Chapter 2 Chapter One

The history of world industry has proved the theory of an oil country time and time again.Whether you admit it or not, in the world since the 20th century, it is oil that has led mankind to glory one after another.If the leader of any country neglects to pay attention to the "blood of the earth" gushing from the depths of the earth, no one will be able to steer the great wheel of the industrial society of the country that represents modern civilization. Churchill, the prime minister of the old empire, was like this. Roosevelt summed up the emerging hegemonic empire like this. So did Mao Zedong, the leader of the People's Republic of the East.

1956, 1957... The "internal reference" in this section shocked and angered Mao Zedong: the people's power led by the Communist Party has gone through seven or eight years, after the peasants recaptured the land from the landlords and rich peasants and realized the "land reform", the urban business When the transformation has also entered into a complete rebirth, the "situation reflection" actually placed on his table: a large number of refugees fleeing from hunger along the Yellow River in Henan and Shandong are begging for food in tens of thousands of people in the south of the Yangtze River. The elderly, the weak, and the sick were not allowed to fill their stomachs and abandoned their corpses in the wilderness... What Mao Zedong could not even tolerate was that even a "land of abundance" like Sichuan frequently starved to death!

what happened?Is there a problem with our ruling ideology and construction direction? The head of the guard did not dare to go home to sleep that night, and stayed in the small square courtyard outside the Juxiang Bookstore in Fengze Garden, watching Mao Zedong smoking one cigarette after another from a distance of more than ten meters. The red fireworks are urging the long night out of the light of dawn. "Chairman, it's almost dawn! You go back to your room and rest! Tomorrow, not today - don't you want to hold a symposium at ten o'clock this morning? You have to squat for a while!"

Mao Zedong turned his face slowly and looked at the head of the guard for a long time... "Chairman, what important things do you need me to do?" The head guard looked down at his clothes, touched his face, and asked puzzledly, "Chairman, I, I...is there nothing wrong?" Mao Zedong suddenly answered in a vague way: "That's not right." After speaking, he walked straight to the study and bedroom with his legs wide, and turned his head after taking a few steps: "Yinqiao, please inform the Prime Minister to come to my place before nine o'clock." trip."

"yes".The head guard quickly followed Mao Zedong into the room, and quickly returned to the duty room to call Zhou Enlai's office after he lay down. Only Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai knew what happened in Fengze Garden more than two hours before noon that day.Later recorded historical records gave us a reliable guess: the two leaders of the republic jointly studied a major event, which later had a major impact on the development of China's socialist cause. This major event is basically one theme: China's oil issue and the issue of the candidates for the Minister of Petroleum of China.

Mao Zedong was already very anxious.During this period, the problems of the rural people's communes were enough for him to worry about.Sometimes the unstoppable turbulence, and sometimes one after another because of the unstoppable turbulence, one after another made him excited and worried: After he said "the people's commune is better" during his inspection in Henan, At night, tens of thousands of "people's communes" of all kinds appeared from south to north and from east to west across the country. (Refer to Bo Yibo's anthology for examples). But the situation in industry, especially in the oil industry, made Mao Zedong extremely dissatisfied.

As early as Xibaipo, the last revolutionary holy land on the eve of the Chinese Communists' seizure of power from the Kuomintang, Mao Zedong commanded millions of troops to hunt down the bandits, and on the other hand, he had already started planning the great cause of building a new China.After the constitution of the republic is determined, all the remaining problems are how to build a poor and blank country into a prosperous and strong one.How to build?The Soviet model of Lenin and Stalin is really worth emulating. Twenty or thirty years of history has completely destroyed an old world and then quickly established a powerful socialist state machine and people's prosperous days.The Soviet Union's model of construction naturally left a deep impression on Mao Zedong.But Mao Zedong is a leader who is absolutely unwilling to use a model to copy other people's things to build his own country. Especially through the practice of the first and second domestic revolutionary wars and the Anti-Japanese War, the imposing way of thinking of the Soviets Mao Zedong has long been bored.When he was thinking about what kind of construction path to take for the construction of New China in the future, he had quietly fixed some attention on the United States of America, which had only two or three hundred years of history, on the other side of the Pacific Ocean.

America?United States? !Oh, what a meaningful country name!It's amazing, Washington's military genius and statecraft, Jackson's "Declaration of Independence", and Lincoln's are simply mesmerizing.That's called a leader!He is the great man who built the country! Under the red cigarette butts, Mao Zedong sat on a small wooden bench next to the rock, and at the same time he finished reading Lenin and Stalin's works on nation building, he opened a series of textbooks on the history of the founding of the United States,,,,,, while he was reading Surprised to discover the mystery of the rapid rise of this emerging empire in the past century: oil!oil!

No wonder a few days ago when the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China asked the Soviet Union for advice on the strategy of building the country’s economy through secret channels, Stalin sent a message: The secret to the British and Europeans’ strength is the industrial revolution brought about by the steam engine, and the experience of the rise of the United States proves that oil is the key to economic development. The industrialization revolution has truly made it possible for the country's economy to go beyond conventional development and society to advance rapidly. Oil, what is oil?

Li Yinqiao, the head of the guard, came over to bring a pot of boiling water to Mao Zedong. Seeing Mao Zedong muttering words, he asked: Chairman, is oil the oil that flows from the stone? Mao Zedong was taken aback, and then laughed loudly: Yes, yes, oil is the oil that flows out of stones. Li Yinqiao: But how can there be oil in the stone? Mao Zedong stood up, put the book in his hand on the stone millpan, and said: Of course the stone can flow oil!And it can flow a lot of oil!Didn't you see the black oil we saw when we visited the oil well in Shangyan in Yan'an? Li Yinqiao remembered it and said, "It's kerosene, kerosene that can light up horse lanterns."

Mao Zedong nodded and shook his head, half-answering: imperialism killed us Chinese, foreign oil, foreign oil, even the oil flowing out of our own stones is called foreign oil!After finishing speaking, he walked out of the small yard angrily and walked towards the nearby hillside. The head of the guard was in a hurry, and quickly picked up Mao Zedong's coat that was placed on the small wooden bench, and came after him. On the hillside, Mao Zedong was thinking grimly, still muttering in his mouth: foreign oil, foreign oil, when will the days of Chinese people using foreign oil end! Li Yinqiao looked at Mao Zedong's solemn expression, and felt that it was inconvenient to disturb him, so he stepped aside.But he really didn't understand one question, so he couldn't help but stepped forward to ask Mao Zedong: Chairman, why did you refer to foreign oil as petroleum just now?Is this petroleum and foreign oil the same thing? Mao Zedong turned his head to his bodyguard and said "Huh?", and explained: foreigners call the oil flowing from the stones oil, but we in China call the oil bought from abroad "foreign oil" because we don't have oil. "Actually, the right to invent oil belongs to us Chinese. China is also one of the first countries to exploit oil." Mao Zedong put his left hand on his hip, waved his right hand forward, and said in strong Hunan dialect: Aren't you also Did you know that there was an extended oil well in Yan'an?That well was discovered by a scientist named Shen Kuo in the Song Dynasty. In 1080, he was sent by the Song Dynasty emperor to Yan'an as an economic envoy, responsible for the military defense of northern Shaanxi.During this period, Shen Kuo personally conducted a serious investigation and research on the oil in the Yanchang area.He believes that this kind of oil that grows in stones is "born in the sand and stones between waters", "mixed with spring water, and comes out in confusion", which is different from other oils.So he called it "oil".In his famous book "Mengxi Bi Tan", Shen Kuo put forward the scientific thesis that "the most oil is born in the ground and it is infinite".Therefore, Mr. Shen can be called the first person in petroleum geology in China, which is also unprecedented in the history of world science and technology. At that time, Li Yinqiao had followed Mao Zedong for two or three years, but he was once again overwhelmed by Mao Zedong's knowledge. "Then why do we still use kerosene, and don't let that Shen,,, Shen scrape out more oil?" Li Yinqiao asked. Mao Zedong laughed "haha": Yes, yes, yes!After the founding of New China, we will rely on our own hands to "scrape" more out and throw the "foreign oil" into the Pacific Ocean!Mao Zedong loved others to listen to his erudition of the past and the present, so Li Yinqiao heard from Mao Zedong's mouth the story of how the ancients in our country exploited the oil flowing out of the stone—— Shen Kuo should be said to be the first person to call the oil flowing out of stones "petroleum".And the one who invented the key technology for oil extraction?Drilling technology, my country is the pioneer in the world.According to the "Huayang Guozhi" records: After Zhou was destroyed, King Xiaowen of Qin took Li Bing as the guardian of Shu, "Ice can know astronomy and geography... and can also know Qi veins (that is, geology - the author's note), and wear salt wells in Guangdu..." .According to the "Shui Jing Zhu" records: "The river flows east to Guangdu County, Li Bing knew the water veins and drilled salt wells."That is to say, more than 250 BC, the ancestor Li Bing used the experience of local people in Sichuan to cook salt by digging a well to cook salt, and the fuel used for cooking salt was natural gas. "Huojing" was what Shu people called natural gas wells at that time.Interestingly, ancient Chinese salt wells and fire wells often coexisted and developed together.In the Han Dynasty, the production of well salt in Sichuan was quite developed, so this "Land of Abundance" was also known as the "Hometown of Fire Wells".Among them, the earliest and most famous fire well in Sichuan is Linqiong fire well.The "Shu Wang Benji" of the Western Han Dynasty records: "There is a fire well in Linqiong, which is more than sixty feet deep."According to "Huayang Guozhi": "There is a fire well in Linqiong County, which is illuminated in the dark at night. The people want the fire, so they first cast it on the house fire. It is like thunder in an instant, and the flames come out and shine for dozens of miles."After the Western Han and Eastern Han Dynasties, and then the prosperous Tang Dynasty around 600-800 A.D., fire wells and salt wells were drilled all over Sichuan, reaching more than 60 counties.The wells are tens of feet deep, and the deepest is more than 800 feet in Renshou County.The popularity of digging wells for salt and gas production for hundreds of years has also led to continuous development of drilling technology.Especially in the Song Dynasty, the drilling technology in our country, like that already used in Sichuan, has developed from manual excavation to mechanical punching drilling? ——that is, the predecessor of the world-famous "Dunzuan".Later in the middle and late Qing Dynasty, this kind of artificial mechanical punching and drilling?The well drilling created a miracle in the history of world drilling. In 1853 (the third year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty), the "Yanhai Well" was drilled in Zigong City, Sichuan Province, with a depth of 1000.42 meters. It is the world's first man-made deep well over a kilometer! (The reputation of "the father of drilling in the world". This well mainly produces natural gas and also produces brine. It still produces more than 1,000 cubic meters of natural gas and about 2,000 kilograms of salt per day. In 1988, the State Council listed it as a national key cultural relic protection unit. The well-known British scholar Joseph Needham called this well "the father of drilling in the world" - author's note) Alas, the time has passed, and we are behind!Falling behind!Mao Zedong sighed to the sky. When Li Yinqiao saw the scene, he put on Mao Zedong's coat in a panic, and said in a low voice: Chairman, it's my fault that I asked too many questions just now... Mao Zedong shook his head, his tone softened a lot: No, don't blame you.I was thinking about a big problem.Lao Jiang will not stay in Nanjing for long, and we will soon enter the city, put down our guns and start construction.But if we want to do construction, we must use big machines. This big machine is not like our Red Army soldiers who can turn it by eating grass roots and bark. It needs to drink "foreign oil" to move it!But now, like you, most of our comrades don't even know what "foreign oil" is, so how much restrictions will be imposed on our construction in the future! Seeing Mao Zedong's heavy heart, Li Yinqiao wanted to find a topic to let Mao Zedong relax, so a story he once heard from Commander He Long flashed in his mind: Chairman, I heard that there is a general under Commander He Long During the War of Resistance Against Japan, when they captured the little devils, they saw a few barrels of engine oil dropped by the enemy, and they thought it was oil that could be used for cooking, and took it back to the army for the cooks to use. It's a mess! When Mao Zedong heard it, he couldn't help laughing: I've heard of this.Do you know who this man is? Li Yinqiao shook his head: Boss He didn't say who it was. Mao Zedong: It was the political commissar of the 358th Brigade, named Yu Qiuli. Li Yinqiao thought for a while: Is it the one-armed general? Mao Zedong nodded: it was him.This person is not simple!I defeated Chiang Kai-shek's millions of old troops and brought them back into our People's Liberation Army.It was this person who helped me solve a big problem in transforming the old Kuomintang army! Li Yinqiao: Are you talking about the person who reported to you the experience of the new army in Yan'an? Mao Zedong nodded again with an admiring expression: it was him.In my article "Northwest New Army Consolidation Movement", I talked about his approach.Boss Peng also likes this person very much, and now he is asking him to lead the troops to fight against Hu Zongnan! "Report Chairman, General Fu Zuoyi and his party will come to Xibaipo before noon today. Vice Chairman Zhou, please prepare for the interview." Yang Shangkun from the General Office of the Central Committee came to report to Mao Zedong at this time. When Mao Zedong heard this, his face was full of joy: "Okay! I have been waiting for General Fu for a long time. Let's go, I will treat him to dinner at noon!" On the way back to the small courtyard, Yang Shangkun quietly asked Li Yinqiao: "What are the chairman talking to you about?" Li Yinqiao whispered to him: about "foreign oil". Yang Shangkun was at a loss: "Oil oil"? Li Yinqiao: The chairman said that we are about to enter the city, and "foreign oil" is indispensable for future construction! Yang Shangkun smiled: The chairman is already planning the great cause of building a new China. Yes, the construction of a new China has long been conceived in Mao Zedong's heart, and the matter of saying goodbye to "foreign oil" is an urgent matter that Mao Zedong wanted to do after declaring that "the Chinese people will stand up from now on."Mao Zedong, who had read many books all his life, had more convenience to read various books after entering the city. In the early years of liberation, he asked his secretary Tian Jiaying to borrow many books on the history of world development from the Beijing Library.When studying the history of American development, Mao Zedong was attracted by a phenomenon of the rapid rise of Western economic giants, which is the "history of the origin of oil" in the United States. Well, it turned out that they made their fortunes by the technology of digging salt wells invented by our ancestors!Mao Zedong flipped through a thick book on the history of American industry, surprised and shocked.Because in the book in his hand, Mao Zedong saw how thrilling and legendary the original fight for the destiny of the country experienced in the period of the native revolution after getting rid of the British colonial rule on the other side of the ocean—— From the perspective of Chinese people, this period of history is simply yesterday——August 27, 1859, this day is meaningless to Chinese people. At that time, our Eastern Empire had already weakened from the strongest in the world. , the British used opium to force Cixi to sign treaties that humiliated the country again and again. After the Jintian Uprising, the Taiping Revolution swept the south, and the Qing government received crisis reports every day.But on this day, a major event happened in the United States of America on the other side of the Pacific Ocean: the fake Colonel Drake took a thousand dollars from the banker Townsend and went to Georgetown.Under the order of Bissell, the first oil well in American history was drilled in a dedicated farmland in Titusville, Pennsylvania, using the drilling rig that was introduced from China to Europe for drilling salt wells, and when drilling to 69 feet, Oil from the ground came up. "It's time to hit the gas!" The news spread like wildfire, and Americans who dreamed of getting rich were completely attracted by this earth-shattering news in Pennsylvania.George, an investor who owns an oil well.Bissell wrote to his wife: "All the residents here are crazy...I have never seen such exciting things. The whole west is flocking here to buy land that may produce oil at amazing prices."The development of the Titusville oil field brought about fundamental changes in the daily life of Americans in an instant, and this rising country has since entered the global political arena, no longer the image of a third-rate country that was timid and lacking confidence in the past.An era of creating and making big money, an era of controlling the entire lifeline with the help of resources, and an era of continuously injecting "industrial blood" into industrial society and making it full of vitality has come—the United States has more power than the old European empires. Steam engine power promotes a simpler, cheaper and more promising source of power for industrial society. They no longer need to rely on others' strength to support the development of their own nascent country. mining experience.Americans are triumphant - this patent belongs only to us in the United States.But George who created this patent.Bissell and George the Founding King.Washington differs too much in ability.He had been in business for less than ten years at the Titusle oil mine before he went bankrupt.It is not a bad thing for a congenitally weak person to go bankrupt. One day in February 1865, a great figure appeared. He was Mr. Rockefeller, an important figure who later influenced the history of American industrial development and promoted the prosperity of the United States.At that time, the small businessman from rural New York was only 26 years old, but his cold and sharp blue eyes were exceptionally able to judge things.He will George at auction.The oil mining industry created by Bissell and the others, which is about to be unsustainable, has been taken under his own command, and since then he has created the history of the "Rockefeller Petroleum Dynasty". History—this is definitely not an exaggeration. The establishment of the Rockefeller oil dynasty brought about revolutionary changes in American industry and commerce. Rockefeller was also very smart. At that time, his Standard Oil Company almost dominated the American industry. The influence of Gates' computer software dynasty on American society.In addition, Rockefeller was extremely smart. He donated his "excess pocket money" to the society. He funded the establishment of the University of Chicago, later Harvard University, MIT... and so on all over the United States, and the children sang "Rockefeller" That's great" song, enjoying the gift he gave.Of course, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party, which support the two parties in the United States, naturally also received a sum of campaign money from his Rockefeller oil dynasty, although they all accepted it while constantly scolding him-the purpose of scolding him is to get more from him. Get more funding there.A hundred years later, Bill made a fortune.Didn't Gates suffer the same fate?We also clearly remember that in the past few years, the White House has repeatedly used reasons to sue Bill.Gates' company is a monopoly, and in the end it always lets Bill.Gates sent more money to the White House treasury and forget it!Roosevelt did not leave the Rockefeller dynasty at first, and the United States during World War II took advantage of the melee in Europe and spared no effort to extend its hand to the Middle East and Africa, because there is rich oil there.Americans are so funny, those countries that hate him the most, such as Iraq, Iran, Libya, and the big country the Soviet Union, but Americans always have the hottest relationship with these countries, and still say this: because there is oil there.This is still the case today, more than a hundred years later.The joys, sorrows, joys, sorrows, and dominance of the United States have always been associated with oil. America thrives on oil.What about us in China?Didn't China not only have gunpowder, papermaking, weaving, and the four great inventions, but also such great technologies as salt wells that allowed Americans to change the destiny of the country!But why are we so poor and depressed?As early as in Xibaipo, Mao Zedong began to sigh and ponder more than once: China, which has a civilization history of more than 5,000 years, why did we fall far behind a Western country with a development history of only 200 to 300 years? I really can't underestimate this black "foreign oil"!Mao Zedong couldn't help sighing after reading the history of the United States. China must get rid of "foreign oil" and have its own industrial blood!Mao Zedong firmly believed. For this reason, Mao Zedong’s development of the oil industry was real when he created the utopian communist society of the “People’s Commune” every day, and it can be said that he made the People’s Republic develop in the next half century. The two most important moves are the two most important pieces, and the other is the "two bombs and one satellite" personally appointed by him, and the oil development.The latter is a wonderful move, and more specifically, it can be attributed to Mao Zedong's decision to develop the "Daqing Oilfield" and other major constructions in the future. Not long after the founding of the Republic, in Mao Zedong's national construction account, he had already thrown the "foreign oil" situation facing China to the Pacific Ocean. For this reason, on the eighteenth day after Mao Zedong announced the founding of the People's Republic, he issued an order in the name of the Central People's Government to establish the Ministry of Fuel Industry and personally nominated Chen Yu, a veteran industrial revolutionist, as the minister.The newly established Ministry of Fuel Industry established the Petroleum Administration Bureau in the second year, and Mr. Sun Jianchu, a famous geologist and the discoverer and pioneer of Yumen Oilfield, the first oil industry base in my country, was hired as the exploration department of this bureau. Director. "Where can I find oil in the vast land?" On August 6, 1950, the Northwest Petroleum Administration Bureau was established, and Kang Shien, a veteran of the Eighth Route Army who was a geologist at Tsinghua University, became the director of this bureau.At this time, Sun Jianchu, a generation of oil pioneers, was devoting himself to work under the great love of the Communist Party of China, but unfortunately, he was accidentally poisoned by gas and died suddenly.As a result, there was a blank space in the oil exploration industry of New China.Mao Zedong and his assistants had to focus on artificial oil in Northeast China with extremely high cost and low output, and restored the Fushun Oil Factory (later the No. 2 Petroleum Factory), Jinxi No. 5 Petroleum Factory, Fushun West Oil Plant (later Petroleum No. 1 Plant), Huadian Shale Oil Plant (later Petroleum No. 9 Plant), Jinzhou Gas Synthesis Plant (later Petroleum No. 6 Plant) and other man-made petroleum plants.The so-called man-made oil factory uses a kind of rock called shale to extract man-made oil with a composition similar to natural oil through complex drying and other processes, and its cost is more than ten times that of natural oil.Reluctantly, oil was needed for many industries and national defense constructions, and decision makers such as Mao Zedong had to grit their teeth and tighten their belts to squeeze "life oil" from rocks.At this time, the Korean War broke out, and the oil problem worried the commander-in-chief Peng Dehuai.Therefore, the central government had to use the pitifully small amount of foreign exchange and sell back some "foreign oil" from abroad through special channels. "Oil, oil, what a worry!" Mao Zedong and the leaders of Zhongnanhai sighed helplessly. In August 1952, Mao Zedong issued an order to establish the "Department of Geology of the Central People's Government." The great geologist Li Siguang heard that he was appointed as the head of this department on the way back to China.As soon as he set foot on the land of the motherland, Mao Zedong invited him to Zhongnanhai. "Welcome, welcome. We have been waiting for Mr. Li to return to the embrace of the motherland as soon as possible." Zhou Enlai said to the dusty geologists with a smile on his face while leading Li Siguang to meet Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong walked out of the study and held Li Siguang's hand tightly—the two great men had known each other for a long time, like best friends after a long separation. "Hello, Chairman Mao!" Li Siguang greeted first. "Good, good!" Mao Zedong praised repeatedly, he was praising the feat of geologists breaking through the darkness and returning to China. "How old is Comrade Li Siguang?" Mao Zedong called a democrat "comrade" for the first time when he met, which is very rare.Li Siguang obviously has an unusual emotional status in Mao Zedong's mind. "66 years old." Li Siguang replied. Mao Zedong let out a panicked "Oh" and said, "Four years older than me and a famous scientist, so he is my husband?!" Li Siguang was flattered: "Don't dare, dare not. Chairman, to be honest, I am a minority in the field of geology." Mao Zedong said unhurriedly: "It doesn't matter if you are a minority. Comrade Enlai and I used to be a minority. We were excluded more than once, but sometimes the truth is in the hands of a few people." Li Siguang looked at Zhou Enlai gratefully, and Zhou Enlai motioned him to sit down and talk. After Mao Zedong sat down on the sofa, he turned to the main topic: "Sir, we Communists have overthrown three mountains, and now we want to build a new China. However, for construction, oil is indispensable. Flying in the sky and running on the ground, without oil, there is no need for oil." It can’t turn. Right now we are burning kerosene every day in the car. I don’t have any oil, so if I want to love my country, I don’t love it that much!” Li Siguang felt very guilty: "We didn't do a good job..." Mao Zedong shook his head: "This account cannot be blamed on you, and you, Li Siguang, did not say 'China is poor in oil'!" "Comrade Li Siguang, we know that you have your own views on the oil issue. The chairman wants to hear your opinion." Zhou Enlai interjected: "What do you think about my country's natural oil reserves? If it is really not good, we really have more It’s time to think about the issue of artificial oil! The country wants to develop, and we can’t afford to waste time!” The Prime Minister was particularly anxious about this. Li Siguang quickly took over the words: "No, no, we don't need to make this choice yet. Chairman and Prime Minister, according to the law of crustal movement, I think oil generation is one thing, and oil storage is another. The key lies in correct understanding. The law of underground structures, to find out the structures that store oil. In some places, although there is no sign of oil and gas on the ground, the underground is likely to be a large oil-bearing area..." "So, there may be a large oily place under our ground?" Mao Zedong raised his brows and asked with increased interest. "That's right." Li Siguang said affirmatively: "China is such a big country, and its geological structure is very rich. The existence of oil-rich formations should not be excluded!" Mao Zedong was happy: "Mr.'s point of view is in line with the dialectics that everything is divided into two. Emphasizing it is definitely not Marxism-Leninism!" Zhou Enlai couldn't help standing up from his seat, and said with a hearty smile: "Our Minister of Geology is very optimistic and courageous! Comrade Li Siguang, you say that China has oil, and I support you!" Mao Zedong also stood up: "Okay, I also vote for Mr.!" Li Siguang deeply felt the heavy responsibility on his shoulders. Now that we can find our own oil, let's get to work on it.After listening to the geologist's big talk, Mao Zedong seemed to speak with pride.At that moment, he thought of the oil tycoon in the United States again... In 1956, a new industrial department of the government of the People's Republic of China was born - the Ministry of Petroleum was established. On the question of who should choose the Minister of Petroleum, the central government at that time had only one choice, which was to find it from among the generals of the army, because Li Siguang went to the Ministry of Geology. Only by understanding the underground conditions can we look for ore and oil.Someone once debated whether to set up a special petroleum industry department after the establishment of the Ministry of Geology. Mao Zedong later discussed with Zhou Enlai. Specialized departments in order to strengthen the construction of this industry. At the first National People's Congress in early 1956, the State Council of New China had a new member: the Ministry of Petroleum Industry.At that time, the Ministry of Petroleum was the smallest of all departments, but it was a department that Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai especially valued. General Li Jukui, the former head of the General Logistics Department of the People's Liberation Army, who was recently awarded the rank of general, was appointed as the first head.There are six kangs outside Deshengmen in Beijing, and a building of the Ministry of Petroleum is also stacked up.Since then, the area has become lively. General Li Jukui likes to dance. When he was the Minister of Petroleum, there was a lot of dancing in the compound of the Ministry of Petroleum. Many young people in the government staff and even those heroes who came from the war-torn era also learned to dance gracefully. waltz.People discovered that the former general who fought in the South and the North also had a warm side in directing industrial construction.This makes oil people feel novelty and excitement. At this time, Mao Zedong placed great hopes on the establishment of the Ministry of Petroleum Industry. In a series of grand blueprints, there was the goal of achieving a level of oil production that would allow the country's overall industrial construction to "catch up with Britain and the United States".Then two or three years passed, and he was rather disappointed with the work of the Ministry of Petroleum.Although someone repeatedly reported in front of him that Li Jukui of the Ministry of Petroleum danced "Yumen", "Qaidam", and "Karamay" and other "Oil Waltz" which I heard had some good news. Just a serenade to plug your ears after tea.What Mao Zedong wanted was the piano "Yellow River Ensemble" of the oil industry revolution!That kind of swallowing piano ensemble! Therefore, Mao Zedong was not particularly optimistic about Li Jukui's beautiful CNPC "Waltz". There are objective reasons for this.Although the vigorous "People's Commune" movement in China, in contrast to Mao Zedong's view, the industrial construction front was obviously "dead."The most important thing is that at that time, Khrushchev in the north was getting more and more outrageous, and the "Lao Jiang" who lived on the island of Taiwan in the south was not very relaxed at this time, and always used the US imperialism to clamor from time to time to "turn over the United States". "Attack the mainland", and the planes they sent dared to penetrate thousands of miles into the mainland, and even dared to drive straight into the Beijing area. "It's because we don't have good planes! Lao Jiang dared to piss on our heads so rampantly." The marshal and the generals were indignant. Mao Zedong said calmly and somewhat melancholy: Airplanes are a problem, but the oil used for them cannot solve the problem, and even the best airplanes are useless! The prime minister, deputy prime minister, marshals and generals fell silent.They didn't know what Mao Zedong was thinking.Now that they talked about oil, they naturally began to mutter that Li Jukui, Minister of Petroleum, is here: What happened to Li Jukui? Li Jukui is amazing!When he became the Minister of Petroleum, he made a department with the smallest number of people, and made people all over the country follow him with enthusiasm!Marshal Chen Yi got emotional and said: Li Jukui made a Qaidam, which made those literati dance with him.I really want to go and see that "precious place" deep in the desert! Chen Yun pulled Chen Yi aside excitedly and said: Mr. Chen, if I have a little more time, I would like to accompany you to the "Black Oil Mountain" for a walk, there will definitely make your poetry flourish! Chen Yi laughed heartily: Are you talking about the new oil field discovered by Li Jukui and the others?I have heard, and everyone has heard what he said at the Eighth Party Congress.That "Black Oil Mountain" is amazing, tell me in detail, how is it being developed now? Chen Yun pointed to Bo Yibo who was talking to Deng Xiaoping: He is in charge of this matter, you should ask him for the best understanding. So Chen Yi walked up to Deng Xiaoping and Bo Yibo, opened his voice, and said: My vice premier, I want to hear how the "Black Oil Mountain" oil field that Li Jukui and the others built is going on? Bo Yibo: Yes, Mr. Chen. "Heiyoushan Oilfield" (in 1965, at the initiative of Saifuding Aizezi, then chairman of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the Heiyoushan Oilfield was officially named "Karamay Oilfield" - author's note) is a joint development between us and the big brother of the Soviet Union first oil field.Li Jukui and the others did a good job. On January 1, 1955, the year before last, all the Soviet shares of Sino-Soviet Petroleum Corporation were handed over to China, and now they belong to the newly established Xinjiang Petroleum Administration Bureau. In March 1955, our geological technicians drilled the first exploration well. A youth drilling team composed of 8 nationalities and 36 employees completed the well on October 29 of that year and saw oil.At the end of the year, Li Jukui took people there and arranged for the comprehensive development of the Heiyoushan Oilfield.In April of the following year, Li Jukui sent Kang Shien to lead the Soviet expert group and our petroleum experts there to formulate a specific exploration and development plan.After the plan was confirmed, under the personal arrangement of the Prime Minister, the whole country took action to support the development and construction of the Heiyoushan Oilfield.There are tens of thousands of oil troops there now! How's the oil going?Chen Yi is most concerned about whether the oil is big or not. The outlook is good.Bo Yibo nodded and said that by the end of this year, the overall development level of the oilfield should be achieved. Chen Yi repeatedly said "Okay! Okay!": Our aircraft and cannons can be called "Damn Jiang" if we can produce a lot of fuel! Stop scaring people with Yankee drones! "Black Oil Mountain", that is, Karamay Oilfield, was officially put into development in 1956, and 333,800 tons of crude oil were produced in that year.By 1960, the proven oilfield had an area of ​​290 square kilometers, and produced 1.6367 million tons of crude oil that year. This was the largest oilfield in my country before the discovery of Daqing Oilfield.Therefore, Karamay became a myth in China's Gobi Desert in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and China's first oil city started here.During an interview for this book, one of the heroes of my country's oil industry, the old Minister Jiao Liren, once pointed out to me repeatedly that after Li Jukui came to the Ministry of Petroleum, he not only rejuvenated the old oilfield Yumen Oilfield, but also discovered Qinghai Qaidam Oilfield. And Xinjiang's Karamay and other oil fields and Chuandong oil and gas fields, and also arranged many basic strategic deployments, including the Songliao oil survey, which played a key role in the discovery of Daqing Oilfield.毛泽东对李聚奎到石油部后所做的工作当然心里明白，而且他始终以为李聚奎是个对革命事业勤勤恳恳、实实在在的好同志。但国内外重重压力之下的毛泽东，当时恨不得一夜之间把中国落在别人后面几十年、几百年的事都给它做了。故而他对李聚奎领导下的石油部没能在第一个五年计划中完成生产任务、那种一直游离在人造石油和天然石油之间犹豫不决进而缓慢的“华尔兹”很不满意。第一个五年计划中，每年全国的石油产量应是201万吨左右（现在北京一天用油量就是它的数倍——笔者注），可到了1957年，李聚奎他们拿出了吃奶的力气才完成了146万吨，而这其中成本昂贵的人造油还占了“半壁江山”。当时中国一年所需的石油在500万吨左右，国家有限的外汇都被用在了购置石油上。更让毛泽东坐立不安的是，那时恰逢朝鲜战争，前进的坦克和飞机天天要用去成百成千吨原油，油在一定程度上影响着战争的走向。李聚奎的石油部是唯一在“一五”期间没有完成任务的工业部门，这对当时一心想大跃进的毛泽东来说——客观地说当时国家轰轰烈烈的大建设也紧迫需要石油，如此景况怎能容忍？ 五十年代时的中南海，我们的开国元勋们除了敬畏毛泽东外，相互之间都很随便，就像长征路上有人逮到一只野兔，哪位战友过来想咬一口就咬一口、咬完后也不用打招呼拍拍屁股走人那么随意。这一天他们在怀仁堂参加毛泽东主持一个政治局扩大会议的休息间隙，你一句我一句地议论着。正在热闹之中，有人提醒道：看，主席心思重噢！ 总理、副总理和元帅及将军们不约而同地回头看着坐在正中沙发上一言不发的毛泽东，方才热闹纷扬的议论顿时嘎然而止。他们面面相观地猜测着毛泽东到底又在想什么？ Substitution!得换人！毛泽东突然站起身，对周恩来说：总理啊，你跟彭老总商量商量，让他推荐推荐谁更合适。说完，毛泽东挥挥手：今天的会议到此结束。 毛泽东走后，怀仁堂里又开始热闹起来，有人过来问周恩来：哎，总理，主席要换什么人呀？ 周恩来脸上平静地：暂时无可奉告。 众副总理和元帅将军们笑：又来外交辞令了！ 不能怪周恩来，他是政府总理，中央最终没有确定的事，他不好信口言说。出怀仁堂，周恩来对秘书说：请给国防部打个电话，我要见彭老总。 彭老总与周恩来见面并听他讲了毛泽东对石油部部长人选的新动议，彭德怀有些老骚了：他老毛怎么回事？李聚奎可是不错的人啊！他到底要什么人嘛？咱们这些人都没搞过工业，谁能保得了把石油的事做得轰轰烈烈嘛？ 周恩来绉绉眉睫，摇摇头：其实不把石油产量搞上去，我这个总理压力也是大啊！主席的心思是想找个能善于打开局面的人。 彭德怀听后习惯地抬起右手，将张开的拇指和食指搁在下颌，又用左手扶住右胳膊，思索起来：这找石油就像打仗时啃块硬骨头一样，还真得找个能打硬仗又得是会打硬仗的人哟！彭德怀自言自语起来：军队这边还有这样的人嘛？按照应该有吧！可到底谁能顶得了李聚奎这副重担，又得让主席满意？彭德怀用右手拇指和食指构架成的“八”字形手姿，磋了磋粗壮的胡茬。突然，他的眼里放出光亮：他行！ 周恩来忙问：谁？ 彭德怀：我的总后政委余秋里。 周恩来一听，顿时也跟着兴奋起来：好！well!这位独臂将军年轻，又能干，关键是他正是主席需要的那种能打开局面的人！这一点最关键。彭老总，你可不准后悔啊，我现在就去向主席汇报。 彭德怀笑笑：我有啥后悔的？老毛他要人，我彭德怀啥时候没满足过他？再说我的部队也急等着要油！没油，我的坦克飞机还有军舰都成了一堆废物嘛！ 周恩来笑着与彭德怀元帅扬手告别，临走时他说：我会在主席面前告诉他，你彭老总一直是最顾全大局的。 Fortress Garden. 1958年“立春”后的一个平常日子。 午后时分，一辆天蓝色的华沙牌轿车悄然停在门外。一位中等身材、佩着中将军衔的军人从车内走出。等他仰头看门口上方“丰泽园”三个字时，我们可以看清了他的脸相：脸庞显瘦，五官清秀，虽然年轻，却依然可见久经沙场者的那种特有的稳重和大气风范。他收回目光的同时，几乎是同时迈出有力的双腿往菊香书屋走去。只有他甩动的一左一右的两个衣袖特别，一边非常有力，能感觉“嗖嗖”生风。而另一边那只空洞洞的衣袖则搭塌在腰际的衣缝上，不见任何动响。 卫士长李银桥此时正从菊香书屋的门内往外走，他先见到的正是将军左右两侧两只完全不同的衣袖，卫士长甚至有些楞呆地看着那只空洞洞的衣袖而吃惊…… “卫士长，主席在房间吗？”将军问。 李银桥一震，忙从那只空洞洞的衣袖上收回目光，有些歉意地向将军说：“噢，是余政委来啦！主席刚醒，正在里面等你呢！请跟我来。”卫士长走到里面的一个门口前止步，做了一个“请”的手势。 将军直径往里走去。 “报告主席。我来啦！”将军毕恭毕敬地向里面的主人敬了一个标准的军礼。 坐在沙发上正在点烟的毛泽东，微微仰起头：“好，是余秋里同志！”毛泽东满意地看了看站在他面前的年轻中将，起身与其握了握手。虽然毛泽东没有正面去看爱将左边那只空洞洞的衣袖，但他的眼睛里分明颤动了一下。是啊，人总共只有两只胳膊，可他则少了一半……毛泽东的心头一阵酸痛，但这是谁也不会觉察出的。这只有我们的主人公心灵里感觉得出，并再一次深切感受到毛泽东那份对将士的慈祥爱悯之心。 “总理和彭老总推荐你当石油部长，听说你有些想法喔？”菊香书屋的主人说话时虽然带有浓重的湖南口音，但却总有一种强大的磁性，能在瞬间把一个人的情绪掀到天上，也能推到十八层地心。将军已经不是第一次有这种感觉了。 这是哪一年的事？对了，一晃就是十年了。将军的脑海里一闪，就像昨天的事。那是在延安窑洞里发生的事。年轻的将军在那时更年轻，30岁才出头无几，但却已是身经百战的骁勇指挥员了。（余回忆录新式整军运动） “今天把你从前线请到窑洞里来，就想听听你的'诉苦三查'是怎么搞的。”毛泽东那时抽的是驼牌烟卷，将军当时记得很清楚，因为毛泽东在给自己点烟时问他余秋里抽不抽烟？ 余秋里那时虽也是久经沙场的“老长征”了，但在延安革命圣地的窑洞里，尤其是在自己的最高统帅前，他是绝对的“小字辈”。毛泽东的问话，叫他有些不好意思。 “抽吧，烟酒不分家嘛！何况今天你是我们请来的客人！”说话间，毛泽东已经把一支驼牌烟放到了他的面前，并且正欲拿火柴盒给他点上。余秋里赶紧接过火柴，动作麻利地将火柴盒夹在左腿，然后右手抽出一根火柴，“唰”地划着了火，将自己嘴上的那支驼牌烟纸卷点燃……“嚯啊啊……”不知是猛一口吸得太猛，还是根本就不习惯抽烟味很凶的驼牌烟，反正有过几年烟龄的余秋里第一次在毛泽东面前抽烟就露了个嫩。 毛泽东和几位老总哈哈大笑，连声说“还是嫩”。 倒是肖华出面给余秋里解了围：“人家江西老表习惯吸自己卷的土烟叶嘛！” 余秋里虽然当时在表面上对肖华非常感激。可从那起，他余秋里的抽烟水平聚然增长。不仅后来他“制服”了驼牌烟，而且在见毛泽东进城后习惯抽“大中华”后，他也跟着榜样吸“国烟”。 “一生只有这点爱好，你再管那么严，我还活个啥劲？”当妻子嫌他抽的烟太贵时，他生气了。 烟，是战争带给许多将领的兴奋伙伴。烟，是许多没有别的爱好者的全部爱好。 伟大人物的烟瘾一般都是非常水平。余秋里则是受了领袖的感染而使自己的烟瘾与日俱进的。 那一次在延安窑洞里是余秋里第一次与毛泽东面对面接触，他对毛泽东的言行举止特别是毛泽东高屋建瓴的思想和精辟分析问题及把握大局方向的真知灼见，佩服得五体投地。而且余秋里认定，像自己这样一个农家娃娃出身、十几岁就参加革命又没念多少书的“红小鬼”，即使将来当了大将军或再大的官，有毛泽东在，自己的全部思想和行为照着其指明的方向走就是了。余秋里后来的一生也正是这样走的，他对毛泽东的这种崇拜，转向了后来对毛泽东指示的执行的不折不扣之中，转向了对毛泽东思想坚定不移的理解和实践之上。 同样，毛泽东从第一次与余秋里面对面接触后，就有非常好的印象。尤其是看到这位年轻骁勇的旅政委也当过很长时间军事指挥官的独臂爱将，其身上不仅有贺老总、彭老总对战争艺术理解和运用自如的遗风，而且还是个善意思考、见地独特、方法讲究的优秀政治工作者。 “此人是个将才，以后必大有可为。”毛泽东在听取余秋里汇报新式整军时，悄悄对身边的几位军委领导和中央书记这么说。 “好。（放毛泽东一段新式整军运动原话）”毛泽东再次向余秋里递过一支驼牌香烟，然后带着几分爱悯地问：“你这左胳膊是在长征路上打掉的？为啥当时没保下来？” 余秋里听了最高统帅的这句问话，下意识地抬起右手捏住空洞的左袖子，非常随意地回答了一声：“是的，那时天天打仗顾不上。” 倒是坐在余秋里身边的任必时很动情地向毛泽东作了较详细的介绍：“贺老总跟我说过，秋里的这条胳膊掉得很可惜，要不是当时条件不允许，也不至于后来锯掉……” 毛泽东听后憾叹地：“我们的队伍中还有几位也像你这样缺腿断胳膊的，你们都是革命的功臣啊！” 余秋里本来早已忘了自己比别人少只胳膊的事，可看到毛泽东说此话时，眼里闪着泪花，他的心里跟着“格登”了一下。 “以后要多注意身体。”这是延安窑洞里毛泽东的声音，立即把余秋里的思绪从战争中拉了回来。 “是。主席，我可以回部队了？”余秋里站起身。 Mao Zedong nodded. “敬礼。”那只少了胳膊的空洞洞的衣袖，一直在毛泽东眼前晃荡着，而另一只有力的右胳膊甩动着有节奏的动作，也一直在毛泽东的眼里，直到消失于延安枣园…… “主席，我是怕石油部长这个担子受不起嘞！”现在，将军又与最高统帅面对面坐着说话。不同的是这回只有他们俩人，又是在安静整洁的房子里说话。 “噢？余秋里同志是这样说的吗？”毛泽东从嘴边取下烟卷，眼睛直瞪瞪地看着笔挺坐着的中将同志，带着他特有的幽默调侃语气，笑言道。 “是这样，主席。”余秋里的表情严肃有余。 卫士长轻轻地进来给俩人沏茶，又轻轻地退出。他听到身后毛泽东爽朗的自言自答：秋里秋里，你这个名字很有诗意呵！ 主席，我这个名字其实很土。小时候家里穷，请不起先生起雅名，所以叫家里人就把我叫狗子。后来参加了红军，领导问我叫啥名字，我说不上来，又问我是啥年月日生的，我回答说我妈说我是割谷子后的秋里生的。领导一听就说，那你就叫余秋里吧。 将军的话引来毛泽东一阵爽笑：好嘛！秋里这名字蛮好的，秋天总是个丰收的季节，又是火红的岁月…… “嘻嘻，主席你说好就好嘛”毛泽东书房里的将军，这回又变成了一副实在又有些可爱的样儿。可一想到刚才的话题，他又犟起劲来：“主席，我们的高级干部多得很，您随便挑哪个都比我强嘞！” 毛泽东弹了弹烟灰，顺手给将军递上一支烟——这回是“中华烟”。而将军见最高统帅现在住的屋子满是书籍，也不再像当年延安窑洞里第一次接受最高统帅递烟后动作麻利地将火柴盒夹在勾起的左腿里划燃，他先将烟卷放在嘴上，然后又用右手将火柴盒搁在茶杯底上顶住，再划着火。这个动作显然有些拙劣。 俩人开始对抽。 毛泽东思绪有些回闪。他对眼前这位人民解放军总后勤部政委出任新的石油部长，已经早已肯首的。一两个月前的全国人大一届五次会议筹备会上，当他询问周恩来关于接替李聚奎的石油部长人选确定了没有时，听周恩来说准备调余秋里时，毛泽东就已经点头说：“行，这个同志行。”现在，毛泽东需要亲自跟他谈一谈，因为石油在毛泽东心中占的位置太重要了，他对新部长寄予厚望。 “人家选了你嘛！”毛泽东说的是“人家”，其实他心里的意思是“你也是我选的人嘛！” 将军听出毛泽东调他出任石油部长的决心已经很坚定了，好像已经没有多少回旋余地了，于是来了个“苦肉计”：“主席，我听说那地方很复杂，我又没学过工业知识嘛！” 看着“小字辈”一副苦相，倒是让毛泽东想笑，可他的脸上依然慈祥中带着几分威严：“我们这些人都是打仗过来的，建设新中国谁都没干过嘛！老祖宗那儿也没啥可学的哟！当年我们长征时走雪山过草地，拖着一根破枪，许多人还是马夫、炊事员，可后来革命需要，他们都成了大军事家、战略家！你可比他们强都了！二十多岁就当了红军团长、团政委，后来又当过独立旅司令、政委，解放后又军校的领导、我们军队的总财务部长，会带兵、会算账，又能做政治工作，我看你当石油部长很合适。” 将军不再坚持了。只是朝毛泽东憨笑。 毛泽东的神态也有慈祥中带着威严变成了慈爱中夹着浓浓的和蔼：“今天你多大年纪了？” “43岁。” “你年轻嘛！”毛泽东从沙发上站起，迈开步子在书屋有限的空间里走了几步，将军随之跟着直挺挺地站在那儿，目光随那高大的身体移动。“战争中学习战争，从实践中学习知识，总结经验，是我们党和军队取得胜利的法宝。过去我们的任务是打仗为主，现在不同了，经济建设为中心了，所以我们必须放下架子，向一切内行的人们学习经济工作，恭恭敬敬地学，老老实实地学。这搞经济、搞油其实跟打仗也有些一样，既要有战略思想，又要有不怕敌人、勇往直前的决胜精神。哎，秋里同志，你说对不对？”毛泽东突然立定，闪着炯炯有神的眼睛问将军。 “对，主席。”将军好像还有什么话要说，于是不由地欠了欠两只肩膀。顿时宽阔肩膀上两颗闪闪耀眼的将星照着了毛泽东的眼睛。 “呃，你是不是不愿意脱军衣噢？”毛泽东发现什么似的问道。 “不不主席，我、我没有那么想。”将军真的不是想这回事，他刚才脑子里闪过的一个闪念是：我会服从主席和总理的安排，可要是干不好石油部长，就让我还回部队。他本想向毛泽东说这话。 毛泽东笑了：“你不这么想，可我得为你们这些出生入死的将军们想啊！你放心，中央已经作出决定：部长以上的干部调动，不是转业，是党内的分工！”毛泽东说到这儿，又带着几分神秘之色向年轻的将军凑过来，说：“不过你要是转业，还可以发一笔财哩！” 将军立即憨笑地：“主席我可没想过这事。” “好，就这么定了。你跟李聚奎同志换一换，他比你年岁大十八。你年轻，精力充沛，正是干事的好岁数。李聚奎同志是个好同志，他回总后也是干老本行，有经验。你们俩交换一下这很好。” 这时，卫士长进门报告：“主席，总理和陈云、小平等同志他们已经到了。” 毛泽东：“好好，请他们进来吧。” 将军一听，赶忙欲退出，被毛泽东拉住：“你留下留下，他们来找我，也是你的事喔！” 周恩来、邓小平、陈云，还有李富春，随即进门。 “怎么样，余秋里同志，主席跟你都说了吧？”周恩来笑嗬嗬地问将军。 将军只好如实报告：“主席都说了。我也只好服从嘞！” 李富春过来将将军拉到自己身边坐下：“你来石油部，我总能愁眉见笑颜了！” 将军谦逊地：“还要请李副总理多帮助。” 陈云、邓小平也过来与将军握手：“我们都等着秋里同志给我们几个解难喔！石油上不去，主席会天天拿我们是问的。” 将军挺了挺身板：“请各位领导放心，我一定全力打好石油这个仗！” 毛泽东高兴地：“好，瞧见了没有，我们的新石油部长有股打硬仗而必胜的作风！” 周恩来接过话，说：“秋里同志，国务院对你的新任命将在几天后的人大会上正式通过。相信你一定能给我们的石油工业开打局面！” “是，总理！”将军抬手向总理、又向毛泽东等领导敬礼。