Chapter 16 Chapter 3 The Magical "Invisible Hand"

At the end of October 1998, more than a dozen writers from the Chinese Writers Association were invited to Yiwu to participate in the 98 China Small Commodities Fair jointly held by the Ministry of Internal Trade and Zhejiang Province.Our three generations of writers, old, middle-aged and young, all came to Yiwu for the first time, and everything was new and pleasantly surprised.Although most of us are literati who have traveled far and wide, have you never seen anything in the world?But we really haven't seen such a big market, and it's in a small county-level city that is obviously far from the open area.Mr. Li Zhun, the author of "Li Shuangshuang" and an old writer who has experienced several revolutionary movements of Chinese peasants, was originally ill, but when he arrived in Yiwu, he visited the market more enthusiastically than us young people.Mr. Li Ying, a famous poet, is very popular in poetry, and the peasant brothers are rushing to heaven... Since I stayed in Yiwu longer than others, I got satisfactory answers to many things that our writers were astonished at that time.For example, on the day of the opening ceremony, a huge street parade was held on the streets of Yiwu. Such a big street event has not been seen in the capital for a long time.At that time, some members of our writers' delegation wondered how much financial and material resources the Yiwu Municipal Government had spent to hold such a grand and lively event.It was only later that I found out that the relevant departments of the Yiwu government spent almost no money on the entire street stamping event and the floats displayed to dozens of square teams of guests from all over the world.

The staff of the organizing committee revealed another interesting information to me: considering the entire event time, the planned appearance of the square team was determined through strict screening and control.But later, when the activity was arranged, the comrades of the organizing committee were very troubled, because the government originally considered that in order to save money, it made a principled regulation on the requirements for participating in the street stepping team, that is, all units and enterprises voluntarily sign up , The practice of self-financing.It doesn't matter as soon as this article is announced, but it makes the staff of the organizing committee who handle the specific affairs confused.In the first few days, hundreds of units and enterprises signed up to participate in the street walk. Later, we imposed certain restrictions, but new problems emerged.For example, a parade of floats, we were afraid that we would not be able to get it up because of the relatively large funds.But in fact, as soon as the news got out, most people wanted to join the float team.Needless to say, influential and powerful units and enterprises, there are so many individuals or families who come forward that we have no time to deal with reception.Everyone said this: As long as I am allowed to participate, the money of tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands is trivial!After hearing the introduction from the comrades of the municipal government, the pen in my hand couldn’t help trembling a little. I thought that the Yiwu people didn’t know what was going on. They were the ones who traded chicken feathers for sugar. They are also the ones who throw down tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands of dollars in the city without blinking an eye.To be honest, I'm a little confused.Later, Zhu Lianfang, Minister of Propaganda, relieved my doubts. He said that what the wealthy Yiwu people want to do most now is to give back to the society. Therefore, everyone is willing to do something that is very face-saving like participating in the Expo.

Yes, the ultimate goal of people pursuing huge material benefits is to live a more free and happy life and a comfortable spiritual state! The great greed and generosity that human beings possess always exist in us at the same time.For the once very poor Chinese peasants, the pursuit of basic survival and wealth has always been the only and ultimate goal. In order to achieve this goal, they have been striving for it for thousands of years, but there has never been a real struggle. Succeeded.Among the 900 million Chinese farmers today, although many of them have obtained a basic and good living environment under the new policy, most of them are still in the non-rich stage.Yiwu people are not the same, they have changed everything in the past, they have transitioned from poverty to well-off, and then from well-to-do to rich... And this is the kingdom that Chinese farmers dream of most.

What kind of kingdom do Chinese farmers dream of?Is there a field?No, they already have them now.Is there something to eat?No, they have too.Is it money to spend?Have a lot of money to spend?Yes, the first stage of wealth is material satisfaction, and material satisfaction is also the most important thing that the Chinese Communist Party promises to do for the people in the primary stage of socialism. In our traditional theories and concepts, it seems that the only way out is to rely on land to realize a prosperous life in the countryside.Of course there is nothing wrong with that in itself.The fault is that we cannot be the same.Yiwu is a place with a lot of people and little land, and its population density is more than four times higher than the national average density.Yiwu people have not only inherited the business tradition of their ancestors, but also adapted to the needs of taking the Chinese-style socialist road under the new historical conditions, creating a new world of farmers' market economy.

Today, Yiwu’s Small Commodity Market has not only been approved by business operators as the No. 1 city in China, but also recognized by Chinese government officials and foreign businessmen as the largest distribution center for small commodities in China and even in Asia.However, in my opinion, although the tangible world of Yiwu market makes us Chinese proud and elated, I value the colorful invisible world created by Yiwu people more. This is what Yiwu people have shown in the process of building a big market. Original experience and unremitting pursuit of spirit.Its existence is far more precious than an indicator or a blueprint.

The intangible assets created by Yiwu people have already begun to produce magic.isn't it?If we take a look at the distance it has drawn from the surrounding areas, and the differences between it and the contemporary Chinese rural areas, we will find many, many issues worth pondering. In 1982, Secretary Xie Gaohua, after listening to the voices of Feng Aiqian and other businessmen, resolutely decided to open up a piece of land on an old street in the county town at that time as a small market, and immediately issued four permits for farmers to do business in the area. The many rattle drummers who held back their energy and wanted to do a few good things turned on the green light.But the development of the situation was so fast that no one expected it. In a short time, the small market on Beimen Street was crowded with people, and it was impossible to drive away when the market was rushing. This aspect also affected the appearance of the city. An important aspect is to limit the market development to a certain extent.Faced with this sudden phenomenon, most people, including many cadres, were at a loss.At that time, people usually regarded business and capitalism together in their minds.Should we let such a tide surge in the sky, or should we stop it in time or just ignore it?

Three attitudes, the latter attitude prevails.However, how can there be a reason for the tide to turn against the tide that has already decided on the dam?At this hesitant moment when the Yiwu market was formally formed, a visionary stood up. He was Xu Zhichang, the predecessor of the Yiwu market management department, who was in charge of Yi Choucheng Industrial and Commercial Office. Xu Zhichang was also considered a celebrity in Yiwu.It was not because he later became one of the founders of Yiwu market management, but because he was stabbed in the back when he was young because he said a few words that were out of date on the way to the countryside with people from his unit. , As a result, he has been a rightist for more than 20 years, and he can't even tell how much he has suffered during this period.When he was in charge of the Choucheng Industrial and Commercial Office, it was only two or three years before he was rehabilitated and restored to public office.At that time, Feng Aiqian and Huang Changgen, who were doing small business in Beimen Street, already had 600 to 700 stalls, but Xu Zhichang and his small market management work in the industrial and commercial office had just started, and they didn't even have a formal house. A farmer's house in the village contains an office, a loudspeaker and two wooden boxes specially used for receiving and handling small merchants.In order to take care of another comrade who handles daily affairs, Xu Zhichang didn't even have a place to put a desk, so he had to go out every day to join businessmen.Such a day really brought many unexpected gains to Xu Zhichang, a business cadre.More than ten years later, Xu Zhichang, who has retired at home, is still very excited when talking about the events of the year: At that time, what I felt and impressed the most was that we in Yiwu had too many people and so little to do. But things are getting more and more prosperous?Moreover, after the county party committee issued the "No. 1 Order", the number of people who came to set up stalls on Beimen Street increased day by day, and finally reached the point where there was no way out.Many small businesses and hawkers are also constantly suggesting to me to expand the market?I see all this in my eyes and keep it in my heart. As a market manager, I certainly believe that I have the responsibility to reflect the aspirations of business people upwards, and combined with my years of research and investigation of Yiwu's economy and society, I have formed an idea in my heart. That is to say, if we in Yiwu want to develop productivity without any natural advantages, we should firmly grasp the enthusiasm of farmers to do business and vigorously develop and expand the commodity market.So I decided to summarize my thoughts and the opinions of businessmen into a report to the county leaders.After someone heard about it, his colleagues from the industrial and commercial office persuaded him, saying that you have only had a few days of comfort when you were rehabilitated, Mr. Xu, so don't forget the lesson of being outspoken!After listening to everyone's words, I also feel conflicted, and I understand the kindness of my colleagues.But what makes me uneasy is the hot hearts of many businessmen.When they heard that I might face double expulsion because of what they said, they all came to me and said: Lao Xu, you write a report for us. If one day you are fired from public office, we will take you to do business together to earn more money You have several times more money now; if you go to jail, we will deliver food to you every day... Xu Zhichang said, ~he has lived most of his life, and no one has given his heart to him like this, so he became more determined. Yiwu is determined to formally establish a commodity trading market. On March 15, 1984, a report entitled "About Proposals to the Yiwu County Committee of the Communist Party of China to Take Strong Measures to Quickly Build a Large-Scale Specialized Small Commodity Market" signed by Xu Zhichang was sent to the county party committee...

More than ten years have passed, and Yiwu is not what it used to be. Xu Zhichang has also changed from a young man in his prime to an old man with gray temples.Now looking at the report he wrote at that time, it seems that there is nothing too clever about it. However, under the circumstances of that period, someone so boldly conceived such a huge market in Yiwu today, which cannot be said. Not to mention it's kind of amazing.Because the content it contains can let us imagine and think.Just like today's businessmen do not forget Secretary Xie Gaohua, Yiwu's current large businessmen are still small. Anyone who has ever set up a stall in Beimen Street will remember that Xu Zhichang gave them a good suggestion that fundamentally changed their fate.

Xu Zhichang's report happened to be transferred to Xie Gaohua, secretary of the county party committee. Since the county party committee issued the "No. After the opening of the small market, the street where it is located is overcrowded, and conflicts between pedestrians and vehicles often occur.For a period of time, the residents really complained about this.What to do, the county party committee and Secretary Xie Gaohua were also thinking about it at the time.Xu Zhichang's suggestion of relocating and expanding the market undoubtedly set the fire on Xie Xihua and the county party committee's decision to set the big goal of Shangxing County.

We are cadres of the Communist Party.What do Communist Party cadres do?In the final analysis, it is to serve the people.What does Xu Zhichang's suggestion illustrate?It shows that some of our thoughts and concepts as cadres can't keep up with the masses.How can this work?This is going to hold back the reform and opening up!At the enlarged meeting of the county party committee, Xie Gaohua stood up from time to time while smoking a cigarette and spoke loudly to the cadres, while the audience was surprisingly quiet.As you all know, this meeting has extraordinary significance: the county party committee wants to make a decision that will affect the future of Yiwu, and takes business and business development as the primary strategic task of completely changing Yiwu's backwardness and poverty and realizing modernization.

We in Yiwu need to develop, but we don't have the geographical advantage of the coastal area, and we can't even find a single overseas Chinese or family member.By what?Yes, the masses of the people have pointed it out to us, that is, we in Yiwu have the housekeeping skill of not being afraid of hardships and constantly making progress with a small amount of money - exchanging chicken feathers for sugar!Don't underestimate this handful of chicken feathers or a button, the knowledge in it is still included in Marx's "Das Kapital".Today we are going to bring out all the housekeeping skills without reservation. Raise your hand and see who has shaken the rattle? As soon as Secretary Xie Gaohua finished his words, the audience suddenly became lively. Hands up!There was another reminder on the stage.As a result, forest-like arms were erected under the stage... Secretary Xie Gaohua on the stage lit another cigarette—his craving for cigarettes kept his mouth burning, especially when he was extremely excited.Well, we don't have to worry about getting rich in Yiwu!Look for yourselves, except for me who is from out of town and a few comrades, you have all shaken rattles and traded chicken feathers for sugar!Okay, Yiwu will definitely succeed in Shangxing County. This is our biggest advantage that no one else can compare with! Secretary Xie, can we let go of doing business from now on?someone asked. you still need to ask?And next year there will be an enlarged meeting of the county party committee, the first agenda I will ask you to talk about... whoever mobilizes the masses to do business is the best, and whoever is the first cadre to be commended!Xie Gaohua replied. So is it okay to open a private factory? Does this still need to be asked?If you don't open a factory, you can't do big things.The bigger the Yiwu people's factory is, the more reliable I will be as the secretary of the county party committee! Hahaha...Xie Gaohua's reply elicited laughter. I would like to ask another question: Can the family members of our cadres also go into business? Can.The family members of cadres are also the masses, and they are also part of the people of Yiwu! Can we as cadres participate in business? This is a sharp and sensitive question.The noisy table suddenly fell silent, and almost all eyes focused on Xie Gaohua's face.Seeing Xie Gaohua pick up a cigarette again, the cadres moved the microphone to his mouth and said loudly: As long as it does not affect work and does not engage in privileges, I think you can use your spare time to do business and do business!Just like when you secretly went out to exchange chicken feathers for sugar! well--!The cadres said that this was the happiest meeting after the Cultural Revolution.And at this meeting, the county party committee made a formal decision on "Construction of Small Commodity Market in Choucheng Town", and instructed the Industrial and Commercial Bureau to build a city in the Taizufan area of ​​the county seat. On December 26, 1983, the first commodity market with a fixed location in Yiwu's history was completed and opened for business.For the first time, Feng Aiqian, Huang Changgen, He Haimei and a group of small businessmen who had been wandering the streets and moved from east to west, wore badges and neat professional attire, standing at their counters like salespersons of state-owned stores Many of them cried with excitement because not only did they have their own fixed business place for the first time, but more importantly, they were called comrades and waiters by customers for the first time like human beings. up.Don't underestimate this change. It not only gives businessmen a simple and beautiful place to operate, but also Feng Aiqian and the others can't fully describe what it offers.That should be a kind of restoration of personality, a kind of necessary dignity, a kind of battlefield where talents can be displayed, or a world leading to the kingdom of freedom.In short, you can use whatever you can compare, because the content that Yiwu people have obtained from the establishment of a formal market is too broad and rich. Making money was important at the time, but not everything.Almost all the famous big households in Yiwu today really made their fortunes during that period. When entering the second-generation market from the humble street stall market on Beimen Street, one day the secretary of the head of Choucheng Town, where the county seat is located, suddenly came to He Haimei and brought her an unexpected news, saying that He Haimei, your work problem has been solved. Yes, the leader arranged for you to work in Yiwu Hotel.If the news had come a few years in advance, He Haimei would have been so excited to kneel down to the secretary comrade to thank him. You think, after a peasant girl with a rural hukou got married and moved to the city, she, He Haimei, had been searching for a job for nearly ten years. How many people, but the most who answered her was a temporary worker.At that time, for He Haimei, being able to have a formal job not only ensured that she and her newborn son had food to eat, but more importantly, it meant that her identity had been completely changed, that is, from a farmer to a city resident!At that time, in the eyes of ordinary farmers, an urban household registration and a formal job were inexhaustible treasures.But what the secretary didn't expect was that He Haimei, whom he received again and again in the past and asked for a job arrangement, shook her head and replied that she now wants to do business and doesn't want any more formal jobs.Think it over?Don't regret it.Think about it early and never regret it.He Haimei has a reason for refusing to accept the good intentions of relevant departments.She said that she saw the construction of the second-generation market, especially when the government and customers began to treat peddlers like her who had been driven around like human beings, and she felt indescribably grateful. And this kind of spiritual strength far exceeds the meaning of making more money and making less money.On the other hand, from the perspective of business conditions, the difference between the road market and the regular market is also huge.In the past, stalls were set up on the side of the road, and their scale and reputation were affected.It is very different after entering the indoor market.Every industrial and commercial household has a fixed booth and a fixed business place. Customers can rest assured when buying from you. If they find any problems, they can find the owner at any time, and they can also seek compensation from the industrial and commercial management department.The business form of stall owners has undergone qualitative changes.During the road market period, one dare not purchase more goods and long-term goods, and the other is to buy goods with cash and trade for cash.After the formal market, the business forms are diverse. When the stall owner purchases goods from the source, if the product sells well, he can eat in large quantities. If the cash flow is tight, the supplier can deliver the goods to you with confidence and wait for the goods to be sold. Check out with them later.And He Haimei told me that the reason why she and a group of other early operators in Yiwu made the announcement was because when these self-employed entrepreneurs entered the small commodity marketing market, most of the sources of goods were unsalable products of state-owned enterprises. , and most of them are sold out and then settled, which makes He Haimei and the others benefit from both sides.Especially when a company with unsalable products learned that Yiwu people had solved a big problem for another company with unsalable products, it took the initiative to ask He Haimei and the others to sell on behalf of them, and even half-gifted and half-sold appeared. At this stage, many people in Yiwu made a lot of money, which also boosted the reputation of Yiwu Small Commodity Market.For a while, commodities that seem to be selling well or not, as long as they go to Yiwu and Yiwu people, they can be sold at a good price, and dead money can be turned into living money.As early as the time when chicken feathers were exchanged for sugar, there were Yiwu people who had traditionally traded in different places. This time, they made full use of their strengths. Some operators did not come out of Yiwu, but just exchanged the hot-selling products in Guangzhou with the slow-moving ones in Shanghai. Hey, Money is too old!Yet this is only the tangible physical world.For the vast number of self-employed people in Yiwu, the income they get from the government's support for the market economy is not only rich money, but also a leap in thinking and progress.Huang Changgen, He Haimei, Pan Maofa, Wu Chengxian and other business activists who were regarded as leading capitalists in the ultra-left era all joined the Communist Party of China at this time. The actions of public welfare undertakings have played an immeasurable influence among the vast number of self-employed people, and laid the foundation for the good atmosphere of the entire Yiwu market.When I came to Yiwu for an on-the-spot interview more than ten years later, although the owner did not specifically introduce the situation to me in this regard, I was deeply impressed by the leading role that these individual advanced elements have maintained so far.When I went to the market to interview He Haimei, Feng Aiqian and others, they were all very busy, but the strange thing was that they were not busy with their own business, but were working exclusively for the market and other operators.What kind of persuasion, what kind of help to contact the transportation, or find the Consumers Association, in short, there is nothing related to your own business? At first, I was very surprised, and asked He Haimei and Feng Ai, why did you put your own business aside and focus on other people?They told me that the market has grown rapidly, with tens of thousands of operators and hundreds of thousands of customers every day, and there are both major matters such as contracts and agreements between sales and trivial matters such as shortfalls, and only rely on industrial and commercial cooperation. The market management department can't handle it, so we activists took over all these things.On the one hand, we are operators ourselves, and we are familiar with and understand the problems between operators or between operators and customers. In addition, we are all veterans of the market, so it is easy for everyone to listen to us when dealing with anything. When I was interviewing He Haimei and Feng Aiqian, two operators happened to come to the marketing office to argue because of a conflict over the placement of goods.With a few words, Feng Aiqian, who was quick and sharp, made the two little bosses who were just like fighting cocks speechless, and walked out the door with their heads bowed.Although I was unable to learn more relevant cases during the short interview, the occasional appearance of Feng Aiqian, He Haimei, and Gong Huichao in the venue of the Yiwu Market Management Committee has aroused my endless thinking: the reason why Yiwu Market can It is different and the reason why it continues to prosper is that it has an extremely important experience that it has fully utilized and relied on a large number of activists such as Feng Aiqian and He Haimei. The hard work spirit and selfless dedication of these entrepreneurs are the shining cornerstone of the Yiwu market. , which supports this colorful socialist market economy edifice. Not long after the establishment of the second-generation market, more than 1,800 originally designed stalls were opened in less than a month. Due to the sharp increase in business personnel, the market management department had to take emergency measures and use all available methods to expand the stalls to There are more than 2,800 people, but the people involved in doing business are still pouring in like a tide.People in Yiwu who experienced this scene at that time can still clearly remember that when the new market opened, everyone was amazed at the largest indoor market in the province at that time, but in a blink of an eye it was crowded and there was no place to stand, let alone merchants who came from afar. If there is no market, it will be a problem for local stall owners to enter and exit.As more and more people are stalking the market, the rental fee of the stalls has increased sharply several times. Some people simply vacate the stalls when they see that the stalls are in high demand, which aggravates the tightness and confusion in the market. In late April 1985, the new generation of county party committee leaders who had taken over from Xie Gaohua worked on the spot. Based on soliciting opinions from industrial and commercial households, they decided to propose a plan to build another market to meet the needs of the market.Then, to the surprise of the decision makers, as soon as the reconstruction plan came out, it caused another reaction. Objectively, this new plan must occupy a certain amount of fertile land, so some people took it to appeal to the province or even He wrote to the central government and said: It is a pity to destroy such a good field and build a market. Can the market alone be enough to eat?A straightforward sentence is: If you do this, you are destroying the land and blind. Don't be confused by some abnormal phenomenon created by these spontaneous and free self-employed, small businessmen and peddlers in front of you!At that time, this kind of opinion was not without social basis, and judging from the mentality of most people, especially the majority of cadres, it questioned whether the market could last and whether it could become the leading industry for the development of social productivity in Yiwu.what to do?There are only two ways: either rebuild or not.Reconstruction is to push the market forward, not to build is to let the market develop so far.The two distinct opinions are concentrated on the county party committee.The secretary of the county party committee at that time was Zhao Zhongguang, and it was up to him to make the decision this time.Secretary Zhao Zhongguang's handling of this matter was both simple and difficult. He called the five sets of team members of the Shangxian Party Committee and followed him to the field inspection. Finally, a collective vote was made to decide on the rebuilding of the market.If you have an opinion, just listen to it and don't change it. Once you decide, go quickly. I will cut the ribbon when it opens before the National Day next year!Secretary Zhao Zhongguang specifically instructed at the end.It was a quick cut, and Yiwu's decision makers have been doing one thing of great merit since Xie Gaohua, that is, to follow the own laws of market development and actively take effective measures to ensure its vigorous development. On September 26, 1986, in just 10 months, a larger wholesale market for small commodities was built in Yiwu. The situation is still beyond imagination.The booming scene at the beginning of the opening made Yiwu people themselves unable to explain what was going on. In short, the market is so good that even the operators are a little confused.Only half a year later, when the spring of 1987 came, Yiwu’s third-generation new market was in a hurry again: not to mention that the business venues were full, the entire Yiwu city had become a big market. Due to the lack of indoor venues, many operators The businessmen and merchants could only get together to buy and sell when they saw an empty space. There was a person who didn’t know how to do any business, so he rented a building next to the train station to provide transit for foreigners to purchase and deliver goods. Come down and earn more than 1 million yuan easily!People in Yiwu are too smart. Some people heard that renting out houses makes a lot of money, so there was an upsurge in building new homesteads in the county. Hey, this craze, even the urban construction cadres who have always had a headache about how to catch up with urban construction, did not think of it. Appeared: the urban construction of Yiwu, which has been carried out for decades but has never changed much, has been filled with buildings overnight, the roads have been rebuilt, and the entire urban area has expanded several times!What is exciting is that the government didn't spend much money, just got a few more sets of plans. The market has brought many unexpected changes to Yiwu. The municipal construction in just a few years has turned a small old town into a modern city in the middle of Zhejiang in an instant. In 1988, Yiwu officially changed from a county to a city.And the process of changing the county into a city, if there is no development of the small commodity market, maybe Yiwu is still a county-level place today. Revolutionary teacher Marx once pointed out in political economy that when capital enters a free economy, its development will often not be shifted by people's subjective wishes.The same is true for the socialist market economy. Once it enters a benign state, its development will exceed our imagination, and it will have a great impact on the entire social form.Shortly after the opening of the third-generation market, the tension of stalls became the primary contradiction in Yiwu market again. At this time, the enthusiasm of foreign merchants for Yiwu market is getting higher and higher. The desire to expand the market is more urgent than fire.It seems that the decision-making process of the third-generation market is short-term behavior again, don't hesitate, let's expand!This time, cadres at several levels agree with the majority of the masses, because few people in Yiwu will make irresponsible remarks on the market due to the benefits of real deals.The collective decision was quickly formed: the 120 mu of land extending eastward across Chouzhou Road behind the third-generation market will be used as the planning area for the fourth-generation market.It was decided in June, and a circular was issued to the whole city in the name of the Municipal Party Committee Office in July. ―Everything is in full swing. Thousands of operators and more than 600,000 Yiwu people are looking forward to the birth of a bigger, more exciting and magnificent Chinese small commodity market.However, an unexpected political storm swept across the land of China from Beijing, and for a while there were dark clouds over the land of China.The Chinese people have fallen into pain and confusion, and what the future holds has become a big topic that everyone looks forward to again.What makes Yiwu people feel the most incomprehensible and uncomfortable is that self-employment is prevalent in the society at this time, which is the root of the turmoil!If the country wants to continue to raise the red flag, it must first eradicate the private economy!and so on.Yiwu people and the Yiwu market are under pressure from all directions and even from above. Although some phenomena are inexplicable, they are said to have eyes in those days. It seems that the individual economy is the soil for the turmoil, and the self-employed are the strong supporters of the turmoil. The small commodity market in Yiwu is the most active, so the political issues there deserve the most attention.In short, people in Yiwu and things in Yiwu should attract enough attention and attention from above! What, you want to expand the market at this time?Isn't this adding fuel to the fire? First clarify the question of whether the self-employment behavior is surnamed capital or surnamed society! Some people dismissed the report submitted by Yiwu with a very political official tone.What is even more chilling to the people of Yiwu: a certain leader who has always been enthusiastic about the Yiwu market and often likes to include the achievements of Yiwu market development in his achievement satchel, dared not take a step in the Yiwu market, as if taking one step would bring him It was as if his black hat had been taken off... It was a moment of great disappointment and expectation for the people of Yiwu, and because of this, the people of Yiwu never forgot Zheng Shangjin, secretary of the Municipal Party Committee at that time, and his group of people.In the face of the stormy waves, Zheng Shangjin and other leaders made decisive and responsible decisions, and people of the two surnames always remember these historical figures who played an important role in the development history of Yiwu.Although I did not have the opportunity to interview Zheng Shangjin, who is now the secretary of the Jinhua Municipal Party Committee, and others, their contributions to Yiwu during the special period are not popular in the hearts of Yiwu people. At that time, Zhu Lianfang, director of the Propaganda Department of the Municipal Party Committee who participated in the "Report on the Expansion of Yiwu Small Commodity Market", introduced to me that at that time, the whole Yiwu market was fluctuating. , which led to the question of whether it is right or not for Yiwu to run a small commodity market, and these questions were suddenly placed in front of us Yiwu policymakers and the general public when the voices above were temporarily unclear due to the turmoil. There are many things in China that can wait for the resolution to be done, but we are running a market. At that time, the Yiwu market was already famous all over the country. If the huge market is not in operation for a day, it will affect the interests of tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of operators. If there is no business, the market we have worked hard and created for several years may collapse at once. So at that time, our city leaders were anxious, market managers were anxious, and self-employed people were even more anxious. What should we do?At that time, every step may be a political risk.It is gratifying for the people of Yiwu that the leaders of the Yiwu Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government at that time quickly made the correct decision, that is, they unswervingly affirmed that the individual economy is an important part of the socialist economy, and that self-employed workers are socialist laborers. Do justice!There was nothing wrong with the black market yesterday, and there is nothing wrong with expanding it today.To this end, we have done a lot of arduous and effective work to stabilize people's hearts, such as broadcasting the opinions of the municipal party committee and government every day, and propagating them to the operators from time to time, dispatching administrative cadres to go deep into the market to do patient and meticulous work for the masses. Explain and publicize the work.At the same time, it specially cooperates with the propaganda of the feature film "Independent Kingdom" inserted by CCTV to reflect the Yiwu market, so that all business operators in Yiwu can understand that the road taken by Yiwu has not deviated from the direction of socialism, not only has it not, but it is even more It is completely correct to walk on the road of socialism.It is glorious to engage in the individual economy, and participating in the market is to do better things for socialism.With a clear understanding, confidence will be firm, and our market will be better and better... On October 5, 1990, Shen Zulun, then governor of Zhejiang Province, swiped a pen: the expansion of Yiwu Market is indeed necessary.So after experiencing an unprecedented political turmoil, Yiwu people are more determined to run a market and a big market. This time they are completely aiming at the first goal in the country. Therefore, the design of the fourth-generation small commodity market will make people feel excited. People are very excited: Yiwu will build the country's largest indoor commodity trading market with a total area of ​​more than 50,000 square meters! It took one year and 10 months for the fourth-generation market to go from the proposal to the start of construction to the official operation. This decisive battle is very unforgettable for Yiwu people. The entire transition of the color of knowledge and skills has also completed the fundamental understanding of what is capital and what is the nature of business.A few years later, at the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, our party formally came up with the theory of a socialist market economy. At the second session of the Ninth National People's Congress in early 1999, Deng Xiaoping's theory, together with the individual and private economy, was put forward as a socialist market economy. The economic components are written into the constitution together.In fact, for Yiwu people, their practice and application of Deng Xiaoping's theory of building socialism with Chinese characteristics and the practice of developing a market economy to promote social progress have already begun and succeeded.While Yiwu people follow the laws of the market economy, the market economy is really like an invisible hand, helping and promoting the healthy development of the entire Yiwu market. In 1992, it was possible to write down a lot in the history of Yiwu: Among the top ten markets in the country confirmed by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, Yiwu Market was rated as the top of the list, and for this reason, it was approved by the state to change the name of Yiwu Small Commodities Market to China Small Commodities After that, Yiwu's small commodity market ranked first in the country for seven consecutive times, that is, it is the leader of tens of thousands of commercial markets every year. , achieved the first over half.Don’t underestimate this half, its significance is an extremely important practical basis for the Chinese Communists and the entire Chinese people to understand the theory of the primary stage of socialism, and of course for the Yiwu people themselves: it is no longer necessary to engage in the market. It is a sideline business that is simply managed or ignored. It is a big industry that realizes the dominance of local economic and social development!Must catch!You must catch it! I once discussed this topic with an economist: In China, there are no fewer than tens of thousands of commodity wholesale markets similar to Yiwu. Why is the unique Yiwu market developing so rapidly and healthily?This economist used many theories of political economy, trying to demonstrate to me the successful experience of Yiwu's market.But his economic theories from Adam Mies failed to convince me, because the market laws in a general sense have been used by others, but many markets in China have run from time to time or failed at all. But Yiwu has never failed, and has been developing unexpectedly smoothly. Which invisible hand is at work?Doing magic? This is what I and many others are trying to figure out. This is the charm of Yiwu Superman. I once heard a folklore: When a Guangzhou businessman met a Yiwu native in the mid-1980s, the Guangzhou businessman had assets of more than 300,000 yuan, which was definitely a fortune at that time.At that time, the Yiwu native had just thrown away the rattle and went out to Guangzhou for the first time, wanting to approve some small commodities and go home to earn money for the New Year.He only had 500 yuan on him, which was only enough to approve some of the cheapest stationery and small commodities.The boss in Guangzhou said you want the goods, right?You want to be cheaper, right?Okay, how about you just invite me into Hall 01 to have fun?People in Yiwu thought that the people in the city just love to have fun, so just go there.It doesn't matter if you go in, the Yiwu man almost died when he finally checked out: it cost him 400 yuan!How do you buy this?The Guangzhou man probably saw the other party's predicament, and said, don't worry, brother, I think you are quite righteous, you don't have to pay for the purchase for the time being, and you can leave your ID card to pay next time, but there is a condition: you must pay at half time. You have to send the money within a month.I already have enough friends, so what else can Yiwu people say?OK, just settle it.The Yiwu man ran to the train station carrying the goods, but he only had about 20 yuan left in his pocket, and he couldn't even buy a train ticket.What can I do?The Yiwu man was so anxious that he was sweating all over his body. He thought about going back and borrowing some money from the boss in Guangzhou to buy a return ticket, but he felt that he was too embarrassing. He couldn't tell if people thought you were deliberately blackmailing or something.Think left and right to no avail.When he was extremely embarrassed, he saw a small shop nearby selling bamboo poles. Yiwu people have special feelings for bamboo poles, so the Yiwu man immediately went over and bought a pair of bamboo poles with all the money he had. and packed all the wholesale goods in the dan, then stepped forward to be a special peddler again.From Guangzhou to Yiwu for more than 1,000 kilometers, the Yiwu people swayed the rattle all the way, selling goods while traveling home, and it took 12 days to rush back to Yiwu.On the sixteenth day, just as the boss in Guangzhou was cursing in his heart that he could not be a good person, the Yiwu man suddenly appeared in front of him, and presented the money he had prepared, and said, "Brother, I am really sorry. I was delayed for a day because of the rush.After the Guangzhou people listened to what the Yiwu people said from the beginning to the end, Lao Guang was so moved that he called the Yiwu people the best business in the world!The No. 1 merchant in the world is from Yiwu!Five years later, the Yiwu man was already a multi-millionaire, while the Guangzhou man was honestly working in Yiwu, earning only 2,000 yuan a month for living expenses.Someone asked him strangely why he gave up his business and came to Yiwu to work for others?What do you think the Guangzhou people say?He said this: Since there are Yiwu people doing business in the world, why should there be other people doing business?I can't verify the authenticity of this folklore, but one thing can be learned from it, that is, the prosperity and prosperity of the Yiwu market is inseparable from the unique way of doing business of the Yiwu people. . People in Yiwu, from children to old people, can say the following words: they have traveled through thousands of mountains and rivers, tried every means, talked thousands of words, and endured untold hardships.The four thousand spirits are the business magic weapon handed down by Yiwu people from their ancestors. It originated from the life of shaking rattle drums in which chicken feathers were exchanged for sugar. It can be said to be the spiritual essence of Yiwu people's successful business. Like many people who came to Yiwu for the first time, I couldn’t understand why China’s largest commodity trading market is neither in Beijing, nor in big cities such as Shanghai and Guangzhou, but in a poor and remote city like Yiwu. ?Now I understand that this is because Deng Xiaoping’s theory of taking the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics is well practiced here, and secondly, it is determined by the unique way of doing business of Yiwu people. A second place can compete with it.This is because there is not much time for a market economy like China to start, especially in a country where our commodity information and distribution channels are very imperfect, especially for a long time we have implemented a planned economy where the state-owned economy occupies a dominant position. The means of life and production depend on the supply of a single channel, and the horizontal circulation channels are almost zero.Under the specific mechanism of this situation, when we start the express train of the market economy, we will find that its unsound and unsmooth track often seriously hinders our progress.At this moment, Yiwu people give full play to their unique advantages, which is the channel for information and commodity circulation that they step on with their feet.The original Yiwu market is basically still an extension of chicken feathers for sugar.But never underestimate this kind of extension. It is this kind of extension function like ants carrying bones that makes Yiwu release huge energy like atomic energy when it is allowed by the policy to expand the market. resulting fission.When tens of thousands of rattle drummers began to use peddlers to carry back the goods produced and left over from various places, like ants carrying bones; later, when the peddler's load could no longer meet the increasing demand, they went to Using methods such as truck pulling, ship loading, and even plane entrustment, those goods in short supply all over the country were moved back to their hometown like ants... At this moment, their hometown Yiwu has become thousands of people. The gathering place of the goods, these goods are some daily necessities that are in short supply for the common people. Of course, some people will buy them soon, and some people will approve them!Once you are lucky, once I sell it, and he makes another wholesale, the circulation of goods will go faster and faster, making thousands of runners outside - at this time, the identity of the rattle drummer has become a buyer, but due to their nature They have not changed, are willing to endure hardships, and are willing to make small profits, so they are never afraid of others robbing their business or competing with them. On the contrary, they are very willing to develop their stronger business skills in this fierce competition.In the 1980s, the transportation industry in our country was far from meeting the needs of the circulation of goods. In many places, there were no cars, or there were only one or two buses.A man from Yiwu told me that when he went out to purchase goods, he couldn’t even find a place to stand, not to mention that he didn’t have a seat. Week sleeper one is to lie down and get under the seat.Can anyone imagine what kind of life experience it would be like not being able to raise your head, straighten your waist, or even pee?I don't know if this is also the manned Guinness World Records.In fact, the big market that Yiwu people present in front of Chinese people today is to a large extent due to the similar hard-working spirit of countless people in the early days, who built it up bit by bit like ants carrying bones. Small commodities from all over the country miraculously flowed to Yiwu in this way. At the same time, this huge migration process sent out a message: Yiwu has all kinds of goods that you want but are not available in other places or the price is not as cheap as Yiwu.So countless businessmen came to Yiwu, and they happily moved away the goods and commodities they wanted.而在这同时，义乌人再一次发现了什么东西是别人最喜欢的，什么东西是最能赚钱的，于是又形成了新一轮的采购，蚂蚁搬家式的采购再一次从各地运回义乌。这过程时，聪明一些的人就采取不来回跑了，而是常驻某一地，专门通过调拨来及时运回义乌方面所需要的商品；再有髙明者在为向义乌运回货物时，又从义乌市场运送常驻地的紧缺品，如此坐地一方，来回赚钱，不亦乐乎。更有高明者，他完全靠义乌市场上或者是从其他渠道获得的信息，根本不经义乌市场，直接从有货的某地调拨至缺货的某地，如此天马行空，嫌的钱便更多了！But no matter what form, the source is always in Yiwu, because they are Yiwu people who control the entire market and circulation process.千万别小看了义乌人这一进一出的运作过程，它对市场形成和促进中国产业发展起的作用非同小可。 有个叫楼香云的服装贩商，最初在上海进了一批丝织方巾，很好销，后来她听说这是嘉兴产的，就拿了方巾直奔嘉兴，到那儿一打听才知这是个距嘉兴市还有20里路的王江泾地方生产的。楼香云一看此地，交通异常不便，当地农村劳动力大量剩余，但生产丝织产品却工艺精湛，于是说以后你们的产品我全部包了。原本一直为产品销售犯愁的王江泾人听了这话就像见了财神爷，尸是一口答应。从此楼香云每天往这儿跑一趟，几年过去，王江泾在楼香云的一次次奔跑中盖起了一排排楼房，农民们今天都过上了小康生活。As for Lou Xiangyun, needless to say, her pockets were already swollen.像这样的事太多，目前义乌人在外跑生意的约有五六万人，与楼番云一样跑富了自己又带富了一片的比比皆是。 义乌人在历经上面这阶段后，慢慢发现，要使市场不断地有竞争能力，赚更多的钱，以往的那种来回运拨式的生意其成本仍高，而且商品的式样受原有式样的限制。义乌人便动起了脑子：为啥不能自己动手丰产？Do it!这一干不要紧，心灵手巧的义乌人儿乎把各地出现的紧俏商品和尚不被人认识却必大有市场的商品全部给制作出来了，比如有人在广东出现了呼啦圈，三天之后，义乌市场上就能成车成车地批发走，哪来的货？Yiwu people made it themselves! 那一年开始流行女式长丝袜，义乌人在三天之内生产出的长丝袜比广州百货商场里销售的还要花色品种多，当然价格低了近一半，袜商们兴奋得夜不能眠，源源不断地从义乌批发，一直批发到今天，而今天义乌的袜子生产量已经是全国的绝对第一，占全国总生产量的三成之上。Socks are one of the tens of thousands of commodities in the Yiwu market, and almost every commodity can form one of their competitive industries for Yiwu people.这里面的奥妙其实不算太复杂，用他们的术语叫做前店后厂的结果。所谓前店后厂或叫前摊后厂，就是经营者在市场里开个店租个摊，店里摊上卖的什么货，其生产出处就在他的店后或摊后的工厂。别小看了这种前店后厂的生产经营方式，它也许是中国农民市场经济的一大特色，就像曾经统帅过中国工业生产半壁江山的乡镇企业一样，它正在或者有可能再度成为中国国民生产的半壁江山。在义乌我最初感受到的就是这儿的百姓的房子特别的大，每家每户基本都是一栋四五层的大楼，而义乌城区到义乌下面的城镇，大部分街景都是由百姓自己动手建的楼宇组成。At first, I didn't understand why Yiwu people built such a big building?Isn't the big house for three or four people living in empty?后来我一进这些农户，才方知义乌人的家居跟其他地方都不一样，他们一般把一层开设为商店或铺位，直接售货，二楼三楼是厂房，只有最高一层的小部分才是主人的生活用房。目前义乌的四个大市场上，共有六万多摊主，其中很大一部分都是前店后厂。因此进义乌市场批发货物，你千万别小看了他只有小小一两平米面积的摊主，说不定站在你面前的就是位亿万资产的大老板。 This happened to me more than once.有一回我到市场来风，见摊主是位卖服装的。看了她不足三米的摊位上放了好几种品牌的衬衣，我问她这多品牌的衬衣都是从哪儿批发来的？The hostess smiled and said it was all her own.I thought to myself, maybe this is the kind of speculator who makes a large number of fake trademarks with various names, and then pastes them on other people's products to pretend to be their own products.女主人听说我是专门来写义乌市场的，又见我如此不信任她的话，便非要带我到她家瞧个实地，否则你大作家凭自己想象—写，我们义乌人的脸面不就全没了吗？哈，女主人很有义乌意识。So I followed her to her house, which surprised me: It turned out that the female boss's house had two five-story buildings, and there were more than 600 workers employed alone.走进她家的厂子车间，我看到的已经不是我想象中的那种家庭作坊式的生产模式，而是一色的日本进口的现代化织衣机。她家的产品陈列室里，总共有六个品牌的衬衣，其中有三个是获得全国或省级专业机构颁发的优质证书。真是不见不知道，一见方知义乌人之厉害。 We know that no matter what kind of market economy, supply and demand, price and competition are its basic elements, and the process of interconnection and mutual influence between the three is the process of market mechanism.即：市场供求关系的变化引起市场价格的变动，价格变动反过来影响供求关系的变化，无论是价格变动还是供求关系变化，都会导致利益格局的改变，进而引发市场竞争；竞争的结果又反过来影响供求和价格3市场机制的如此动作，一方面激发商品生产者和经营的进取精神，不断想方设法提高技术，降低成本，改善经营，从而推动整个市场及社会的发展。而这促进生产力提高和社会发展的整个动作过程，便是我们所说的那只无形之手——即市场经济的规律。 义乌人从八十年代初始，仅用了十年时间，由最初的鸡毛换糖的经营方式，争取到了自我生存的机会，发展到建立起一个庞大的商品流通市场，垄断了全国小商品生产和流通及交易行业，使十二亿人的日常生活用品市场的价格，随义乌市场的变化而变化，把自己从一个连吃饭问题都难以解决的贫困小县，建设成中国百强县市，人民安居乐业，家家富裕小康。这一切正是他们恰到好处地将传统的鸡毛换糖精神与市场经济的那只无形之手联在了一起，并使之发挥出了最佳的魔力。考察一个市场是否成功还是失败，最好的时机并不是在全社会或者说整个大市场都欣欣向荣之时，而应该是像这一两年中我们普遍都受到亚洲金融危机等影响下，各种市场不太景气时，方能看出谁英雄谁好汉来。当这两年国内大小市场都在大叫跳楼时，我们再看看义乌市场那依旧风风火火、热热闹闹时，你才意识到义乌确实值得让我们思考这样一个问题，即建设中国式的社会主义道路，或者说建立有中国特色的社会主义市场经济，绝不是一句空话，也不是乌托邦，它是完全可以实现的。Yiwu is such a model. 我一直想弄明白为什么中国最大的小商品市场、最活跃的商业流通市场、最繁荣的日常品生产基地，不是在别的什么地方，而偏偏在浙中那个不起眼的义乌？我也一直想弄明白像上海、广州、苏州、常州这些一向统领中国轻工产品的著名生产企业的产品，为什么十分愿意舍近求远，跑到义乌来抢占市场？We may even find that the prices of famous brand products produced in these places are cheaper in Yiwu market than their local or own ex-factory prices?And it is very interesting that the bosses of established or famous brand enterprises in these places often take the market share they seized in Yiwu as their proud capital!俗话说，外行看热闹。内行看门道。 在1998年那个金秋日子召开的中国小商品博览会上，来自中外几千个商家抢占同…市场的热闹场面我是看到了，但这并不满足我这个外行想研究一下吸引这么多商家到义乌来的门道。深人之后，我恍然大悟：义乌人运用市场经济那只无形之手可谓到了称绝的境地。我们已知市场经济的三大要素，其中能吸引商家的最重要的无非是价格。In the Yiwu market, the power of price is the most important factor for the survival of all commodities, and it is also the key to the success or failure of every operator and merchant.通常一种同类同质的商品，在义乌市场一般都要比其他市场便宜三成以上，有的甚至便宜一半。这三成以上的差额便是商家的利润和义乌市场可以同别的任何市场赖以决战的本钱。So why can Yiwu do it freely and easily, but it is difficult for others?除了上面已经说到的义乌人敢吃苦、会利用前店后厂的办法外，还就是义乌人头脑里从来就树立着不求嫌足钱而只求能赚或少赚钱的经营思想。听起来似乎有些不可思议，做生意人不想赚大生意，不想多赚钱？ 然而你慢听我言完你就明白了义乌人为啥要这样做。首先，义乌人淸楚只要自己的某一种商品出手时利润一大，马上就会在一夜之间有十家百家地跟着你来做同一生意，那么你昨天赚大钱的生意到了今天、明天可能就连老本都赔了进去，三三得九的赚钱，再来个二五得十赔钱，结果你是赚了还是赔了？Yiwu people can calculate this account better than anyone else.除非在自己有足够的实力情况下，我做某一产品的独家代理或独家生产者，那我就可以足足地嫌它个天昏地黑。其实现在义乌市场上早已有这样干独家代理和独家生产与销售的主广，他们理当是市场上的老大。其二是，义乌人把赚钱的最大渠道放在批发上，量是义乌经营者追求的最大目标，在他们看来，与其抬出某一高价引来千百户商家跟着自己竞争而一下枯了赚钱的大江，远不如开拓十条、一百条价格上有绝对竞争优势的涓涓小溪要好和实惠得多。义乌人有个竞争法则：同…类商品，你有一元赚，我绝不赚过九毛九；你把赚一元为目标，我不把赚五分钱视为吃亏。你卖一分钱不赔不赚，我五厘卖出去眼睛不多一眨。What's the point?They themselves say that this is the real secret of making money: quick moves and quick moves are fundamental.到义乌市场亲自转一转，亲眼看一看，你会发现，同一个商品，在同一个市场内会有几种甚至儿十种价格，就连你在同一个摊主那儿，此一时与彼一时买的货，会有完全不同甚至上下差异极大的价码。You don't need to stare at it, because this is the unique mystery of Yiwu Market.如此强大而又不可抗拒的价格竞争所出现的后果是，你必须提髙供求的能力。供者，有别人无法求取的远来货；也有近得不费任何费用的后厂直销货，更有名厂名牌的独家货，这些都是在激烈的价格竞争中取胜的某些先决条件和必要因素。If you do this, I will come up with an even better way to surpass you.于是他便不能再重复前者的路子，只能去另辟途径；或靠更新技术，或靠提高素质，或靠引进先进管理机制，总之你得想尽一切可以想出的办法。如此循环往复，螺旋式的前进，市场便在这种循序渐进中发育和健全，立于不敗的境地。The rules of market operation mentioned above are for those who directly participate in the distribution in the mall.而那些外地的著名企业、名牌产品它们在义乌又为什么甘心情愿舍利卖血本呢？When I went to Yiwu for an interview for the first time, it happened that a fellow from Suzhou lived in the same building as me.他告诉我他是苏州某丝绸厂家的，这个厂名与所生产的丝绸产品，我知道是在苏州当地也颇有名气，但我不明白的是为什么我的苏州老乡舍近求远来到义乌，且听说他在这儿的批发价比苏州还低出几块钱。老乡笑了，说表面上看我们来到义乌市场似乎是在做赔本生意，其实天底下哪有专做赔本生意的事吗？所谓的赔本是专门念给那些要买你产品的人听的呀。Think about it, when someone hears that you have brought goods that are cheaper than your own ex-factory price to Yiwu, it’s no wonder that other merchants don’t buy your goods based on this one!Well, this sale of your business will be a success!This is the first step. We are looking at Yiwu, more importantly because it is now the largest market including clothing in the country. It is the distribution center of light industrial and textile products in the whole country. barometer.If we put a foot in here, we will know the market information of the whole country and even overseas.有了这样的信息，便可以指引我们企业的生产销售决策，在今天越来越激烈的市场竞争中，晴雨表掌握好了，就能使我们在市场上的每一次出击都取胜。你说，我们在义乌市场上的局部赔本换来的是什么呢？Is it worthwhile? I laughed.生意人都是狡猾狡猾的。It is said that most of the well-known light industrial product merchants in the Yiwu market now have their general agents and distributors here.我专门探访了上海某著名笔厂的一位总经销，他告诉了我为什么外地那些著名厂家愿意在义乌市场的另一个秘密：他说他是义乌本地人，市场开放的早期，他自己专门跑上海这个笔厂。后来熟了，厂里也看他一次次来提货的数不断往上涨，很高兴，因为上海厂他们自己的销售已经有点走投无路之感，没想到义乌一个个体户帮了他们不少忙，自然很感激。The director of the Shanghai Pen Factory visited the Yiwu market for a few days and found that it was a big sales battlefield that they had never found before.厂长这时跟那个义乌人说，干脆你在义乌当我们的总代理吧，我按低于出厂价给你，你批发给别人多少