 11,000 BC, so we have to admit that at that time, Siberia's climate must have been quite mild, even warm, suitable for the growth of everything.In other parts of the world, the end of the ice age brought new life to the land, why in Siberia, an early paradise, it brought eternal winter?Let us leave this question to be answered in Part 8 of this book.Here we just want to point out that during the period from 12,000 years ago to 13,000 years ago, severe cold weather suddenly fell on Siberia, and soon turned this land into a tundra.This reminds us of the Zoroastrian legend in Iran: the paradise that originally enjoyed 7 months of summer every year was transformed into a snow-covered wasteland overnight, with 10 months of bitter cold winter every year. Thousands of volcanoes erupted together Many catastrophe myths speak of a time when the climate was bitterly cold, the sky darkened, and the pitch-black rain poured down.This must be the picture that the "circle of death" that covers Siberia, the Yukon region of Canada, and most of Alaska stretches over hundreds of years.In this land, "layers of volcanic ash spread in the soft mud, covering piles of bones and ivory. Obviously, the extinction of species and the large-scale eruption of the volcano occurred simultaneously"⑿.There is a lot of evidence that volcanic activity was especially frequent during periods of retreat of glaciers in Wisconsin.Far to the south, far from the Alaskan tundra, thousands of prehistoric animals and plants have sunk in the famous La Brea tar pit near Los Angeles.Animal remains excavated there include bison, horses, camels, and sloths.Giant elephants, mastodons and at least 700 saber-toothed cats.Archaeologists also found a whole set of human skeletons, with their joints dislodged, covered in asphalt mixed with the bones of an extinct vulture.The remains found in the Laleria area, "broken, twisted, mixed, and entangled", show that a sudden and extremely catastrophic volcanic catastrophe did indeed occur in this area⒁.Tar pits at two other California sites, Carpinteria and Mckittrick, also yielded remains of birds and mammals representative of the late Ice Age.In the San Pedro Valley (San Pedro Valley), the bones of mastodons were exhumed, their limbs still erect, and their bodies were covered in thick volcanic ash and silt.Fossils found in Lake Floristan, Colorado, and the John Day Basin, Oregon, were also excavated from piles of volcanic ash. The volcanic eruptions that wiped out countless species appear to have been particularly violent at the end of the "Wisconsin glaciation," yet volcanic activity continued throughout the Ice Age, not only in North America, but also in Central and South America, the North Atlantic, and the Asian continent and Japan. It is really hard for us to imagine how human beings lived in that weird and terrible time in the face of continuous volcanic activity.Readers need only recall the cauliflower-shaped smoke that erupted in the upper atmosphere when Mount Saint Helens erupted in Washington State in 1980 to appreciate how when a chain of volcanoes erupts in sequence around the world, the impact is overwhelming. Not only local life, but also the global climate will be severely damaged. It is estimated that Mount St. Helens spewed out a total of 1 cubic kilometers of lava, but it is nothing compared to the eruptions of the Ice Age.The more powerful one is the Indonesian volcano Krakatoa (Krakatoa).When it erupted in 1883, it claimed a total of 36,000 lives, and the sound of the explosion was heard 3,000 miles away.The tsunami rolled up from the epicenter of the Ita Strait (Sunda Strait), up to 100 feet, surged across the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean like a thousand horses, and rolled the ship into several miles deep inland, in the far east of Africa and the west coast of America cause flooding. 18 cubic kilometers of lava, as well as a large amount of volcanic ash and dust were ejected into the atmosphere; over the next two years, the sky around the world was visibly darkened, and the sunset became particularly red.During this time, average global temperatures dropped significantly as particles in the ash reflected sunlight back into the sky. In the Ice Age with frequent volcanic activities, the creatures on the ground faced not just one Krakatoa volcano, but thousands of them.As a result of a series of volcanic eruptions, first of all, glaciation intensified, because the sunlight was blocked by the hot smoke from the volcano, which made the already low temperature drop even lower.At the same time, volcanoes are spewing large amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere, so we can speculate that when the volcanoes calm down, there will be some sort of global climate recovery.Several scholars believe that the continuous expansion and retreat of the great ice sheet is caused by the "tug-of-war" interaction between volcanic activity and climate⒂. global flood Geologists generally agree that by 8000 BC, the Wisconsin Ice Sheet in North America and the Worm Ice Sheet in Europe had completely retreated.The Ice Age is finally over.However, the 7,000 years before the end of the Ice Age were the period of the most dramatic climate and geological changes—unimaginably violent.The few surviving human tribes, fleeing from one catastrophe, will soon have to face another catastrophe, terrified all day long, anxious like a bereaved dog.Occasionally, the earth returns to tranquility, and they hope that the bad luck will be far away.However, when the glaciers on the earth began to melt, they had to endure the ravages of floods from time to time.In the past, billions of tons of ice were squeezed into the crust of the "asthenosphere" (asthenospher). Now, while the ice melts, it pops up again, sometimes quite rapidly. As a result, strong earthquakes are caused, and the air is filled with terrible sound. Sometimes the situation is particularly bad.Most of the animals that suffered extinction died between 11,000 BC and 9,000 BC, and this period was when the climate change was the most violent.As the geologist John Imbrie pointed out: "About 11,000 years ago, a climate revolution occurred on the earth." ⒃ The precipitation process accelerated; the seawater temperature on the surface of the Atlantic Ocean rose suddenly, with a range of 6 to 10 degrees Celsius Spend. Another period of turmoil that caused the extinction of species occurred between 15,000 and 13,000 BC.In the previous chapter we found that about 17,000 years ago, the "Tazewell push" expanded the ice sheet to its greatest extent, and then, less than 2,000 years later, the ice sheet melted rapidly and continuously, leaving North America and millions of square miles of Europe completely deglaciated. The situation in some areas is very special: the entire western part of Alaska, the Yukon region of Canada, and most of Siberia (including the New Siberian Islands, which has the coldest climate in the world today), were not covered by ice sheets until the end of the Ice Age.Around 12,000 years ago, these regions suddenly became so cold that many giant elephants and other large mammals were frozen to death. Other regions present a different picture.At the time, most of Europe was buried under 2 miles of ice.The same is true in most of North America.The ice sheet there extends outward from its center near Hudson Bay, covering the entirety of eastern Canada, New England, and most of the Midwestern United States, all the way to 37 degrees north latitude, all the way to the southern outskirts of Cincinnati in the Mississippi Valley, It's not too far from the equator. Experts estimate that at its peak (1,700 years ago), the total volume of ice covering the Northern Hemisphere was 6 million cubic miles.Of course, the southern hemisphere also experiences similar glaciation, as we mentioned earlier.The water that makes up the countless icebergs was provided by the world's oceans—sea levels were about 400 feet lower then than they are today. It was during this period that the climate pendulum swung.The general melting of the ice sheet occurred so suddenly and covered such a vast area that scholars have called it "some kind of miracle".In geological terms, it represents the "Bolling phase" of warmer climates in Europe and the "Brady interstadial" in America.In these two regions: The iceberg, which took 40,000 years to develop gradually, disappeared without a trace in just 2,000 years.Clearly, we cannot explain this phenomenon by the usual, gradually acting climatic factors (which we usually use to explain ice ages)... The rapid melting of the glaciers shows that something unusual was affecting the climate at that time.According to our calculations, this factor first appeared about 16,500 years ago, and after 2000 years, it destroyed most of the glaciers—perhaps as much as 3/4 in number. In addition, evidence shows that most of the full-scale melting of glaciers occurred within 1000 years or less. Inevitably, the first consequence of the full melting of the glaciers is a dramatic sea-level rise—perhaps as much as 350 feet.Islands and land bridges disappeared into the sea, and low-lying coastlines were submerged.Tsunamis occur from time to time, engulfing the high ground on the shore.After the tsunami subsided, it left indelible marks on the land. In the United States, "the remains of Ice Age marine life have been found on the Gulf Coast east of the Mississippi River, at some sites reaching elevations of more than 200 feet above sea level"⒆.In Michigan, researchers found the skeletons of two whales in a swamp strewn with glacial deposits.In Georgia, marine deposits occurred on land as high as 160 feet; in northern Florida, as high as 240 feet.The location of Texas is south of the area covered by the "Wisconsin glaciation", but in the marine deposits here, researchers have found the remains of land mammals from the Ice Age.Another set of marine deposits, containing walruses.The remains of seals and at least five species of whales are scattered across Canada's northeastern provinces and along the Arctic coast.Ice Age ocean deposits spread "over 200 miles inland" in many areas of the Pacific coast of North America.On the northern shore of Lake Ontario, on land at an altitude of about 440 feet, researchers found the bone path of a whale; in Vermont, at an altitude of more than 500 feet, they found the remains of another whale; area, they spotted another whale. Flood myths circulated around the world repeatedly refer to humans and animals fleeing to the mountains to escape the rising tide.The fossil record confirms that this did happen when ice sheets melted, but the creatures that fled to the mountains often did not survive.On isolated hilltops in central France, for example, fissures in the rock are filled with what geologists call "osseous breccia," which contains the broken bones of mammoths, woolly rhinos and other animals.The 1,430-foot summit of Mount Genay in Burgundy, eastern France, is "scattered with breccia containing the remains of mammoths, reindeer, horses and other animals".In Gibraltar, at the southern tip of Europe, researchers "found a human molar and flint used by Paleolithic hominids in animal bones" (21). Near the city of Plymouth on the English Channel coast, researchers found the skeleton of a hippopotamus among the remains of giant elephants, rhinos, horses, bears, bison, wolves and lions.On the hills around the city of Palermo in Sicily, scholars discovered "a large number of hippopotamus bones, and the scene is like the sacrifice of a hundred bulls in ancient Greece and Rome" (22).On the basis of this and other evidence, Joseph Prestwich, a former professor of geology at the University of Oxford, concludes that during the rapid melting of ice sheets, central Europe, England, and the Mediterranean island of Corsica.Sardinia and Sicily were flooded several times.According to his inference: When the flood approached, groups of animals retreated into the deep mountains, but later found themselves besieged by the flood, unable to escape... Countless animals huddled together and broke into nearby caves, and were later caught up by the flood and buried in the water... Gravel and large chunks of rock were washed down by the water, smashing the bones of animals... Some tribes of early humans must have experienced this catastrophe (23). Similar floods appear to have occurred in China during the same period, and in caves near Beijing, researchers found the skeletons of giant elephants and buffaloes quasi-associated with human remains (24).Several scholars believe that in Siberia the bones of mammoths were mixed with splintered trees because "a great tsunami uprooted the trees and buried the tangled animal carcasses in the sand. In the Arctic, The remains were so solidly frozen that, to this day, they remain perfectly preserved in the permafrost" (25) Throughout South America, researchers have also unearthed Ice Age fossils: "Animals (carnivores and herbivores) that normally do not interact with each other are intermingled with the remains of humans. Fossils of terrestrial and marine organisms are intermingled and buried in the same formation." (26) Under the ravages of floods, the disaster situation in North America was also very heavy.When the Wisconsin Ice Sheet melted, it created huge, ephemeral lakes on the ground; floodwaters rushed into the lakes, drowning an unknown number of creatures along the way, before receding slowly, drying up the entire lake hundreds of years later.For example, Lake Agassiz, the largest glacial lake in the Western Hemisphere, once covered 110,000 square miles across what is now the Canadian provinces of Manitoba, Ontario, and Saskatchewan , and parts of North Dakota and Minnesota.It is worth noting that this lake has not been maintained for less than 1000 years.Its existence shows that the land has returned to peace after the sudden melting of the ice sheet brought a catastrophic flood. Get rid of stereotypes and face up to history For a long time, the academic circle has believed that humans began to migrate to the Western Hemisphere about 11,000 years ago, but recent archaeological discoveries have shown that this period of history is much longer than we thought.In the "Old Crow Basin" (Old Crow Basin) in the Yukon region of Alaska, Canadian researchers found stone tools left over 25,000 years ago.Human bones and relics found in Peru and Tierra del Fuego in southern South America have been identified by experts and date back to 12,000 BC; another batch of relics discovered by researchers in South America has been verified to be 23,000 BC 19,000 BC to 19,000 BC.On the basis of these and other evidence, "we can reasonably infer that human colonization of the Americas began at least 35,000 years ago, with subsequent waves of migration."(27) Humans who immigrated to the Americas during the ice age set off from Siberia and crossed the Bering land bridge connecting the eastern and western hemispheres. Between 17,000 and 10,000 years ago, they encountered the most terrible situation.At that time, the sudden melting of glaciers in Wisconsin raised global sea levels by 350 feet, triggering unprecedented climate and geological upheavals.For 7,000 years, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, great floods, and eerie, intermittent periods of tranquility have dominated the daily lives of humans in the Western Hemisphere.Perhaps it is for this reason that their myths repeatedly tell of fires, floods, dark times, the creation and destruction of the sun. Moreover, as mentioned earlier, the mythology of the Western Hemisphere is not isolated in this respect; it is somewhat related to the mythology of the Eastern Hemisphere.Legends from around the world present some remarkable commonalities when they refer to experiences such as the "Great Flood," the "Great Cold," and the "Time of Great Trouble."The same experience was told over and over again.This should come as no surprise—the Ice Age and its effects were, after all, a global phenomenon.What is even more intriguing is that the same symbols and themes keep appearing in these myths: a good man and his family, the instructions of the gods, the seeds of all living things on the earth, the boats on the floating flood, the paddocks to withstand the severe cold, so that future human Holes in trees where ancestors hid, birds and other animals released after the floodwaters receded to find land... It is also worth noting that many myths refer to such figures as "Quetza Cotel" and "Viracocha".It is said that they came to this world in the dark age after the flood receded, and taught the knowledge of architecture, astronomy, technology and law to the people who survived the catastrophe and were in shock. Who are these heroes who brought civilization and enlightenment to mankind?Could it be that they are just characters fabricated by the ancestors through imagination?Are they gods or men?If they were human, is it possible that they somehow intervened in this myth, turning it into a vehicle for preserving knowledge and passing it on to future generations? On the surface, these ideas seem absurd.However, in Part 5 of this book, we will find that astronomical data and data that are extremely accurate and in line with scientific standards appear again and again in certain myths, and these myths are as old and as widespread as the legend of the Great Flood. Where did their scientific knowledge come from? Notes: ① Darwin's "Origin of Species", Penguin Edition, 322 pages. Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species, Penguin, London, 1985, P. 322． ②Darwin's "Diary of Traveling around the World on the Royal Navy Warship "HMS Hound" in Natural History and Geological Research", recorded on January 9, 1834. Charles Darwin, Journal of Re Searches into the Natural History and Geology of Countries Visited During The Voyage Of HMS Beagle ROUnd the WOrd, entry for 9January 1834. ③ "The Way of the Pole", page 258. ④David Hopkins et al. "Prehistoric Ecology of Bellingia", p. 309. David M． HOP Kins, eta! ; The Palaeoecology of Beringia, Academic Press, New York, 1982, p 309. ⑤Frank Xiben, "The Lost Americans", quoted from (The Way of the Pole), pages 275 and subsequent pages. Frank C． Hibben, The LOst Americans, cited in The Path of the Pole, p. 275ff. ⑥Raney, "Archaeological Research in Central Alaska", "Ancient America", Volume 5, p. 307. F． Ralney, Archaeological Investigations In Central Alaska, American Antiquity, volume V, 1940, p. 307． ⑦ "The Way of the Pole", page 275 and subsequent pages. ⑧ Same as above, page 255. ⑨George Cuvier, Changes and Disasters in the History of the Earth, 1829 edition. Georges Cuvier, Reuolutions and Catastrophes in the History of the Earth, 1829. ⑩Quoted from "The Way of the Pole", p. 256. ⑾ Ivan Sanderson, "The Mystery of the Rapidly Frozen Colossus," The Saturday Evening Post, January 16, 1960, p. 82. Ivan T． Sanderson, "Riddle of the Quick—Frozen Giants," Saturday Euening Post. ⑿ "The Way of the Pole", p. 277. ⒀ Ibid., p. 132. ⒁Price "New Geology", 579 pages. G． M． Price, The NeW Geology, 1932, p 579. ⒂ "The Way of the Pole", pp. 132-135. ⒃ "Unraveling the Mystery of the Ice Age", p. 129. ⒄ "The Way of the Pole", 150 pages. ⒅ Ibid., pp. 148-149. ⒆ Flint, "Glacial Geology and Pluvial Epoch", pp. 294-295. R． F． Gleacial Geology and the Pleisocenet Epoch, 1947, pp. 294-5. ⒇ Ibid., page 362. (21) Joseph Prestridge, "On Certain Phenomena at the End of the Last Geological Period and Their Influence on Flood Legends", pp. 36, 48. Joseph Prestwich, On Chrtain Phenomena Be 10ng to the Close Of the Last Geological Period and on Their Bearing upon the Tradiion Of the Flood, Macmillan, London, 1895, pp. 36, 48． (22) Ibid., 50 pages. (23) Ibid., pages 51-52. (24) Li's "China Geological Research", 370 pages. J． S． Lee, The Geology of China, London. 1939, p. 370． (25) "Polar Migration and Continental Drift", Society of Economic Fossilology and Mineralogy Special Issue No. 10, p. 165. Polar Wandering and Continental Drift, Society of Economic Pale Ontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication No, 10, Tulsa, 1953, p 165. (26) Diller and Opper, "Evidence for Species Extinction in South America", collected in "Polar Way", page 292. J． B． Delair and E． F． oppe, "The Evidence of Violent Extinction In South America," in Path Of the Pole, p. 292． (27) "Human Evolution", 92 pages.