Chapter 7 Chapter 6 Finding the Law of Victory: Taking the Slant of the Sword

Those who regard strangeness as righteousness, if hostility is strange, I will attack them rightly; ——Li Shimin No matter how much we write about combinations at length, we still have to say that simply focusing the iris on the combination is not enough.The focus should also be further narrowed to see if there are more core secrets lurking therein.Combining it out of nowhere a hundred times won't help if you don't have insight into how the combination is the best recipe. In the history of war, there has never been a victory that was achieved in a peaceful situation.Therefore, in various versions of "Military Language", there are terms such as main attack direction, main assault target, feint attack, feint move, and outflanking to distinguish the primary and secondary actions.Hidden behind these terms, I believe that it is not only out of the consideration of "soldiers are not tired of deceit", or for the rational use of troops.There must be other reasons.By intuition, all those famous generals or unknown people who have won countless victories are aware of the existence of something that may be called "the law of victory", and have approached it thousands of times.But to this day, no commander or philosopher dares to say that I have found it, and has not even completed the naming of this law.In fact, it has always been hidden in the successive military practices of human beings.It can be said that every classic victory has verified it.It's just that every time, people refuse to admit or are not sure that they have met Shengli head-on, and often attribute it to the favor of mysterious fate.Many "afterthought" monographs on war history also make people lose the point because they describe it too mysteriously.However, the Law of Victory does exist.It is there, and it accompanies every human war like an invisible man, and whoever its golden finger falls to will pass through the Arc de Triomphe with the sorrow of the defeated.Still, even those favorites of war have never actually seen its true face.

coincides with the golden section "Everything is number".The ancient wise man Pythagoras [1] along this road of thought, came across a group of mysterious numbers: 0.618.As a result, he discovered the golden ratio! (√5-1)/2≈0.618 [1] Pythagoras was an ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician. His famous maxim: "Everything is number", that is, all existing things can be reduced to the relationship of numbers.Although Pythagoras' theory mixed rationalism and irrationalism, it still deeply influenced the development of Greek classical philosophy and medieval European thought. Copernicus admitted that Pythagoras' astronomical concept was The forerunner of his hypothesis, Galileo is also considered a Pythagorean.And the golden section proves the harmonious relationship of the world, which is only a specific application of Pythagoras' thought. (The Concise Encyclopedia Britannica, Volume 1, P715)

Since then, for 2,500 years, this formula has been regarded as the golden rule of aesthetics by plastic artists. Its basic aesthetic characteristics approximate or conform to this formula.People have been amazed by the beauty of the Parthenon Temple in ancient Greece for a long time, almost doubting it as a miracle.After calculation, it was found that the relationship between its vertical line and horizontal line completely conforms to the ratio of 1:0.618.In his book "Towards a New Architecture", Le Corbusier, the master of contemporary architecture, also established his most important theory of "basic design scale" according to the law of the golden section. Buildings have had a profound impact [2].It is a pity that this may be a formula used by creation to hint the laws of all fields to human beings. In the long tunnel of time and space, it has never stepped out of the world of artistic creation.Few, except those gifted muses, realize that this golden law of beauty may also become, or simply be, the law to be obeyed in other fields as well.It was not until 1953 that American J. Kiefer discovered that using the golden section to find the test point can approach the optimal state as quickly as possible.His discovery was summarized by the Chinese mathematician Hua Luogeng as the "optimization method", also known as the 0.618 method.And once widely disseminated in China.Although, as far as we know, this kind of crowd-based tactical popularization campaign has had little effect, it shows the prospect of applying the golden rule to fields other than art [3].

[2] See "The Classical Language of Architecture", written by Samerson, p. 90. [3] Divide a straight line segment of length L into two parts, so that the ratio of one part to the whole is equal to the ratio of the other part to this part, that is, X:L=(LX):X, such a division is called "golden section" , and its ratio is slightly equal to 0.618.From ancient Greece to the 19th century, some people believed that such a ratio had aesthetic value in plastic arts, so it was called the "golden section".In practice, the easiest way is to follow the sequence 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21... to get the ratios of 2:3, 3:5, 5:8, 8:13 as approximate values. ("Ci Hai", Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, 1980, P2057-2058)

In fact, long before the awareness of consciously grasping the Golden Rule arises, people have repeatedly applied it in their respective fields of practice based on intuition.Naturally, the military field will not be omitted here.The erratic claw-marks of this enigmatic beast are easy to spot in some of the most famous battles and battles in the history of warfare. You don't need to look very far, you will find that there are almost examples in the military world that are consistent with this law.From the arc of the saber blade, to the apex of bullets, artillery shells, and ballistic missiles flying along the ballistic trajectory, from the optimum height and distance for the aircraft to enter the dive-bombing state[4], to the relationship between the length of the supply line and the turning point of the war, it can be seen everywhere A shadow of 0.618.

[4] Dive bombing is a main method of attack by attack aircraft using short-range missiles, rockets, guided and unguided bombs.When attacking, the attack aircraft enters the combat deployment point from low altitude (40-50 kilometers away from the target).Then rise to 2000-4000 meters, turn to the combat course, start to dive when the distance is 5-10 kilometers from the target, and drop bombs at an angle of 30°-50° when the distance is 1300-1600 meters and 600-1000 meters respectively.The weapon has the highest damage accuracy when swooping down. (See Russia's "Foreign Military Review" magazine, Issue 10, 1992)

Flipping through the history of wars, you must be secretly surprised, 0.618, like a golden belt winding and looming in ancient and modern Chinese and foreign wars.During the battle between Jin, Chu and Yanling in the Spring and Autumn Period, Duke Li of Jin led his army to attack Zheng, and fought a decisive battle in Yanling with the Chu army who aided Zheng.Duke Li followed the advice of the Chu rebel minister Miao Benhuang, and used one part of the central army to attack the left army of the Chu army; the other to attack the central army of the Chu army, gathering the upper army, lower army, new army and soldiers of the public clan. Attack the right army of Chu.The choice of its main attack point is just at the golden section point [5].We mentioned earlier the battle of Abela between Alexander and Darius. The Macedonians chose their attack point at the junction of the left wing and the center of the Persian army. Coincidentally, this part happened to be the entire front." Golden Point" [6].

[5] See the first volume of "History of War in the Past Dynasties of China", P257-273, Figure 1-26, Military Translation Publishing House. [6] See "Military History of the Western World", Volume 1, P117, by Fuller.In addition to the precise exposition of the Battle of Abela, the book also has an intuitive and vivid map of the battlefield situation. For hundreds of years, people have wondered why Genghis Khan's Mongolian cavalry could sweep across the Eurasian continent like a hurricane.Because the wild, cruel, cunning of the barbarians and the mobility of the cavalry alone are not enough to give a completely convincing explanation.Maybe there are other more important reasons?Sure enough, the law of the golden section once again showed its magic: we found that the battle formation of the Mongolian cavalry was very different from the traditional Western phalanx.In its 5-platoon formation, the ratio of heavy cavalry to light cavalry is 2:3, the ratio of heavy cavalry in human armor and vest is 2, and the ratio of fast and agile light cavalry is 3, which is another golden section!You can't help but admire the genius of the horseback thinker. It is a matter of course that the army led by such a commander has more impact than the European army that confronts it on the battlefield.

Christian Europeans, apart from their genius for applying the Golden Rule to religious art, seem to be belatedly enlightened to its usefulness in other respects.Until the black powder period, muskets gradually appeared to replace spears. The Dutch general Morris, who took the lead in mixing muskets and pikes in half to transform the traditional phalanx, still failed to realize this.It was King Gustav of Sweden who adjusted the formation of strong front and weak sides that made the Swedish army the most combative army in Europe at that time.What he did was to add 96 musketeers to the original squadron of 216 spearmen + 198 musketmen in Morris. Formation watershed.It is self-evident that the ratio of 198+96 musketeers to 216 spearmen allows us to see the golden rule again.

And that's not all.Let's see, before we recognize it as a law other than the law of art, how it almost stubbornly "appears" again and again, sending us clear hints. In June 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia. In September, he entered Moscow after the Battle of Borodino, which failed to wipe out the vital forces of the Russian army. At this time, Napoleon did not realize that genius and luck were disappearing from him a little bit. The pinnacle and turning point of his career are coming at the same time.One month later, the French army withdrew from Moscow in heavy snowfall. After three months of victorious march and two months of prosperity and decline, from the timeline, when the French emperor overlooked the city of Moscow through raging flames, his feet Just stepping on the golden section line. Another June, 130 years later, Nazi Germany launched the "Barbarossa" plan against the Soviet Union.For more than two years, the German army maintained an offensive momentum. Until August 1943, when the "Castle" operation ended, the German army turned to the defensive from then on, and failed to launch a campaign against the Soviet army. attack.Perhaps we also need to call such a fact a coincidence: the Battle of Stalingrad, recognized by all war historians as the turning point of the Soviet Union’s Great Patriotic War, took place in the 17th month of the outbreak of the war. It was November 1942, which was the "golden point" on the 26-month timeline of the German army's rise and fall. [7]

[7] "Encyclopedia of World War II History", edited by (France) Marcel Bodeau, People's Liberation Army Press, 1988. "Soviet Union - The War Against Germany", pp. 684-694. Let's look again at the Gulf War.Before the war, according to estimates by military experts, if the equipment and personnel of the Republican Guard lost 30% or more through aerial bombing, they would basically lose their combat effectiveness.In order to make the loss of the Iraqi army reach this critical point, the US military has repeatedly extended the bombing time.By the time the "Desert Saber" was unsheathed, 38% of the 4,280 tanks, 32% of the 2,280 armored vehicles, and 47% of the 3,100 artillery pieces of the Iraqi army in the theater had been destroyed. It dropped to about 60%. Through these cruel data, the mysterious light of 0.618 began to flicker again in the early morning of January 24, 1991. After 100 hours, the ground battle of "Desert Storm" was declared over. These cases scattered in the dust and smoke of history are really incredible.Viewed in isolation, they seem too much like one after another accident.But creation never does things for no reason.If there are too many chances showing the same phenomenon, can you still calmly regard them as chances?No, at this time you have to admit, that is the law. The Grammar of Victory--Partial Orthodoxy In Chinese grammar, there is a basic sentence structure.This structure divides a sentence or phrase into two parts, the modifier and the central word.The relationship between them is modification and modification, that is, the former modifies the latter, and the former determines the tendency and characteristics of the latter.To put it more clearly, the former is the appearance, while the latter is the body. When we confirm that a person or thing is different from others or other things, it is generally based on his (it) appearance and appearance, not his (it) body. body or mechanism.From this perspective, modifiers should be regarded as the center of gravity in sentences or phrases rather than central words.For example, red apples.Before being modified by "red", apple is just a general reference of this kind of fruit, and it is only general.And "red" makes this apple have the particularity that can be identified as "this one".Obviously. "Red" plays an important role in this phrase.Another example is the special economic zone.If there is no word "economy", the special zone is just a concept of geographical division.After being modified by "economy", it acquired a special attribute and direction, and became the fulcrum for Deng Xiaoping to use economic leverage to reform China.This type of structure is one of the basic types of Chinese grammar: Partially formal structure. This construction is so prevalent in Chinese that a Chinese speaker would not be able to speak without using it.Because in a sentence, if there are only subjective words without dominant modifiers, the sentence will lose its clarity due to the lack of factors such as degree, orientation, and shape that can be grasped concretely.Such as "good person", "bad thing", "high-rise building", "red flag", "jogging", if all the prefix modifiers are removed, all the following central words will become non-specific signifiers. neutral word.It can be seen that in the partial formal structure, compared with "zheng", "bias" is in a qualitative position for sentences and phrases.That is to say, in a sense, we can understand that the partial formal structure takes the central word as the main body and the modifier as the dominant word, "zheng" is the body of "bias", and "bias" is the soul of "zheng" .When the body is established as a premise, the role of the soul is obviously more decisive.This relationship in which the subject is subordinate to the dominant is the basis for the existence of the partial formal structure. At the same time, as one of the structural methods of the symbol system corresponding to the objective world, it seems to suggest to us something beyond the regularity of the language category. . Going down this path, we'll soon see that it's not just phrases like "good guys," "bad things," "tall buildings," "red flags," or just aircraft carriers, cruise missiles, stealth planes, In military terms such as armored personnel carriers, self-propelled artillery, precision bombs, and rapid response forces, air-ground integrated warfare, and joint operations, there are a lot of biased relationships.The world outside the category of language is also full of such relationships layer upon layer.This is exactly what we mean by borrowing—just borrowing—rather than copying this rhetorical method that is only seen in the human language system in our own theory. The term "-positive" is used to illustrate the core part of our theory, because we believe that there are a large number of partial and positive relationships in the movement and development of many things, and in this relationship it is often "partial" rather than positive. It is not that "zheng" plays a leading role in it. Let us call this role "biased correction" (note that this is not the original intention of the partial formal structure as a rhetorical method, but only our extension).For example, in a country, the people are the main body, while the government is the main body; in an army, soldiers and middle and lower-level officers are the main body, and the high command is the main body; in a nuclear explosion, uranium or plutonium is the main body, and the bombardment of them Means are the leading factor in triggering a chain reaction; in a Southeast Asian-style financial crisis, the victimized country is the main body, while financial speculators are the leading factor in causing the crisis.Without the leadership of the government, the people are a mess; without the leadership of the high command, the soldiers are a mob; without the means of bombing, uranium and plutonium are just a pile of minerals; A financial catastrophe.In this type of relationship, regardless of the factors of two-way interaction, it is self-evident who is biased and who is positive, and who modifies whom. The above discussion shows that this partial formal structure is an asymmetric structure, so there is an unbalanced relationship between partial and positive.In this regard, it is very similar to the golden ratio: between 0.618 and 1 is an asymmetric structure and an unbalanced relationship.We have every reason to regard it as another formal expression.Because in a biased structure, what matters is the bias, not the plus.The same is true for the law of the golden section, the important thing is 0.618, not 1.This is a common feature between the two.The law tells us that there must be some kind of similar law between two things with similar characteristics.If there is indeed a common law between the golden section and the partial structure, it should be: 0.618 = partial. The best illustration of this point is probably the allusion of Tian Ji's horse racing.When the overall strength is at a disadvantage, the great military strategist Sun Bin swayed his classic work that is enough to represent the wisdom of ancient Chinese games.He started with Tian Ji's dismounted horse and Qi Wang's mounted horse. After losing the round that he must lose, he used his own middle horse and top horse to defeat the opponent's dismounted and middle horse, ensuring the two rounds of advantage needed for victory.[ 8].This way of winning the entire game (main body) with the strategy of losing one and keeping two (dominant) can be regarded as a typical partial formal structure.And the result of two wins in three rounds is completely in line with the golden ratio of 2:3.Here, what we see is the perfect confluence of two laws and the unity of two laws: [8] See "Historical Records Biography of Sun Tzu Wuqi". The Golden Rule = partial positive law. Finding the law is the result of the research problem, and it is also the beginning of the research problem.As long as we believe that there is a thing called the partial law that generally runs through the operation of things, we should believe that this law, like the golden rule, will not leave a blank in the military field alone. And it is true. The Battle of Qilu Long Spoon.The two armies faced each other, the Qi army came aggressively, and the Lu army stood still.The Qi army beat the three-pass drum and rushed to the formation three times, but they still could not shake the Lu army's position, and their momentum was obviously low.The Lu army took the opportunity to counterattack and won a complete victory.After the war, the counselor Cao GUI pointed out to Lu Zhuanggong the reason why Qi defeated Lu Sheng in this battle: the enemy army "worked hard in one effort, then declined in the second, and exhausted in the third. The other exhausted our strength, so we conquered it"[9].Judging from the progress of the entire battle, this battle can be divided into five stages: the first drum of the Qi army—the second drum of the Qi army—the third drum of the Qi army—the counterattack of the Lu army—the pursuit of the Lu army.From the first to the third stage, Cao GUI adopted the strategy of avoiding the enemy's edge, so that the Qi army quickly passed the golden point of its own attack power without any results, while the Lu army precisely chose this point. For the counterattack opportunity, the golden section law (3:5G0.618) was fully confirmed on the battlefield 2,700 years ago.It is certain that Cao GUI at that time could never have known about Pythagoras and his golden section theory, which was 200 years later than him.Moreover, even if he knows this theory, it is impossible to accurately determine where its 0.618 is in an ongoing war.But he intuitively guessed the dividing point of this shining golden light, and this is the endowment shared by all genius military strategists. [9] See "Zuo Zhuan Cao GUI Debate".Afterwards, when Cao GUI participated in the Qilu League in Ke, he robbed Duke Huan of Qi with a dagger, forcing Qi to return to the land that invaded Lu.So resourceful and courageous, he is a rare good general. (See "Historical Records: Biography of Assassins") Hannibal had exactly the same thinking as Cao GUI in the Battle of Cannae.Like Cao GUI, he also understands the mystery of the enemy's diminishing attack power.Therefore, uncharacteristically, he put the weakest Gaul army and Spanish infantry in the middle of the line where the elite should have been deployed, and let them face the attack of the Roman army. Crescent depression.I don't know whether this bend was deliberately created by Hannibal or accidentally formed a new moon, which became a huge buffer to dispel the attack power of the Roman army.When this powerful force gradually weakened due to the elongation of the battle line, and when it was close to the bottom of the Carthaginian front, the Carthaginians, who were generally at a disadvantage but had an advantage in cavalry, lost no time in letting their iron cavalry on both wings Qi Fei quickly completed the encirclement of the Roman army, turning Cannae into a slaughterhouse for the slaughter of 70,000 lives. [10] [10] The Battle of Cannae is the most famous battle in Western history, and it will be mentioned in almost all war history works. (U.S.) Bevin Alexander's "The Way of the Commander's Decisive Victory" has a description of the Battle of Cannae with pictures and texts, which is helpful for understanding what we call the "partial law". "The Commander's Way to Victory", Xinhua Publishing Du, 1996 edition, P11-13. In these two battles with similar approaches but equally satisfactory results, they both took avoiding the enemy's edge and defeating the enemy's spirit as the dominant strategy, adopted a combat mode that clearly deviated from the frontal decisive battle, and appropriately used the exhaustion point of the enemy's attack power as the last point of our own counterattack. It is the best time, and the tactics clearly conform to the Golden Rule and the Partial Rule. If these two battle examples are not regarded as a coincidence or an isolated phenomenon, then we will see more golden rules and partial positive rules shining in the history of war.This is perhaps even more evident in Modern Warfare.During World War II, the German army's attack on France was soaked in the essence of what we call the law of dichotomy from beginning to end.Whether it is changing the tank from an infantry accessory to a main battle weapon, or abandoning the routines of World War I and using blitzkrieg as the main battle theory, it has not only surprised the enemy, but even surprised the old generals in the German command. , choosing the Ardennes pass as the dominant direction of the German offensive, all of these must have been unorthodox in the eyes of the people at the time, and they were obviously "biased".It was this bias that led to a fundamental change in the military thinking of the entire German army, and also made Earl Schlieffen's dream of "sweeping the English Channel" into a nightmare for the British in Dunkirk.And who would have thought that the blueprint for this miracle was actually drawn by two lower-ranking officers--Manstein and Guderian? [11] [11] During 1937-1938, Manstein was the Chief Deputy Chief of Staff of the German Army Staff. Due to internal conflicts in the German Army, Manstein was expelled from the Army Headquarters and became the commander of the 18th Division. In 1939, the German Army Headquarters had to issue the Western Front Operation Plan "Yellow Operation Plan".Obviously, this plan is a replica of the 1914 Schlieffen plan.Manstein, who was the chief of staff of Army Group A at the time, drew up his own combat plan in the name of Army Group A, and repeatedly submitted it to the Army Headquarters in the form of memorandums or operational drafts.But it has been rejected by the senior generals of the headquarters.The Army Headquarters, which was annoyed by Manstein, transferred him to be the commander of the 38th Army, but Manstein took the opportunity of meeting Hitler to report his vision, and persuaded him to be completely layman but highly savvy. Hitler.The main point of this, which Liddell Hart called the "Manstein Plan" after the war, is: focus on the left wing, concentrate the use of armored forces, and raid from the Ardennes. ("Lost Victory", by Manstein, Academy of Military Science of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, 1980) The Panzer Nineteenth Army commanded by Guderian is the best practitioner of the "Manstein Plan". ("Blitz Heroes", Guderian, Warrior Press, 1981) In the same war, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor can also be used as an example of the attack on France, which was obviously more formal.Yamamoto Fifty-Six used aircraft carriers as Guderian used tanks.Although in Yamamoto's consciousness, battleships are still regarded as the main force in the future decisive battle at sea, but he is sensitive and correctly chooses the aircraft carrier and its carrier-based aircraft as the leading weapon in the battle against the US Navy.What is even more frightening is that when he attacked the Americans, he avoided a frontal attack on the long Pacific coast of the United States, and at the same time fully considered the attack radius of his combined fleet, which is what his fists were. The best position that can be hit, thus choosing Hawaii as the attack point, which is not only important to control the entire Pacific Ocean, but also makes the Americans unwilling to believe the intelligence obtained in advance. It is worth mentioning that this believer in the decisive battle at sea is concerned In the first battle of the future war, he chose not the naval battle that he yearned for, but the sneak attack on Pearl Harbor.As a result, he slanted his sword and won by surprise. [12] [12] After Yamamoto Fifty-Six took office as the commander of the United Fleet, he rejected the opinion of the Japanese Naval Staff Supervision Department to attack the Philippines first, and determined that the US Pacific Fleet must be attacked first to paralyze it. On December 7, 1941, 6 aircraft carriers and 423 aircraft under the command of General Nagumo attacked Pearl Harbor according to the plan of Yamamoto Fifty-Six, sank 4 battleships including the USS "Arizona", and destroyed 188 aircraft. The vitality of the US Pacific Fleet was severely damaged. (Liddell Hart (History of the Second World War, P276-335) At this point in the analysis, we should already understand that neither the golden rule nor the partial rule should be understood in a narrow sense literally, but can only grasp its essence in essence.The ever-changing battlefield will never leave enough time or provide enough information for any military commander or commander to let him measure where the golden section is, and consider how to grasp the degree of deviation inch by inch The problem.Even 0.618 and "partiality", the core elements of the two laws, are not constants in the mathematical sense.It is the myriad incarnations of the God of Victory who constantly appear and appear in ever-changing wars, battlefields, and battle situations. It is sometimes manifested in the choice of means. For example, in the Gulf War, Schwarzkopf used aerial bombing as the leading means, and made the army and navy, which have always been the main body of the war, all play supporting roles; Sometimes it is manifested in the choice of strategy. For example, Dönitz changed the ship-to-ship naval battle into submarines attacking merchant ships. As a result, this "wolf pack tactic" is far more threatening to Britain than a decisive battle at sea; Sometimes it is manifested in the choice of weapons, such as Napoleon's artillery, Guderian's tanks, Yamamoto Fifty-Six's aircraft carrier, and the precision ammunition in the "Gold Coast" operation are all dominant weapons that can tilt the balance of war; Sometimes it is manifested in the choice of attack points, such as Nelson in the Battle of Trafalgar [13], he was extremely clever to set the rear of the French fleet instead of the forward as the main attack point, so that the victory of a naval battle led to a naval battle. the birth of an empire; [13] Before the Battle of Trafalgar, Nelson taught the "secret" to his captains, that is, to change the traditional line tactics of naval warfare.Divide one's own warships into two, one attack the middle of the enemy fleet at a 90-degree angle, separate the rear and the center, and then concentrate their forces to attack the enemy's rear; , It is too late to wait for the enemy's vanguard ships to return to support.The Battle of Trafalgar went almost exactly as Nelson had predicted, and although he was mortally wounded in the battle, the British navy won a resounding victory. ("World Modern Naval War History", edited by Ding Chaobi, Ocean Press, 1994, P143-155) Sometimes it is manifested in the choice of fighters, such as the Fourth Middle East War, Sadat chose the D-day when the Egyptian army crossed the Suez Canal on October 6th, which is in the Muslim Ramadan, and set the time to launch the attack on In the afternoon when the sun pierced the pupils of the Israelites from west to east, the myth of the invincibility of the Israeli army was rewritten in one fell swoop[14]; [14] See "The Fourth Middle East War", written by (Germany) Gerhard Konzelmann, Du Business Publishing, 1975. "War in the Middle East", (US) Jon Kinch et al., Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 1979. Sometimes it is manifested in the unbalanced allocation of troops, such as the "Schlieffen Plan" formulated by the German High Command before the First World War to invade France. It boldly concentrated 53 of its 72 divisions on the right wing as the main attack, while the remaining 19 Divisions were placed on the left and center of the long front.In this way, this sand table operation, which has never been actually implemented, has become the most famous war plan in history; Sometimes it is manifested in the use of strategies. For example, in 260 BC, Qin and Zhao fought against each other.King Qin Zhaoxiang was not in a hurry to fight the enemy immediately. Instead, according to Fan Wei's suggestion, he first attacked the South Korean party and made Zhao lose his support; The King of Zhao withdrew General Lian Po and appointed Zhao Kuo, who was talking on paper, and finally defeated Zhao Jun in Changping.The reason for Qin's victory and Zhao's defeat in this battle is not so much due to the strength of Qin's army, but rather due to Fan Sui's strategy[15]. [15] See (History of Chinese Wars in the Past Dynasties), Military Translation Publishing House, Volume Two, P197. There is another sign worthy of our attention and study, that is, more and more countries, on major issues related to politics, economy, national defense and security, deviate their attention from the military field and use other means to supplement and enrich It even replaces military means to achieve goals that cannot be achieved by force alone.This is the largest partial revision of war from the perspective of war.At the same time, it also indicates that future wars will more and more frequently show the trend of more formal combinations of military means and other means. All of the above, no matter what kind of choice, all have the characteristics of "partial".Like the golden rule, the partial positive law opposes all forms of parallel juxtaposition, balance and symmetry, comprehensiveness, and stability, and advocates taking a slanted sword.Only by avoiding head-to-head contact with the hammer and the anvil, will your sword edge be as easy as a knife.This is the most basic victory grammar in the age-old article of war. If we call the law of the golden section in art the law of beauty, then why don't we call its mirror-like reproduction in the military field - the law of partial positives, the law of victory? Master and Quan: The Essentials of Partially Formal Combinations Among the many internal factors that constitute a thing, there must be a certain factor that occupies a prominent or dominant position among all the factors.If the relationship between this factor and other factors is harmonious and perfect, then it will always meet the formula of 0.618:1 somewhere.Of course, it will also conform to the partial law.Because here, "all factors" are the main body, which is positive; "a certain factor" is dominant, which is partial.When a thing has a specific purpose, partiality and positiveness constitute a master-slave relationship.When two bulls fight each other, it is the bull, but its horns; when two knives face each other, it is the knife, but its sharp edge.It is clear at a glance who is the master and who is the follower.And when the purpose changes, new dominant factors will appear and replace the old ones, forming a new partial relationship with all existing factors.Capturing the relationship between the master and the whole in things is equivalent to grasping the essence of the golden rule and partial rule. Based on this, we can quickly sort out the five most important tendons from the complex context of war: the main weapon and the whole weapon; the main means and the whole means; the main force and the whole force; the main dimension and the omnidirectional degree; main field and full field.The "five masters and five completes" basically summarize the biased relationship that commonly exists in wars. Still taking the Gulf War as an example, the main weapons used by the coalition forces to implement "Desert Storm" are stealth aircraft, cruise missiles and precision bombs, and all other weapons are subordinate; the main means is 38 consecutive days of air bombing, and all other means are auxiliary; the main force It is the air force, and all other forces are coordinated; the main dimension is to focus on the Republican Guard, and all other battlefield targets are subject to it; the main field is the military, and other fields are subject to economic sanctions, diplomatic isolation, and media offensives. Cooperate. However, just clarifying this relationship is not our goal.For those engaged in war, the most important thing is not to sort out but how to grasp and use these relationships.We know that any country's war resources are limited, even a country as powerful as the United States.In war, we must also constantly consider the cost-effectiveness ratio (the principle of "minimum energy consumption") and how to fight the battle more beautifully and make the results more brilliant.Therefore, it is very necessary for any country to use and allocate war resources rationally and strategically.This requires finding the correct method, that is, how to consciously apply the partial law in war.In fact, many countries have unconsciously used this rule before— After the disintegration of the former Soviet Union, Russia's military strength went from bad to worse.Not only has it lost its former supremacy against the U.S. military, but it is even unable to guarantee the current security of the country.Under such circumstances, although the Russian High Command was passive, it revised its future strategy in a timely manner, taking tactical nuclear weapons and even strategic nuclear weapons as the preferred leading weapon in the event of a war against Russia, and surrounding this choice from the overall perspective. Adjusted the configuration structure of conventional weapons and nuclear weapons.Contrary to the Russian army, the U.S. military, which is in the limelight because of its sole leadership, has established "comprehensive superiority" (Army[16]), "from sea to land" (Navy), and "global participation" (Air Force[17]) as new The three-service strategic goal, and based on this, digital equipment, new amphibious assault ships, and stealth long-range combat aircraft are selected as a new generation of weapons, which will greatly allow them to replace M-1 series tanks, aircraft carriers, and F-16. The dominant weapon in the trend. [16] "Comprehensive advantage" is the strategic goal proposed by the U.S. Army in its "2010 Army Concept". [17] "Global participation" is the 21st century air force development strategy proposed by the U.S. Air Force at the end of 1997 to replace the strategic concept of "global arrival of global power" to deal with the post-Cold War situation.其中特别强调了空军的6大核心能力：航空与航天优势；全球攻击；全球快速机动；精确打击；信息优势；灵活的作战支援。 （见《全球参与21世纪美国空军构想》） 从俄美对各自主导兵器的战略性调整，可看出那种以杀伤力大小为条件，选择主导兵器的做法已经过时。对主兵器的选择来说，武器的杀伤力不过是兵器的诸多技术性能之一。比技术性能更重要的是对战争目的、作战目标和安全环境的基本考虑。因此，主兵器应是对达成上述目标最为有效的兵器，而且必须是能与其它兵器有机组合，构成完整武器系统的主导性因素。在现代技术条件下，主兵器大都已不是单一武器，而是"系统集成"，同时它又是更大的系统中的一部分[18]。大量高新技术的涌现，战争目标的不断调整，在为主兵器的选择及与其它兵器的组合使用方面，提供了足够的上下行空间的同时，也使主兵器与其它全部兵器的主从关系变得更加扑朔迷离[19]。 [18]"系统的系统"的概念，是曾任参联会副主席的海军上将欧文斯与他的高级顾问布莱克共同研究的结果。欧文斯认为，当代军事技术革命，不再只是军舰、飞机、坦克等武器平台的革命，而是加入了传感器系统、通信系统以及精确制导武器系统等因素，这些系统的介入，使军队的编制和作战方式都将产生根本性的革命。也许，今后不应再分陆、海、空军，而是"传感器军"、"机动打击军"、"智能保障军"等。（见《国防大学学报》、（现代军事》、《世界军事》，陈伯江对欧文斯的访问录） [19]与军事革命的技术派的乐观见解不同，我们不认为技术可以穿透战争"或然性"的迷雾，因为战争的或然性主要不是来自物理或地理的阻隔，而是来自人心。 同样的因素也在影响着战争手段的运用。在战争中，把军事行动天经地义的当做主手段，而其它所有手段则被视为辅助手段的观念正在过时。也许过不了多久，美国人就会发现，在对付像本·拉丹这样的恐怖组织的战争中，军事手段只是其全部可动用手段中的一种，更为有效的、能对拉丹造成毁灭性打击的手段，很可能不是巡航导弹，而是由它或更多手段配合的在网络上展开的金融封杀战。 手段的复杂化带来的是出乎一切军人意料的结果：战争的平民化。因此，在这里，我们所说的主兵力与全兵力的问题，除了军队内部和作战行动中兵力的调度、分配和运用，还包括全体民众在何种程度上对战争的参与。当非职业军人的战争或准战争行动，越来越多地成为影响国家安全的重要因素时，谁是未来战争的主兵力，正在全球范围内变成一个过去根本不是问题的问题。如我们已经在前面多次提到过的"网徒"袭击美国和印度国防部网络中心的事件，即是这方面的证据。 无论是纯粹的战争行动，还是非战争军事行动，抑或非军事战争行动，只要是带有作战性质的行动，便都存在一个怎样准确选择主要作战方向和攻击点的问题，也就是在由整个战争、战场或战线构成的全向度上，确定你的主向度的问题。这几乎是令一切即便拥有精良武器、多种手段、充足兵力的统帅也最感头疼的问题。但像亚历山大、汉尼拔、纳尔逊、尼米兹之辈和中国古代的孙武、孙膑，却都是擅长选择出敌不意的主攻方向的高手。利德尔·哈特也注意到了这一点，他把选择最出敌预料的行动方向和抵抗力最弱的路线叫做"间接战略"。在战争空间已经由陆海空天电广延至社会政治、经济、外交、文化乃至心理诸领域的今天，各种因素的交叉互动，已使军事领域很难理所当然的成为每一场战争的主导领域。战争将在非战争领域中展开，这样的观点说来很奇怪也很难让人接受，但越来越多的迹象表明，趋势就是如此。其实远在古典战争时期，战争就不曾始终局限在单一领域中，像蔺相如"完壁归赵"的外交战，或像墨子与公输班的虚拟战，都是在军事领域以外赢得或消弥战争的典型范例。这种跨领域解决战争难题的方式，对当代人来说，应该是一种启示。因为高度发达的技术综合时代，已为我们开辟出了远比古人广阔得多的施展智慧和手段的领域，使人们梦寐以求的在非军事领域赢得军事胜利，用非战争手段打赢战争的凤愿成为可能。如果我们想把未来战争的胜利紧紧攥在手里，就必须对这一前景做好充分的思想准备，即在一场也许不是以军事行动为主导的领域中，进行一场可能波及当事国全部领域的战争。至于这样一场战争将以什么武器、什么手段、什么人员以及在什么方向、什么领域中进行，眼下当然还是一个未知数。 已知的只有一点，不管是哪种方式的战争，胜利都属于正确地运用偏正律去把握"主与全"的一方。 是规律不是定式 战争是最难说清也最让人琢磨不定的东西。它需要技术的支撑，但技术并不能代替士气和谋略；它需要艺术的灵感，但又排斥浪漫和温情；它需要数学的精确，但精确有时会使它陷于机械和僵硬；它需要哲学的抽象，但纯粹的思辨无助于把握在铁与火的缝隙中稍纵即逝的战机。 战争没有定式。没有人敢在战争领域里口吐"半部治天下"的狂言，没有人用一种战法打赢过所有的战争；但并不等于战争没有规律。为数不多的人在常胜将军的花名册上签下了自己的名字，这是因为他们窥见和掌握了胜律。 这些名字证明了胜律的存在，只是却无人道破堂奥。很久--几乎和战争史一样久--以来，人们都把它看成是划过天才统帅脑际的闪电，而很少意识到它就隐藏于刀剑迸击、硝烟炮火的血腥格杀之中。 其实，一切规律都不过是窗户纸，就看你能否捅破它。 偏正律就是这样一层纸。它简单又复杂，飘忽又稳定，常常被一些幸运的手指无意间捅穿，胜利之门便轰然向他洞开。它简单得可以用一组数字或一种语法去表述；它复杂得即使你精通数学和语法也找不出答案；它飘忽得像硝烟，让人摸不着边际；它稳定得像影子，伴随着每一次胜利的日出。 正因如此，我们把偏正律看做是原理，而不是定理。我们充分考虑到了这一原理的相对性。相对的东西不能生搬硬套，无需精确测量。相对不是绝对的白色，所以它不怕黑天鹅[20]。 [20]偏正律不是"所有的人都会死"或"所有的天鹅都是白色的"那样的定理，而是指导赢得战争胜利的一条规律。 不过，即或我们通过对战史的研究，肯定偏正即胜律，但如何运用才算正确，仍是有待每个具体的操作者自己去相机把握的问题。因为，战争中的二律背反现象，一直在困惑着每个胜利的追逐者：违背规律者必败无疑；墨守陈规者也绝难胜利。"六六三十六，数中有术，术中有数。阴阳燮理，机在其中，机不可设，设则不中"，《三十六计》可谓一语道破天机。这就是说，不管我们能找出多少战例，证明其胜利的原因与0.618相合，但下一个严格按照黄金分割律去设计战争、战役或战斗的人，几乎必定会啃到失败的涩果。无论是黄金律还是偏正律，重要的是把握精髓，运用原理，而不能生吞活剥、东施效颦。在欧洲历史上著名的罗斯巴赫战役与吕岑会战中，进攻的一方都采用了亚历山大式的"斜形攻击队形"，但结局却截然不同。罗斯巴赫战役中的法奥联军指挥官照抄战史，在腓特烈大帝的眼皮底下调兵布阵，企图用斜形队形攻击普鲁士军队的左翼。结果被及时调整了部署的普军，打得一败涂地。一年后，腓特烈在吕岑与三倍于己的奥地利军队再次相遇。这回，他却妙手新裁，同样用斜形攻击队形，一举全歼奥军。一样战法，两样结果，可谓意味深长[21]。它告诉我们，没有永远正确的战法，只有永远正确的规律。它同时还告诉我们，正确的规律并不能包胜不败，胜利的秘诀在于对规律的正确运用。包括对偏正律，虽然强调的是以偏修正，但也不是一味走偏就能取胜。偏，主要是思路要偏，是本质上的偏，而不是形式上的偏。如在实战运用中，并不等于每一次都要把攻击点，生硬地选择在0.618式的"偏"上，才算符合了胜律。也许，这一次胜律恰恰需要的就是正面突破。这一次，"正"就是"偏"。这就是战争的艺术性，是数学[22]、哲学或其它科学技术都无法替代的艺术性。正是在此意义上，我们敢于肯定，军事技术革命替代不了军事艺术的革命。 [21]见《西洋世界军事史》，富勒著，第二卷P201。《简明战争史》P860 [22]我们并不否认或轻视用数理方法分析战争，特别是在计算机普及的时代，在我们这个有崇尚模糊不喜欢精确传统的国度。李洪志编著《国际政治与军事问题若干数量化分析方法》中，列举尼古拉·施威特等人用"贝叶特方法"，对越南战争、中苏冲突、阿以战争进行分析的事例。李洪志等人用此方法在1993年对波黑战争的形势做出了准确的预测。（《国际政治与军事问题若干数量化分析方法》，军事科学出版社） 另外需要点明的是，我们所说的偏正，虽然某些方面不可避免地与中国古代兵家主张的"奇正"之法重合，但并不完全等同于"奇正"。因为，在古代兵家那里，奇和正是交替使用的两种手段，即孙子所谓"凡战者，以正合，以奇胜。……战势不过奇正，奇正之变，不可胜穷也。"[23]偏正，则不是非此即彼的两种手段，而是客观规律的呈现。最重要的区别还在于，虽然战争史上，出奇制胜的战例都因其美妙绝伦而令人神往，但却并非所有的胜利都因出奇而取胜，以正取胜者也不乏其例。偏正则不同，只要我们把每一个胜利拆开来看，不管它是奇胜还是正胜，其中都一定可寻见胜律的踪影：即不是"奇"偏正，就是"正"偏正。 [23]引文见《孙子兵法·势》。"奇正"为古代兵家重要的战法概念，变化莫测、出敌意外为"奇"；以对阵交锋，打堂堂之阵，则谓之"正"。唐太宗对"奇正"之道颇有心得，渭桥对阵则是一个范例。《唐太宗李卫公问对》中，记载了李世民与李靖两人对"奇正"的种种见解。 无论我们把偏正－胜律表述得多么清晰，对它的运用都只能在模糊中进行。有时，不清晰正是走向清晰的最佳路径。因为只有模糊才适合于整体把握，这是东方式的思维，但它却奇特地与西方智慧在0.618这一黄金点上相遇。于是，西方的逻辑、推演和精确，与东方的直觉、感悟和混沌，形成了东西方军事智慧的结合部，并由此生成了我们所说的胜律。它闪烁着黄金般的光泽，带着东方的神秘和西方的严密，一如太和殿的飞檐，架在了巴特农神庙的廊柱上，法相庄严，气象万千。