Chapter 5 Chapter 3 The first batch of Chinese "shareholders" born on the ridge...

Since human beings have economic activities, all economists and politicians have agreed that the economic form of society determines the nature of society and the development trajectory of human society.The shareholding system is the most active and advanced economic form with social driving force in the economy of modern society. Since the founding of new China, Chinese society under the condition of planned economy has almost only one economic form - state-owned collective economy.With the continuous deepening of reform and opening up, the form of joint-stock economy has gradually been recognized and accepted by people.The word "share" that first appeared in the documents of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was the Central Document No. 1 in 1985. This was a shocking event for China and even the world at that time.Because for many years, "shares" and "shareholding system" were "capitalist" and "products of the exploiting class" in China, a country with a red regime.Now, since it is clearly proposed to be "vigorously advocated" by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, it cannot but be said to be a revolution to the state-owned collective economy that has been implemented for decades.

The "shareholding system" is no longer a novelty in the eyes of today's Chinese, but in China 20 or 30 years ago, it was the same as the "dividing land to households" in rural areas at that time to engage in contract work. Some people find it inconceivable, an earth-shattering event that is not much different from "restoration" and "coup d'état". Who started China's shareholding system first?Busy economists seem to have no time to sum up, and today’s historians cannot add new and real things to their study due to the lack of field investigation and investigation capabilities. It's kind of sad to finish.

However, when I went to Taizhou for an interview, I was once again surprised by the discovery.It turns out that China's joint-stock system originated in Taizhou, on the ridges of Taizhou's fields, and rooted among farmers in Taizhou... A few historical facts that are now well documented are: ——In October 1986, Document No. 69 of "Several Policy Opinions on Joint-stock Enterprises" issued by the former Huangyan County Party Committee of Taizhou District was the first policy document on joint-stock cooperative enterprises issued by local party committees and governments in China.

——In December 1982, the Wenling County Community Team Enterprise Bureau in Taizhou (there was no industry and commerce department at that time) officially issued business licenses to "Muyu Handicraft Factory" and other four companies that were "jointly operated by members". "Joint-stock enterprise" is the nature of an enterprise that can only be officially crowned after the No. 1 document of the central government came out in 1985. At that time, the Taizhou Township Enterprise Bureau named Muyu Handicraft Factory and other four companies jointly funded by members as "member joint ventures" ", using the later name is a joint-stock enterprise.This is also the first business license issued in the history of industrial and commercial enterprises in New China to indicate that it is a joint-stock enterprise business license that is "jointly operated" by several legal persons.

The above two historical materials that are currently well documented are sufficient to prove that Taizhou is the birthplace of China's joint-stock system, which has been recognized by experts who study economic work.In fact, when it comes to Taizhou's shareholding system, its beginning and origin are much earlier and wider than these two events. Before I came to Taizhou for an interview, relevant media in Zhejiang had already published an encouraging article titled "Looking for the Origin of Yuhuan's Joint-stock Economy", which introduced the "Lupu Craft Factory" that the reporter traced to Taizhou's earliest joint-stock system. And those farmers who dared to eat crabs first.The joint-stock company they founded was in 1967, 15 years earlier than the "China's first joint-stock company - Muyu Handicraft Factory" with "official household registration" in Wenling, and it was the time when China "swept capital" "ism" was the most intense and serious in the early stage of the "Cultural Revolution".It's really unbelievable that Taizhou people are so bold.

On April 24, 2006, under the introduction of comrades from the Propaganda Department of the Taizhou Municipal Party Committee, I came to the site of the former "first joint-stock enterprise" in Lupu Township, Yuhuan, and met with several parties involved in the joint-stock enterprise. ... Yuhuan is a county in Taizhou with a small area. The old Yuhuan is an island surrounded by the sea. Later, the Chumen Peninsula in Wenling was assigned to Yuhuan. However, Yuhuan, with a land area of ​​only 378 square kilometers, is still the smallest county in Taizhou. .Don't look at the "Yuhuan in the Sea" in this small place. Its current per capita income not only ranks first among all districts and counties in Taizhou, but also ranks 29th among the top 100 counties in the country in 2007.Yuhuan has several "national first" industries and products, which are directly related to the innovative spirit of Yuhuan people who dare to be the first in the world.Teacher Ye Wenling, a famous writer from Zhejiang, once told me that Yuhuan cannot be avoided when writing about Taizhou.Ye Wenling is from Yuhuan, and she knows the history and current situation of her hometown best.

That day, with some curiosity and excitement, I followed a few farmers to a field ridge in Fenshui Village, Lupu, Yuhuan.An old local farmer named Lin Youpan pointed to the dilapidated three-and-a-half-room brick and tile house on a sluice gate and told me: "This is the earliest joint-stock factory we established back then, and it was called Hongwei Instrument Factory at that time. ..." "That's it?" I was somewhat disappointed that Taizhou, Zhejiang, the birthplace of the shareholding system, which affects the contemporary Chinese economy and China's modernization process, was born in such an inconspicuous and unspectacular place.But I thought to myself: When Mao Zedong conquered the world, wasn't it just a few broken guns and a few red tassels? "A single spark can start a prairie fire."

"Yes. Don't underestimate these houses, we were still babies at that time!" said the old man Lin Youpan, "The first thing to set up a factory in this place is that it does not occupy the collective house, and the second is that the key here is to have electrical wires so that the machines can work." At the end, he added, "We run an instrument factory and need electric power." That's right. But no, in the 1960s and 1970s, it must have been a very remarkable thing for a few farmers to have such a few houses to set up factories, and to be able to hear the roar of machines on the ridges of the fields!At that time, in the countryside, the only sounds that could be heard from machines were the pumping and irrigation of collective farmland, and the sound of tractors on threshing grounds in a few places.Lin Youpan and the others are able to operate machines to engage in "capitalism" in such a vast open field, not because they dare to risk the world's disgrace, or at least because they have eaten the guts of a bear!In the meeting room of the town committee of Lupu Town, the narrations of several parties confirmed my opinion——

The first joint-stock enterprise founded by farmers in Yuhuan on the ridge of the field has gone through many vicissitudes: "We were forced to set up the factory at that time." Lin Youpan was the "head" who set up the factory and the party secretary of Fenshui Village at that time. This was the first sentence he explained to me when he explained to me why this factory was established.Then he pointed to another old man in his 60s sitting across from him and said, "It was Yan Huqing who first came up with the idea." Another old farmer who was named Yan Huqing by Lin Youpan laughed, and said to Lin Youpan: "You are the secretary of the branch. If I don't tell you, who will I tell?"

Lin Youpan is obviously not a person who can speak well, so excited by the old man Yan Huqing, while smoking a stuffy cigarette, he lowered his head and said in a low voice: "You have a good idea, but you dragged me into the sea and almost drowned..." The people suddenly laughed. "Old party secretary, you are an upright person, no matter how big the sea is, you will not be drowned." Lin Youpan liked Yan Huqing's words, and the old man laughed alone. "I was the first cause." It can be seen that Yan Huqing is a farmer who has seen the world.Sure enough, he said that he was a demobilized soldier who had been a soldier for several years. "I was a regimental correspondent when I was in the army. After being demobilized, I returned to my hometown and saw that my hometown was so poor. I worked hard for a year with blood and sweat, and I couldn't even eat enough to eat. So I and I also came back from the army. Cai Zhichang, a member of the village, and Liang Huaxing, an educated youth who returned to his hometown and had some mechanical knowledge, discussed whether a few people could pool some money to set up a factory and make some money. They all thought it was a good thing. But at that time, the factory was set up outside the collective It was a politically risky matter, so I had to discuss it with Lin Youpan, the branch secretary who was influential in the Lupu area. Lao Lin was a good person, and in today’s words, he was also a relatively open-minded person at the time. When we talked about setting up a factory, he He was hesitant at first, but later we heard us make an oath to promise: the few of us will pool the principal, we will pay for the loss, and we will share some of the profit with the collective. In this way, he agreed and is willing to work together with us. There is a branch secretary Working together with us is like borrowing a lot of courage for us, so we started working secretly..."

"Actually, they didn't know what kind of factory to set up. After several months of thinking, they still couldn't come up with an idea. I found a friend. His name was Lin Weiqing, and he was the branch secretary of the front desk in Kanmen. Lin Weiqing suggested that we set up an instrument factory. He said that he has acquaintances with the Shanghai Instrument Factory, so there is a market. That's how we decided to set up an instrument factory." Lin Youpan interjected. "Once the what to do is decided, the question of how to do it is immediately involved. The collective's money must not be used, and the production team has no money. It’s hard to say if you make a profit or lose it, so we discussed with everyone to raise money and set up a joint venture.” Yan Huqing said: “We are six people, each of us contributed a share, and at first it was 150 yuan per share, but later because of the purchase of machinery and equipment, the money was not enough. , increased to 500 yuan per share. I remember that one of the six of us couldn’t afford 500 yuan, so we found another person to combine one share. So the whole factory has 6 shares, and there are seven shareholders, two of whom are partners. In addition to me and Lin Youpan, the names of the other four shares are Liang Huaxing, Cai Zhichang, Lin Youfu, and Jiang Xinde." Yan Huqing's memory is obviously better, and he still remembers the situation at that time. "With the money from the joint stock company, it is still difficult to set up a factory. First, we wanted to learn from the Trumen Woodenware Society to see if we could also do woodwork. But when we got there, they heard that we also wanted to make woodwork, and they didn't let us at all. Look. Later, I found Lin Youpan’s friend, Secretary Lin Weiqing of the Kanmen Front Brigade. His place is a little more ideologically liberated in today’s words, so we planned to set up the factory in his place. Unexpectedly, it took only four months to open it, and the rebels Wudou, when we went to work, we encountered gunfire on the way, so scared that no one dared to go. Finally, after much deliberation, we had to move back and do it ourselves. So, we secretly went to Ruian, Wenzhou to buy 4 sets Instrument machine tools, I rented the three houses on the bucket gate on the roundabout that you saw that are used for water release, it is our official factory..." "At that time, we shipped back 4 instrument lathes like a war, it was very thrilling!" Yan Huqing said vividly: "In those days, if someone found out our equipment, they would definitely confiscate it, and we also had to Unlucky enough to be sued. Lin Youpan is the branch secretary and knows many people. No one believes that the branch secretary did illegal things, so we bought the instrument lathe from Wenzhou, disassembled the equipment into parts, and put them in sacks. Then we took the waterway that was not seized. At the beginning, we did not transport the equipment back to our own territory, but put it at the place of Lin Youpan’s friend, Lin Weiqing from Kanmen. A few of us secretly learned the operation technology there. Arrived, and then shipped the equipment back to his hometown." "Under the circumstances at that time, if we wanted to run a joint-stock private enterprise, we had to 'wear a red hat', otherwise it would be impossible to make the sound of the machine." Lin Youpan interrupted again in a low voice. "What is 'wearing a red hat'?" It was the first time I heard such a word, so I asked. "It's a private business in the name of the collective." Yan Huqing said quickly, and then pointed to another person named Lou Changfu who hadn't spoken before: "If you ask him, he knows best..." Lou Changfu was originally the director of the industrial office of Lupu Commune. He knew that period of history well, and carefully preserved all the industrial materials of Lupu Commune (later changed to Lupu Town) from the 1960s to the 1990s.I saw him flipping through a pile of yellowed files, while introducing to me: "The Hongwei Instrument Factory in Yuhuan County, run by Lin Youpan, was registered in the commune in 1967. At that time, Lin Youpan's water division brigade was called the Hongwei Brigade. So they registered with the Industrial Office of our commune in the name of Hongwei Instrument Factory." "Then do you know what kind of company their factory is?" This is a substantive question, I asked. "I know it's a private enterprise jointly established by Lin Youpan and the others." Lou Changfu replied affirmatively. "Now that you know, how dare you approve them?" I knew that the "Cultural Revolution" had begun at that time, and criticizing capitalism was the main task of the "Proletarian Cultural Revolution" in the countryside. Lou Changfu smiled and said: "I will tell you later why our Yuhuan became the birthplace of the joint-stock system in rural China. I will first talk about Lin Youpan's Hongwei Instrument Factory. The reason why it is said to wear a red hat is because the name of this factory is At that time, the Red Guard Brigade was running the commune-run industry. Although some people said it was a product of capitalism, there were still some small processing enterprises, and the industrial office of the commune was in charge of these things. Lin Youpan and the others It was under such a guise that the first joint-stock enterprise in Yuhuan County was established." I figured it out. "What products does the instrument factory specifically produce?" I asked. "A very simple screw. Now it seems that it is not a product at all. It is a screw that is purely processed for others and used to bind account books." Lin Youpan said. "But after working for a few months, before we even got a bonus, the fighting broke out in Yuhuan, and the two factions fought hard. And at this time, there was a movement of 'cleaning the underground factory', ours Naturally, the factory couldn’t run away, so it had to close its doors. A few months later, the campaign of “cleaning the underground factory” passed, and the commune officials saw that the life of the farmers was very miserable, so they took the initiative to find Lin Youpan and persuade them to reopen the factory. And openly agreed to lend us the semi-concierge house at the Sanyan Doumen of Lupu Jianshan that was previously owned by the collective for free as a factory..." "The houses we saw on the sluice just now?" I interrupted Yan Huqing and asked. "Yes. That's it." Yan Huqing continued, "Comrade writers, you can think about it. Under the situation at that time, it was not easy for our commune leaders to come forward to support us to set up a factory, so everyone's enthusiasm was very high. Yes, the factory quickly started to operate again. The commune also asked us to arrange some veterans and people from difficult families to enter the factory. It was an exchange. After a while, our factory did very well, and the shareholders were very motivated. Invested again to expand the stock and increased the working capital. Over time, we felt that we were losing money, and it would not be a problem in the long run, so Tuolin Weiqing helped hire a young man from Shanghai to be our salesman, and let him be responsible for running the business. The products have also changed from a single account book screw to processing other products. At that time, several of our shareholders were very enthusiastic. We watched the products leave the factory batch by batch, and we were waiting for the remittance to arrive early. But at this time, two thunderbolts from the blue It hit us on the head: First, some people accused us of being an 'underground factory' and a 'black factory that dug into the walls of socialism', and we must be eradicated resolutely. The remitted money can only go to the commune because there is no account in the factory. The commune was detained. Second, the young man from Shanghai who ran our business was taken away by the commune’s militia in the middle of the night. In this way, the factory was quickly closed and was not allowed to reopen.” "Not only did we not get the remittance, but we couldn't even reimburse the invoice for the goods we bought. I lost the most..." Lin Youpan interjected again in a low voice. "Lin Youpan lost the most, not 10,000, but five or six thousand. Our shareholders also lost a lot! At that time, everyone was poor, and it was a big deal for anyone to have thousands of dollars. Originally, the few of us pooled The money to run the factory has been seized all at once, and the losses have been terrible. But you can’t find anyone to justify it. You can talk to the people in the commune, and they say that they are doing you a favor by not arresting you and sending you to prison. What are you shouting about? We can only be dumb and eat coptis, and we have nothing to say about our suffering." Yan Huqing was still aggrieved when he recalled the past. "Lin Youpan and their Hongwei Instrument Factory caused a lot of trouble in our place at that time, because they were the first to eat crabs, the first to dare to set up a joint-stock private enterprise in the limelight of the 'Cultural Revolution'." Lou Changfu Taking Yan Huqing's words, he said: "After about two years in 1969, the commune wanted to build an agricultural machinery factory and had no money to buy equipment. I remembered that Lin Youpan and the others had built the Hongwei Instrument Factory, so they put all their idle equipment away. The confiscation went to the commune agricultural machinery factory. Yan Huqing and the others made a fuss, saying that they paid for the machine tools. The commune cadres discussed and arranged for you to enter the factory to offset your previous losses. Lao Yan and the others It’s okay, so the matter was calmed down like this. Lin Youpan is the secretary of the brigade, and was later assigned to work in the commune’s breeding farm.” "This joint-stock company is completely disbanded like this?" "It's gone! At that time, it could only be this kind of fate." Lou Changfu looked at me with a wry smile. I looked at Lin Youpan and the others, who were the first batch of unattractive farmers in China's joint-stock system, and couldn't help but admire: "You are all very extraordinary. Although you have lost a lot of yourself, none of you has become rich today." People, but your historical achievements should be recorded in the annals of history." "With you as a writer, we are satisfied! Satisfied!" Yan Huqing, who can speak well, smiled happily.As for Lin Youpan, who doesn't talk much, I saw tears in his eyes... This old man reminded me of my own father who was also the secretary of the production brigade.They are of the same generation. In the 1960s and 1970s, my father also became one of the founders of township enterprises in the Suzhou area for the sake of a better life for the farmers, but they were all failures. The so-called "black factory" stepped down, was criticized, and even affected the next generation of us... Thinking of this, I couldn't help going around the table, holding the hand of the old man Lin Youpan with both hands, and said to him: "Old party secretary, I will write about you in the book..." The old man was a little excited: "Really? What did we write? It's all in the past." I nodded to reassure him, and said in my heart: Yes, it’s all in the past, but many people don’t understand these past events, especially the younger generation, they don’t know the explorations made by their predecessors in order to survive How precious is the spirit!Don't underestimate the mere "Redguard Instrument Factory" consisting of six shares formed by the cooperation of seven farmers. In those crazy years, such a move was a great revolutionary action. It might be decapitated , And implicate the nine clans!However, the Taizhou people who dared to do it did so, and they did it with great vigor. After seeing off Lin Youpan and several old people who founded the joint-stock system that day, Lou Changfu asked me to "stay a few minutes longer". He said that he would introduce to me the real "first joint-stock enterprise" in Yuhuan County - Lupu Craft Factory. "This factory was run by Mao Qinggui, the former chairman of the Yuhuan County Science and Technology Association, as a major shareholder. It can be said to be a joint-stock enterprise in the true sense." Lou Changfu said. "Why do you think so?" I asked. "Because the experts who have come to Taizhou to investigate the origin of the joint-stock system these years believe that there are two reasons why Lin Youpan's Hongwei Instrument Factory is not regarded as 'China's first joint-stock enterprise': one is that they think Lin Youpan and their The factory was established for a short period of time, only about two years. Second, under the special historical background at that time, from its establishment to its final closure, the company did not pay dividends, and its sales were not reflected in the accounts. However, the Lupu Craft Factory run by Mao Qinggui and others fully conformed to some basic normative characteristics of joint-stock enterprises. For example, there were more than a dozen shareholders at that time, and they cost 10 yuan a share. Although most of the shareholders are part-timers, their responsibilities are clear. Moreover, the company has a formal approval document from the County Bureau of Industry and Transportation. The date is 1973." Lou Changfu dug out the preserved "Lupu Craft Factory" approval materials from a pile of files and gave it to me Look. "Mao Qinggui's factory was very formal at that time, and it is also very standardized from now on. The factory was located in the Jingtou brigade at that time, and the factory hired a salesman Wang Xiaozeng to go to the field. The main business was to make fans. In the past, we were on business trips or traveling. The fan used is very popular. Because the products of Lupu Craft Factory are right, after the first year, all the shareholders got a thousand yuan in dividends, and the workers in the factory got as much dividends as the shareholders. It was a great thing at the time. After more than four years of continuous operation, they started to make palace lanterns, and the business became more prosperous. The products were sold to big cities such as Guangzhou, Beijing, and Shanghai. The business volume was large, and the factory needed to be expanded. Shareholders Every night, a shareholder meeting was held to study and discuss the expansion of production scale. According to Mao Qinggui, the opinions of the shareholders were not unified at that time. Some people worried that borrowing money to invest would be risky. The better you do it. Later, when the business of palace lanterns was started, the factory had no time to do it. The employees had to work overtime every day, and the income would be better. The income of the factory was high, and people outside the factory were jealous, so they followed suit, like Truman , Qinggang, Chengguan and many other people began to make fans and palace lanterns... By the time of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party in 1978, the annual income of this factory reached tens of millions of yuan, becoming the first company in Taizhou and even Zhejiang Province to increase its annual income. A township enterprise worth tens of millions of dollars." "Apart from the Lupu Craft Factory, were there any successful joint-stock companies like this at that time?" "Yes! By the end of 1978, in Lupu Commune alone, there were 34 joint-stock enterprises with more than 1,500 employees, a total industrial output value of 1.939 million yuan, and a sales income of 1.913 million yuan, accounting for 10% of the commune's total agricultural and sideline income. 64.6%." Lou Changfu told me with evidence while flipping through the documents, pointing to the ledger. "Now I believe why the private economy in Taizhou has dominated the world! 30 years ago, your private enterprises already dominated!" Lou Changfu smiled and said, "You can put it that way." "Thirty years ago, there was such a phenomenon of private economy in Lupu, which is really incredible. Why do you think this phenomenon appeared in Taizhou or in places like your Yuhuan?" This is what I have to figure out question. Lou Changfu got rid of his "baby materials" and talked with me: In Taizhou, especially Yuhuan, our farmers used to live very hard, basically relying on the sea to eat the sea, with little arable land, farmers can only Make a living by going out to sea to fish.But you need a fishing boat to go fishing. Small boats can’t catch fish, and you don’t have the money to build big boats. What should you do?So our ancestors invented a tradition called "hard stock play", which is a few people and families pooling money to do one thing.For example, to build a big ship, several families and households pool money together, and then share the dividends according to the amount of capital contribution when they have income. This is the Taizhou people's tradition of "hard stocks", which has been handed down for at least a hundred years.Therefore, after the founding of New China, when the peasants’ life was difficult at several stages, some people joined forces to start some small businesses by means of “stripping hard stocks”. This economic form existed in the early days of liberation.Later, after the 1960s, it was banned as something called "capitalism".But if ordinary people want to live, they have to find a way. In a sense, "strike hard stocks" is a very viable economic form invented by the people along the coast of Taizhou. As long as there is suitable air and conditions for it, it will grow wildly like reeds on the water bank. It is not easy for you to cut it off.There are geographical reasons and historical conditions for Taizhou to become the birthplace of China's joint-stock system. What Lou Changfu said made me suddenly enlightened. "There is another important reason: we have a group of cadres here who come from the common people, pretend to be the common people in their hearts, and dare to do things themselves. Without them, Taizhou's joint-stock system, or the private economy would not have developed so well." Lou Changfu said with emotion: "For example, in Lupu Craft Factory, Mao Qinggui was able to run this factory. If it weren't for the support of his father Mao Chongyou, who was the secretary of Lupu Commune at that time, Mao Qinggui would never have been able to run the craft factory. The joint-stock system of Lupu Commune could survive the Cultural Revolution. It is absolutely impossible to survive and develop to "half of the country" without the support of a daring leader like Mao Chongyou. Lin Youpan's "Hongwei Instrument Factory" is not because of Lin Youpan as a branch It is absolutely impossible for this joint venture to be born and survive in 1966 and 1967, the craziest years of the 'Cultural Revolution'." Yes, I believe Lou Changfu's conclusion.The reason why Taizhou's private economy can develop so vigorously and lead the world today is that without the thought and courage of Taizhou's previous cadres who put people first, people first, and local realities as the foundation, it is definitely just a dream .I think the common people are most aware of this fact. In Taizhou, the form of corporate shareholding system was formed early and extensively. With the deepening of interviews and investigations, I was more and more shocked and amazed.In China, in China in the 1960s and 1970s, the crazy catastrophe in which "revisionism" was criticized at the top and "capitalism" was swept away at the bottom made countless people say a few truths and do a couple of things. A thing that violates the ultra-left line. Even selling an egg and planting an acre of "ration field" may be "stepped on one foot" and never stand up for life. How can farmers in Taizhou, Zhejiang be so vast? , Such a deep and silent economic revolution under the new system in order to survive, and this can only occur in Taizhou. Taizhou has a unique geographical location, surrounded by mountains on three sides and facing the sea on one side.In the mountains, there are many obstacles and inconvenient transportation. People need to climb rocks and go steep to survive, and willpower and suffering are indispensable; The tough and heroic spirit of "fighting for death" and "easily prone to death", but also the spirit of self-improvement and daring to make progress.Taizhou people are tough, and there have long been rumors among Zhejiang people.Lu Xun once praised his student Rou Shi, a Taizhou native who was murdered by the Kuomintang reactionaries, for his "Taizhou-style rigidity" in his article "Remembrance of Forgetting". There are two reasons why the joint-stock cooperative system became an important economic form for the people of Taizhou to survive in the completely crazy years of the 1960s and 1970s, and later became a national economic form: One is due to the character and backbone of Taizhou people, and the other is that the natural environment of mountains and seas has nurtured Taizhou people's spirituality and spirit of exploration that are different from others.In the era of traditional fishery and economic backwardness, the masses spontaneously adopted the operation and production method of combining capital and labor into shares - "hard shares", which provided experience and practical basis for Taizhou people to establish joint-stock enterprises. According to the historical materials of joint-stock pioneers that we can find and are regarded by some authoritative departments as one of the "'revolutionary' events after the reform and opening up", "China's first joint-stock" enterprise was established on December 18, 1982 in Wenling County, Taizhou. Munan Arts and Crafts Factory of Muyu Commune approved in the name of Document No. [1982] No. 74 of the County Community Team Enterprise Bureau.The business license with the nature of "member association collective" is said to be the first document issued by an official organization to confirm a "joint stock" enterprise that can be consulted after China's reform and opening up. The name of enterprise ownership such as "Community Member Joint Operation Collective" has never existed in China. From that day to the present interview with Wenling City Industrial and Commercial Bureau, the person concerned told me: At that time, the name "Community Member Joint Operation Collective" was completely given by their commune, brigade and enterprise bureau. A "neither red nor black hat" is "worn" by the joint-stock cooperative enterprise in which it holds shares. "Why is it called neither red nor black? It was because there was no document at that time that clarified that members could run a joint venture. In 1982, Anhui's experience of dividing land to households had just been rolled out across the country, but when the controversy and resistance were overwhelming, Needless to say, joint stock joint ventures, which have long been regarded as capitalism, must not be recognized by the industrial and commercial management department. But in Taizhou, there are already many cases of joint stock joint ventures, and our leaders are well aware of this. Their minds were really emancipated, so when Wang Hualin and Chen Huagen, farmers of Muyu Commune, brought a letter of introduction from the commune to the Enterprise Bureau of the commune to register for their arts and crafts factory, we asked them how many members of the commune they were running as a joint venture. After much deliberation, we simply registered them with the title of 'joint operation collective of members'." Comrades from the Industry and Commerce Bureau explained the business license issued by them as "the first joint-stock enterprise" at that time. The current Wenling City Archives and the reference room of the Industry and Commerce Bureau both have the Munan Arts and Crafts Factory's "Member Joint-Operation Collective" enterprise license archives, and it has become a precious historical material for the relevant departments to examine the development history of Chinese joint-stock enterprises.During the interview, I was also fortunate to meet Mr. Chen Xinhe, the person who issued the license for this enterprise.It was the first license of the historic "Chinese joint-stock enterprise" that he personally issued for Wang Hualin and Chen Huagen after asking the director for instructions. Chen Huagen, the director of the "Wenling Munan Arts and Crafts Factory" registered at the County Community Team Enterprise Bureau, is now a well-known local entrepreneur, but his company is no longer called "Munan Arts and Crafts Factory", but a well-known "Baolite" footwear group at home and abroad.Chen Huagen is a standard farmer, but he has some culture. After graduating from high school, he was unwilling to live a life of "facing the sun with his back and facing the loess" all year round, so he had a quicker mind, so he wanted to do some business to live a good life.That year, inspired by the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee and farmers in Xiaogang Village, Anhui, who distributed land to households, he and Wang Hualin, a villager, wanted to set up a joint-stock company. Unexpectedly, when they registered in the county, they ran into "good guys" Chen Xinhe and others. , so his "member association" enterprise was actually approved. "Later the county's industrial and commercial management department ordered us to say that you are a joint-stock company, and that the higher-ups have no spirit to say that you can do it. We took the courage to issue your license. You must not make any noise and just do it quietly. We took it for granted. I didn’t dare to say anything. After working for two years, I found that most of the enterprises in the county had become joint-stock enterprises, so we officially changed our name to joint-stock enterprises after 1984. Later, I concentrated on the shoe industry and changed the name of the enterprise to Dalibao Shoes Company. In 1996, it changed its name to Baolit Shoes..." Chen Huagen said. "Baolite" is now a leading enterprise in China's shoe industry, and the shoes produced in a year can make one-third of the people in the world wear one pair. However, when I went to Baishuiyang, Linhai, Taizhou for an interview for the second time, when I met Mr. Wang Zhishu, the former deputy head of Linhai Shuanggang District, who was an active supporter of land distribution to households, he yelled and said: " The Munan Arts and Crafts Factory of Chen Huagen in Wenling is definitely not the first "Chinese joint-stock enterprise". The first should be the Shuanggang Metal Film Factory and Spice Factory in our Shuanggang District. If you don't believe me, you can check it in August 1980 "Zhejiang Daily" on the 5th. There was a 400-word report on the second page of the newspaper that day, which reported that Lu Kai, the secretary of the district party committee, and I participated in the support of the company. The Daily opened up a special column called 'Economic Policy Discussions', and it has been going on for more than two months, and everyone knows it, if you don't believe me, ask the people in Zhejiang Daily!" Wang Zhijiang did not talk nonsense, "Zhejiang Daily" did report on the second page on August 5, 1980, that Lu Kai, secretary of the Shuanggang District Party Committee of Linhai County, Taizhou at that time, and Wang Zhijiang, deputy head of the district, were trying to solve the problem of the joint venture of members - metal Due to the difficulty of insufficient funds in the film factory, he took the lead in investing the money he usually saved into shares.The cadres took the lead in buying shares, which was publicly reported by the provincial party newspaper in 1980. It's no wonder it didn't blow up! "Actually, Taizhou established a joint-stock enterprise earlier than any other place. It was very common in the 1970s and 1980s. The first thing that got out was our practice in Shuanggang District. The time in the "Zhejiang Daily" The big discussion is also a focal issue after being exposed." When Wang Zhijiang talks about his "glorious history", he is always impassioned, gesticulating, and innocent. According to Wang Zhijiang, at that time, the Shuanggang District where he was located was the same as social-run and village-run enterprises in other places in Taizhou. Of the 86 enterprises in China, 60 are dying.On the other hand, farmers' enthusiasm for dividing fields to households is at an all-time high.Under such circumstances, it has become an inevitable trend to introduce the joint-stock economic form to promote the development of the original enterprises. "The government has no funds to invest, absorbing social funds to restore the vitality of enterprises, improve efficiency, and then share benefits. This was the only way we believed under the objective conditions at that time that we could get those half-dead enterprises in rural areas out of the predicament, so we came up with the The idea of ​​a joint-stock system. In a sense, this is something that was forced out.” Wang Zhijiang said that the first joint-stock enterprise in their district was the metal thin film factory to which Qu Yuan belonged.在论证金属薄膜厂时，都认为企业产品在当时用途会很广，效益肯定不错。办厂的资金经核算，需要投入18000元。区委、区政府很明确这回金属薄膜厂以股份制形式来办，于是张榜公布，每股500元，一年后工厂拿出20％的利润按股分红，并鼓励机关干部和社会上任何人都可以成为股东。当时第一个投股人叫何虎保，他是一位校工，但在何虎保之后就没有人再投了，原因是社会上议论很大，有人说这样投股是搞“资本主义”，用不了多久就会被上面没收了。大家很害怕，没人敢再投了。一直拖到八月份，分管企业工作的王植江便向区委书记卢凯汇报，说群众顾虑大，要不我们干部带头入股。卢凯是个思想非常解放的书记，当年皂树村分田到户就是他在后面当后台。现在听王植江一说金属薄膜厂的事后，立即表态：我支持你，而且也要入半股，你也入半股。王植江听后无比兴奋，说：好，我也凑250元。于是双港区就有了书记区长带头入股办企业的事，而且在卢凯和王植江带头入股后的一个星期内，股票很快就卖光了，共有200多人参股，共计40个股东。 双港区金属薄膜厂于1979年正式开办，当时厂里添置的一台设备还算比较先进。双港金属薄膜厂其实是个很小的企业，但由于区委书记与区长的入股，使得它名噪一时，整个浙江省都知道了这件事。当时争论的倾向，有赞成的，而批评和反对的则占了上风，相当多数的人则在中间观望。持反对和批评的人认为，国家干部的工资是国家发给你用于生活消费的，现在你们卢凯和王植江却拿去投资入股，而且还要分红，这不是把国家给的工资变成了资本吗？这符合马列主义吗？这不是剥削是什么？ 《浙江日报》的大讨论也由此展开。在长达两个多月的争执中，参加的基层干部、学界专家都有，大家众说纷纭，反对的和支持的态度都很鲜明，而在10月8日发表的浙江省社会科学研究所的方民生的一篇题为《不可滥用资本主义和剥削的概念——谈谈我对双港区委书记投资办厂问题的看法》文章，在这次轰动一时的大讨论中格外引人注目。方民生的文章从理论和实践上阐明了“双港区委的同志投资办厂符合党的政策，应当热情支持他们”。 《浙江日报》的大讨论，从整体势态看，反对的和赞成的，各占一半，最后报社也非常宽容地没有肯定谁对谁错。聪明地将结论留给了未来和实践。 “我们基层干部和群众相信实践是检捡真理的唯一标准，所以上面大讨论，我们下面是大干。到1981年时，仅我们双港区就相继办起了26家以股份制形式的联户企业，整个临海县的股份制企业则达到518家。真有点星星之火，可以燎原之势。”王植江老人谈到这儿，眼睛里放着光。 采访中我发现，台州的股份制到底谁是第一家，其实很难确定。但有一点则是毫无疑问的，那就是台州农民以股份形式开办企业，“文革”前有之，“文革”中有之，十一届三中全会前后更有之。到1985年中央文件上第一次出现“股份合作”字样时，整个台州的多数企业，其实基本上都是实行的股份合作形式。十几年后世纪交替之时，有专家带着股份制经济对中国经济会产生何种影响的问题而走进台州考察时发现，这里除了一些如电力等极少的企业是国有外，已经几乎看不到国有经济，惊恐不已，悄声议论：这台州还是不是社会主义的天下？ 台州人感到十分好笑，并且理直气壮地回答他们：我们台州怎么不是社会主义？我们台州的所有企业和台州人对国家的贡献每年都以两位数的速度在增长，难道我们还有错吗？ 实践证明台州人没有走错路，而且他们的经验影响了今天整个中国经济的发展模式。台州人的股份制探索与实践，虽然从开始是由老百姓为求生存而萌生起因，到通过传统的“打硬股”形式进行原始的实践，到后来不断完善和成熟，成为具有中国式的股份制经济模式，但它的核心和本质与西方世界所创造的现代企业的股份制经济形式，没有什么区别。如果说有一点点区别，那就是台州式的股份制，它源于民众，动力于百姓，生存于自然，得益于政府和党组织的支持与扶植，因此它更具生命力。因而它也就是中国特色的社会主义股份制的最初形式。 说到这里，我们不能不重点提一下原中共台州地区黄岩县委下发的那份题为《关于合股企业的若干政策意见》的〔1986〕69号文件，这是中国地方党委、政府关于股份合作企业的第一个政策性文件。 黄岩因蜜橘和模具而闻名中外，这也让黄岩的名声远远超过台州。黄岩现在是台州的一个区属单位，正是因为黄岩在外界的名气大，而当十多年前台州市由地区改为市时，黄岩县不得不改成黄岩区。黄岩人为此曾经抗争了近两年时间，甚至采取非常极端的行动企图阻止黄岩被“矮化”的进程。黄岩人为自己曾经辉煌的黄岩历史和黄岩品牌，经历了痛苦的“改名期”。This is another topic.说到台州的股份制经济，无论如何也不能不说黄岩这块土地，因为台州的股份制经济，其声势和规模在黄岩是最广泛和最深入的。这与黄岩历史上的商品经济发育比别人早和成熟有关。黄岩南邻温州，东有临海的台州港湾和海中宝地大陈岛，腹地有永宁江与椒江两大流域，特别是历史上有名的路桥，是浙东最著名的商品集散地，现在我们所知道的浙江义乌市场，其“祖师爷”就是路桥市场。百年前，路桥市场就在浙东名气很大，上世纪80年代时的路桥市场已在全国通商时，义乌市场仅有几条街的路边摊位！原中共黄岩县委下发的那份《关于合股企业的若干政策意见》〔1986〕69号“红头文件”之前，黄岩的股份制经济形式早已遍地开花。那天我到黄岩区委，原农工部的几位老前辈早早地等在会议室接受我的采访，他们现在都是退休的老同志了，但一谈起当年的股份制，兴致依然高昂。 “我敢说，真正推广和实践股份制的要算我们黄岩最早，最广！”一位老“农工委”领导抢先说。 “为什么？”我善意地笑着问他。 “因为像玉环、临海等地方搞股份制是群众自发性的居多，而我们黄岩从一开始就是在政府和县委的支持下推广实施的。” "how do I say this?" “因为黄岩历史上有路桥市场，这里的人商业意识强，商业活动的能力更强于别人，从古至今很会做生意。即使在计划经济年代，黄岩因为有名扬天下的蜜橘和模具，做生意的人就有不少。我们的乡镇企业在七八十年代，就与绍兴的水平不相上下。可由于我们处在台州这个地方，交通比较封闭，外来的资金很少，而当地企业又要迅速发展，资金怎么解决？国家和政府没有钱，所以集资和私人拼凑合作便成了一条必由之路。”这位老同志随手拿出一沓复印的材料给我看：“这是一个香料厂当时的群众入股收据凭证，你可以看看……” 我接过复印件，在一张张“收款单”上，清清楚楚地写着某某人、某某人“交入香料厂投资款”，或100元，或50元。交款的时间是1972年8月和1972年9月…… 1972年是什么年代？是中国绝大多数地方还在高举“语录”，“大批特批”的“文革”岁月，百分之九十九点九的中国人还在起劲地批封资修、批摔死在沙漠里的“林副统帅”的疯狂年代，那是多数人连乡镇企业为何物还不是很清楚的年代。台州的黄岩人竟然已经在明目张胆地干起了投资办厂的事！ “我们能这么干，主要原因是，当时乡办企业出现了问题，普遍存在产权不清，职责不明，大呼隆劳动，分配上的大锅饭，群众意见很大。比如有的集体企业名义上是集体的，可厂长一人说了算。集体企业的厂长或者供销人员，掌握着厂里的购进原料、销售产品的大权，他们熟悉购销渠道，明着干集体的，偷偷又办起自己的个体厂，而把一些私人企业的原料费、出差费弄到集体企业来报销。搞来搞去，集体企业亏损，个人腰包鼓了。这种'富了和尚穷了庙'的情况在乡办、村办的集体企业中非常普遍。为了解决这些问题，我们的地方党委和政府想不出其他办法，认为只有从产权所有制和职责上分清，才能使企业集体有活力，否则乡办、村办企业只有死路一条。之后，我们在办新的企业时，采取集体投资与个人投资的合股形式便由此推开。这样办的好处是，共同投资，共同占有，共同劳动，共担风险，共享利益。后来发现，凡是这样的企业，效益都很好，集体、企业经营者和投资人三方皆大欢喜。我们的领导同志很讲实事求是，很开明，说啥革命不革命，啥社会主义资本主义，能让集体富强起来，能让老百姓过好日子，我们就支持干！台州能在六七十年代，到80年代能有如此普遍的股份制经济形式，就是因为我们的领导思想开明，不唯上。” 在黄岩采访时，区委的同志给我找到了一份所谓“中国第一号”官方“红头文件”，此文件是时任黄岩县委书记孙万鹏主持起草的。他在文中说：“在黄岩进行的几个月调查中，令我陶醉的是一种新的极富生命力的经济模式——股份合作制在黄岩萌芽。但当时我深入听取各方面的意见时，发现这个问题远不是我所想象的那么简单。一些好心的同志劝我说，'它是一条高压线，别碰它，风险太大了！'原因在于，它涉及到'姓社姓资'的敏感问题，至今还未见到全国有一个地方党委正式发文表态支持的；从理论界的同志那里了解到的信息是，北京一些大学的权威经济学教授明确认为，'股份制就是私有制'。而黄岩县委农工部所进行的系统调查与我个人的调查都表明：股份合作制几乎是解决当时企业资金困难的最有效途径，对促进黄岩城乡经济发展起了积极作用，老百姓几乎没有不欢迎的。这样一件大好事，为什么我们不支持呢？于是我和当时的县长王德虎商量，决定从实际出发，制定一个系统的政策文件，满腔热情又脚踏实地地推进股份制与股份合作制的发展，解除群众的后顾之忧，做百姓的靠背。为了承担这种政治责任，我还和王德虎击掌而盟：出了问题，我俩承担！但我们坚定地相信，霜雪之后，必有阳春。后在县委农工部同志的参与努力下，1986年10月23日，我们黄岩县委、县政府正式发出了现在被誉为中国第一个地方党委、政府颁布的关于股份合作制的系统政策文件，即《关于合股企业的若干政策意见》，从此黄岩的股份制经济得以迅速发展，蔚然成风……” 如孙万鹏所言，有党委和政府的“红头文件”支持，黄岩的百姓像吃了秤砣铁了心，于是股份合作制企业如四月里的雨后春笋…… 与此同时，随着股份合作企业的生机勃勃，原有的那些集体企业也被推到了前台。由于计划经济留下的种种体制上的弊端，纯粹的集体企业和国有企业该向何方发展，成了又一个突出问题。这样的企业，如果再投入，有没有发展前景，是个问题。让其自生自灭，损失的是国家和集体，似乎让哪个领导出面承担这样的责任也不太客观。what to do?党委和政府又面临一个新课题。 黄岩的金清区是该县乡镇企业最多的地方，遇到的这类问题也最突出，急需一种办法解决。 在台州地委和黄岩县委支持下，金清区大胆提出对那些政府没能力再投入，又缺乏管理人才使之起死回生的企业，实行“拍卖”。 这可是在20多年前的20世纪80年代啊！“拍卖”二字，等于是彻头彻尾的“国家和集体财产变相到私人手里”，这是社会主义吗？这样一来红色江山还算是共产党的吗？金清区的“拍卖”消息一传出，震动黄岩和台州的每一个角落，也波及到邻近的温州和宁波。好在浙江人此时都钻在“钱眼里”，看热闹的务实的人，比疯狂的失去理智的那种“左”派人士多得多，所以金清区的“拍卖”，引来更多的是热切的关注和兴趣。 1988年4月18日，这个日子在中国改革开放的历史上还没有记载，但现在看来应该补上它，因为这一天在中国台州的黄岩县金清区举行了新中国历史上第一次将一个国有集体企业放到了“拍卖”场。 这一天，金清区公所的拍卖现场，能容纳200人的会场，挤满了参加竞拍和看热闹的人，连走廊里都是人头攒动。上午9时30分，拍卖开始，三位买方代表随即展开了紧张激烈的轮番叫价，一直较量到23回，最后由徐正坤所代表的6位股东以169.1万元的价格，购得黄岩县轮窑厂。 轮窑厂当时是金清区最大的社办企业，也可以说是金清最大的“国有”企业，连“最大”的国有企业都敢“卖掉”，这金清、黄岩乃至台州还有啥“国有”不能“卖”的？啥不能“股份制”的？老百姓在喜笑颜开地议论着，在欣喜若狂地询问着自己的干部和领导……干部和领导们你看我，我看你，最后眼睛一起看市领导…… “有什么看的？只要符合邓小平同志讲的'三个有利于'，我看'改制'和'卖掉'都可以嘛！”时任台州市的主要领导在干部大会上，回答得清清楚楚，而且底气很足。说这话的人叫黄兴国，时任台州市市长、后任市委书记，现在是天津市市长。他敢于改革，思想解放和实事求是的工作作风，在台州人民心目中留下了深刻印象，那是对台州经济建设和改革开放作出过历史性贡献的人。 台州人的股份制经济浪潮如滚滚东流的长江之水，奔腾不息，一发而不可收，远远走在其他地区的前面。 1993年，日益崛起的台州人需要一条高速公路通向他们期盼的致富前方！自行建高速，钱从何处来？政府有些为难了。百姓说：政府修高速，为的是咱台州经济发展和老百姓的富裕生活，政府没钱，我们合股出钱！OK!既然办企业可以搞股份制，为什么修高速路就不能试一试用股份制形式呢？市委、市政府领导一合计：干！前人没有走过的路，后人就该蹚一蹚嘛！ “修高速、搞股份”的消息一出，台州各界大亨们纷纷响应。于是数亿元资金不日聚集到位。原本计划三年修完的全长82公里的台州境内的第一条高速公路仅用半年时间完工，它的建成通车，如给勇于创富的台州人的双脚添置了飞轮，台州经济和台州社会从此进入了一个全新的历史…… 之后的台州股份制，以排山倒海之势，进入所有的经济领域，甚至向教育和卫生部门…… 2000年1月1日零时零分，地球外的第一缕曙光最先照射到中国陆地的地方是台州的温岭市石塘镇。“千年第一曙光”落脚台州石塘的新闻，通过央视现场直播，传遍五湖四海。那时，来台州的人越来越多，认识台州的人也越来越多。所有来到台州的人，被生机勃勃的当地民营经济所震惊和振奋，他们通常会时不时地问当地人一个敏感的问题：你们这儿还有没有国有企业了？ 台州人会十分自豪地告诉客人：我们在20世纪90年代就基本上没有国有企业了。台州的百姓这么说，台州的干部和市领导也这么说，没有一丝的顾虑。因为他们不需要顾虑，他们知道，虽然这里基本没有了国有经济，但这里的天下仍是共产党的，仍是社会主义的，这里为国家所作的贡献是改革开放前的二十几倍！ 30年所走过的历史告诉世人：中国的第一批“股民”，源于台州，源于田埂上那些想发家致富的台州农民们！