Chapter 2 1. Vigorous and fresh special zone

Yi Zhongtian used the four words "vigorous and fresh" to describe Guangdong, because this place "not only produced thinkers, but the thinkers in Guangdong were either revolutionaries or innovators, and none of them were conservatives."Such as: Huang Zunxian, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Sun Yat-sen, they all made voices that shocked China and the whole world.To be born is to have vitality, to be fierce is to have explosive power, to be fresh is to have a sense of freshness, to live is to be sporty.This is the characteristic of Guangdong.But everything should be done in moderation. Once the competition is overdone, the competition will make this land "fever" and even fall into a disorderly situation, and you, me, and others living in it will naturally feel anxious.

"Special Zone" as a professional term first appeared in the Yan'an period. Under the dual pressure of internal and external troubles, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Special Zone centered on Yan'an honed the independent spirit of "self-reliance", which later became a national policy of China. Use a self-sufficient way to fight against the political isolation, economic blockade and military siege of the West. The term "special zone" has always had a strong political connotation. Until 1980, several seemingly accidental events created Shenzhen, a special economic zone in China under the background of the new era, and this accident soon became inevitable.

Phoenix Satellite TV financial commentator Zhu Wenhui believes that Shenzhen, as China's first special economic zone, mainly comes from two prototypes: First, on January 6, 1979, China Merchants, a subsidiary of the Ministry of Communications in Hong Kong, submitted a report to the State Council, requesting Set up an industrial zone in Shekou.Although this is just a corporate behavior, it has deeply touched China's planned economic system, and it requires all aspects of support.Second, when Guangdong Province discussed the idea of ​​establishing “export special zones” in Shantou and Bao’an in early 1979, and when building export commodity bases in Shenzhen and Zhuhai, it requested the central government to give Guangdong full autonomy in foreign economic activities and accelerate the pace of economic development.For this reason, Deng Xiaoping pointed out that "we can set aside a place called a special zone, and Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia have called it a special zone since the beginning! The central government has no money, so we can give some policies, and you can do it yourself to create a 'blood road'."

The first prototype was soon launched under the auspices of Yuan Geng, the "29th generation leader" of China Merchants.Shekou, which is overgrown with thorns, was the first to open the country and open to the outside world.The second prototype was entrusted by the Party Central Committee and the State Council on March 24-30, 1980. Vice Premier Gu Mu proposed to name the "Export Special Zone" as "Special Economic Zone" at the meeting of Guangdong and Fujian provinces held in Guangzhou. .On August 26 of that year, the 50th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Fifth National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China decided to approve the "Regulations on Special Economic Zones in Guangdong Province" proposed by the State Council, and officially announced the establishment of "special economic zones" in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, and Shantou. This means that the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone was officially born.Song Ding, director of the Tourism and Real Estate Research Center of Shenzhen Comprehensive Development Research Institute, said: "Its birth blasted a gap in the economic system at that time, pushing Shenzhen to the forefront of reform and opening up. The source of Shenzhen's great changes began. The Shenzhen Dream Get started."

However, Wu Xiaobo mentioned the situation at that time in the article, but said: "The state provided a loan of 30 million yuan for the development of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. This figure is insignificant compared with the future development of Pudong. It can be seen that the SAR was purely experimental at the time, and the central government did not have strategic expectations for it.” This is a contest between dreams and reality.Under the slogan of "blazing a trail of blood" and the motto of "time is money, efficiency is life", Shenzhen strives to deliver a satisfactory answer to the world.

In this process, Shenzhen has created many "firsts". In 1980, Luo Jinxing, the then deputy director of the Shenzhen Municipal Bureau of Housing Management and the commander-in-chief of the construction site in Luohu District, described such a thing in his article "Dare to be the first in the world, and the loess turns into gold": "At that time, some Hong Kong people said to me, 'You are holding golden rice bowls and have nothing to eat. The Queen of England can turn loess into gold, why can't your Communist Party turn loess into gold?'" He was awakened by the words.So he planned to exchange cash by renting out the land, but this idea was undoubtedly a deep-sea bomb at the time. He searched the original works of Marxism-Leninism, hoping to find the support of socialist theory, and finally let him find this passage in "The Complete Works of Lenin". "...houses, factories, etc., at least in the transitional period, are not necessarily freed up for use by individuals or cooperatives. Likewise, the abolition of private property in land does not require the abolition of land rent, but the removal of land rent, albeit in a modified form. form—delivered to society".With the golden and jade words of the revolutionary mentor, Luo Jinxing dared to think boldly, so he adopted this trick, which is to adopt the supplementary trade law: Shenzhen will provide the land, Hong Kong investors will pay, and the houses built in the city will be divided into houses or profits in proportion .

At that time, Liu Tian, ​​chairman of Hong Kong Miaoli Group and president of "Daily Daily", heard the news, and couldn't wait to come to Shenzhen from Luohu Bridge the next day.Since there were no buses from Hong Kong to Shenzhen at that time, let alone taxis, in a hurry, he found a bicycle for others to ride, and he sat on the rear rack and bumped all the way to the temporary office of the Shenzhen Municipal Government. After the frank negotiations between the two parties, Liu Tian developed a real estate, which is the famous "East Lake Garden".There were 108 new houses in the first phase. After he designed the blueprints of the houses, he began to sell them in Hong Kong. In just three days, the 108 houses that were still on the blueprints were sold out. The success of "Donghu Liyuan" has greatly enlightened the people of Shenzhen. They quickly came up with a new plan and proposed the idea of ​​collecting land use fees. The land use fee is 4,500 Hong Kong dollars per square meter, which is only equivalent to the land price on the other side of the river. 1/11 of Hong Kong.Shenzhen used the hundreds of millions of dollars it received to cut down mounds, fill in ravines, open roads, connect electricity, water, and postal services.In the five years from 1980 to 1985, Shenzhen actually utilized 100 million yuan of foreign capital, completed a total of 100 million yuan in infrastructure investment, built a large number of new energy, transportation, communication and other infrastructure projects, and initially formed nine industrial zones. Foreign businessmen have poured into the special zone to set up factories and start companies.

Chang Linshi, an old Shekou native, often said: "This may have been unintentional at the time, but in today's view, this is the prototype of China's first commercial housing." In fact, this is just the countless precedents created by Shenzhen back then. Afterwards, Shenzhen also created many "China's firsts" such as price reform, enterprise property rights transfer, and housing system reform.In Chang Linshi's view, the biggest feature of these "firsts" is "decentralization", which was especially evident in the early days of Shenzhen's development.

As summarized in "Avenue 30": Shenzhen is the textbook of China's market economy. More important than economic value is the conceptual value and institutional value it provides for the whole of China.However, Chang Linshi regrets that Shenzhen is slowly losing these characteristics. Many reforms have gone in circles in the original system, and there has been no breakthrough in system innovation. Now the administrative levels and institutional settings of officials have nothing to do with those in the Mainland. There is nothing special about the difference. The vigorous and resolute handling of government agencies in Shenzhen back then is no longer Shenzhen's characteristics. Going forward, how long can we go, and what problems are still unresolved need to be considered.

Until August 26, 2010, Shenzhen Special Economic Zone ushered in her 30th birthday.Major media rushed to report, and the topic everyone was most concerned about was: Who can give Shenzhen a "second climax"?Because just behind Shenzhen's brilliant achievements in the past 30 years, there is a sense of restlessness and worry. This is the unanimous judgment of economic experts from Beijing, Guangzhou and Shenzhen. Judging from the most intuitive economic data, the "Shenzhen Speed" that has always been proud of the special economic zone has no advantage in China in recent years. "The economic growth rate of Tianjin in recent years has been more than 16% every year, and the annual growth rate of Shenzhen's GDP is about 11%," Tan Gang, vice president of the Shenzhen Municipal Party School, said frankly, "A special economic zone does not have a certain economic growth rate. To support it, then where the advantages of the special zone are reflected is a question worth considering.”

Dang Guoying, director of the Macroeconomic Office of the Institute of Rural Development of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, said that when China's economy was fully opened to the world, especially after China's accession to the World Trade Organization, the advantages of preferential policies given to special economic zones by the central government have gradually disappeared. "The purpose of creating a special zone is to let the experience of the special zone be shared with the whole country. There are always special policies for certain regions, so how can other places develop?" Not special', let the whole country learn from the special zone. After China has fully entered the world, the significance of the special zone's "window" has declined, and this signboard no longer contains much government resources." This is the embarrassment that Shenzhen has to face. Whether it is the initial "fighting against the sky" or the current weakening of the reform drive and the weakening of the spirit of reform, in fact, Shenzhen has always been a contestant and is used to finding an "imaginary enemy" for itself. , Then in the competition, win or lose.Otherwise, the city will lose its direction, and even its momentum of development. "The main driving force of past reforms is obvious, that is to change the poverty situation," said Guo Wanda, deputy director of the Shenzhen Comprehensive Development Research Institute. "Now Shenzhen's per capita GDP exceeds 13,000 US dollars, and it will soon become a world-class developed economic zone. So where is the driving force for the development of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone in the future?" This is the biggest confusion for Shenzhen right now, and she is caught by her own "speed". Wang Shi, chairman of Vanke’s board of directors, said in an interview with “Urban China” on the topic of “Shenzhen Regeneration”: “In the final analysis, Shenzhen’s success lies in: institutional factors. The emergence of excellent emerging enterprise groups in Shenzhen is more like an accident in the inevitable process of history. Events, such an institutional environment, and such opportunities can no longer be reproduced. In the future, only when more outstanding emerging companies emerge, can Shenzhen prove itself and make history itself clear." In 1983, Wang Shi, who worked as a cadre of a government agency in Guangzhou, resigned from his public office and went to Shenzhen alone.In those days, it was the goal of most people to get an official position in a state agency.However, Wang Shi made such a "deviant" decision, and this move also has a new term called "going into the sea". After coming to Shenzhen, Wang Shi experienced a year of turbulence, and also realized some tricks. In 1984, he set up the Modern Scientific and Educational Instrument Exhibition and Sales Center and served as the general manager. Taking advantage of the special zone's preferential treatment for imports, he "resold" video recorders that were very popular at that time, and the company's scale and profits expanded rapidly. In 1988, the company's net assets had jumped from "0" in 1984 to more than 13 million.When mentioning this family history, Wang Shi will also be very calm: "Before the establishment of market order and rules, behind the success must be speculation and adventure...don't ask the source of the hero."However, Wang Shi's ambition never stopped at the short-lived nouveau riche, and soon he and his colleagues made a bold decision: to reform the company into a shareholding system.Despite unimaginable obstacles and pressures, the company quickly completed the shareholding system conversion, becoming the first industrial and commercial enterprise in mainland China to publicly issue shares to the public in accordance with international practice, and changed its name to "Vanke Enterprise Co., Ltd." , Shen Baoan, etc., are known as the "old five stocks" of the stock market. Phoenix Nirvana, after this transformation, Vanke won the dramatic development after that.Vanke has been involved in real estate development since 1988. Due to the lack of government background, the land price of the first piece of land they acquired was more than ten times higher than the market price!In this regard, Vanke people have a figurative saying: Back then, Vanke was like a wild child. Other children had food to eat, but Vanke had to find food for itself, or even rob food.It is precisely because he is a latecomer that Vanke positions itself as a "leader" to motivate itself to keep improving.This makes colleagues feel that Vanke people are a bit "weird": from the initial "property management card" to the "planning card" and "environment card", to the current "environmental protection concept" and "high-tech intelligent concept". The story of Vanke can be told for a long time, but Vanke is the collective epitome of emerging enterprises in Shenzhen at that time: "flexible", "innovative", "bold" and "struggle".The experiment in this city has cultivated such factors that no matter where you are from, as long as you arrive in Shenzhen, you will be shocked by this atmosphere. Over time, it has formed a kind of chasing after me. In the 1980s, Guangzhou, the "Millennium Commercial Port", also won a place for itself in the legend of reform and opening up.At that time, the "three-in-one-subsidy" enterprise group with Hong Kong capital as the main investment became the most cutting-edge new force, and the sound of machines roaring day and night promoted the development of the manufacturing industry in the Pearl River Delta.Where there is production, there is sales, and the combination of production and sales naturally drives the prosperity of trade. Guangzhou has been China's largest port since the Tang and Song dynasties. In terms of foreign trade, apart from being the first to set up a shipping department in the country, Guangzhou also ranks first in the country in commodity management."Pingzhou Ketan" in the Northern Song Dynasty records: "At the beginning of Chongning, three routes (Guangdong, Fujian, and Liangzhe), each with a city ship division, and the three parties were the most prosperous."Guangzhou is also the starting point of the Maritime Silk Road. The "Thirteen Travels" in the Qing Dynasty was the embryonic form of Guangzhou's early commerce and trade. Today, the famous "Canton Fair" is the main window for China's foreign trade.Furthermore, Guangzhou is located in the center of the Pearl River Delta. This geographical advantage and historical background make Guangzhou the status of "foreign trade capital". For a time, the "Northern Expedition of Cantonese Products" became more energetic.There is such an advertising slogan circulating in the north and south of the country: "Good air conditioners, made by Gree"; "Girlfriend" columnist Tao Zhiyao also likes to "scoop Guangzhou foreign trade" in his fashion essays.Commodities carried "Cantonese culture" and "Cantonese cuisine restaurants" all the way north, making the entire inland in the 1980s swaying. However, today’s grand occasion is gradually fading away, just like a saying in the business world: Look at Guangdong in the 1980s, Shandong in the 1990s, and Pudong in the 21st century.On the Chinese economic map, there is a scene of wild geese flying from south to north. Since the start of the development of Pudong in Shanghai in the mid-1990s, the strong position of the Pearl River Delta has been threatened. On the other hand, the cost advantage has also been lost. Hong Kong’s industrial northward migration first landed in the Pearl River Delta, but now the Yangtze River Delta cities have become the primary targets of foreign industrial transfer. The land scale and population size of the Yangtze River Delta are larger than those of the Pearl River Delta. Twice, from the perspective of urbanization development level and economic strength, 10 of the 35 cities with the strongest economic strength in China are located in the Yangtze River Delta, and this region also accounts for half of the top 100 counties with comprehensive strength in the country. Shenzhen and Guangzhou, the two "twin stars" of the Pearl River Delta, shone brightly in the wave of reforms in the 1980s, but their brilliance was worn away by the experimental industrial structure: the "world factory" brought by foreign capital and the stragglers promoted by domestic capital As a result, it lacks strategic support and core competitiveness in the capital market competition in the new era.