Chapter 5 Chapter Four: The Birth of a Municipality

It may not be clear to the outside world that if it were not for the Three Gorges immigrants, there would not be a fourth municipality directly under the central government in China. Chongqing people are so lucky!Chongqing people have to thank the Three Gorges, and Chongqing people have to thank the Three Gorges immigrants.Chongqing is the city with the largest number of immigrants from the Three Gorges (accounting for more than 80% of the total number of immigrants, close to 1 million), and Chongqing is the city that has paid the heaviest price for the immigrants from the Three Gorges. New Chongqing was born because of immigrants from the Three Gorges.The immigrants from the Three Gorges gave birth to a new city of Chongqing.

The author visited Chongqing once more than 20 years ago, and it was a very short stay, less than three or four hours.It is reasonable for a person like me who came from afar to go to Chongqing, a famous city once known as the "wartime companion capital", so he should have a good sightseeing, and he should stay for a day or two no matter what.But I couldn’t do it. I was used to living in the famous cities in the south of the Yangtze River and traveling in Shanghai and Guangzhou. I really couldn’t accept the kind of Chongqing at that time when I went out and climbed hills, climbed dozens of hundreds of stone steps on the wharf, and there were crowds of people everywhere. Sewage ditch filled with smelly water and the crooked view of the attic.

However, just in mid-June 2002, the fifth anniversary of Chongqing becoming a municipality directly under the Central Government, I set foot on the land of New Chongqing for the second time, and I felt an unprecedented impulse: this place is no longer the old Chongqing when I first came. What you can see everywhere are forest-like new buildings, urban expressways and overpasses that are more spacious and convenient than Guangzhou and Shanghai, and light and stable dock lifts that go straight up and down... Especially at night in Chongqing, I think it is no less In the beauty and splendor of Guangzhou, Shenzhen and even Beijing and Shanghai.

The beauty of the mountain city and the brilliance of the river city are exciting, which is impossible for other cities.The sirens on the river, the cascading colors on the bank, the singing at Chaotianmen, and the busy traffic that sometimes shuttles under the feet and sometimes on the roofs of the buildings, coupled with the citizens who have always loved beauty and beauty, every angle and every moment of New Chongqing, she brings Yours is excitement and intoxication, excitement and thinking.Not every city has the impulse to stretch out your arms to hug and cheer for it after being dizzy.Except for the first night road from New York to Washington, and the first time I saw the night view of the new Shanghai Bund from the "Pearl" Tower in Pudong, I had the same feeling, Chongqing is the same feeling again.Although she is still under construction, some places are not perfect, but she is enough to conquer all picky and well-informed passers-by.

The first mayor of Chongqing, Pu Haiqing, who has a good reputation in the hearts of Chongqing people, is an "old Chongqing". He is now a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, deputy party secretary and deputy director of the Office of the Three Gorges Construction Committee of the State Council, and is responsible for leading the affairs of the Three Gorges Project.When talking about the changes before and after the founding of Chongqing, he would involuntarily stand up from his chair and talk for hours on end: I have been working in Chongqing since I graduated from university, and later I was transferred to the Sichuan provincial government as a leader. Thirty years ago, I didn’t feel that Chongqing was so backward, but in the 1980s and 1990s, the “little brother” like Chengdu was changing every day, leaving Chongqing far behind, not to mention the modern cities of Guangzhou and Shanghai. up.

Chongqing was established on June 18, 1997. When I came back from the province to work here, I had the opportunity to take a closer look at this city that has been with it for more than 20 years. At this time, I suddenly discovered that Chongqing was rapidly developing. The times are too far behind!Walking on the street during the day feels like it was in the 1950s and 1960s.Looking at this city at night, it is simply a small county town, with no decent lights to be seen. Once I went to an enterprise to inspect the work, and the laid-off workers surrounded me.The workers were very excited to have a conversation with me, the mayor. They held up signs and chanted slogans, asking me, the mayor, to feed them and give them jobs.Chongqing is an old industrial city. In the past few years, its industries have fallen behind, and new industries have not come up. Those famous enterprises have closed down or downsized one after another, and laid-off workers have been laid off in batches.When I went to a place that day, the workers reported that their basic life was very difficult now. I was very impulsive at the time, pounding my fists on the table.Many workers around me were stunned, and then asked me why you, the mayor, lost your temper?Are you still angry if you don't give us food?I said I didn't come here for you, I just wanted to beat the sky!But my fist can't reach the sky!If it is enough, I really want to punch a hole in the sky!I am the mayor of a city, and I feel sorry for my people living this kind of life, and I hate myself for not being superhuman.Facing such a city, such a big stall, what should we do?Rely on everyone to work hard together!At this time, we in Chongqing were fortunate enough to receive the cordial care of the Party Central Committee headed by Jiang Zemin. The Three Gorges immigration gave Chongqing a golden opportunity for development.

I was surprised to find that whether it is an old mayor like Pu Haiqing or the new leadership of Chongqing, they share a common understanding with more than 30 million people, that is: the birth and destiny of the new Chongqing are closely related to the immigrants from the Three Gorges , closely connected! This matter has a special relationship with a person, his name is Li Boning.This person is neither the current leader of Chongqing, so many official positions in the new Chongqing have nothing to do with him, nor is he an official of Sichuan Province, let alone an official of Hubei Province, but his fate is closely related to the fate of the new Chongqing.

Li Boning, 85 years old, from Hebei, is a "stubborn old man" with a special personality.It is said that when he was young, his fame spread all over the world in his hometown. He was the captain of the Jizhong Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Brigade, and he shocked the enemy in the famous Suning victory.But he is also a "literati". When he was the leader of the guerrilla brigade, he often wrote poems and compositions, and this hobby still did not change after he became a minister.I saw that in his own resume, he wrote very little about his experience as an official, and most of the content described his life's literary achievements. Before the National Day in 2002, I visited his house, and he gave me a large package of works before leaving.I read it almost overnight, and I have two important discoveries: the old revolutionary has always had the same passion for literature from his youth to his octogenarian years.He laughed and said that he was the oldest member of the "Members of the Chinese Writers Association" - when he joined the Writers Association in 1995, he was in his eighties and had worked in ministerial positions for more than 20 years.The second discovery is that Mr. Li not only loves literature himself, but also has achieved a lot. What is even more commendable is that he even "influenced" another anti-Japanese heroine to become a writer. This anti-Japanese heroine is his wife, 70. When they were many years old, both Li Boning and his wife published novels.

I was born in the land of Yanzhao / I grew up in a generous elegy / My father taught me to be sincere and kind / The flames of war have tempered my character of gold and stone / The "Cultural Revolution" broke my superstitious belief in God / Since then I only believe in practice / Red is red / Black is Black/White is white/Yellow is yellow/Let it be different opinions/Let it be shaken/I stand still/I have my own opinion/I hate evil like an enemy/To uphold justice/To eradicate traitors/Anbang/I dare to go up the mountain/Fire Dare to break into / what high-ranking officials and powers / I treat as worthless / I do not compete for favor / I am neither humble nor overbearing... This is my character / I am who I am!

The 80-year-old Li Boning still expresses this red innocence, this iron bone like a hot-blooded boy. At the age of 17, he was the captain of the Eighth Route Army's guerrilla team. Later, he followed Mao Zedong and other heroes of the Republic from Xibaipo to Beijing. The party's order brought this professional revolutionary who dreamed of becoming a writer to the Ministry of Water Resources. After working for half a century, he has become a complete water conservancy expert and a government official who has dealt with immigrants all his life. In 1985, the State Council formally appointed him as the leader of the preparatory group for the Three Gorges Province.Prior to this, because the Three Gorges Project had been in the works, all preparations had never been interrupted under the direct leadership of Deng Xiaoping and the Party Central Committee.Before Li Boning became the head of the preparatory team, it was not called "Three Gorges Province", but "Three Gorges Administrative Special Zone" (a bit like the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, but the middle two characters are missing). At a meeting in 1984, members of the Political and Legal Committee of the National People's Congress proposed the term "Three Gorges Administrative Special Zone", which was contrary to the Constitution. Therefore, with Deng Xiaoping's approval, it was simply called "Three Gorges Province".

The establishment of the "Three Gorges Province" is a special decision made by the central government based on the consideration of the overall construction of the Three Gorges in the future.This also shows that the central government attaches great importance to the Three Gorges Project.After New China was peacefully liberated from Tibet, except for the establishment of Hainan Province, the central government never made major adjustments to the administrative divisions of provinces or municipalities directly under the Central Government.The birth of a new province or municipality is no small matter, so it is never taken lightly.The great Three Gorges Project prompted a major movement, and this movement first came from the influence of resettlement work on the central decision-making level. "The Three Gorges Project is a phased project, and no matter how great it is, it is short-lived. However, the management and development of the Three Gorges Reservoir is a long-term plan. The 600-kilometer-long reservoir area is surrounded by tens of millions of people. How can it be possible to bring out the advantages of the Three Gorges Project? What’s more, the key task during the construction of the Three Gorges Project is immigration. Therefore, the Three Gorges must be led and managed by an administrative level.” The opinions of strategic foresight are fully affirmed. The motion of the "Three Gorges Province" is based on the above considerations. A new province established by a great project naturally needs a strong leader.What should be the first prerequisites for this leader?Understand water conservancy? !Will you do immigration work? !Courageous? !Seems like a must have.Where can such a person be found! Relevant leaders of the central government asked Qian Zhengying, the female minister of the Ministry of Water Resources, to assist in selecting suitable candidates for the "Leader of the Preparatory Team of the Three Gorges Province" and the future secretary of the "Three Gorges Province" provincial party committee. Qian Zhengying took a fancy to Li Boning and was approved after reporting to the central government. "Old Li, you can do it." Qian Zhengying was ordered to formally talk to Li Boning. Li Boning remained silent.He neither said that he would "defy the emperor's order" nor "cannot do it".His acquiescence has his reasons: since I am allowed to do it, there must be three conditions: First, the administrative division of the Three Gorges, 30 counties and cities in Hubei and Sichuan, cannot be moved.The second is for him to choose a favorite person to be the governor.The third is that I am old and only serve as the "leader of the preparatory team". Once the "preparation" is over, I will return to the Ministry of Water Resources as a consultant. Qian Zhengying conveyed Li Boning's personal opinions to the central government. Wan Li was overjoyed and said, "Comrade Bo Ning is going." Other central leaders also nodded: Comrade Li Boning is competent. Ok, deal. Therefore, Li Boning took up the post of the head of the preparatory group and party secretary of the Three Gorges Province. Before the Three Gorges Project was officially launched, he was in charge of the Three Gorges resettlement work.The year was 1985, seven years before the National People's Congress passed the "Resolution on the Construction of the Three Gorges Project on the Yangtze River". In the first week after officially receiving the appointment notice from the central government, Li Boning packed his luggage and quietly went to the Three Gorges reservoir area with his secretary.When provincial leaders in Hubei and Sichuan heard of his arrival, they joked, "Welcome the future star governor!" Li Boning slapped his thigh: "I'm begging for mercy, I, the 'governor', don't have an inch of land now, and I'm the 'hanging governor' of your two provinces." "Hahaha...'Hanging Governor' is good, you can go alone!" "What's the matter? When I accidentally fall down, I hope you two provinces can give me a place to bury Lao Li!" Li Boning also joked back. Li Boning traveled to every corner of the Three Gorges, especially those impoverished mountainous areas, during his tenure as "hanging governor". In November of that year, the Central Rural Work Conference was held in Beijing.Li Boning attended the meeting as a "provincial governor" who had no territory, and also caused a big upset. At that time, the rural situation in our country was very good, and it can be said that the comrades engaged in rural work were the most elated.It is no wonder that after the land contracting was implemented in the countryside, the country's rural economic situation in those few years can be described as "advancing by leaps and bounds".Therefore, at the beginning of this year's rural work conference, the leaders of the provinces talked about the "good situation".Li Boning was in the southwest group. He heard the good situation of "Yinggeyanwu" all day long in those few days, and he couldn't sit still. Finally one day he stood up excitedly—— "In the past few days, everyone has been talking about the great situation. I want to talk about the 'bad situation'. When you talk about the good situation, you talk about it in a clear and clear way, but you talk about how many places in the country are not full of food and clothing. I didn’t dare to tell the truth! I said I was afraid of affecting the image of reform and opening up! But I don’t think so. Although the situation in some places has undergone major changes, we should have enough courage to know the people in many places in our country. It's a sad day!" "Let me just talk about the situation in my 'province': the Three Gorges area is located in the hinterland of the Daba Mountains and Wuling Mountains, and on the edge of the Jianghan Plain. 85% of the area is mountainous and hilly, and it is a standard old, young, frontier and poor area. 30 24 of the counties (cities) are state-level impoverished counties (cities), receiving more than 300 million yuan in state financial subsidies every year. Here is my account: the per capita industrial output value of the Three Gorges area was only 510 yuan in 1984, ranking 25th in the country. The per capita output value is 228 yuan, ranking the 28th in the country. What is especially serious is that 30% to 40% of the farmers in the Three Gorges area are still in a state of insufficient food and clothing. Quite a few rural per capita annual incomes are below 100 yuan. Farmer Zhao Shouhe and his family , there is only a rotten iron pot and a rotten wooden box, and the price is only 5 yuan, which is the entire property of a peasant family, comrades!" Li Boning was so excited that he couldn't control himself, "Comrades, do you know what kind of situation I saw our people living in the Three Gorges Reservoir area?" After producing a thick material, Li Boning flipped through the first few pages, and then stopped on one page, "Take Pengshui County as an example. In 1984, the county's rural per capita income was below 80 yuan. There are more than 43,500 households and 210,000 people, accounting for 39.7% and 43% of the total number of households and the total population of the county respectively. There are more than 4,300 unmarried men aged 30 to 40 who cannot find a partner due to family poverty. The county has In a small factory township, the total income per capita of the township is 50 to 100 yuan. 70% of the farmers owe state loans, 30% of the farmers live in the same room with the livestock or live in caves, 50% of the people have no cotton-padded clothes in winter, and 30% of the farmers live in the same room. % of the households have no quilts. Some of them can only sleep overnight in corn husks when winter comes... Comrades! I saw this with my own eyes! Comrades!" At this time, the meeting place was so quiet that the heartbeat of Li Boning, an old minister who was nearly seventy years old, could be heard. "Let's talk about the suffering caused by endemic diseases in the Three Gorges area due to geological and ecological environment." Li Boning quickly flipped through the material and continued, "It has been discovered in the Three Gorges reservoir area There are 9 kinds of endemic diseases including chronic fluorosis, blood filariasis, hookworm disease, schistosomiasis, goiter and Keshan disease, among which chronic fluorosis, goiter, blood filariasis and Keshan disease are the most serious. Take Pengshui County as an example. There are more than 1,000 paralyzed people in this county due to endemic diseases. They cannot take care of themselves. On the bed. Farmer Liu Huanyun’s family of 8 members, 7 of them got fluorosis. His daughter Liu Mingbi is 15 years old this year, only 85 cm tall, her feet are deformed, her back is bent and her neck is stiff, her head cannot swing from side to side. Whenever the child sees a stranger, she will cry Trying to save her... Everyone who sees that scene will cry. Comrades! This is the living conditions of the people in our Three Gorges area! There are as many as 1 million endemic patients in the entire reservoir area! Why are they so poor? Why are there The disease cannot be treated? One of the most important reasons is that the economy here has not improved, and there has been no change for decades. But the people here and governments at all levels have also worked hard, but it is because the Three Gorges Project has been going on since the 1950s. Up to now, it’s always been said that it’s up to the top, but it’s not! The country can’t invest here. After more than 30 years of liberation, the investment in the Three Gorges reservoir area is less than 80 yuan per capita! What can this do? Can it get rich? Comrades!” Li Boning's innocent voice, like a series of thunder, echoed in the golden hall for a long time... The secretaries of the provincial party committee who participated in the meeting were silent. They were all shocked by the situation reflected by Li Boning's first-hand materials.Tian Jiyun and other central leaders learned that Li Boning had a speech at the meeting, and they also came to listen. Li Boning was rough in doing other things, but he made full and meticulous preparations for this meeting. In order to be convincing, he specially made a video tape shot from the Three Gorges Reservoir area in advance, called "The Three Gorges Is Calling", It was shown to the representatives, and dozens of central leaders were given a copy through various channels.This live recorded tape is the most important harvest of Li Boning's several months of walking in the Three Gorges reservoir area. He recorded and edited it himself, and wrote the lyrics himself. "The Three Gorges is Calling" created a strong shock wave among the central leaders.Comrade Chen Junsheng, who was the State Councilor at the time, said with emotion: "I really don't know if I don't see it. It's so shocking that I can't sleep." Vice President Wang Zhen immediately asked his secretary to tell Li Boning: "I am an enthusiastic supporter of "The Three Gorges Is Calling." "After watching "The Three Gorges Are Calling", I can't sleep!" The old general was full of emotions in his letter to Deng Xiaoping, Hu Yaobang and other leaders. Li Boning's cry of "The Three Gorges is calling" really made China's top leaders feel that the failure of the Three Gorges Project is far from an engineering problem, a technical problem, or a financial problem. It is related to the survival and development of tens of millions of people. fundamental problem. Since the central government and Deng Xiaoping deliberately increased the enthusiasm for the launch of the Three Gorges Project, the controversy surrounding whether the Three Gorges project will be completed or not has also been heated up. At this time, Li Boning is the most anxious person.He is by no means worried that his position as the governor of the "Three Gorges Province" will be ruined, but he is anxious that the great project that can take off the country's economy and lift the people of the Three Gorges area out of poverty will be ruined. Li Boning's thoughts, together with his own political future, were bet on the people in the Three Gorges Reservoir area and on the immigrants from the Three Gorges. "Yes, I became the leader of the preparatory team of the Three Gorges Province because of the immigrants from the Three Gorges. Since this is to shoulder the heavy responsibility for the immigrants of the Three Gorges, I don't think about the immigrants. What else should I do?" Today, more than ten years later , Li Boning still said so. In 1985, when there was still no sign of the Three Gorges Project, our "Governor of the Three Gorges Province" was working hard.He expressed his feelings at that time in one of his poems: Dreaming about the Three Gorges, derogatory and exaggerated. Fortunately, I am not short-sighted in ancient times, and I will dedicate the afterglow to China. Happy to look forward to the emergence of three buckets of rainbows, and wish to be a small grass and green sun. The early policy of the relevant departments for the Three Gorges resettlement was to "relieve on the spot and resettle nearby".As mentioned above, the Three Gorges Reservoir area is mostly in the hilly area of ​​the Xiajiang River. The immigrants originally lived in some good places along the river. The land is relatively fertile, suitable for planting, and it is easy to solve basic livelihood problems.After the Three Gorges Dam was impounded, all the places where the people lived were flooded. The concept of leaning back is that the people below the submerged line of the reservoir lean on the high mountains behind.It just so happens that the mountains and land in the back are undeveloped, and it's hard to say whether it can be developed or not.Therefore, the first problem brought about by "relying on the spot and resettling on the spot" is whether those places are suitable for the immigrants to live. The famous "Li Boning Project" was born under such circumstances and problems. "Stay back on the spot, where to lean? Naturally, it is necessary to rely on places where there are land and fruit trees! Where there is no land and no fruit trees, the immigrants will starve! That would be out of the question. Land resettlement'!" In 1986, Li Boning came to Lijiapo in Zigui, Hubei.Here, on behalf of the country, he invested 140,000 yuan in the village as a pilot project for the development of immigrants.Local farmers carried stones from a few kilometers away to build ridges, and then transported soil from further away to fill the nests. They even used sweat beads to transform 159 mu of horizontal terraced fields on the wasteland.Farmers later planted citrus trees in these terraces.The farmers were very happy: relying on the support of the state, they invested only 1636 yuan per mu, and all the capital was recovered in the second and third years. After that, the annual income of citrus per mu was several thousand yuan or even exceeded ten thousand yuan. "What does Li Jiapo's experience show? It shows that today's Three Gorges immigrants can't just rely on some compensation from the state. Only development-oriented immigration is the way out, which can solve the long-standing problem of immigrants not being able to settle down in the past! We Be sure to add a few more words after the words "relieve on the spot, resettle on the spot": "immigration for development", this is the principle direction of our Three Gorges immigration!" Li Boning highly affirmed Li Jiapo's successful experience, and quickly Promote it to other regions at the resettlement work conference in the reservoir area. Since then, Li Jiapo has become famous in the Three Gorges reservoir area.The successful experience of the Three Gorges immigration pilot village, like a spark, ignited the Three Gorges development resettlement prairie fire.State leaders such as Li Peng and Zhu Rongji visited Lijiapo many times, and the "Li Boning Project" spread like this. Don't underestimate the five words "developmental immigration". The positive meaning it contains is by no means comprehensible to those of us who are not engaged in immigration work. The whole meaning of it is: not only to "move", but also to "settle", so that immigrants can move out, live in peace, and gradually become rich.What a practical activity with the characteristics of the times! new beach.A small town on the north bank of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River, this place name is not easy to find on county-level maps, but it has a high reputation in the Three Gorges area of ​​the Yangtze River, and almost everyone knows it.The reputation of New Beach is related to its dangerous location.It is located in the famous Bingshu Baojian Gorge, 15 kilometers away from the old county town of Zigui, 70 kilometers away from the built Gezhou Dam and 26 kilometers away from the dam site of the Three Gorges Project under construction.It is the most daunting section of the Wanli Yangtze River, and it is also the dangerous shoal at the throat of the Chuanjiang Channel.On the south bank facing each other is the golden-colored Jianzi Cliff, and on the north bank is a cliff, standing tall by the river, with three beaches facing each other, strangling the Chuanjiang River.As early as "Guizhou Zhi" said: "The beaches of Chu and Shu are the first to risk new beaches." According to the locals, although Xintan is located in such a dangerous area of ​​the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River, it is so dangerous that even apes dare not cry, but it has always been a relatively rich and prosperous place on the Xiajiang River.Why?Because of its danger, passing ships generally dare not advance rashly, so they stop at the river bank.Over time, there are shops and inns here.The locals take advantage of the dangerous shoals and eat them. Because they are familiar with the dangers of the sword gorge in the book of war, the ship owners in the past all hired the locals to guide them, and their income was naturally abundant.People in Xintan live on the beach, but they are also punished by another kind of disaster, which is the risk of landslides.According to geological investigations, the entire section of Xintan is a gigantic fractured landslide rock formation, which may collapse at any time.In the 21st year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1542 A.D.), a landslide disaster struck. "There were very few people and animals left" in Xintan Town. Even the river in this area was cut off for 82 days. This is the most shameful record in the history of Dajiang. .Xintan Xintan, because almost a hundred years will come a complete demise and reconstruction, this dangerous beach is always pushing out the "old" and "new". The danger of Xintan has been valued by all dynasties since ancient times.After the founding of New China, the dangerous situation in Xintan was presented to the desk of Chairman Mao and Premier Zhou several times. In 1985, just a few days after Li Boning inspected the Three Gorges, Xintan came to a "grand" "welcome": On June 8, people in Xintan suddenly felt the ground under their feet "twist".No, the disaster god is coming again!Xintan people are extremely nervous.The local government immediately mobilized the people to evacuate, and the order of the provincial government was broadcast to every corner of the town by radio, but the people refused to leave. "I have lived 68 years and never left this house. This house was passed down from my ancestors. I will not leave!" Yang Qizhong, an old man, hugged the threshold and refused to leave. After Li Boning learned of this, he ordered the troops: "Pass my order: All those who refuse to evacuate, no matter who they are, will be dragged out by me!" The army and the police quickly mobilized, and finally dragged and dragged all the people who refused to leave forcibly into the car. The old man Yang Qizhong and the others left Xintan crying. After all 1,371 people in the town evacuated, 5 minutes later, that is, at 4:15 a.m. on June 10, 60,000 to 70,000 square meters of rock and soil poured down from the top of the mountain, which opened the prelude to another cut-off of the Yangtze River that shocked the world. . The mountain is sliding, the houses are crashing, and the entire Xintan Town has reached a speed that can be seen with the naked eye, sliding towards the surging Yangtze River hundreds of meters below... At 3:35 am on June 12, a huge landslide consisting of more than 20 million square meters of earth and rocks began.The eerie muffled thunder continued to sound, and the strong magnetic field generated by the sliding mountain made the electric lights of residents' homes several kilometers away become as dim as kerosene lamps.Huge boulders poured into the river, causing huge waves up to 80 meters high on the river surface, like white dragons jumping into the sky... The lower reaches of the Three Gorges suddenly bottomed out, and the upper reaches of the Three Gorges piled up against waves like a tsunami, traveling 4 kilometers backwards!The motor boats, wooden boats, and fishing boats sailing along the river were involved in the bottom of the river one after another. Although the people of Xintan escaped the attack of the disaster with the efforts of the government and scientific and technical personnel, the Three Gorges was suspended for 90 days, causing direct economic losses of 130 million yuan to the country, and later costing more than 80 million yuan to build the waterway Governance fee. After the catastrophe, Li Boning came to Xintan, and the people rushed to him like cheering "savior": "Minister Li, if you hadn't given the order to die, if you hadn't sent someone to drag us away, we would have died long ago. He was buried at the bottom of the great river..." Li Boning nodded and responded, "I have to do it too! Your lives are more important than anything else!" In this catastrophe, the Xintan Township was devastated, and the houses of 290 of the 304 households in Changjiang Village were pushed into the river, and they all became refugees overnight.However, the villagers in Changjiang Village were lucky, because just after the disaster, Li Boning from the "Three Gorges Province" sent them the timely rain of "development immigrants". The "refugees" in Changjiang Village became immigrants from the Three Gorges in advance.A pilot project of "relying on the spot" development immigration was carried out in full swing on the ruins of their destroyed homes.Because they are building their homes on a new landslide, and because they have just lost their homes, the villagers of Changjiang Village have invested unprecedented energy, enthusiasm, wisdom and skills.But how easy is it to build a field on a rock mass where you can't even find the rocks?People in Changjiang Village first use carts or tractors to transport the soil to the edge of the landslide, and then use people to carry it up the mountain by shoulders, and then fill it into the pit pinch by pinch.Day after day, month after month, year after year... It took the people of Changjiang Village 5 years to build more than 600 acres of terraced fields on the ruins.When the villagers of Changjiang Village harvested the golden oranges growing on these rock masses for the first time, news came from Beijing that the Three Gorges Project was about to start.They cheered and sighed at the same time: Once the Three Gorges Reservoir is built, it means that the new land created by the people of Changjiang Village with five years of painstaking efforts will be submerged by the river again.They have to pick up the poles and dustpans again to build a new home.As a result, the people of Changjiang Village silently added four words after the original slogan of "Treating landslides, maintaining water and soil, and rebuilding homes": "Resettle immigrants". The people of Changjiang Village are brave people, heroic people, and their spirit is immortal.When I went to the Three Gorges for an interview, I passed by them, and standing on a steamer on the river, I could see the huge slogan, especially the four words "Resettlement of Immigrants" that stood out. I later learned that in the past few years, the people of Changjiang Village have reclaimed more than 400 mu of new land on the new rock mass based on the submerged water level determined by the Three Gorges Project in the same spirit and the same method, filling in the future reservoir submerged land. farmers need to cultivate land. "The spirit of Changjiang Village is real gold!" Li Boning spoke highly of the spirit of Changjiang Village in Xintan Town. Ten years later, Guo Shuyan, the former governor of Hubei Province who succeeded him, and then deputy director and director of the office of the Three Gorges Construction Committee of the State Council, came to Xintan Changjiang Village and saw a piece of land reclaimed by the local people on the formerly bare rock mass. Behind the citrus grove, my heart was surging and I was speechless for a long time. "It's real gold. The people of Changjiang Village created the real gold spirit of the Three Gorges immigrants." Guo Shuyan said this sentence countless times on the way back. After Li Boning took office as the leader of the preparatory team for the "Three Gorges Province", he devoted himself to the pilot work of immigration, and made some outstanding achievements in Lijiapo and Changjiang Village. At the same time, he quickly rolled out "development immigration" in the reservoir area It can be said that the pilot project is in good shape and full of enthusiasm; the colleagues of the "Three Gorges Province" preparatory group headquartered in Yichang seem to have a legitimate role in speaking and doing things.But at this time, Li Boning got a message from Beijing that the "Three Gorges Province" would soon end: the central government was going to revise the original plan to store 150 meters of water in the Three Gorges. Li Boning is a water conservancy expert. He understands that the central government's decision to revise the "150 Plan" will mean a major change in the entire Three Gorges reservoir area.The so-called "150 Plan" means that the future water storage level of the Three Gorges Reservoir area will basically be determined at 150 meters.There has long been controversy as to how many meters high the water in the Three Gorges Reservoir area should be stored. After the "Chengdu Conference" in 1958, the "long-term office" that specifically implemented the development and management of the Yangtze River asked how high the Three Gorges Dam should be built, how large the project scale should be, how big the comprehensive benefits of flood control, power generation, shipping and water supply are, and how many immigrants will be settled. How much, how much should the total investment be, and other key issues have been comprehensively considered, and four plans for water storage of 185 meters, 190 meters, 195 meters and 200 meters have been proposed to the central government, and they have indicated that they prefer the 200-meter plan. "How many immigrants need to be relocated for 200 meters of water storage?" "About 2 million." "Too many. Such a large number will affect the stability of the entire project and the country." The central government quickly rejected the "200-meter plan". Of course, there is also the problem of project investment, but more consideration is the immigration issue. The "long-term office" had no choice but to withdraw the plan. In 1982, the Twelfth National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held, setting the goal of "quadrupling" the national economy by the end of this century, and the construction of the Three Gorges Project was also under consideration.Considering factors such as national strength and the number of immigrants, the "Changban" was ordered to prepare a report on the Three Gorges Project to the central government according to the "150 plan", that is, to store water for 150 meters. In April 1984, the central government officially approved the "150 Plan", and the elevation of the dam was also determined to be 165 meters. "How can this work? The Three Gorges Project has been going on for decades, but it has nothing to do with us in Chongqing! No! We don't agree! Besides, the '150 plan' is not ideal in terms of water storage and flood control or shipping. We are the largest city in the southwest of Chongqing, but seeing the Three Gorges Reservoir is out of reach, what kind of a thing is this!" Chongqing people began to yell. It’s no wonder that in the 20 to 30 years after liberation, Chongqing has retreated again and again for the future construction of the Three Gorges. Construction cannot focus on investment, and houses must be built above the “200-meter” future reservoir line. Don’t worry about anything. I want to do it smoothly.The majestic "first city" in the Southwest originally wanted to wait for the day when the construction of the Three Gorges began to revive its prestige, but it ended up being nothing after a long time. Naturally, Chongqing people quit! The problem is that the "150 plan" is really not an ideal plan.Since the construction of a dam on the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River has resulted in a poorly constructed dam, those that should prevent floods cannot guarantee a "once in a hundred years", and those that should generate more electricity cannot generate more electricity. The "150 Plan" takes into account the country's affordability, but our country is developing rapidly!The most unacceptable thing is that the backwater end of the Three Gorges Project's "150 Plan" is just placed in the about 180-kilometer river section between Luoqi and Zhongxian below Chongqing. This location is very unfavorable. The Chongqing port is located outside the reservoir area, so that a long section of natural waterway below Chongqing cannot be improved, and it is difficult for the 10,000-ton fleet to reach Chongqing directly.Since more than 80% of the freight volume of the entire Chuanjiang Shipping Pass through Chongqing Port, and less than 20% below Chongqing, this will not only seriously affect the economic construction of Southwest China, but also affect the supply of fuel and raw materials in Central China and East China.Therefore, Chongqing people suggested that the normal water storage of the Three Gorges should be 180 meters, and its investment, submergence, and resettlement will all increase to a certain extent compared with the "150 Plan", but the comprehensive benefits will be large, and it can basically solve the problem of the Sichuan River Shipping, give full play to the comprehensive benefits of the Three Gorges Project, and strengthen the national strength. And basically competent. The central government attaches great importance to Chongqing's opinions. On the one hand, Li Boning was assigned to take on the important task of preparing for the "Three Gorges Province". On the other hand, 108 experts from 14 departments were organized to re-examine the normal water storage of 150, 160, 170, and 180 meters. , and considering various factors, it is finally considered that 170-180 meters is more appropriate. People in Chongqing were very excited when they heard about it.But they were happy a little too early.Just when the central government decided on a plan for normal water storage between 170 and 180 meters, domestic voices opposing the launch of the Three Gorges gained the upper hand. People in Chongqing are very sad. "If it is really determined that the water will be stored at 170-180 meters, the number of immigrants in your Chongqing area will be huge! Your sacrifice will also be much larger! Are you determined to bear this sacrifice? With so many immigrants, your Are you doing a good job?" During the heated debate over whether or not the Three Gorges will be built, some leading comrades from the central government asked the leaders of Chongqing. "We are willing to pay the price for the 170-180-meter water storage plan, and we must do a good job in the resettlement work!" Chongqing city leaders replied firmly. The central leadership nodded in relief. During this period, the expert demonstration, which lasted two years and eight months, basically ended, and the time was February 1989.三峡工程论证领导小组召开了第十次扩大会议，审议并原则通过了根据论证报告重新编写的《长江三峡水利枢纽工程可行性研究报告》。这份《可行性研究报告》对重庆市来说，太具有历史性意义。一是它明确了专家们的结论：三峡工程对四化建设是必要的，技术上是可行的，经济上是合理的，建比不建好，早建比晚建有利。二是关于正常蓄水位定在175米，几乎可以说是完全接受了重庆人的建议。 值得一提的是，专家们在这次的“可行性研究报告”中，特别推荐了三峡工程的建设方案，即日后被中央接纳的如今成为三峡工程建设的总体原则：“一级开发，一次建成，分期蓄水，连续移民”。“一级开发”，即为从三斗坪坝址到重庆市的630公里江段为一级开发，中间不再修建其他水利水电枢纽；“一次建成”，是指三峡水利枢纽建筑物均一次建成，混凝土重力坝一次建到坝顶高程为185米；“分期蓄水”，是指水库蓄水不是一次就蓄足正常水位175米，而是初期蓄到156米，回水末端恰好位于重庆下游的铜锣峡下口，库尾淤泥积沙不致影响重庆港区和嘉陵江口，以便有一个对库尾回水变动区泥沙淤积进行观测和验证的时期；“连续移民”，说的是从准备工作开始，库区移民即分期分批地连续进行，中间不停顿。这项凝聚了党和全国人民心血的新方案是一个更加有利于千秋大计的英明决策。 1992年4月3日，七届全国人大五次会议通过《关于兴建长江三峡工程的决议》，使重庆直辖市的诞生进入了“十月怀胎”期。 此刻的重庆，真是喜上加喜。刚刚迎接百年开埠的山城人民，都在议论“直辖市”的名分。 重庆人渴望得到这个名分已非一日。作为具有三千多年历史的城府，重庆人有理由在三峡这样一个伟大的工程中显示她的赤诚。尤其是对待移民问题，重庆所具有的特殊魅力非他人可比。如同奔腾不息的长江之水一样，重庆从来就以她宽阔的胸怀，接纳和融合着来自各方的儿女，使漂泊四方的儿女们能在这里安身栖居，繁衍生息，编写历史的动人华章。 几乎可以这样说，重庆的每一页辉煌历史，都与移民联系在一起。远可说到曾为中华民族创下“惊天地、泣鬼神”古文明史的巴人，那时重庆作为巴国之都，是何等的气派！随后的秦人入川，使重庆有了真正意义上的第一次大移民史。周赧王三十五年（公元前280年）秦人灭巴周，本来是一段悲壮的历史。但另一方面由于“秦氏万家”入巴蜀，促进了当时原始社会生产方式的革命。中原文化的渗入，极大推动了落后的巴蜀部落的变革。之后的“湖广填四川”，又使重庆成为中华民族第二次大移民的“中转站”。可以说，没有这一次重庆所作出的特殊贡献，“天府之国”不会来得这么快。“湖广填四川”不仅仅是一次大移民，其时延续几个世纪。康熙六十一年（公元1722年），重庆府人口已有11万户，占四川省的五分之一。重庆在相当长的历史时期充当着“天府之国”的乳母。20世纪30年代，东方人类历史上出现了日本军国主义，他们把善良而贫穷苦难的中国人推到了水深火热之中。重庆再一次挺身而出，成为国难时的中国首都。这一次的“大移民”则使重庆奠定了作为西南最大都市的地位。 重庆注定因为移民而辉煌。20世纪六七十年代的“大三线建设”，后人虽然对它有这样那样的说法，但它对重庆的发展是无可置疑的。 重庆就是这样注定与中华民族历史上每一次值得记载的“大移民”联系在一起。 20世纪与21世纪相接的三峡工程建设，又一次因“大移民”而使重庆进入最辉煌的时期。 直辖市——这不是所有的华夏人可以享受的待遇。 重庆人能不为它激动和欣喜，梦想与渴望？ ! 但中央的态度呢？老领导人邓小平的态度呢？急切等待消息的重庆人明白一件事：重庆要成为直辖市，中央的态度、改革开放总设计师邓小平的态度最关键。重庆人对邓小平的感情也许比谁都深，因为邓小平是重庆解放后的第一任“一把手”（中共西南局第一书记、西南军政委员会主席，办公所在地就在重庆）。“老领导”——重庆人这样称呼邓小平不为过。 是啊，“老领导”的态度对中央和人大决策起着至关重要的作用，这谁都知道。 1992年，重庆人从报纸和电视上看到“老领导”到了南方巡视，并且发表了著名的“南巡讲话”。虽然没有听到中国现代化总设计师提到重庆的事，但重庆人照样兴奋不已，因为邓小平“南巡讲话”的一个中心思想，便是发展是硬道理，中国的改革步伐要迈得更快、更大。 三峡工程系着中国的四个现代化。换句话说，中国的四个现代化需要三峡工程。重庆人的潜台词是：中国现代化既然需要三峡工程，那么三峡工程想上、想上好、想垂名千秋万代，重庆的直辖市问题就必须解决！ Haha, hahaha... 重庆人在朝天门乐得直叫“啥子美哟，这才是美哟”！ 重庆——移民，移民——重庆。重庆要发展，重庆的发展从来就离不开移民，而移民的崛起和发展同时又推动着重庆的发展，这是重庆发展史的一个显著特征。在争论了近一个世纪后的20世纪末，伟大的三峡工程终于在社会主义现代化进程中成为现实时，我们的总设计师邓小平再次把重庆建设的历史机遇告诉了当代人。 一句话，重庆的命运连着移民。重庆的今天和未来与新一次的伟大移民连在一起，那便是百万三峡移民。 在重庆市“直辖”之前，大家都知道“天府之国”的四川省乃中国第一大省，大到其人口最多时达1.119亿，是英国和法国的总和。在西方世界看来这是不可思议的事。中国就这么大，人口就这么多。60亿的全球人口，光中国四川一省就达1亿之巨，这在中外行政区划史上恐怕也是独一无二的。 四川省需要“分解”。然而，习惯了“多子多孙”和“天大地大权力大”等传统理念的历朝历代中国人，能接受这种“分家”吗？四川省的态度起关键作用，有时比中央任何一位领导的意见还重要。因为“分家”和“分权”带来的复杂问题，如果没有主要当事者的配合，一切后果都可能是“掏糨糊”。 时任四川省省委书记谢世杰和省长肖秧同志，为重庆成为“直辖市”立下了不可磨灭的功绩。如果没有这二位当家人的宽阔胸怀，重庆也许到现在还尚未“成家立业”。 这是一封我们党和政府高级领导之间的私人信件，但同时又是一个地方党组织和一级政府向党中央、国务院的一份请示报告。它是重庆成为直辖市的第一份正式的历史文字材料，极其珍贵。由于谢世杰、肖秧两人的推动，加快了重庆成为直辖市的步伐。 重庆人应该向这两位领导人致敬，尤其应该记住积劳成疾而不幸早逝的肖秧同志，他为重庆直辖市的设立，表现出了一个政治家的博大胸怀。 次年9月，党中央、国务院经过缜密考虑，正式决定设立重庆直辖市，除达县地区外，基本按照谢世杰、肖秧的建议，将原四川省的万县市、涪陵市和黔江地区划给重庆，加之重庆原先的11区10县（市），面积8.2万平方公里，人口超过3000万。 一切均为水到渠成之事，只欠国家最高权力机构“通过”的东风了！ 1997年2月19日，中国人民的儿子，中国四个现代化的总设计师邓小平同志因病去世。在这一天，中国国务院做了一件特别巧合的事：把邓小平生前的最后一个心愿——设立重庆直辖市的议案提交到了全国人大常委会。 这个提案其实仅是李鹏总理给全国人大的一封信。 同年3月14日下午，第八届全国人民代表大会第五次会议闭幕式上，《关于设立重庆直辖市的决定》提交代表们表决。The result was: 2,720 representatives attended, 2,403 votes in favor, 148 votes against, 133 abstentions, and 36 people who did not press the voting device. The chairman announced: "Passed!" 人民大会堂顿时爆发出雷鸣般的掌声，特别显眼的是重庆的人大代表们个个从座位上站立了起来，一个个激动得欢呼起来。 人大的表决是下午3点55分，而4时许的重庆市内已经鞭炮齐鸣，市晚霞秧歌队的20名老年秧歌队队员作为第一批欢呼的队伍走上了大街……重庆人民沸腾了！ 这个日子是山城重庆的历史转折。 当市民们纵情欢呼的时候，新重庆市领导们则在接受一个艰巨而光荣的任务：“实际上建立重庆直辖市，是以三峡库区移民为基础的，如果没有这个任务，就没有直辖市的产生，希望你们把移民工作放在很重要的位置上……” 挂牌那天，李鹏代表党中央和国务院神情严肃地再次向首届重庆直辖市领导们一字一句地说着上面这段话。 新重庆诞生了，“三峡省”的筹备工作理所当然地停止了。 未在退休之前“扶正”的李伯宁，在重庆人民欢呼成立直辖市的时候，他老人家已经打道回府退休在家数年了。随着“150方案”不断受到各方的质疑和“175方案”的出台，深明事理的李伯宁懂得，“175方案”是针对重庆建设与发展而考虑的，由重庆市来牵头承担统筹三峡移民工作，这是党中央深谋远虑的战略决策，个人算得了什么。 可是人们尤其是重庆忘不了李伯宁的历史功劳：不说他在重庆直辖市建立之前为移民试点所作的贡献，单单在他离开工作岗位后为三峡上马所付出的心血，我们也不得不折服。李伯宁的秘书至今仍记着“老头子”为了三峡工程“上书”中央的次数：仅1990年和1991年，李伯宁“上书”数量分别为570封和700封，且其中不乏洋洋洒洒的“万言书”。 Before retiring, Li Boning was the director of the Three Gorges Economic Development Office of the State Council. 1993年1月3日，国务院下发了该年度的“一号文件”，决定成立国务院三峡工程建设委员会，这是三峡工程最高领导和决策机构，每一任的国务院总理是该委员会的当然主任，主管工业的副总理和国家建委几位领导出任副主任。接替李伯宁职务的是郭树言，他原是湖北省省长。 这又是一位“老三峡”。郭树言一干就干到今天，他因此成了“三峡移民时代”的风云人物。 真正的百万三峡移民时代是从郭树言手中开始的。这个“世界级难题”让郭树言和他的同事们几乎耗尽了精力和心血。与郭树言一样为移民工作倾尽精力的还有一位重要人物，他叫漆林，是国务院三峡工程建设委员会移民开发局的局长，是百万三峡移民的“最高移民官”。漆林在过去的6年时间内，就像当年指挥千军万马的一员骁将，长年辗转在库区，领导着整个三峡工程的移民工作实施计划，功绩有目共睹。 而我们尊敬的老战士李伯宁仍然没有闲着，他开始著书立说，几年后一部50多万字的《我的水利梦》出版了。 李伯宁在此书的《序言》中这么说：“我自1949年底参加组建水利部起，就与水利结下了不解之缘，成为生死恋。于是无穷无尽地做起水利梦来。这里有美梦，有噩梦；有快乐的梦，有痛苦的梦；有天真的梦，有困惑的梦；有晴空万里、鸟语花香、纵情高歌的梦，也有转而风云突变、乌云滚滚、泰山压顶、喘不过气来的梦；有昂首阔步、风流倜傥、驰骋疆场的梦，也有时而艰难险阻、紧裹着玻璃小鞋、寸步难行的梦。从1954年江淮大水，我被调到中央防洪总指挥部派往武汉市参加防汛起，我就又做起了三峡梦来，而且这个梦一做就是38年，直到1992年4月七届全国人大五次会议才梦幻成真。但接着我又做起了百万三峡移民梦，而这个梦也许会伴我走向另一个世界，但我相信，这个梦是个极其美好的梦……” 是啊，我想所有中国人都与这位尊敬的“老三峡”同怀这样一个梦：百万三峡移民，在中国共产党的领导和指引下，一定能胜利完成。