Chapter 19 Chapter 18 Mao Zedong looked at the map of North Korea in his living room, waiting for the telegram from Peng Dehuai

Mao Zedong looked at the huge map of North Korea in his living room, waiting for a telegram from Peng Dehuai from a valley called Dayudong in North Korea. (Beijing Fengze Garden, after October 19, 1950) Among the architectural landscapes of Zhongnanhai, the irrigated terraces in the South China Sea can be said to be resplendent and resplendent with flying pavilions, carved railings and painted buildings. Compared with the buildings in Fengze Garden where Mao Zedong lived, they are still simple, honest and quiet. Elegant without feeling gaudy.No wonder when Mao Zedong’s American friend Snow came here many years later, he felt that it was at most like a residence for middle-class people, not like a residence for a head of state.

The three characters "Fengze Garden" hung on the plaque at the main gate of Fengze Garden are written by Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty.The Chrysanthemum Fragrance Bookstore is a couplet inscribed by Kangxi: "The garden pine does not change the green color, and the potted chrysanthemum still relies on the clean fragrance." In the first few days when the Volunteer Army entered North Korea, Mao Zedong almost fell asleep and almost never left the garden. Planning in this courtyard with pine trees and green onions and potted chrysanthemums is more decisive than the mountains on the south of the Yalu River thousands of miles away.

He has been waiting for news from Boss Peng. When discussing the specific plan for dispatching troops here that day, he and Peng Dehuai discussed the location of the command post. Mao Zedong said: "Old Peng, what are your plans for the establishment of your command post?" Peng Dehuai said: "I haven't had time to think about it yet." Mao Zedong said: "The central government has considered it. For the safety of you and the command post, the command post should be set up on the north bank of the Yalu River. Find a hidden place to avoid bombing by enemy planes."

Peng Dehuai frowned: "Chairman, that won't work. My command post cannot be located on the north shore." Mao Zedong was a little bit surprised: "It's not located on the north shore, why?" "To resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea, send troops to North Korea. The troops have crossed the Yalu River to go abroad to fight. How can I, Peng Dehuai, be the commander, command within the country?" Peng Dehuai is very determined, "Where the troops fight, I will go there. I have always been used to commanding from the front. .” Mao Zedong was a little worried: "What if your headquarters is blown up by the enemy at once?"

"No, no." "Don't be afraid of 10,000, just in case. If the command post is bombed, how will you command it?" Mao Zedong also insisted. Peng Dehuai still didn't let go: "It's me, Peng Dehuai, so the command post can't be set up on the north bank. Chairman, if someone wants to bomb, I won't bomb it!" What a stubborn Boss Peng! Mao Zedong had already received Gao Gang's report, and knew that Peng Dehuai was the first to cross the river in front of the troops yesterday on the 19th, so there should be news. In the early morning of October 20, when it was almost dawn, Peng Dehuai, who had entered North Korea, finally sent a telegram.Mao Zedong got the news that at about four o'clock in the morning, Peng Dehuai arrived in Dayudong from Sinuiju, accompanied by North Korean Deputy Prime Minister Park Xianyong.Prime Minister Kim Il Sung and Chai Chengwen, China's Chargé d'Affaires in North Korea, arrived ahead of schedule.Chai Chengwen greeted Peng Dehuai at the gap in Dayu Cave.

Dayu Cave is a remote valley in the mountains of Sinuiju on the south side of the Yalu River.There is a depression beside the ravine.To the east of the depression is a famous gold mine in North Korea.The original wooden shed where mining tools were placed at the entrance of the gold mine became the combat center for Peng Dehuai to command the battle.Gold mines have ceased production.Behind the wooden shed is a large hole with a diameter of more than ten meters. Inside the large hole is a small hole, which is warm in winter and cool in summer. It is also a natural air-raid shelter. Through direct contact with Dayudong, Mao Zedong deployed the first battle of the volunteer army into the DPRK.Not only Mao Zedong and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, but also the people in the country were most worried about the fact that the Chinese army was fighting the US military completely unfamiliar to them for the first time; The rifles of the Japanese army were seized that year; some troops had not yet conducted pre-war training; the Soviet Air Force also said that it could not provide air support for the time being, and whether the volunteer army with such backward equipment could defeat the enemy army with the most modern technology and equipment.

At that time, the Volunteer Army planned to enter the DPRK with six armies, eighteen infantry divisions, and three artillery divisions, with a total strength of about 300,000 troops.The United Nations Army and the South Korean Army, with the U.S. Army as the main body, totaled 420,000 troops, including 210,000 ground combat troops. One of them was restrained by the North Korean People's Army that remained behind the enemy lines, and the front-line troops pushing northward were only 130,000 people.The Volunteer Army has an advantage in terms of military strength, but it is at an absolute disadvantage in terms of firepower.The comparison of the combat forces of the two sides at that time was as follows——

One volunteer army: 45,115,000 people, 198 artillery pieces (mostly 75mm caliber), 120 vehicles, no tanks, no air force and navy cover. An army of the U.S. Army (calculated in three divisions): 60,000 people, 1,428 artillery pieces (mostly 105 and 155 mm caliber), about 7,000 cars, and 4 tanks One hundred and thirty vehicles.In addition, there are 1,100 combat aircraft and 300 warships in the Korean theater. Before the volunteer soldiers went to North Korea, Mao Zedong and Peng Dehuai discussed in detail the combat plan for entering North Korea in Fengze Garden, Zhongnanhai.First of all, after the volunteers cross the river, whether they can stand still.Peng Dehuai believes that there are three possibilities:

—It is standing firm, annihilating the enemy, and striving for a reasonable settlement of the North Korean issue; The second is to stand firm, unable to annihilate the enemy, and continue to stalemate; The third was that he couldn't stand up and was beaten back. We are striving for the first possibility. Mao Zedong's plan for the Volunteer Army on October 14th was a positional defense plan for the purpose of standing.That is to say: "After our army's equipment training is completed and we have overwhelming advantages over the enemy in the air and on the ground, we will attack Pyongyang, Wonsan, etc., that is, we will discuss the issue of attack after six months."

According to this plan, after the troops crossed the river, the armies first rushed to the predetermined area north of Pyongyang and Wonsan and immediately organized position defense. When China sent troops to North Korea, it was a courtesy first and then soldiers, and it was strategically preemptive.Especially after the U.S. military crossed the 38th parallel to expand the war, the Chinese side issued warnings to the U.S. side many times. On September 25, when the acting chief of staff, Nie Rongzhen, had dinner with the Indian ambassador to China, Pannying, Nie Rongzhen expressed his concern about the situation. An Indian who conveyed information between China and the United States said: "If the Americans are going to push straight to the Yalu River, the Chinese people are not prepared to stand by."

Panedy said: "If China and the United States fight, the destructiveness of the war will be enormous." "We've considered everything. They'll even drop atomic bombs on us. So what? They might kill millions of people. But a country cannot defend its independence without making sacrifices," Nie Rongzhen said with a smile. You can't win a war by aerial bombing alone. I don't believe the Americans will send troops to China to fight." A week later, at midnight on October 2, Panikha was woken up shortly after falling asleep. Premier Zhou Enlai urgently summoned the Indian and asked him to report to Indian Prime Minister Nehru immediately: "The American army is trying to cross the 38th parallel and expand the war." If the U.S. military really does this, we can’t sit idly by, we have to take care of it.” Zhou Enlai knew that the word “management” was not easy to translate in English, so he specially asked Pu Shouchang, who served as the translator, to think carefully and ensure that the words “management” were prominent in the conversation. "The word, the translation is accurate and expressive. However, the U.S. government dismissed the urgent warning from Pannica as a means of "intimidation". When and where the Volunteers were dispatched, Mao Zedong instructed strict confidentiality measures to be taken, and no news of the troops was sent out in the country.Mao Zedong especially emphasized that the Volunteer Army should "take advantage of the suddenness that the enemy did not expect at all."When the various units of the Volunteer Army crossed the river and entered North Korea, they all adopted the method of marching at night and strictly concealed during the day. The high mountains and dense forests of North Korea prevented the Volunteers from revealing their whereabouts.Moreover, the troops changed into the uniforms of the North Korean People's Army.Although there were enemy planes reconnaissance and search in the sky day and night, the 300,000 troops marched for a week after the 19th, without revealing their targets at all.Because MacArthur has already threatened to fight to the Yalu River before Thanksgiving (November 23), "completely resolve the North Korean issue" and "send a division from North Korea to Europe to strengthen defense by the end of the year", the U.S. military is intoxicated with victory .American news organizations even publicly announced "where a certain unit of the United Nations Army will advance on a certain day." The volunteers can roughly understand the next move of the enemy by listening to American radio broadcasts. However, although the volunteers were not detected, the enemy's advance was faster than expected.On October 19, when the volunteers crossed the river, the enemy had already occupied Pyongyang.The U.S. military was even more dazzled by this, thinking that victory was already within reach.The leaders of the U.S. military even believed that "the organized resistance of the Korean People's Army seems to have ceased to exist", so they ordered the troops to take regiments and battalions as units and take cars to rush northward along the road to the Yalu River in an attempt to control the border first, and then Go back and destroy the besieged People's Army units.At this time, there were only three divisions of the organized People's Army troops withdrawn near the Sino-North Korean border.The main force of the People's Army was still retreating northward south of the 38th Parallel. On October 25, the Seventh Regiment of the Sixth Division, the vanguard of the South Korean Army, suddenly approached Chushan by the Yalu River in a car, and occupied it the next day. Chushan.This was the first and last time during the war that the North Korean army had reached the Sino-North Korean border, and they had no scruples to shoot at the Chinese territory on the other side of the river. In this way, it is no longer possible for the Volunteer Army to march on foot on two legs to reach the scheduled defense area as planned.However, the enemy's aggressive division of troops also created very favorable conditions for the volunteers to launch unexpected surprise attacks. Originally, "Heroes see the same thing" is an old Chinese saying; however, Mao Zedong in Fengze Garden and Peng Dehuai in Dayudong both keenly grasped this extremely rare opportunity.Both of them considered revising the original battle plan for position defense according to changes in the enemy's situation.On October 21, Mao Zedong proposed: "Now is the issue of fighting for opportunities, and it is the issue of completing the deployment of the campaign within a few days so that the battle can start a few days later, rather than the issue of deploying defense for a period of time and then discussing the issue of attack. .” At the same time, Peng Dehuai also pointed out: "At present, among the North Korean invaders of the US and puppet troops, there is little resistance from the People's Army. Before our army's actions are detected, it will still advance northward, so it is fully possible for our army to annihilate the enemy in the form of mobile warfare." Therefore, the first battle of the volunteer soldiers in the future started with an unexpected encounter between the two sides in the movement.Peng Dehuai called it an "encounter and counter-assault campaign", and the operational policy was determined to annihilate the aggressive enemy in motion.At the same time, according to Mao Zedong's plan to "specially attack the puppet army in the first period", the attack was first directed at the South Korean army. On October 25, the 40th Army of the Volunteer Army launched a surprise attack from both sides of the road in the Onjeong area where it was concealed and assembled. It opened fire on a battalion of the Sixth Division of the South Korean Army. The battalion was wiped out.The next day, the Seventh Regiment of the Sixth Division of the South Korean Army that arrived at Chushan was wiped out.The victory in the first battle greatly improved the combat confidence of the troops entering the DPRK.Peng Dehuai concluded, "Without the aircraft and artillery, the enemy cannot attack and cannot defend. As long as I make full use of the night and carry out bold roundabout encirclement and interspersed operations, I can annihilate the enemy." Although South Korean units reported one after another that they had encountered units that were confirmed to be Chinese, their largest strength was at the division level.Intelligence officials from the U.S. Eighth Army collected these reports and reported them to headquarters in Tokyo, saying that a new opponent had definitely entered the battle.MacArthur's headquarters did not believe this at all.The oldest ace division in the history of the U.S. Army, the 1st Cavalry Division, is still advancing aggressively towards Unsan, 60 kilometers away from the Yalu River, and is ordered to support the 15th Regiment of the South Korean Army that has arrived at Unsan.It is said to be "Cavalry Division", which is the designation created by the army when the United States was founded. In fact, the division is now highly mechanized and modernized.At this time, the 39th Army of the Volunteer Army had been ordered to encircle and wipe out the 15th Regiment of the South Korean Army in Unsan. In this way, the first battle between the Chinese and American armies in history - the Battle of Yunshan, started between the Chinese 39th Army and the US 1st Cavalry Division. The book "The First Contest" written by Xu Yan has a detailed record of the Battle of Yunshan—— On the evening of November 1st, the 39th Army of the Volunteer Army, with eight infantry regiments and two artillery regiments, launched a battle of encirclement and annihilation against the enemy of Yunshan.After the troops approached and surrounded the enemy in concealment, without waiting for firepower preparations, they rushed into Yunshan Town with a force to disrupt the enemy's command.After the troops entered the enemy's position, they found that the enemy soldiers were wearing horse-head armbands on their arms, and they were tall, so they knew they were American troops.At this time, the U.S. military had just received defense from the South Korean Army, and their guards were negligent. They mistook the volunteers entering the town for the South Korean Army and shook hands with them.The vanguard of our army will make mistakes and make mistakes. It suddenly opened fire when it entered the headquarters of a U.S. battalion.The enemy panicked after the surprise attack, and the fragile 15th Regiment of the South Korean Army quickly collapsed.Due to the close combat between the two sides, the strength of the US military's superiority could not be fully utilized, and most of the heavy equipment was forced to be discarded.The breakout began after midnight under cover of tanks.On the way to break out, the Eighth Cavalry Regiment of the U.S. Army was intercepted by volunteers again, and most of the tanks were blown up by explosives.After its first and second battalions escaped, its third battalion was surrounded.Immediately, the Volunteer Army adopted the tactic of hiding during the day and attacking at night, and carried out fierce attacks on the enemy for two consecutive nights; by the night of November 3, all the remnants of the enemy surrendered except for a few breakouts.The Fifth Regiment of the First US Cavalry Division who came to reinforce them was also repelled.A total of 1,800 U.S. troops were wiped out in the Yunshan battle (according to U.S. statistics, the loss was about 1,000), 28 tanks were destroyed and captured, and 190 artillery pieces were destroyed. The results of the Yunshan battle shocked the White House and the US military headquarters in the Far East.This confirms that China has indeed sent troops to North Korea, and it has a strong combat effectiveness. In the Yi Nian Hall of Fengze Garden, there is a huge map of North Korea hanging, and the combat policies of each major campaign to resist US aggression and aid Korea were formulated or approved here.Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De and other central leaders have been holding important meetings here and making major decisions.Arrows and flags mark the day-to-day dynamics of both sides in the Korean battlefield on this large map.In those days, Mao Zedong could not do without telegrams and maps almost every day.When he got a new telegram and glanced at it, he would excitedly or hurriedly hold the telegram to check the map and make a mark; or he would contemplate new actions on the map for a long time. Don't bother him easily.Sometimes, Mao Zedong had already gone to bed and fell asleep, and it was not known whether he had fallen asleep lying there. After a while, he suddenly got out of bed in his pajamas and came to observe or draw in front of the big map. In the second battle that started on the night of November 25th, the 42nd Army and the 38th Army, the main force that failed to show its prestige in the first battle, were attacking the enemy in a roundabout way on the western front. with great success.In particular, the 38th Army performed extremely well.On the evening of November 26, the 113th Division of the 38th Army was all lightly equipped, and only a small amount of light artillery was carried by mules and horses to accompany them.The troops advanced at full speed along the mountain path, and after eliminating a few sporadic enemy resistance at night, they entered the depths of the enemy at dawn.There are already enemy planes in the sky reconnaissance.The 113th Division simply removed their camouflage and marched forward as a whole. Sure enough, the enemy planes mistook them for the South Korean army that had retreated from the Tokugawa front.The troops marched more than 70 kilometers in a hurry during the day, which is almost equivalent to finishing two marathon races in one day. On the evening of the 28th, they reached the intersection of the Pyongyang-Jiachuan highway at Sansuoli.It's like a divine soldier descending from heaven. The volunteers occupied Sansuoli and surrounded the enemy forces in the north of Qingchuan River on three sides.The enemy army panicked. The next day, on the morning of the 29th, the enemies in Qingchuan and Jiangbei began to retreat across the board.In order to open the retreat route of the U.S. Ninth Army, the U.S. Second Division went from north to south, and the U.S. First Cavalry Division went north from Pyongyang to attack Sansuoli from north to south.The 38th Army was caught between Sansuoli and Longyuanli by two elite troops of the U.S. Army. The distance between the northern and southern enemies was less than one kilometer.Hundreds of planes bombed the troops of the 38th Army, and nearly a hundred tanks attacked from north to south on the ground.Most of the ammunition carried by the troops has been exhausted.Under such circumstances, the troops used the captured weapons to fight the enemy with incomparable indomitable spirit. After the soldiers finished shooting the bullets, they fought the enemy desperately with stones, fists, and teeth.After bloody fighting, the 38th Army finally withstood the enemy's north-south attack.Seeing that the U.S. Ninth Army had no hope of breaking through the encirclement at Sansuo, and was attacked by the Volunteer Army’s 39th and 40th Armies behind it, it abandoned nearly two thousand vehicles and tanks, turned west, joined the U.S. First Army, and walked along the coast of Suchuan. Lu just fled.Among them, part of the covering troops of the US 2nd Division and the US 25th Division were wiped out before they could escape.In this battle on the western front, more than 3,000 U.S. troops were captured, which was the most captured U.S. troops in the Korean War.The enemy forces were forced to abandon Pyongyang and retreat to the 38th parallel.The reportage "Who Is the Cutest Person" written by the writer Wei Wei describing the most heroic Sansuo-ri Songgu Peak blockade has become a famous piece of modern Chinese literature.The Chinese people have since called the volunteers "the cutest people". Peng Dehuai once criticized the 38th Army for being slow and overly cautious when summarizing the first battle. After receiving the battle report this time, he excitedly added two sentences to the commendation telegram to the 38th Army: "China Long live the People's Volunteers! Long live the 38th Army!" In late March 1951, Mao Zedong heard that a representative of the 38th Army had come to Beijing, so he called Xiao Hua, the deputy director of the General Political Department that night: "I heard that a military political commissar named Liu Xiyuan just came back from the front line. He said he was the army that won a big victory. I want to ask him to come to my place to talk. You bring him here." When Political Commissar Liu Xiyuan came to Fengze Garden as scheduled, Mao Zedong was already waiting at the door of Yi Nian Hall. He held Liu Xiyuan's hand and said, "Why are you so thin? I need a doctor to come and see you." .You've fought a good fight, and you've made a name for yourself! Put the Yankees to the punch. Don't you?" While reporting, Liu Xiyuan followed Mao Zedong into the living room.Mao Zedong was very happy: "Okay, the victorious army, you sneaked into the rear of the Americans and won a big victory. But the victorious army is easy to be proud. If you underestimate the enemy and be proud, you will suffer!" Liu Xiyuan said that he must refrain from pride. Mao Zedong was very concerned about the contest between the Volunteer Army and the U.S. Army, and asked Liu Xiyuan to talk about his experience: "You fought directly with the Yankee at the front. In your opinion, what is the Yankee like?" Liu Xiyuan said: "When the troops first left the country, they had no confidence in the US military. After a few battles, they gradually gained confidence. The Americans are most afraid of close combat and night combat. They are most afraid of us fighting with them with bayonets, throwing grenades, and copying their butts. During the second battle, our troops inserted behind the U.S. military, blocked the enemy, and won the battle with our brother troops." Mao Zedong stood up happily and said: "Okay, ah, this is the science of military affairs and strategy, and the way we win battles comes from here." Mao Zedong paced back and forth a few times, and then said: "The U.S. military is well equipped and uses its aircraft and cannons to bully us; our method is to take advantage of the enemy's weaknesses, give play to our strengths, mobilize and disperse the enemy, and then Concentrate superior forces, use night combat and close combat to fight with the enemy with bayonets and grenades, the enemy can't handle us, we can surround and eat them one by one, one by one." Mao Zedong was very excited, and went to hang on the wall Pointing to the terrain of North Korea, he said: "North Korea has many ravines, which are good places for us to station our troops and fight. We defeated the enemy by drilling ravines in Jinggangshan and Yan'an. In the early days of the War of Liberation, Generalissimo Jiang Nanjing and Beiping occupied the mansions, and we drilled ditches in the countryside. Looking back, we, the Communist Party, were still able to make a fortune by digging ditches. Because in less than four years, we drove the Generalissimo Chiang from the mansions. Well." History will always remember the heroic spirits of more than 100,000 Chinese sons and daughters, including Mao Zedong's own son, who have been buried in the three thousand miles of North Korea; remember the millions of soldiers who fought bloody battles for the survival of the motherland and the dignity of the nation ;Remember the fathers and folks who made great contributions to the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea on a land of 9.6 million square kilometers... History will never forget that Mao Zedong racked his brains in those sleepless days and nights in front of the huge map of North Korea in this courtyard called Fengze Garden in Beijing, guiding the Chinese People's Volunteers to achieve the goal of the whole world. A recognized victory. History is the most fair and great witness: it has not forgotten that in the Opium War more than a hundred years ago, Britain used less than 20,000 troops to defeat the Qing Dynasty; half a century ago, only tens of thousands of troops People's "Eight-Power Allied Forces" can run rampant in the Forbidden City; and only one year after the founding of New China, it dared to compete with the United States, which has the world's most powerful economic and military strength, and defeated countless enemies on the land of its neighbor North Korea. The "Sixteen-Nation Allied Forces" with millions of people, the Chinese nation, which has suffered from foreign aggression and bullying for more than 100 years, finally stood up with strong national self-esteem and self-confidence!