Chapter 42 Chapter Twenty-Three

Three months later, on May 27, 1978, an "Investigation Report on the Problems Reported by Comrade Huang Jiqing to the Central Leaders" completed by the Petroleum Group was submitted to Deng Xiaoping and relevant leaders in the name of the State Geological Administration . I checked this document from the archives of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources.The issuer above is not Sun Daguang. In Huang Jiqing's own words, this investigation report from the Petroleum Group criticized certain contents of my letter, that is to say, it was a targeted refutation of Huang's letter to Deng Xiaoping.

After reading it, I feel that, regardless of the leadership of the State Administration of Geology or the people in the Petroleum Group, they were very serious about this matter, but their guiding ideology was at least emotionally opposed to Huang Zhixin to a certain extent.For example, in Huang's letter to Deng, it was mentioned at the beginning that he had written to Vice Chairman Deng to reflect the fact that the geological system had not been able to implement Chairman Mao's "Double Hundred" policy for a long time. Who should wear this big hat? It's hard to feel good on the head, especially in the eyes of the leaders of the General Administration of Geology.Therefore, the investigation report gave a tit-for-tat response to Huang's views on this type of issue, saying that in the petroleum geological work of the geological department, there is a good tradition, which is to respect the academic viewpoints of various schools, promote technical democracy, and advocate a hundred schools of thought to contend. , draw on the strengths of each family, and guide the actual work.Comrades at the grassroots level are called multi-channel exploration, when different routes lead to the same category.In fact, the academic abnormality of the geological system that Huang Jiqing pointed out in his letter to Deng refers to the situation since the Cultural Revolution. This is a fact.

Another example can illustrate some problems. In 1969, when Zhou Enlai met with representatives of the Ministry of Geology, he asked Zhang Zhenguo of the Beijing Institute of Geology, "Which set of things do you teach?" Zhang replied: "It is Huang Jiqing's set." Zhou asked: "Huang Ji Which one is Qing?" Zhang replied, "It's the Soviet Union." Zhou said, "Why don't you teach Comrade Li Siguang that?" Zhou Enlai, like Mao Zedong, valued and respected Li Siguang very much (I I understand what he means by saying that Comrade Li Siguang is a creative (Zhou Yuanhua author's note), as a geological education institution in China, he should study hard and inherit it.Zhou advocated teaching Li Siguang's way here, but he didn't say that Huang Jiqing's way could not be taught, but the people below didn't mean it after hearing it.Afterwards, in the field of geosciences, Huang Jiqing's set was completely denied, and Li Siguang's set was raised.This trend continued until the early 1980s.Due to the influence of the left, after the Cultural Revolution began, Huang Jiqing's set was regarded as the Soviet set.During the Cultural Revolution, criticism of revisionism was at the core, and Huang Jiqing followed the Soviet Union. This was tantamount to announcing his academic and political death sentence.Obviously, this is no longer the so-called academic democracy and contention among a hundred schools of thought.In fact, Huang Jiqing's set is not only his inheritance of traditional geological theories, but also a scientific product of his applying this excellent traditional geological theory to the actual situation of geology in China.As far as I know, his work on China's Major Geological Tectonic Units, which has been regarded as a classic by China and even the international geoscience community for decades, is a prominent example.In this regard, another famous geologist Yin Zanxun had a more objective and fair evaluation.When Yin was in his eighties, he said with emotion: "Every time I think of Huang Jiqing's masterpiece of Western structural geology in 1945, which was integrated with the domestic reality, I can't help but feel ashamed. I feel that he used the treasures for China. , with development and original ideas; I am ashamed that I failed to follow in the footsteps and lacked the original ideas combined with China's reality (see page 126 of Yin's Memoirs Past Events). Any scientific theory is always based on the previous ones. It was only created by development and development. If Huang Jiqing's set was to be crusaded because he inherited the excellent things from foreign countries, and was completely negated as a revisionist black product, then Mao Zedong Thought, which inherited the advanced Marxist-Leninist thought of foreign countries How should we deal with it?"

In the long historical period after the Cultural Revolution, the geoscience system was not without a hundred schools of thought contending, but it was very serious. This is an indisputable historical fact. Another prominent point of the investigation report is to explain as much as possible that Li Siguang's geomechanics is related to the search for oil and the discovery of the Daqing Oilfield. play different roles in it.The evaluation of Huang is also more negative than positive.One thing that is fairly objective is that this report also clearly pointed out that Huang Jiqing has made contributions to my country's petroleum census work.However, Li Siguang's banner obviously cannot be overthrown!

To be honest, in 1978, when the country was still in the process of bringing order out of chaos, and the leftist trend of thought was still serious in the minds of some departments and some leaders for more than ten years, the survey report of the State Geological Administration was already relatively progressive.However, it did not complete the spirit of Deng Xiaoping's instructions to clarify, and the discovery of the Daqing Oilfield is still a mystery that has not yet been solved.The influence of leftists and gods in geosciences is still very serious. At the age of 75, Huang Jiqing was re-elected as the chairman of the 32nd session of the Geological Society of China in 1978, and once again became a leader in the field of geosciences in China.Forty years ago, Huang Jiqing, who was only 35 years old, was elected as the 15th chairman of the Geological Society of China by the geoscience community because of his outstanding talent, then forty years later, when he was re-elected as the chairman of the The chairman of the Geological Society of China, who is internationally renowned, gave historical corrections to the unfair treatment he suffered in the past 20 years from the anti-rightist movement to the Cultural Revolution.It is unique in the Chinese scientific community that Huang Jiqing has won such honors twice in two eras separated by nearly half a century.In the same year, he was elected as Chang Xiu of the Fifth National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. In October, on behalf of the Chinese geoscientific community, he went to New York to attend the 100th anniversary of the establishment of the US Federal Geological Survey.In the communication and contact with colleagues in the academic circles at home and abroad, he increasingly felt that the intellectual circles in China's scientific and technological circles were too deeply influenced by the left. If there is no solution, China's scientific and technological cause will not be able to advance well.Therefore, on November 14 of this year, under the encouragement of a little more freedom of thought and a little more courage, he focused on the double hundred policy and the Daqing The oil field discovered a problem and dropped an atomic bomb in public for the first time, which shocked the entire scientific and technological world at that time——

Chairman, Members, Comrades: Today I wanted to talk about two issues. The first one was about the four modernizations, and the second was about the dual-hundred policy.Because there are a lot of speeches below, I don't want to take up more of the comrades' precious time. I want to focus on the second question, which is about implementing the "Double Hundred Policy".This is a literary problem.I study geology and work in geology. Our geological department used to be called the Ministry of Geology, but now it is called the State Geological Administration.In terms of academics, there have always been two different schools of thought, one is the geomechanics school founded by the former minister, the late Comrade Li Siguang as the representative; the other is the tectonic school proposed by us.The reason why the two schools are called is mainly because Comrade Li Siguang wrote a book on Chinese geology and translated it into Russian.I wrote a book on China's tectonics, which was also translated into Russian, which had considerable influence among Soviet experts.The theoretical foundation of our tectonic school is only European, and there is no new foundation.However, in 1945, especially after liberation, the tectonic characteristics of China and foreign countries were summed up, and a new concept was proposed, called the concept of multi-cycle tectonic movement.Therefore, our school is also called the multi-cycle school.There was a small article in the People's Daily last year that also touched on this issue.

Since the 1960s, Comrade Zhang Wenyou of the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences has absorbed new content in geomechanics, added an overview of the scope of mechanical analysis, and proposed the concept of fault block structure.Professor Chen Guoda of the China Institute of Mining and Technology developed the geological activation theory put forward by the Soviet Union a step further and proposed the concept of Diwa theory.In the early 1970s, because Comrade Yin Zhuang of the Chinese Academy of Sciences first introduced the so-called foreign plate theory to us, the plate theory became popular in our country.Therefore, it is a good thing that we have four, five, at least three different schools of thought in our geological field.Didn't Mao Benxi advocate the blooming of a hundred flowers and the contention of a hundred schools of thought?The emergence of different schools of thought is the basis for Chairman Mao to contend among a hundred schools of thought.

Comrade Li Siguang himself believed that his geomechanics was not perfect and should be further developed, and he also talked about it in many of his speeches.Comrade Li Siguang is progressive in philosophy and has made great academic achievements. This is recognized by everyone. I think it is correct to set him up as a red and professional banner.However, after his death, especially in 1974, the People's Daily published an article titled "Independence, Singing Forward". This article boasted geomechanics in a hype.Since then, many newspapers and magazines have continued to exaggerate geomechanics, exalting it to frightening heights, as if this school and this theory can not only solve major problems in geological and mineral deposits, but also solve many problems.In this way, administrative orders were used to promote geomechanics nationwide.Let’s briefly talk about an example: When the geological teams of provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions are asked to write reports, they must write from the perspective of geomechanics, otherwise, they will not be accepted.It also asked each regional geological research institute to set up a geomechanics research room, and opened geomechanics workshops and training courses in various provinces, with hundreds of people participating each time.On the other hand, they used administrative orders to suppress different schools of thought.For example, there is an old expert in geology who has been engaged in the study of plate tectonics for many years and has also been included in the plan. The leaders of the institute supported him and sent six young cadres to work with him. This is a good thing.But soon, the activities were suspended, the six people were sent away, they were disbanded, and they stopped engaging in plate tectonics, and his own project was cancelled.Before the Cultural Revolution, I presided over a research laboratory of tectonics with more than 20 people participating in the work. However, after 1972, the research laboratory was abolished and abolished.People were assigned to other places, and some were merged into the Institute of Geomechanics.I myself have become a polished commander!

There was a roar of laughter at the venue. In 1974, I proposed a research topic called the study of tectonic magma in eastern China, focusing on finding iron ore and copper ore.The topic was proposed in 1974, and it has not been implemented until now. Only recently has a person joined the work, and the work has not been done.Some people even raise the debate between different schools of thought to a philosophical level, saying that geomechanics is born and bred, is dialectical materialism, and is most suitable for Marxism, while other schools are based on foreign frameworks, foreign dogmas, or idealism.What's more, some people said on some occasions that whether to promote geomechanics is not an academic issue, but a matter of standpoint.This practice of interweaving science and philosophy, and science and politics, has been going on for quite some time.

As far as I know, there are tens of thousands of geological cadres at the grassroots level in the geological department, which has aroused a lot of repercussions.However, because they were young, they never dared to say a word about geomechanics. To do these things boldly, blatantly violates the double hundred policy. The reason is that some people think that geomechanics has solved many major mineral problems In terms of practical problems, he believed that many minerals were found using the viewpoint and method of geomechanics, that is to say, the theory of geomechanics has been completely proved in practice.Is practice the criterion for testing truth!Geomechanics has been tested, and there is no problem. The most prominent one is that the theory of geomechanics has played a role in China's search for oil. Daqing Oilfield and Dagang Oilfield were found by using the viewpoint and method of geomechanics. It is the most prominent advantage of geomechanics.Now let's look at the facts.

Huang Jiqing picked up his teacup and drank water.The hall was silent.As a result, his voice when he puts down his teacup is especially loud after the mic. I have conducted research on this issue for four years since I published an article in the People's Daily in 1974. This research was conducted in secret, and I dare not and cannot conduct it publicly.The Songliao Plain is now Daqing; the North China Plain is the later Dagang and Shengli Oilfields. How did the oil census work come about?It was arranged by the census committee of the Ministry of Geology in the spring of 1955. The technical directors of the census committee at that time were the late Mr. Chen Jiarong and myself. The theory and method of geomechanics are well established, why don't we, the technical director, know nothing about it?So after reading the published article, I was very surprised and surprised, so I conducted an investigation.The four-year investigation has a lot of content, and I can’t talk about them all here. It would take me an hour to talk about it. I will only talk about the main points. The first point is that I once went to the archives of the Ministry of Geology (the national geological and mineral resources are concentrated in the archives) to check the reports and files of the petroleum census. In 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, and 1960, I read all these year-end reports and summary reports in detail, and none of them mentioned a single word about geomechanics.We know that geomechanics has its special terms, such as the Huaxia system, the New Huaxia system, the east-west complex structure belt, the whole line structure, the mountain shape, etc., which are not found in foreign countries.If they adopted the theory of geomechanics, why didn't they mention a word?Let’s look at the many reports on geophysical prospecting, geophysical prospecting, aeronautical magnetic surveying, gravity, and geological sections on the Songliao Plain. The problem, that's one point. The second point is the North China Plain, Dagang Oilfield, and Shengli Oilfield. I have also read and read its census reports year after year. I also read the reports of 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, and 1960. After reading it in detail, I couldn’t find a single theory or method that mentioned geomechanics. I also read most of the geophysical data, airborne magnetic survey, and gravity in the North China Plain, and there was no report that pointed out that geomechanics was presided over by them. The basis of the work, this is the second point. The third point is that after we conducted the petroleum census in the past, the technical director of the petroleum census brigade in the Songliao Plain was named Han Jingxing, an engineer. This person is now working in Xinxiang. Have you used the viewpoint and method of geomechanics?He said no. And the fourth point, I also asked Sun Wanquan, the technical director of the petroleum census of the North China Brigade, who is now in Nanjing, did he use the viewpoints and methods of geomechanics when he presided over the census?He said no. Judging from the witness and material evidence just cited, it can be concluded that the discovery of the Daqing, Dagang, and Shengli Oilfields has nothing to do with geomechanics at all!This is probably an iron fact! At the venue, someone applauded enthusiastically. Some comrades in geomechanics raised a question, saying that Comrade Li Siguang made a big report in Beijing in the spring of 1954. In the report, he pointed out that the Songliao Plain and the North China Plain would carry out oil surveys and exploration. I investigated this matter and what he said What is it?That was in February and March of 1954. Comrade Li Siguang gave a geological report at the Ministry of Petroleum at the invitation of Tarafimuk (transliteration), the head of the Soviet expert group of the Ministry of Petroleum at that time.The host of the meeting is Comrade Kang Shien, the current Vice Premier.Soviet experts and Comrade Li Siguang discussed their views on China's oil exploration.Indeed, he gave a report, which seemed to take almost a whole morning, because he needed an interpreter.This report was made by the Ministry of Petroleum. At that time, the technical personnel from the geological department did not go. I was still working in Chongqing at that time and had not yet come to Beijing.This report was published in the book Petroleum Geology published by the Ministry of Petroleum in 1954, which can be found here.I have read this book. His book is a report of more than 10,000 words, and the last chapter is less than 300 words, maybe 200 words.Talk about finding oil.No matter how many times I read it, I can't see how Comrade Li Siguang used the current points and methods of geomechanics to point out the problem of finding oil.However, some people said that although his report was published, it was very brief. The original report was very long, and there were shorthand records. You don’t know about this situation.I am afraid that the comrades in the Ministry of Petroleum know the situation best, that is, besides the articles published in petroleum geology, what else does Comrade Li Siguang have?Our geological department, especially I don't know, or the comrades in the petroleum department know.Some of us present here are comrades from the Ministry of Petroleum. This matter can be further ascertained. Whether geomechanics played a major role in the search and exploration of oil in the Ministry of Petroleum.I dare not say this, it should be said by comrades from the Ministry of Petroleum. During the period when the "Gang of Four" was running rampant, the style of deceit and deception was very prevalent.The style of denying everything and affirming everything is also very popular.It seems that our geological department has been affected by this unhealthy wind, and this unhealthy wind has attacked us. This is not a problem of individual people.In the future, we must act in accordance with the spirit of seeking truth from facts emphasized by the Party Central Committee and Vice-Chairman Deng many times. What is true is true and what is false is false. We must carry out the spirit of "Three Laos and Four Stricts", especially in geological sciences, not to mention up.Science is to seek the truth!The spirit of seeking truth from facts is indispensable in our day.We must suppress the crooked trend of deception. Another round of applause.The applause of Zhou Peiyuan, acting chairman of the Association for Science and Technology on the rostrum was particularly eye-catching.Huang Jiqing straightened his body and continued to speak: Now I am here to put forward my hope, that is, two opinions.First, do you want to stop boasting in newspapers or magazines that the theory of geomechanics has discovered a large oil field in eastern China? Stop bragging like that.Second, in the future, geomechanics is a school of thought, and it should be allowed to develop. This is not a problem.However, other schools and theories have the same opportunity to develop as geomechanics, so it is reasonable to ask for it. The problem I just talked about is not only a problem in the geological field, nor is it just a problem in the double hundred policy, but is related to how China's geological science can grow and develop better, and how the vast number of geological workers can use their talents I think this matter is a big problem, a major problem, and it is not a small problem, and it is definitely not a two-dimensional problem. personal struggles. I sincerely hope that the National Association for Science and Technology can organize an investigation team to really investigate the issues I mentioned above, to investigate seriously, and to get to the bottom of it. It is more appropriate, and I am afraid it is still necessary.In my speech today, I think it is quite courageous, I am afraid there are many mistakes, comrades please criticize! When Huang Jiqing left the podium, the audience applauded for dozens of seconds. However, some people did not applaud.Huang Jiqing knew who they were, and so did the representatives. Readers will definitely be a little annoyed when they see this (I quote the original text of the master, there are too many original words).However, I think that the raw material without any coloring is much better than what I describe in literary language.Because this is the truth of history, and complicated history should not be deliberately carved and processed.Fifteen or sixteen years later, when we look at Huang Jiqing's speech again, we don't seem to find it to be gunpowder. However, in 1978 and 1979, shortly after the Gang of Four was smashed, he created a great impact in the scientific and technological circles, especially in the field of geosciences. The response was simply indescribable in words. The positive response is: if China's scientific and technological circles and intellectual circles want to completely break through the interference and shackles of leftist thoughts, they must dare to stand up and speak the truth like Huang Jiqing. On the other hand, the reaction is: Mao Zedong's body is not yet cold, and the big rightists have started to counterattack again!Li Siguang and the theory of geomechanics were fully affirmed by Mao Zedong when he was alive. To deny Li Siguang and anti-geomechanics is to deny Mao Zedong and Mao Zedong Thought! Someone even threatened to pull Huang Jiqing from his position as the chairman of the Geological Society of China, and drag him to Li Siguang's tomb to kowtow to his teacher! However, fortunately, the two ordinary winds passed.After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the Party Central Committee adhered to the principle of seeking truth from facts, which enabled Huang Jiqing to escape the heavy pressure and criticism from all sides. In 1981, an important milestone in the history of Chinese science in the new era - the National Science Conference was grandly held in Beijing.This meeting is not only to set things right for the more than ten years of the Cultural Revolution, but also to shift the central work of the party to the construction of a socialist modern economy, and science and technology as the primary productive force are mentioned to revitalize the nation and realize the four modernizations. This is an epoch-making height.After the meeting, the State Science and Technology Commission made a decision to commend major inventions, discoveries, and achievements in the field of science and technology since the founding of the People's Republic of China.This is a major event in my country's scientific and technological circles after the founding of New China, and it is also a far-reaching review for the majority of scientific and technological personnel to accept the party and the people's achievements. In order to do a good job in this extraordinary and extensive commendation activity, according to the opinions of Deng Xiaoping and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the organizers insisted that the commendation must be substantive, that is, whoever made it is his own, and it is not possible to do things like those in the past. The great victory of Mao Zedong Thought is a brainless result that has nothing to do with inventors and discoverers. This is the largest appraisal in the history of New China, and fame is achieved in one fell swoop.History must be respected, facts must be respected, the living and the dead have a share, no one should lose anyone, and no one should try to oppress anyone.The top leadership of the central government has repeatedly emphasized this on the big appraisal. It is easy to say, but it is difficult to practice.Otherwise, the Science and Technology Commission would not let Qian Sanqiang, a great scientist and vice president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, take charge of this work!Qian Sanqiang soon discovered that this job was not much easier than he and his colleagues engaged in missiles and atomic bombs. The discovery of the Daqing Oilfield made him scratch his head.