Chapter 2 Chapter 1 Operations in North China

The late autumn of 1948 was a golden season for the Chinese people to reap the rewards of hard work and a bumper harvest. On November 2, the Liaoshen Campaign ended in victory. In late November, Huang Botao's corps in the Central Plains had been wiped out, and the Huaihai Campaign was entering its second phase.The Fu Zuoyi Group of the North China Kuomintang Army fell under the pincers of the North China Liberation Army and the Northeast Field Army, and became a frightened bird, at a crossroads where he could not decide.The conditions for launching the Pingjin Campaign were ripe, and the situation of a strategic decisive battle in North China began to emerge.

In fact, long before the Liaoshen Campaign, the leaders of the Communist Party of China represented by Mao Zedong began to make plans for North China. After the founding of the Communist Party of China, party organizations were successively established in cities such as Beiping and Tianjin, as well as in the rural areas of North China, and they launched and led worker and student movements and peasant riots many times. During the Anti-Japanese War, the Eighth Route Army led by the Communist Party of China carried out anti-Japanese guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines in North China, establishing and expanding the anti-Japanese base areas.After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the Kuomintang army, with the support and assistance of the U.S. government, seized large and medium-sized cities such as Beiping and Tianjin and major transportation lines, and aggressively invaded the liberated areas.The soldiers and civilians in the North China Liberated Area rose up in self-defense, dealt a heavy blow to the Kuomintang army and defended the liberated area.

On October 11, 1946, Fu Zuoyi, Commander-in-Chief of the 11th War Zone of Suiyuan, invaded and occupied Zhangjiakou, the capital of Chahar Province and the capital of the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region.The Kuomintang government was ecstatic, thinking that "the Communist Army has completely collapsed", and unilaterally announced the convening of the "National Congress".Fu Zuoyi was also dazed and called Mao Zedong openly, saying that the Communist Party and the People's Liberation Army were "initiating chaos by force, splitting and separatist regimes, and will be destroyed."Mao Zedong immediately pointed out: Jiang Fu's army occupied Zhangjiakou, "both politically and militarily, they just swallowed a bomb", and predicted that in the near future, "the battle situation will undergo fundamental changes, and the army and civilians in the liberated areas will turn to a full-scale counter-offensive. Recover all lost ground and win the final victory."

In accordance with the combat policy proposed by Mao Zedong, in the first half of 1947, the military and civilians in North China successively launched the Northern Henan and Southern Shanxi offensives and the Zhengtai, Qingcang, and Baobei campaigns, annihilating a large number of enemy troops and expanding the liberated areas. In October 1947, the Battle of Qingfengdian was launched again, annihilating the main force of the Third Army of the Kuomintang Army.Since then, the war situation in North China has been the same as in other battlefields across the country. Our army has shifted from strategic defense to strategic offense.Then, Shijiazhuang, an important town in North China, was conquered in one fell swoop, so that the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei and the Shanxi-Hebei-Luyu Liberated Areas became one.

In September 1947, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a land conference, and in October promulgated the "Outline of China's Land Law".The vigorous land reform movement in the vast rural areas of the North China Liberated Area greatly stimulated the enthusiasm of the farmers who had recovered to develop production and join the army and war, and laid a political and material foundation for the liberation of North China.At the same time, the Kuomintang government expropriated and extorted money, and the prices in its ruled areas soared. People's War of Liberation.

In May 1948, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission decided to merge the two strategic areas of Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei and Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan and their leading organizations to establish the North China Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Liu Shaoqi was also the first secretary, and Bo Yibo and Nie Rongzhen were in charge The second and third secretaries; the establishment of the North China Military Region, with Nie Rongzhen as the commander and Bo Yibo as the political commissar; the establishment of the North China Joint Administrative Committee. In September, the North China People's Government was formally established, with Dong Biwu as chairman.At this time, the North China field force had grown to three regiments, 11 infantry columns, and 33 brigades (including two artillery brigades), with a total of more than 460,000 local troops.

At this time, the North China Kuomintang army had been isolated on Shanhaiguan, Tangshan, Tianjin, Beiping on Beining Road, Zhangjiakou, Datong, Guisui (now Hohhot) on Pingsui Road, Chengde, Baoding, Taiyuan and other points.This situation is extremely beneficial for the Northeast Field Army to enter the customs and, together with the North China Field Army, to divide, encircle, and annihilate the Kuomintang Army. With the elimination of the Northeast Wei Lihuang Group, solving the problem of the North China Kuomintang Army became the central issue of Mao Zedong's consideration in advance.

The solution to North China is mainly to eliminate the two strategic groups of the Kuomintang army, one is the Fu Zuoyi Group and the other is the Yan Xishan Group, and liberate the cities of Peiping, Tianjin and Taiyuan.Mao Zedong originally envisioned that, Yan first and then Fu (hit Yan Xishan first and then Fu Zuoyi), that is, take Guisui first, then take Taiyuan, eliminate Yan Xishan's clique, and after the liberation of Suiyuan and Shanxi, concentrate the main forces of the North China People's Liberation Army and the Northeast Field Army. Seize Beiping and Tianjin, and eliminate the Fu Zuoyi Group.

For this reason, Mao Zedong decided to fight three campaigns in North China. In the autumn of 1948, Yang Chengwu was ordered to form the Westward Corps with the Third North China Corps as the main force, cooperate with the Northeast Field Army to eliminate the Wei Lihuang Group, restrain the Fu Zuoyi Group from sending aid from the Kanto, march to Suiyuan, and liberate large areas of Chahar and Suiyuan In the area, the soldiers returned to Suicheng. At the same time, Mao Zedong also deployed Taiyuan to fight, ordering Xu Xiangqian and Zhou Shidi's North China First Corps to launch the Taiyuan Campaign on October 5, "strive to capture Taiyuan before December 15."

The third battle is the Battle of Pingjin.According to this deployment, two days before the end of the Liaoshen Campaign, Mao Zedong sent a telegram to Lin Biao, Luo Ronghuan, and Liu Yalou, requesting that the Northeast Field Army send two columns of the First Condemned Corps to go south immediately, and enter Jixian and Zunhua areas to rest and wait. "The rest should rest for about a month after the battle on the Shen (Yang) Ying (kou) line, and start dispatching in early or mid-December to attack the Pingjin area." On November 6, 1948, the two field armies of the Central Plains and East China launched the Huaihai Campaign. On the 7th, Mao Zedong judged that the Fu Zuoyi Group might adopt three policies based on various intelligences: stick to Pingjin; The troops of the direct line withdrew to the Nanjing area; abandoning Pingjin, Chiang Kai-shek and Fu Zuoyi's troops all retreated south.Mao Zedong considered that if Fu Zuoyi adopted the policy of sticking to Pingjin, it would be beneficial to me; if he adopted the policy of retreating, it would be beneficial to me. I have to fight in the future.In this way, Mao Zedong focused his command on preventing the enemy from retreating, and began to consider changing the original plan and launching the Pingjin Campaign at an appropriate time.

By weighing the pros and cons, Mao Zedong proposed to "retain Fu bandits in (Peking) Ping, (Tianjin), Zhang (Zhangjiakou), and Bao (ding) areas, waiting for the main force of our Northeast to enter the pass, and cooperate with the forces of North China to completely annihilate the enemy." The general policy, and emphatically emphasized that "the emphasis is on keeping the enemy in Beiping, Zhangjiakou, Tianjin, and Baoding from retreating westward, and from escaping by sea." In order to keep the Fu Zuoyi Group in the Pingjin area, Mao Zedong began to consider the withdrawal of the Third North China Corps to return to Sui. First, the North China First, Second, and Third Corps were concentrated to quickly attack Taiyuan. Regarding the attack on Taiyuan, Xu Xiangqian (First Deputy Commander of the North China Military Region, Commander of the First Corps, Political Commissar) and Zhou Shidi proposed to increase the number of troops in a telegram to the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China on November 8. After Mao Zedong received a telegram from Xu Xiangqian and Zhou Shidi suggesting to increase troops in Taiyuan, he carefully analyzed the situation on the battlefield in North China, repeatedly considered the use of the three corps in North China, and believed: "The situation in North China is under the influence of our army's victory. Between Ping, Zhang, Tianjin, and Bao, it seems that they have not yet made a final decision on sticking to Pingjin or retreating to Suibao in the west. However, if I attack Guisui, it will prompt three armies and three or four cavalry brigades of Fu Zuoyi's group to advance It is possible to retreat to the west, and my Yang (Chengwu) and Li (Jingquan) corps may be forced to withdraw from the encirclement and retreat to the south because they are not sure of reinforcements. The Yan (Xishan) bandits have a solid position due to continuous air transport, and our siege forces It is still not an advantage, and we are still struggling in the corner, trying to increase our consumption in the protracted period." To break the deadlock, the only way to increase the strength of the front line in Taiyuan.In this way, "it can help Xu and Zhou capture Taiyuan, and enable Xu and Zhou to go south as soon as possible to take over Liu (Bocheng) Deng (Xiaoping)'s mission in the Central Plains, so that Liu and Deng can lead their troops across the river." Mao Zedong also estimated that since Taiyuan was within Yan Xishan's sphere of influence, Fu Zuoyi would not move when we attacked Taiyuan." It is also possible that when our Second North China Corps left Taiyuan to the west and the Pingbao line was relatively empty, it might "invade Shijiazhuang again." If this is the case, it will be beneficial for me to conquer Taiyuan and keep Fu Zuoyi Group in Ping, Tianjin, Zhang and Bao areas. However, Lin Biao, Luo Ronghuan, and Liu Yalou put forward different views on the increase of troops in Taiyuan based on Mao Zedong's general intention of suppressing the Fu Zuoyi Group and annihilating it on the spot in North China.They believed that stopping the attack on Guisui was a major step to contain Fu Zuoyi's clique, but it was not enough. On November 15, they called the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China and suggested "not attacking Taiyuan for the time being." This suggestion of Lin Biao, Luo Ronghuan, and Liu Yalou was immediately adopted by Mao Zedong. On November 16, Mao Zedong drafted a telegram for the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China to Xu Xiangqian and Zhou Shidi on the Taiyuan front, asking for opinions on postponing the attack on Taiyuan: Xu Zhou: It is estimated that the premature conquest of Taiyuan may have caused Fu Zuoyi to feel isolated and voluntarily give up (Northern) Ping, (Tianjin), Zhang (Jiakou), and Tang (Shan) to retreat southward, or to retreat westward and southward respectively, increasing the possibility of subsequent annihilation. Difficulties, please consider whether the following policies are feasible: (1) Fight for another one or two weeks, capture some peripheral points and firmly control the airport, that is, stop the attack and carry out a political offensive.The troops stuck to their positions and rested on the spot.When our army enters the Northeast and attacks Ping and Tianjin in the first ten days of January next year, you will attack Taiyuan again. (2) If this policy is adopted, the troops of Yang (Dezhi), Luo (Ruiqing) and Geng (Biao) will rest in Fuping and will not go west for the time being.How, hope to reply. Military Commission 5 o'clock on the 16th The next day, Xu Xiangqian and Zhou Shidi replied to the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China, expressing their full agreement with the policy of not attacking Taiyuan temporarily.The Second North China Corps "is on standby in Fuping, and is ready to dispatch to the vicinity of Zhangjiakou at any time, and cooperate with Yang (Chengwu) Li (Jingquan) and Li (Tianhuan) to prevent the enemy from escaping." Fu Zuoyi, the word Yisheng. Born on June 27, 1895 in Anchang Village, Ronghe County (now Linyi County), Shanxi Province. In 1908, 13-year-old Fu Zuoyi went to the Hedong Middle School in Yuncheng to study.After class, I like to read classical novels such as "Water Margin" and "Water Margin", and I like to imitate some characters in the books. In 1910, he saw that the people were being tortured by mermaids, and the Chinese nation was on the verge of extinction, so he decided to abandon literature and martial arts.At that time, the revolutionary wave led by the revolutionary pioneer Dr. Sun Yat-sen to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and revitalize China inspired every passionate youth.Fu Zuoyi left his hometown, resolutely came to Taiyuan, and was admitted to Shanxi Army Primary School. In 1911, the Revolution of 1911 broke out, and Fu Zuoyi devoted himself to the revolution with enthusiasm.He cut off his braids, participated in the Shanxi Uprising, served as the platoon leader of the student army, and fought in Niangziguan.After Yuan Shikai stole the achievements of the 1911 Revolution, the whole country was indignant. Fu Zuoyi, who was full of blood, once planned to murder Yuan Shikai. In 1912, Fu Zuoyi graduated from Shanxi Army Primary School, and was recommended by the school to the No. 1 Army Middle School in Qinghe Town, Beijing for further studies. In 1915, he graduated with excellent academic performance and was promoted to the fifth infantry department of Baoding Military Academy. He graduated in 1918 at the age of 23. After 8 years of military school life, Fu Zuoyi was assigned to the Tenth Regiment of Shanxi Yan Xishan Department as a trainee officer (platoon leader). Three years later, he was promoted to captain and battalion deputy and battalion commander.After another year, he was promoted to lieutenant major. In 1924, he sent troops to Shijiazhuang with the army, and was promoted to head of the regiment because he completed the task well. In 1926, Yan Xishan and the Zhifeng Allied Forces jointly attacked Feng Yuxiang. Fu Zuoyi was ordered to defend Tianzhen City. In October 1927, Zhang Zuolin, a warlord of the Feng dynasty, occupied most of the Northeast and North China. The Kuomintang and the Communist Party cooperated in the Northern Expedition. Yan Xishan divided his troops into three routes to attack the Feng army. In Zhuozhou City, he led his troops into the mountain from Jiugongkou in the east of Yuxian County, and went down the Juma River.Here are poor mountains and valleys, rugged roads, few pedestrians, and no troops entering or leaving.Therefore, when Fu Bu came to the city of Zhuozhou, he did not encounter a single soldier from the Feng army.Fu's advance detachment arrived at the north gate of Zhuozhou, just in time for the Feng army to change defenses. The north gate was unguarded, and the commander of Fu's army drove straight in.When approaching the Fengjun who had just entered the city from the south gate and went north along the South Street, Fu Jun suddenly raised his gun and fired. Zhuozhou is located between Beijing and Baoding at the northern end of Jinghan Road. It is the hub of the Beijing-Tianjin-Baobao Triangle, tightly choking the throat of Beijing.After the Fu army occupied Zhuozhou, it caused extreme panic in the Feng army. Zhang Zuolin, the Generalissimo of the Anguo Army, and Zhang Xueliang, the commander of the Feng army, immediately mobilized heavy troops to form a counterattack Zhuozhou headquarters, with Zhang Xueliang as the commander in chief, and fought with all their strength.The Feng army organized 7 general offensives successively, using artillery, tanks and chemical weapons, and planes bombed day and night in turn.As a result, Zhuozhou City stood still.The Feng army couldn't attack by force, so it had to be induced to surrender.Zhang Zuolin sent his high official Yu Guohan, the former tactical instructor of Fu Zuoyi's Baoding Military Academy, to deliver a letter of persuasion to Fu Zuoyi.Fu said in his reply letter: "The teacher taught us tactics, but unfortunately there is no such thing as surrender, so I dare not follow orders." Fu Zuoyi led his troops to guard for three months.Out of love for the people in the city and all the soldiers, Fu Zuoyi decided to go out of the city alone to negotiate.After hearing the news, the people of Zhuozhou were very moved, and they unanimously stated: Master Fu must not go out of the city. If the master goes out of the city, all the people in the city are willing to die in the city with all the soldiers.Fu had no choice but to follow the opinions of the people, and sent Zhu Xizhang, the chief of staff of the brigade, out of the city to negotiate, and instructed Zhu: peace talks are not surrender, and the Fengjun can only sign if they agree to the following three items.1. After the battle, the Fu Department was reorganized into the National Defense Army; 2. The people of Zhuozhou must be given compensation and compensation for the death and property loss caused by the Fengjun siege of the city; 3. I myself quit the military and did not accept any position.Zhang Zuolin accepted Fu Zuoyi's conditions, and the war subsided. The Battle of Zhuozhou demonstrated Fu Zuoyi's outstanding military talent and love for the people, which made him "famous all over the world" and became a famous military strategist and "famous city defender" in modern China, with a reputation both at home and abroad. In June 1928, Fu Zuoyi was appointed as the Tianjin garrison commander. In 1931, he was appointed as the commander of the 35th Army. He led his troops to move to Suiyuan and acted as the chairman of the Suiyuan Provincial Government. After the "September 18th Incident" in 1931, Japanese imperialism invaded the three northeastern provinces of our country. Based on patriotism, Fu Zuoyi expressed his resolute resistance to Japan in the form of telegrams, calls, and letters to the public from September 22.In Suiyuan, all the officers and soldiers of the subordinate troops were mobilized against Japan, put forward the resounding slogan "Better to be a dead ghost than a subjugated slave", and stipulated that after the roll call in the morning and evening, they would shout in unison: "Swear to protect the country, fulfill our responsibilities, and spare no expense." Sacrifice, shame with snow."At the same time, special pre-war military training was carried out on the tactics of fighting against Japan.These practices have played a good role in improving and strengthening the confidence of the entire army in resisting Japan and making military technical preparations for fighting the Japanese army. Chinese troops deploy defenses at Luowenyu between Xifengkou and Gubeikou of the Great Wall In early 1933, the Japanese army invaded every mouth of the Great Wall in an attempt to occupy North China.Fu Zuoyi called the national government several times, vowing to fight against Japan to the death.In April of the same year, the Japanese army trapped Xifengkou and Gubeikou, approaching the northern suburbs of Beiping.Fu Zuoyi, who served as the commander-in-chief of the Seventh Army of North China, led his troops to gallop in the suburbs. On May 23, the Japanese army aggressively invaded the area of ​​Niulan Mountain. The officers and soldiers of Fu's army determined to live and die with the position, and fought fiercely with the Japanese army. Both sides suffered heavy casualties, forming a confrontation.That night, the Fu Department organized a death squad of more than 500 people. When it was about to carry out a night attack on the Japanese army, it suddenly received an order from He Yingqin, the branch of the Peking Army, asking the Fu Department to "stop fighting and withdraw from the position."Fu Zuoyi and all his officers and soldiers were extremely angry, and proposed: "The Japanese army must withdraw first before we can retreat, otherwise we will never retreat." After the Japanese army retreated, Fu's troops withdrew from their positions one by one around 12 o'clock that night and moved to the Korean camp. the area.Then, according to the orders of Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jingwei, He Yingqin sent Xiong Bin to sign the "Tanggu Agreement" with the Japanese side, which was humiliating and humiliating, and the Great Wall War of Resistance came to an end.A total of 246 Japanese soldiers were killed in this campaign.After the news of Fu's victory in the Anti-Japanese War came out, newspapers across the country praised Fu's soldiers with headlines such as "Dozens of hand-to-hand fights made the enemy lose their leadership", "The blood of the soldiers on the battlefield, death is heavy on Mount Tai". Beginning in 1935, the Japanese army instigated the Manchurian and Mongolian puppet troops to invade Suiyuan.Encouraged by the people of the whole country to resist aggression, Fu Zuoyi resolutely launched the Suiyuan War of Resistance in 1936. In mid-November, the Honggertu puppet army that invaded Suidong was defeated in one fell swoop, and then it launched an attack on the enemy's strategic point Bailing Temple in Suiyuan.Killed more than 300 enemies, wounded more than 600 enemies, captured more than 400 enemies, and recovered the Bailing Temple in one fell swoop.After the battle, Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, first sent a congratulatory message, praising General Fu Zuoyi’s Suiyuan Anti-Japanese War as the harbinger of the Chinese people’s resistance against Japan. On one side, the inscription is "Resist insults for the country".People from all walks of life across the country and overseas Chinese set off an upsurge of donations to celebrate the victory. At the beginning of December, the Ministry of Fu regained another strategic point - the temple. The victory of the Suiyuan Anti-Japanese War exposed the lie that the Japanese army was invincible, inspired the enthusiasm of the people of the whole country, and wrote a glorious page in the history of the Chinese nation's opposition to Japanese aggression. After the Battle of Bailing Temple and Damiao, the Japanese Kwantung Army became furious and issued an ultimatum to Fu on December 15, "order Fu Zuoyi to withdraw from Suiyuan immediately and drive to Shanxi, and reply within 24 hours."After hearing this, General Fu was furious, and he went up against the case, and said to the head of the Japanese secret service: "There is no need to consider this matter, and I will reply immediately. I am the chairman of Suiyuan Province. Give up an inch of the country's land, and fight against each other without fear." A few words, shining the awe-inspiring righteousness of the Chinese nation, is worthy of being an indomitable patriotic general. After the "July 7th Incident", an all-out war of resistance began. In 8 years, Fu led his troops to fight in Chabei, Jinbei, Xinkou, Taiyuan, Jinzhong, Suinan, Suixi and other places, recovered Duolun and Shangdu, attacked Chaigou Fort, participated in the Battle of Pingxingguan, Xinkou The Battle of Taiyuan, the Battle of Taiyuan, the Battle of Suinan, the Battle of Baotou, the Battle of Suixi and the Battle of Wuyuan. Zhao Chengshou, Fu Zuoyi, and Wang Jingguo (from right) in the Suiyuan Anti-Japanese War On November 2, 1937, Yan Xishan held a military meeting in Taiyuan to study the deployment of guarding Taiyuan.The meeting lasted for a whole day from morning to night, and none of the generals in Shanxi was responsible for the defense of Taiyuan.Fu Zuoyi stood up against the case. He said: "There is nothing more glorious than abandoning the soil, and I will defend Taiyuan City!" Facing a strong enemy, Fu Zuoyi made up his mind: "Serve the country with his own body."In his letter to his family, he said: "At present, the flames of war have burned to the vicinity of Taiyuan. I have been ordered to serve as the commander of Taiyuan City Defense and shoulder the responsibility of defending Taiyuan... Zuoyi has been in the army since childhood, and he has been in the army for half his life. Putting life and death out of the question early, as long as there is still one breath left, I vow to fight the Japanese invaders to the end, sacrifice my life for the country, and never look back... Life is what I want, and righteousness is also what I want. You can't have both, sacrifice your life for righteousness Those who are loyal, like the sun and the moon, can first comfort the people and their families!" Inspired by General Fu's fearless spirit, the entire army defended the city for three days and nights, causing heavy casualties.In the end, due to the outnumbered enemies and the disparity in equipment, they had to break out of the encirclement and withdraw from Taiyuan. At the beginning of 1938, Fu's headquarters was stationed in Liulin Village, Lishi County. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China sent Zeng San and Cheng Zihua to Liulin to discuss cooperation with Fu in the anti-Japanese war.Xu Fanting, Cheng Zihua and others mobilized more than 3,000 young people in Linxian, Xingxian, Wuzhai, Baode and other counties to supplement the Fu Department and increase the anti-Japanese strength of the Fu Department.In the autumn of that year, Fu Zuoyi sent Zhou Beifeng to Yan'an to meet Mao Zedong and other leaders of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and asked the Communist Party of China to send cadres and progressive youths to Fu's department to help carry out anti-Japanese work.Not long after Mao Zedong met Zhou Beifeng, he sent dozens of cadres, including Pan Jiwen and Wang Yiran, and students from Northern Shaanxi Public School from Yan’an to Hequ Fubu to assist Fubu in establishing a political work system and set up a political department above the regiment. There are political instructors below, and the main leaders of political organizations at all levels are mostly CCP cadres from Yan'an.Since then, advanced thinking and fine style of work have been gradually cultivated in Fubu. The whole army has loud and clear songs in the war of resistance, and the troops are full of lively and resolute passion for the war of resistance. In the winter of 1938, Chiang Kai-shek appointed Fu Zuoyi as the deputy commander-in-chief of the eighth war zone, and set up the deputy commander-in-chief's department in Suixi. Under the jurisdiction of the Nationalist government. In April 1939, Fu Zuoyi imitated the "Field Mobilization Committee" of the CCP in Shanxi Province, and set up a "Sports Committee" in the counties, districts and townships of Suiyuan Province to mobilize all forces for the war of resistance. Fu Zuoyi (1895-1974), courtesy name Yisheng, was born in Ronghe, Shanxi. In 1925, he served as the commander of the 4th Brigade of Shanxi Infantry and the commander of the 4th Division. In 1928, he became the Tianjin Garrison Commander.During the Central Plains War, he served as the commander-in-chief of the Second Route Army and served as the commander of the Jinpu Line. After the defeat, his department was reorganized and served as the commander of the Seventh Army. In December 1939, Fu Zuoyi led his troops to attack Baotou, which was occupied by the Japanese army, and severely damaged the Japanese and puppet troops.Fu Zuoyi took advantage of the three favorable conditions of time, location, and people, and achieved the glory of killing Lieutenant General Mizukawa, Dasao Ohashi, and Chief of the Kuwahara Secret Service of the Japanese army, annihilating more than 3,400 enemies, capturing more than 300 enemies, and capturing 16 cannons and more than 50 cars. As a result, he won the Wuyuan Battle. The victory of the Battle of Wuyuan was the first battle for the Kuomintang army to recover lost ground since the National War of Resistance, which had a great impact.Various parties and organizations across the country sent congratulatory messages one after another, and many patriotic overseas Chinese even formed a condolence group, and made a special trip from Hong Kong to Suixi Shanba, where the Deputy Chief of the Eighth War Zone is located, to express their condolences.Some domestic newspapers praised the Battle of Wuyuan as "swallowing the river with anger", "an unprecedented feat in history", "a glorious record in human history" and so on. Since the Great Wall Anti-Japanese War in 1933, General Fu Zuoyi has been at the forefront of the anti-aggression war full of patriotic passion. In the past 13 years, he led his troops to fight for more than 90,000 miles on the anti-Japanese battlefield, and fought more than 290 battles and battles, basically remaining undefeated.Therefore, it can be said that General Fu Zuoyi was a famous general of the Kuomintang who resolutely resisted the Japanese. He made immortal contributions to defending the Chinese nation and resisting foreign aggression. On August 11, 1945, Chiang Kai-shek appointed Fu Zuoyi as the commander-in-chief of the 11th War Zone, and ordered Fu Zuoyi to lead his troops from Shanba to actively implement the policy of "suppressing bandits and rebellion". At the end of August 1946, Chiang Kai-shek sent Chen Cheng to Guisui and ordered the Fu Department to coordinate with Li Zongren from the Beiping side of the East Road to attack Zhangjiakou, the capital of the Jinchaji Border Region of the Communist Party of China. On September 5, 1946, the Fu Ministry invaded Zhuozi Mountain. On the 13th, all the troops were dispatched, desperately attacking Jining. Captured Zhangjiakou on October 11.So far, Baotou, Guisui, Zhuozishan, Jining, Tianzhen, Wuchuan, Helin, Guyang, Tuoxian, Hexing, Shangyi, Taolin, Liangcheng, Zhangjiakou and other places have been seized successively. Fu Zuoyi's occupation of Zhangjiakou was not only the culmination of the arrogance and gain of the anti-communist forces in North China, but also the turning point of their failure. From April to July 1947, the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei People's Liberation Army entered the active offensive stage, successively launched the Zhengtai, Qingcang, and Baobei campaigns, and achieved three battles and three victories.Especially in October in Qingfengdian, the main force of Chiang Kai-shek's third army was wiped out, Shijiazhuang was captured, and the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei liberated area and the Shanxi-Hebei-Luyu liberated area were united. was cut off. Fu Zuoyi (1895-1974) served as the commander-in-chief of the "Suppression General" of the Kuomintang in North China after the Anti-Japanese War At the end of 1946, Chiang Kai-shek renamed the "theater zone" as "Sui Department".Li Zongren's Northern Parallel Administer Baoding Sui Department (formerly Sun Lianzhong's 11th War Zone) and Zhangyuan Sui Department (Fu Zuoyi's 12th War Zone). At the end of 1947, Chiang Kai-shek abolished the Baoding Sui Department, and the personnel were merged into the Zhangyuan Sui Department.At this time, Li Zongren was running for vice president, and the conflict between Jiang and Li intensified. In March 1947, Li Zongren flew from Beiping to Shanghai, and the Beipingyuan existed in name only. On December 3, 1947, Chiang Kai-shek ordered the establishment of the North China Bandit Suppression Headquarters, and appointed Fu Zuoyi as the commander-in-chief to manage the military, political, financial and cultural power in North China. Fu Zuoyi believes that the war situation is closely related to the political situation. Without a handy local administrative organization, it will be impossible to let go of the military, let alone make a difference.In order to organize a handy local administrative organization, he submitted Liu Yaozhang, the chairman of the Hebei Provincial Council appointed by the Kuomintang government, to be the mayor of Beiping; he transferred back his well-known Shenyang defense commander Chu Xichun to be the chairman of Hebei Province, and also served as the chairman of the middle and lower administrative staff. adjusted accordingly.He also believed that to fight against the PLA, we should not only engage in military affairs, nor rely solely on the regular army, but must fight an overall war.The total war he mentioned is the combination of military and politics, the combination of field army and local army, and a full-scale attack on the People's Liberation Army.For this reason, he vigorously expanded the local troops and organized various miscellaneous anti-communist armed forces to replace the main force for local defense.A local military and political cadre training group was established to train officers below the group and administrative officials below the county magistrate in rotation to implement his overall "clearance and suppression" tactics.The main content of this tactic is: mobile office with backpacks, combination of cadres with the Home Returning Group, combination of the Home Returning Group with the local troops, and integration of the local troops with the field corps, and the implementation of the "clearance and suppression" of the whole people. Fu Zuoyi also believes that the reason why the Kuomintang army was passive in the past has something to do with the military deployment from point to line and from line to area.To gain the initiative, we must change this deployment and implement a new operational policy.He organized all the regular troops into three mobile corps, and ordered Li Wen's Pinghan Corps and Hou Jingru's Jinpu Corps to stay in place and be ready to maneuver at any time; Deployed between Heping and Tianjin in the suburbs of Beiping, a new mobile warfare method of using the main force against the main force is implemented.He said that in the future, if the garrison or guerrilla suppression forces stick to the PLA on the battlefield, I will seize the opportunity to transport mobile troops to annihilate the PLA on the battlefield, reversing the passive situation of not being able to fight, and being beaten when not fighting. However, since the beginning of 1948, in the battles of Laishui, Chanan, Jidong, Rexi, Baobei, etc., he lost successive defeats, lost cities and lands, lost troops and generals, and was devastated. At the end of the Liaoshen Campaign, that is, on October 31, 1948, Mao Zedong sent a telegram to Lin Biao, Luo Ronghuan, and Liu Yalou, asking the main force in the Northeast to rest for about a month after the battle on the "Liao (Yang) Camp (Kou) Line" Start dispatching in the first ten days or the middle ten days of the month, and attack the Pingjin area." However, in early November, Mao Zedong instructed Lin Biao, Luo Ronghuan, and Liu Yalou to lead the Northeast Field Army into the customs quickly.Why is this? On November 2, our army liberated Yingkou City Mao Zedong's original policy was to attack Yan Xishan Group first and then Fu Zuoyi Group first.Later, after suggestions from Lin Biao and others, and after discussing with Xu Xiangqian, Mao Zedong changed his original battle plan, that is, to attack Fu Zuoyi first and attack Yan Xishan in Taiyuan slowly. However, withdrawing from the siege and slowing down the attack on Taiyuan, this series of methods of playing hard to catch and seeking advancement by retreating, can only psychologically alleviate the role of Fu Zuoyi's quick decision to escape; if Fu Zuoyi wants to abandon Pingjin, it is still difficult for our troops in North China to stop It escaped, and this was what Mao Zedong was most worried about. Mao Zedong believed that the combination of the Second and Third Corps in North China could prevent Fu Zuoyi's troops from retreating to Suiyuan, but it could not prevent Chiang Kai-shek and Fu Zuoyi's troops from retreating to the sea, and encircling Zhangjiakou would not achieve the goal.Because "the enemy has a total of 35 infantry divisions and 4 cavalry divisions. If the enemy is determined to retreat from the sea, he can gather more than a dozen divisions to pick up the enemy in Zhangjiakou, concentrate on Jin and Gu, and gradually ship them."The attack on Taiyuan was stopped, and the North China First Corps was asked to abandon the captured positions and go to Zhangjiakou to undertake the encirclement task. But the enemy in Zhangjiakou will flee in fear of annihilation." This is really a difficult problem to solve.It seems that to solve this problem, the only way is to allow the main force of the Northeast Field Army to enter the customs earlier.Having made up his mind, Mao Zedong sent a telegram to Lin Biao, Luo Ronghuan, and Liu Yalou on November 16, asking them to consider whether it would be better for the main force of the Northeast Field Army to enter the customs as soon as possible, or to complete the rest plan in the northeast and then enter the customs. "We have considered that your main force will enter the customs as soon as possible, encircle Jingu and Tangshan, and rest under the encirclement posture, so that the enemy will not be able to escape from the sea." The next day, the War Room of the Military Commission received a call back from Lin Biao, Luo Ronghuan, and Liu Yalou, saying: "The Liaoshen Campaign has been fought for 52 days, and soldiers and ammunition need to be replenished, and at least two months of rest are needed." Zhu De said: "After the Pingjin enemy is surrounded, I will approve him to rest for 100 days." Mao Zedong turned his attention to the military staff officer: "It is still necessary to send a report to Lin Biao to make it clear that the enemies in Pingjin should be told to run away, or should they be wiped out on the spot?" Zhu De was categorical: "I don't understand the thinking, and the organization is obedient. If you have any difficulties, you must overcome them by yourself. You must ensure that you enter the customs quickly!" He said and stared at Mao Zedong, "This is a big problem, and there must be no ambiguity!" Zhou Enlai: "I agree with the boss!" Mao Zedong waved his hand: "That's it." There is no more time to discuss. On November 18, Mao Zedong made his final decision and categorically ordered Lin Biao, Luo Ronghuan, and Liu Yalou: "I hope you will immediately order each column to complete preparations for departure in one or two days, and take shortcuts for the entire army or at least eight columns on the 21st or 22nd." Advance as fast as possible, suddenly encircle Tangshan, Tanggu, and Tianjin, and the enemy will not escape, and strive to make the Central Army surrender without a fight (this is very likely)." "I hope that after you issue the departure order, you will go to Commanded by Jidong." Late November 1948.The Chinese Communist Party Command - Xibaipo. It's late at night, the earth is sleeping, and everything is quiet. The lights in Mao Zedong's office were still on.Several leaders of the Chinese Communist Party Command—Mao Zedong, Zhu De, and Zhou Enlai were concentrating on discussing the combat plan for the Pingjin Campaign drafted by Mao Zedong.Boss Zhu said: "This time it's Fu Zuoyi's turn!" "Yes! This time we will solve the North China issue." Mao Zedong stood up from a wooden bench in an old cotton-padded jacket, lit a cigarette, and said, "After the Liaoshen Campaign and the Huaihai Campaign, the enemy in North China has If you don't seize the opportunity and annihilate them on the spot, the enemy may escape from North China. There are as many as 600,000 Jiang Fu troops in North China. No matter where they go, it is not good for us to liberate the whole country quickly. We must seize this opportunity Only by annihilating them on the spot can the total collapse of the enemy in the whole country be accelerated. Therefore, launching the Pingjin Campaign immediately has become the most urgent strategic task in the North China battlefield." Zhu De, Secretary of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Vice Chairman of the Military Commission, and Commander-in-Chief of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, is in Xibaipo Mao Zedong paced back and forth in the room. He drank two sips of tea, put out his cigarette butt, and then fixed his eyes on Beiping and Tianjin on the sand table.After staring at it for a long time, he said thoughtfully: "I have been thinking about it for the past few days. In order to prevent the enemy from running away, we will adopt the tactical approach of attacking both ends first and then taking the middle. As long as Tanggu and Xinbao are two Conquer it, and the whole world will survive." Zhou Enlai fully agreed with Mao Zedong's opinion, and analyzed the current military situation in the whole country and North China.He said: "Chiang Kai-shek still has 4 military strategic groups in the whole country. Only Fu Zuoyi Group in North China is the only group that can maneuver. This is because: Liu Zhi Group in East China is concentrating all available forces and is busy defending the decisive battle in Xuzhou. The Hu Zongnan Group in Xi’an has been tightly held back by our Northwest Field Army and wants to cover the Southwest, and dare not move a step. The Wuhan Bai Chongxi Group in Central China guards the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in Wuhan alone, and wants to defend the Central South Gate, and he dare not take a step. Therefore, only the Fu Zuoyi Group in North China is already under the attack of our two major field armies in Northeast China and North China. For this reason, after the Liaoshen Campaign, the main force of the Northeast Field Army must quickly enter the customs without waiting for rest, and together with Nie Rongzhen's troops, complete the strategic encirclement of Jiang Fu's army in North China, so as to accelerate the early arrival of national victory." "Facing it!" Zhu De went to a large military map and added: "If Fu Zuoyi escapes at present, he can indeed escape. Because it is difficult for our 400,000 field army in North China to stop 600,000 Jiang Fu's army from escaping. According to this situation, it is necessary to seize Fu Zuoyi's dilemma of defending and withdrawing, and order Lin Biao to lead his troops to enter the pass quickly, concentrate superior forces, divide and encircle the enemy, and then annihilate them one by one." Zhou Enlai interjected and said: "According to the judgment of the Peking underground party recently provided by Liu Ren, under the current situation, the Fu Zuoyi Group's future movements will be no more than the following three: first, all Jiang Fu's troops will stick to Pingjintang; second, all Jiang Fu's troops will flee south; 24 divisions from the Chiang family fled to the south, and 20 divisions from the Fu division fled to the west.” "The first of the three moves of the Fu Zuoyi Group is the most beneficial to us. At present, they are in this state of indecision, which is the best time." Mao Zedong said: "From the perspective of the overall situation of the war, we must seize The 24 divisions of the Jiang family and the 20 divisions of the Fu family were divided and surrounded on the spot in North China, and then annihilated one by one. In this way, on the one hand, it is beneficial for our Northeast Field Army to enter the customs nearby; on the other hand, it will accelerate the overall collapse of Chiang Kai-shek’s ruling clique使蒋在江南的防线无法组成。如果让华北蒋傅军南逃、西跑，我们虽然不经一战而取得平津，但对未来的战局很不利。” “从目前情况看，敌人向徐州、郑州、西安、绥远诸路逃跑的可能性较小，”周恩来抬起头，望着毛泽东说，“当前最重要的是防止敌人从海上逃跑。为此，要通知林彪、罗荣桓，东北野战军入关时要注意隐蔽，千万不能打草惊蛇！” 朱德说：“为了很好地执行这一作战计划，要让各级指挥员了解我们的作战意图。战役第一阶段的任务是分割包围敌人，在开始的两个星期内，一般应采取围而不打或隔而不围的办法。第二阶段的任务，将敌各个歼灭。必须向全体指战员强调，第一阶段的任务十分重要，只有把敌分割包围了，使其不能跑掉，我们就主动了。便可随心所欲，想打哪就打哪，想什么时候打就什么时候打，想怎样打就怎样打！为着不使蒋介石迅速决策海运平津诸敌南下，我完全同意主席的意见，赶快通知刘伯承、邓小平、陈毅、粟裕，在歼灭黄维兵团之后，留下杜聿明指挥下的邱清泉、李弥、孙元良诸兵团之余部，两星期不作最后歼灭的布置。我看这是一步好棋。” 毛泽东说：“这一战役是由东北、华北两路大军共同完成，为了加强这一战役的领导，便于协同作战，我建议由林彪、罗荣桓、聂荣臻三人组成总前委，由林彪担任书记。”大家都表示同意。最后周恩来以军委副主席兼总参谋长的身份说：“我看主席拟就的这一计划还是比较周密的，为了争取时间，我马上下达东北和华北两军区，通知林彪、聂荣臻认真贯彻执行。”讲到这里，毛泽东又补充说：“还要告诉他们，如遇到新情况，或执行中有什么问题，请他们及时提出来，加以修改补充。” 周恩来一看表，已经5点了，雄鸡在叫，中共领袖们又工作了个通宵，伟大的华北决战从此开始了。 1948年的深秋，傅作义指挥的部队，大约还有60余万人。他的主力部队4个兵团，12个军，52个师，部署在东起北宁线的滦县，西至平绥线的柴沟堡，约600公里的狭长地带，以北平、天津、张家口、塘沽、唐山为重点，摆成了一字长蛇阵。 第一防区，为西翼张家口防区，包括傅系1个兵团，2个军，7个师和2个骑兵旅。防区以张家口为中心，包括怀来、宣化、张北、崇礼、万全、柴沟堡、怀安等城镇。这个防区的指挥官第十一兵团司令名叫孙兰峰，是傅作义的心腹。孙率领兵团部和袁庆荣的一○五军3个师和保安部队，驻守张家口。傅系一○四军军部及其所属3个师驻怀来。傅系王牌主力三十五军3个师，由军长郭景云率领作为机动部队，来往于北平和张家口之间，驻北平丰台，作为傅的保驾部队。傅系总部直属一○一军之二七一师，驻守宣化。傅系骑兵第五旅和第十一旅，驻守左卫、柴沟堡、怀安等城镇。 第二防区，为总部所在地北平防区，包括傅作义的华北“剿匪”总司令部，李文的第四兵团和石觉的第九兵团。共有5个军，14个师和1个骑兵师，25万人马。防区以北平为中心，包括北平外围的怀柔、密云、平谷、昌平、顺义、南口、良乡、涿县、八达岭、门头沟、房山、通县、固安等城镇。傅作义的总部驻北平中南海。傅系郭景云的三十五军，原建制属张家口的第十一兵团，但该军为机动部队，驻丰台，来往于北平至张家口之间。傅系的骑四师和新三十一军驻北平城郊区。李士林的一○一军军部和3个师，决定放弃保定移驻良乡、涿县地区。石觉的第十三军及其4个师，决定放弃承德，移驻通县、怀柔、密云地区，袁朴的第十六军军部及其3个师，驻南口、八达岭、昌平地区。 第三防区，为左翼津塘防区，包括蒋系侯镜如的第十七兵团，共5个军，16个师。防区以天津、塘沽为中心，包括唐山、芦台、汉沽、廊坊、杨村、杨柳青、宝坻等城镇。第十七兵团司令兼津沽防区司令侯镜如率本兵团及段沄的八十七军等部，驻守塘沽地区。津沽防守副司令兼天津警备司令陈长捷，率领本部直属5个师和林伟俦的六十二军，刘云瀚的八十六军等部驻守天津市及其周围郊区。黄翔的九十二军军部和郑挺锋的九十四军军部及其所属共6个师，分驻天津之廊坊、杨村、杨柳青、宝坻等城镇。 在具体兵力部署上，傅作义是煞费苦心的。他有意把蒋系部队摆在北宁线，把傅系部队摆在平绥线，一旦东北解放军主力入关，蒋系部队首当其冲，而傅系部队在不利情况下，可以向绥远逃之夭夭。从这一点可以看出，敌人在平津固守，还是从平津撤退，在蒋介石、傅作义和美帝国主义三者之间，同床异梦，各怀鬼胎。蒋介石既想让傅作义固守华北，迟滞解放军南下，又想把华北兵力全部南撤，巩固江南防务，举棋不定；傅作义也脚踩两只船，想看看形势变化，平津能守就守，不能守就西逃绥远，不得已时就向南逃跑，但又摆出固守的架势，想捞取美援，扩充实力；美帝国主义看到蒋介石大势已去，从援蒋武器中拿出一部分，直接供给傅系部队使用，好让傅作义固守平津，维护美帝国主义的利益。 还是在辽沈战役期间，蒋介石几次去东北中途住北京圆恩寺行邸，曾几次与傅作义谈到了关于傅作义五六十万大军今后的去向问题，曾设想了三种方案。 第一种方案是固守天津、塘沽，准备南撤。这种方案主张放弃张家口，集中兵力于天津、唐山间，并以塘沽海港为中心，构成60里半弧形滩头阵地，以便必要时可把华北60万守军由海上撤到江南。一来增强京沪的防御力量；二来可作为拱卫江南半壁河山的一个支柱。这个方案，实际上是蒋介石的一个如意算盘。因为，蒋见自己的最精锐的美械部队，已在东北损失精光。为了保存军事力量，重建江南防线，恨不得能把华北60万蒋傅部队，在一夜之间就撤到江南才称心。但是，傅作义深怕中蒋的“调虎离山计”，不愿自己的20万部队跟蒋系40万军队南撤过江，他知道，如果那样，他很快就会成为空头司令官，一切听蒋摆布，就会像一只可怜的“笼中鸟”。实际上这种方案是蒋介石的单相思。 第二种方案，即西撤绥远。这种方案实际上是傅作义的个人愿望。因为察哈尔、绥远两省是傅部老巢。傅系部队大都是察、绥人，都不愿南撤过江。傅作义本人最怕蒋的调虎离山计，故不愿离开华北，更不愿轻易离开绥远。为此，傅作义曾向蒋建议说：海上南撤没有美国舰船是不行的，陆路南撤又太危险，与其如此，还不如把平津数十万部队西撤绥远，背靠西北“三马”和胡宗南，互为掎角，可保住大西北。蒋介石当然不会同意这种方案。因为，西撤只能撤走傅系20个师，蒋系24个师是绝不会西去的。这样蒋傅势必分道扬镳，美国就会因此停止美援，那对彼此都不利，这也只是傅作义的单相思。 第三种方案，即暂守平津，保持海口，扩充实力，以观时变。这实际上是一个举棋不定、暂保现状的三凑合方案。也是美、蒋、傅三方经过多次磋商的一个折衷方案，美国所以赞成这个方案，是因为这个方案坚守平津，能够牵制东北和华北解放军南下，可暂时保住美国资本在华北的利益。如果情势支持不住，美国主张利用塘沽海口把蒋傅军撤往青岛。那时，傅作义出人，美国出枪，可把山东沿海变成美国在远东的军事基地。美答应运给傅7万支卡宾枪和2亿发枪炮弹，以供急需。 蒋介石所以表示同意，因为这个方案明确规定：“暂守平津，保持塘沽海口。”一旦傅作义支持不住，就可强令其南撤过江。傅作义所以赞成这个方案，是因为暂守平津，一来可借此接受美援，二来可用已掌握的军政财大权，加紧扩充新编军队。他估计东北解放军在经过辽沈决战后，至少要休整三个月到半年时间，才能入关作战。在这期间，他可争取扩大新军20至50万人。到那时，他可有百万之众，就可战可和可守，万一不行，西撤绥远也不晚。 狡诈多变的蒋介石，经过反复考虑，终于暂时同意第三方案。10月31日，他在离开北平飞返南京前，把傅作义请到圆恩寺行邸说：“好，好，那就照第三个方案办吧！总之，今后华北的军政财大权都交给你了。美国司徒大使说，华北由你直接接受美援，希望美援武器快点运来，把你们新编的5个师装备起来。”傅作义说：“请委座放心，我尽力照你的意图去做就是。关于华北的防守，我认为按照第三方案部署是比较稳妥的。我已命令承德、保定等处过于孤立的守军，按计划逐步撤归平津，只留一个军驻守山海关，监视东北共军的动静。”蒋连连点头说：“我已告知王叔铭，要华北空军对东北共军进行多方侦察，密切注意其动向。必要时，你就照我的意图机断行事吧！” 在辽沈战役末期，蒋介石与傅作义谈定，要傅作义执行暂守平津、保持海口、扩充实力、以观时变方案。然而就在4天之后，即11月3日，傅作义就突然接蒋介石从南京来电，要他在11月4日飞南京，参加蒋召集的最高紧急军事会议。参加这次会议的有蒋的国防部长何应钦，参谋总长顾祝同，西北行辕主任张治中，徐州“剿总”总司令刘峙，华中“剿总”总司令白崇禧等人。 这次会开了4天，主要讨论在辽沈决战大败后，在南北两线如何挽回败局。蒋介石在会上宣布，集中一切可能集中的兵力，在徐蚌地区同陈毅、刘伯承进行决战。在华北收缩防线，集中兵力于北平、天津、塘沽，牵制东北共军南下，必要时撤退过江，加强京、沪的防务。 为了促使傅作义同意放弃华北南下过江，蒋在会上宣布任命傅作义为华东南军政长官，并通过何应钦在会后同傅作义谈话，说华北军队经海、陆两路南撤过江，舰船已准备好，由傅全权指挥，以此来诱使傅上钩。 对此，傅作义采取了以攻为守的姿态，强调南下太困难，不赞同马上南撤，使得蒋介石拿他也没有办法。傅在会上坚决主张同共产党血战到底，以最突出的主战派面目出现，提出坚守华北，誓死挡住东北和华北共军南下，并说：“只有这样才能争取时间，让总统在江南顺利组成第二线兵团，尔后就好组织反攻。” 5日，何应钦、顾祝同、白崇禧、傅作义在何应钦的官邸商讨华北作战方策，傅作义说：”委员长的意见，昨晚我考虑再三，也没有想出一个万全之策。东北失陷，对华北十分不利，但依我个人拙见，华北的战局还不像有些人所说的那样悲观，我自信还有扭转华北战局的办法。南撤方案非到万不得已时不宜实施。因为坚守华北是全局，退守东南是偏安，历史的教训值得我们深思！” 在今天这种场合，没有蒋介石在场，傅作义讲起话来顾忌自然少多了。傅、何、顾、白四人军衔、职位都无大的差别，加之在当时特定的历史条件下，南京政府还有赖于傅作义。 作战厅同意傅固守平津的意见，但希望傅能各个击破包围归绥的解放军华北三兵团和太原的华北一兵团，傅作义只是摇头，嘴里念叨着“难呀，难呀”！ 蒋介石这一天虽然没有出席会议，但会议的进展和傅的态度他十分清楚。他听说傅作义的意见与自己原来想法不谋而合，他对向他汇报的何应钦说：“固守华北，这不仅符合党国利益，可以迟滞江北共军南下，有较宽裕的时间加强长江防务。同时，也可以使美侨在华北特别是在平津地区的利益受到保护，所以美国也会支持我们这样做。” 会议期间，蒋同傅几乎每个晚上都进行个别密谈。蒋一再要傅准备率部南撤过江，并要傅作义出任华东南军政长官，指挥华东南四省蒋军作战。傅对蒋授予如此高官厚禄，始终采取婉言谢绝的态度。傅不愿南撤和接受蒋的高官大位，除了怕蒋的调虎离山计外，对于蒋家王朝的前途，也完全丧失了信心。 傅作义一回到北平，就向他的心腹幕僚们讲述了南京军事会议上的情况，他决心在林彪主力入关之前，抓紧时间，利用美援装备再扩编10至20个师。傅作义说：“只要手中有兵一切都好办。共产党搞土地改革大得人心，我们也搞'耕者有其田'，争取人心。誓死坚持华北，实在不行，再到绥远去打游击。”所以，“暂守平津，保持海口，扩充实力，以观时变”，就成了傅作义当时处理华北战局的基本方针。既可守，又可逃，是这个方针的实质。 还在辽沈战役结束之前，傅作义就与其属下研究制订了华北行动的三个方案：一是适时放弃冀热察诸省，全军转入绥远休养生息；二是适时放弃承德、张家口、保定等城市，一部暂时控制北平，主力集中于天津、塘沽，以便在情况不利时由海上南撤；三是蒋傅两系主力分别向津、沽和绥远转进。 实际上，摆在傅作义面前的只有守和撤两条路。撤又分为向绥远和江南两路。但傅作义不愿意也不敢实行南撤。一方面，由于傅作义发迹的本钱是第三十五军，以及后来由三十五军逐渐派生出来的一○四和一○五两个军，起家的根据地是绥远，他的这些部队素称察绥军，基本成员是绥远和察哈尔人，故土难离，傅是很难将他们带往江南的。 另一方面，与蒋共事多年，傅深知蒋的为人，离开自己起家地盘，寄于蒋氏篱下，不可避免地要受到排挤，甚至被吞并。因此，对傅来说，南撤等于死亡，西退绥远“老家”最理想。但蒋系中央军他带不走，且绥远经济落后，不利扩充实力，不利长期坚持，暂守平津，则有利扩充实力，并且，在这种局势下扩充实力，蒋不但会同意，还会给予支持。 傅作义的这一想法，在6日的南京作战会上得到验证。蒋问傅：“宜生，你固守华北，如何固守，你是怎样打算的？” 傅作义静坐无语。 “你固守华北”，蒋介石在补充自己的意见，“摊子不要铺得太大，要尽力收缩兵力，主力放在平津塘地区，即使万一支持不住，能迅速从海上南撤。” 蒋介石所说的“收缩兵力”，意在放弃察绥，将察绥兵力东移平津。但蒋没有直说，没有把话挑明。但是傅作义是理解蒋的意图的。没有挑明，正符合傅作义的心理，正好给傅留下了可乘之隙。傅作义在想，你要我收缩兵力，我就可以打起“收缩兵力”的旗号，撤守保定与承德，以便将你的中央军部署在北宁线上，将我的察绥军部署在平绥线上。 傅怕蒋对其“收缩兵力”的讲法再作补充或解释，马上扭转了话题，把蒋的思路引向了别的谈话内容，他说：“委员长，华北共军要想与我们决战，有赖东北共军入关。我估计林彪入关尚需3到6个月的休整补充，我想利用这段时间扩军20至50万。这样即使林彪入关，我军仍可占优势。” 蒋介石：“好！好！我支持你扩军，你就扩吧，我给编制和装备。那么，咱们就这样说定了：一、固守平津；二、收缩兵力；三、扩军20至50万；四、等待第三次大战爆发。” 停顿一下蒋接着说：“我们的方针是：坚守平津，保持海口，扩充实力，以观时变。对，就这16个字。” 6日夜里，在傅作义的下榻处，副参谋长梁述哉向傅作义汇报：“总司令，这两天我看望了几位老同学、老朋友，他们都说南京政府腐败不堪，自从沈阳丢失后，内部慌乱一团，逃往台湾的情绪到处可见，完全显现出垮台前夕的景象，他们都再三叮嘱，要我们早作打算，不可陪葬，即便战死疆场，人民也不会为我们收尸！这就是打内战和抗日的区别！” 傅作义静静地听着，一动不动，脸上冷漠、严肃，没有任何表示，静了好大一会儿，说：“今天方针已定，明天履行公事开个大会，我看中午就能结束，你检查一下飞机情况。会一散我们就返回北平，这里不是我们久留之地！” 11月7日上午，南京黄埔路蒋介石官邸的客厅里，蒋介石、何应钦、顾祝同、白崇禧、傅作义以及国防部负责作战的一些高参们，开会讨论华北作