Chapter 8 1. Household registration is a hurdle

Beijing Hukou is an insurmountable hurdle between the city and most outsiders, and it is also a scar on every outsider's heart.A counterfeit version of Beijing Hukou was blown up to 150,000 yuan on the black market. It was nothing but this thin piece of paper. The hidden social interests were much higher than the mere 150,000 yuan. Therefore, for the sake of Beijing hukou, people want to go crazy, rush crazy, and go crazy. Although experts and scholars from all walks of life have put forward new ideas for household registration reform, this reform has always been thunderous and rainy in Beijing.Because the Beijing hukou is too fat and heavy, most people can't move it.

In 2005, the name of Zhang Weiying, a Beijinger, made all Chinese people tremble with "coldness".Zhang Weiying, a member of the Beijing Municipal People's Political Consultative Conference, put forward a legislative proposal at the local "two sessions" in Beijing in early 2005-"Beijing Population Admission System" to restrict low-quality people from entering Beijing. However, what is meant by "low-quality population"?Who has the ability and authority to set the standard for distinguishing good from bad? As soon as the news came out, some netizens expressed indignation: "I have only heard about the access of pork, textiles, and retail (service industry), but this is the first time I have heard that there are citizens in their own It involves 'access' on the territory of the country. What's more, this 'access' will be submitted to the Beijing Municipal Government as a draft law."

Ms. Zhang’s reasons are roughly two points: “The quality of these people (outsiders) is relatively low. After a long period of no work, they often take risks and bring instability to social security. Beijing’s urban development does not really need these people”;” In fact, many of the chaotic places in Beijing are caused by these people (outsiders), such as collecting waste and begging maliciously, and their existence has indeed damaged the lives of Beijing citizens.” Her evaluation of this kind of "immigrant population in Beijing" can be roughly summed up as "dirty and greedy".Coincidentally, there have been similar evaluations of one group of people on another group of people in history, and they adopted a more extreme solution-the "Night of Crystals" on November 9, 1938, Hitler's The SS and the SA "admitted" Jews (many of whom had German nationality) to the incinerators of the concentration camps on the grounds of "greedy and dirty".Of course, this kind of analogy is a bit drastic, but if Zhang Weiying treats Beijingers who try to restrict foreigners from entering Beijing, isn’t their thinking not extreme?

In August 2005, Beijing Municipality asked citizens for advice on the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" and received nearly 10,000 suggestions.Among the 11 proposals showing "collective wisdom", the public opinion is roughly reflected: strict restrictions on entering Beijing household registration; raising living costs such as housing; the tertiary industry should be undertaken by laid-off workers in this city; In the suburbs, transfer personnel do not enter the urban area... and so on, they are all working in unison towards one goal - raising the threshold for entering Beijing, keeping low-quality personnel out, and restricting low-income foreigners from entering Beijing.

With regard to the admission of people entering Beijing, there are many voices of opposition.The government, of course, did not adopt it.However, the "public opinion" revealed behind this shocked and chilled many people.When Beijingers try to keep the outsiders out of the gate of the capital one wave after another, they must have forgotten that about half a century ago, it was a Hunanese who made Beijing the capital and made them "citizens of the imperial city." ". Although the Beijing Municipal Government did not agree to implement the absurd "population admission system", and its attitude towards migrants has become increasingly gentle, the "Beijing Evening News" also reported in 2008 the statement of Wang Haiping, deputy director and spokesman of the Beijing Municipal Development and Reform Commission, It clearly stated that “Beijing will not adopt compulsory administrative measures to solve the problem of population growth, but will promote the balanced and reasonable development of all districts and counties in Beijing according to their functional positioning, and at the same time increase the construction of suburban areas and new cities to improve the conditions and foundations for industrial development there. facilities and living conditions, and guide the population to flow and distribute evenly, rationally and orderly.”This is undoubtedly a great progress.

However, the fact that nearly 20 million people living in Beijing are treated differently because of whether they have a Beijing household registration or not, until this moment, still exists, and it is overwhelming. The most recent uproar occurred in November 2009. The website of the Beijing Municipal Health Bureau issued a message on November 7, "In order to further strengthen the prevention and control of Influenza A (H1N1), Beijing plans to ensure priority vaccination of key populations. , to expand the vaccination population of H1N1 influenza vaccine to all Beijing residents. All Beijing citizens over the age of 3 who have household registration in this city can receive the H1N1 influenza vaccine for free under the principle of voluntary and informed consent.

The next day, the major media reacted to the news.Dajiang.com published a comment on November 8, throwing out a big question: "A vaccine for influenza A, Beijingers first?" ".The words and sentences of the article are not without the meaning of anger: "I don't know when, 'Beijing people first' has become the norm. This is not only reflected in the economy, but also in other kinds of treatment. Almost all positions in the state ministries and commissions in Beijing require applicants to have a 'Beijing Hukou' Moreover, children with Beijing household registration enjoy the privileges of going to famous universities and working in state agencies. Now, under the raging epidemic of influenza A, vaccinations should be "Beijingers first"! Moreover, this so-called "Beijingers first" 'It's real'Beijingers' priority--vaccines are 'supplied with Beijing household registration', not only people outside Beijing are not blessed to receive them, even those 'outsiders' who have been working and living in Beijing for many years are incompatible with this 'benevolent policy' 'Missed!'" Someone even jokingly asked: "Does A-type people know Beijing hukou?"

Ms. Wu, who has already established a family in Beijing, came to Beijing from her hometown of Zhengzhou as soon as she graduated from university. She soon met her husband, who is also from Henan, and got married in 2008. In the apartment, the down payment for this new house used the savings of three generations.But in the words of Ms. Wu, "I finally have a home in Beijing."She is also a person who responds very quickly, but it is a pity that she is a bit sloppy. She only knows a little about the news, and only knows that she can get the influenza A vaccine for free.However, they were politely told by the medical staff that they could not be vaccinated for "outsiders" like them for the time being.This blow was unprecedented. Ms. Wu said angrily: "We have contributed to Beijing for more than 10 years, but Ganqing is still an outsider. He deserves to be sick!"

Although the Beijing Municipal Health Bureau announced on November 24, "From now on, non-Beijing residents over the age of 3 who work and live in Beijing can go to the nearest community vaccination site with their ID cards and work unit certificates or relevant residence certificates, such as temporary residence permits." , apply for vaccination against influenza A vaccine". However, the inequality caused by this sequence is obvious.Regarding this, the media couldn’t help complaining loudly: “Beijingers should be given priority in vaccinations, which will inevitably make people feel that Beijingers are expensive and outsiders are “worthless”, which once again reflects the shortcomings of the current household registration management system. "

But the injustice never stopped. In 2009, a high threshold was set for the application for civil servants in Beijing, "Candidates without Beijing household registration should not apply for the examination"; in 2010, Beijing publicly selected 241 cadres at the bureau and department level, explicitly excluding talents from other places; in May 2010 The new version of the "Beijing Primary and Secondary School Student Registration Management Measures" that has been launched has expanded the scope of Beijing's enrollment of borrowed students. Non-Beijing students with seven types of certificates will enjoy the same treatment as students with Beijing household registration. However, many schools High "school selection fees" are charged to keep migrant children who cannot afford the burden out of the school. Although this fee has not been officially recognized, it has a unified name, which is "educational resources". "Compensation", which means that if you are a foreigner who comes to Beijing to go to school, it takes up the local educational resources, so you need to pay a certain amount of compensation.

We believe that whether it is the priority order deliberately arranged by the Beijing Municipal Health Bureau, the household registration limit for civil servants, or the school selection fee for children from other places, there must be real difficulties behind it.But we still have to ask: what are the difficulties? To investigate this "difficulty", we must go back to the Beijing household registration itself. What does this household registration book, nicknamed "Beijing Green Card", mean?Very simple, two words - interest.This thin household registration card is fully linked to the distribution of citizens' rights, and behind all the restrictions are actually interests at work. "The household registration system has been exploited." This is the clear view of Wang Taiyuan, a professor at the People's Public Security University of my country and an authoritative expert on the household registration system in China.Professor Wang believes that all kinds of so-called restrictive policies related to household registration are actually for various departments to minimize their own responsibilities or to ensure that the interests of existing resource allocation will not be "diluted". On February 13, 2009, Sina.com reprinted a report from the "Beijing Times": "In just three years, Fu Changli, the former driver of the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Personnel, Zhang Xichang, the former head of the Admissions and Employment Guidance Center of Capital Medical University, etc. A criminal gang composed of 4 people forged relevant procedures, successively applied for 92 fake Beijing household registrations, and made a profit of more than 1.09 million yuan.” The household registration of the famous director Wang Xiaoshuai’s wife was also involved. Public opinion was in an uproar.But in response to this news, a girl from Beidiao posted a post, saying lightly that she didn't believe it. She didn't believe that those "bad guys" had opened more than 90 Beijing household registrations, but only made 1.09 million yuan, because as far as she knew, a The offer for a Beijing hukou has been priced at 100,000 yuan on the black market.However, a reporter from "China News Weekly" bought Beijing household registration as a fresh graduate of the liberal arts "double foreign" (meaning that the student's place of origin and the institution are not in Beijing). When contacting the crowd who sold the household registration, the highest quotation he got was 150000. Earlier, the China Youth Daily Social Survey Center and Tencent Education Channel jointly conducted a survey in 2008 (3,518 people participated, and more than 90% were young people). 67.8% of people believe that the annual salary of more than 100,000 yuan can make up for the loss and impact of the household registration; even 14.6% of people think that this figure should exceed 200,000 yuan .If it is really impossible to settle down, 14% of the survey participants will buy an account to solve this problem, and 44.9% will take a wait-and-see attitude. This is the real market of Beijing Hukou, "one book is worth ten thousand gold" - how many people outside the city can afford it?Moreover, after talking for a long time, you must not forget that what you got in exchange for more than 100,000 yuan is just a fake Beijing household registration.The genuine one, I am afraid that for many people, it will always hang in the sky. The survey jointly conducted by "China Youth Daily" and Tencent.com also showed that 78.5% of the survey participants believed that the hukou carries too many social functions. The bigger the city, the more various benefits and special resources are tied behind the hukou. .Among them, 73.1% of people choose Hukou because it is linked to many social security systems such as housing provident fund, medical security, and endowment insurance. 62.7% of the people are to solve the problem of education equality of future children. In May 2010, Beijing finally issued a new regulation. Non-Beijing students enjoy the same admission treatment as Beijing students, but this treatment is limited to the compulsory education stage, excluding high school and college entrance examinations.Discrimination and prejudice are still rooted in the hearts of Beijingers. The rich and powerful discriminate against ordinary people and are unwilling to let their children mix with ordinary people's children in the same school; ordinary citizens discriminate against foreigners and do not want their children to be with foreigners.More importantly, Beijingers are afraid that outsiders will compete with them for high-quality educational resources! The new regulations will undoubtedly promote more and more non-local children to enter Beijing public schools to receive compulsory education.But the question that follows is, what should these children do after completing compulsory education in Beijing?Due to the vast differences in the reform of textbooks and college entrance examinations across the country, they cannot return to their hometowns to take the college entrance examination after completing compulsory education.If Beijing does not open the door to the college entrance examination for them, then these "foreign children" will fall into a more serious predicament. But the opening of the college entrance examination means that the foundation of Beijing's privileges in the field of education has been shaken fundamentally. In the eyes of the vast majority of Beijing citizens and officials, this is an unimaginable evil result.According to statistics from the education department, there were about 400,000 school-age children of the migrant population in Beijing in 2010. Once all restrictions are lifted, such a large number of students will quickly occupy a large number of degrees. Old Beijingers have enjoyed decades of experience under the college entrance examination system. The high admission rate will no longer exist. Wang Jintang, a special member of the Education, Culture, Health and Sports Committee of the Beijing Municipal People's Political Consultative Conference who has been calling for fairness in education on various occasions, also believes that the college entrance examination must not be relaxed: "In that case, outsiders will flock to it, and Beijing's educational advantages will be greatly reduced. If it ceases to exist, there will be a severe shortage of educational resources.” Wang Bo (pseudonym), who graduated with a master’s degree in 2009 and was given a Beijing hukou by his work unit, was dubbed a “vested interest” by his friends. Wang Bo said, “The most important thing is the opportunity for children to receive education in the future. In addition, if there is no hukou, It’s always a floating feeling in Beijing.” Under such circumstances, many people who are striving for Beijing hukou have roughly the same experience as Wang Bo. Children's education has become the first choice for hukou binding.Mr. Jiang, who works in a state-owned enterprise in Beijing, encountered difficulties in settling his children once. Mr. Jiang, who was assigned to a state-owned enterprise as soon as he graduated from university, never imagined that it would be so difficult to settle his children after he became a Beijing citizen.Mr. Jiang's household registration belongs to the collective household registration of the work unit, but the work unit refuses to register for the children of employees, and his wife's household registration is not in Beijing.In order to settle their children, there seems to be only one way they can think of: buy a house in Beijing, transfer the collective account to the real estate to become an individual account, and then register the child's account.Only in this way can the children go to school and take the college entrance examination in Beijing.But the problem is that the salary income of the couple is not enough to fight against the high housing prices in Beijing.In the end, a friend of Mr. Jiang stepped forward and changed his real estate to his name, which allowed him to convert the collective household into an individual household, and the child was able to settle down. In this regard, Mr. Jiang expressed a lot of emotion: "Many people around me have experienced my experience, and it is quite common, but the solution is not very referential. Not everyone can meet such friends. After the child settles down, the house Ownership is back as friends, but what a favor it is." It is against such a realistic background that Hu Xingdou, a professor at Beijing Institute of Technology, believes: "Some people spend tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands to buy Beijing household registration, which is a wise move for rational people after a rough cost-benefit comparison analysis. That is He said that the benefits of having a Beijing hukou will far exceed the cost of buying a hukou.” "A household registration should not have any economic value, but a household registration in Beijing can be sold for more than 100,000 yuan. In China, it has become an approval system." Professor Wang Taiyuan said. He once made a metaphor: Hukou is a "guard", whoever the "owner" of the house asks him to stop, he has to stop.The "master" is the shortage and planning control of resources such as housing, welfare, employment, and school enrollment. "We only know how to scold the 'guard' instead of going to the 'owner' directly, and the problem will never be solved." Many experts and scholars have put forward proposals for household registration reform, but the reform of the household registration system will be considered successful only when the benefits attached to the household registration are completely stripped from the household registration certificate.Diluting the gold content of the household registration will undoubtedly make the two ends of the dam gradually level, and finally flow freely and naturally, so that the dam will not burst and the future of the city will have new genes.There were many scholars in Zhejiang in ancient times, and many academicians in modern times.Some scholars believe that the greatest source of wisdom comes from the largest immigration in Chinese history—the southward migration of the gentry in the Southern Song Dynasty.Contemporary American science and technology dominates the world, especially immigrants. Some even called for the abolition of the household registration system not only in Beijing, but also throughout the country, just like the United States, which does not limit the free movement of the population.So, what is the state of the "household registration management" in the United States?Let's make a comparison with Professor Wang Taiyuan: First of all, immediately popularize the essence of "household registration management": "China's household registration management is the administrative management of collecting and confirming the basic population information such as the personal identity, kinship, and legal address of the residents of the country according to law. Household registration management is originally only for the public. , Social production and state administration provide a wide range of information services, there is no control function to judge right or wrong, good or bad, or even allocate social resources and endow social rights and interests, so there should be no tasks such as managing population migration.” "The crux of the problem is that the guest supersedes the main function: the task of 'managing population migration' added to the household registration system is regarded as the basic function of the 'hukou system', while its original public information management service function is ignored; some people are more generalized Even transformatively understand and use the term "household registration system" as a general term for all social inequities related to household registration and household registration books." As for the United States, almost a quarter of its people move every year, which is probably the country with the highest population migration rate in the world.However, the United States does not have a special population migration management system and organization.Because "First of all, most of the earliest Americans immigrated to the American continent from Europe in the Middle Ages. Since the day they declared their independence, Americans have resolutely, thoroughly and comprehensively protected the political right of 'voting with their feet', which is free migration. It is possible for the country to formulate a legal system that manages or even restricts population migration. Secondly, the economic system in the early days of the United States was market-oriented. In order to optimally and flexibly allocate production factors and market resources, it is impossible for them to achieve rapid economic and social development. restrictions on population migration". However, no restriction does not mean that American society does not regulate population migration.However, "its control measures are mainly economic rather than administrative: where investment goes, it is naturally the place where the employed population moves; where the social welfare is good, it is naturally the place where the consumer population flows; the tide of industrial transformation is the place where the population moves. Big tide..." No city can sustainably develop in an environment cut off from the outside world.The vitality of a city lies in its ability to be compatible with the surrounding environment, and the vitality of a city lies in the extent to which it can realize "the sea is inclusive of all rivers, and tolerance is greatness".When a person works with dignity with his own hands, he has the right to live freely anywhere in the country. This natural right should never be restricted by the so-called "population control" policy.Today's achievements in Beijing's construction were not formed in a day, and it largely depends on the "foreign population" whose entry is restricted by experts. This is a fact that everyone knows clearly. During the "two sessions" in 2008, Bai Jingfu, deputy to the National People's Congress and vice minister of the Ministry of Public Security, said that the household registration system must be changed, but there should be differences between large cities and small cities.He further explained that Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and other big and small cities are definitely different, and the provincial capitals are different from other cities. At the Beijing Municipal People's Congress in early 2010, Liu Jingmin, deputy mayor of Beijing, also made a similar statement. "Abolishing temporary residence permits and promoting residence permits" requires a detailed research process. If you need to understand the occupations, incomes and other aspects of Beijing's floating population. Therefore, it is said that reform is needed, but for the matter of residence permits, Beijing has conducted research for nearly 18 months from the beginning of 2009 to the present, but the research has not yet been completed, and the specific service functions of residence permits are still "to be designed in the next step." "Compared with other cities, Beijing's residence permit is the most difficult." Mao Shoulong, a professor at Renmin University of China, said that Beijing's residence permit must find a balance between population control and citizen treatment. This is a long-term official research and it is difficult to enter the functional design link. the main reason. The total population in 2020 will not exceed 18 million, which is the goal set out in the 2010 Beijing Government Work Report.However, by the end of 2009, the total floating population had reached 5.092 million. Since some floating population did not make any registration, the actual number was far higher than this figure.Mao Shoulong said that Beijing has assembled the best educational resources and medical resources in the country. Facing the strong pressure of population control, if there is a slight mistake in the functional design of the Beijing residence permit, it will cause a bursting effect. Household registration is undoubtedly a hurdle for all migrants who are about to enter or have already entered Beijing.Reform, research, concerns, and various considerations are full of voices about household registration, but so far, no one has made room for it, so that more and more outsiders who are isolated by this threshold will stop wandering. The famous poet Robert Frost said in "Repairing the Wall" that "I" went to repair the wall with my neighbors, but "at the wall, we don't need a wall at all: his side is full of pine trees, and my side is an apple orchard." ".Social justice starts with tearing down walls.However, no one demolished it, and no one dared to demolish it—especially adding "Beijing" before the word "household registration".