Chapter 5 Article 4 Africa is no longer far away

African delegates sing and dance at UN building as passage restores China's seat Every September and October are intense and busy days for the United Nations.In the matchbox-style thirty-eight-story skyscraper of the United Nations Building on the East River in New York, diplomats or staff members from various countries entering and leaving the imposing conference hall speak English, French, Russian, Chinese, Spanish, etc. There are various languages ​​such as Chinese, Portuguese, and even African tribal languages ​​that a few people understand. They have white, yellow, black, brown and other races, representing various ethnic groups on all continents and islands in the world.

In September and October of 1971, the twenty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly was held.UN officials, experts on UN issues, representatives of various countries to the UN and observers seem to feel that the busyness of this year is just a normal busyness, and that the debates and proposals passed this year will be of a transactional nature. I don't feel that this year's UN General Assembly will have any particularly significant or surprising events.On October 26th, the twenty-sixth session of the UN General Assembly discusses once a year relevant proposals to restore China's legal rights in the United Nations. Due to the interference of the United States, the proposal to restore China's legal seat and expel the Chiang Kai-shek clique requires a third A two-thirds majority, although the number of countries that support the restoration of China's legal rights has been increasing year by year, but most people did not expect that the number of votes in this year's vote will exceed two-thirds.

During the voting, the spacious blue and yellow conference hall of the United Nations was crowded with representatives and spectators. In the auditorium in the back rows, many overseas Chinese would come to watch this kind of voting every year.Although the atmosphere was a bit tense, it was very calm, because almost everyone is used to this annual vote. It is not easy to achieve two-thirds of the support votes. It still needs to work hard. The representatives who voted for and voted against None of us realized that a miracle would happen this year. The statistics after the fact show that the support votes of African countries increased the fastest.

At the 16th UN General Assembly in 1961, the Soviet Union proposed to restore China’s legal rights in the UN, and received 36 votes in favor, of which 9 votes came from African countries: Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Morocco , Sierra Leone and Somalia.Since then, more and more illegal countries have supported the restoration of China's legal seat at the UN General Assembly. At the twentieth session of the United Nations General Assembly in 1965, twelve countries submitted proposals to restore China's seat, including six African countries: Algeria, Congo (Brazzaville), Ghana, Guinea, Mali and Somalia. Of the 47 countries that voted in favour, 18 were African.

African countries submitted similar proposals at the twenty-first, twenty-second, twenty-third, twenty-fourth and twenty-fifth sessions of the General Assembly, especially in 1977. At the twenty-fifth session of the UN General Assembly in 2000, when the proposal submitted by 18 countries including Algeria (nine in Africa) was voted on, 51 votes were in favor, exceeding the number of negative votes (49 votes). Some of the countries led by it believed that the proposal to change China's representation was an "important issue" that required a two-thirds majority to take effect and was unsuccessful.

At the twenty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly, 23 countries (11 countries in Africa) jointly submitted a proposal to "restore all the rights of the People's Republic of China and recognize his government's representative as China's sole representative in the United Nations." lawful representative, and immediately expel Chiang Kai-shek's representative from the seat he illegally occupied in the United Nations Organization and all its organs." Exciting moment has appeared! Changing numbers of lights counted on huge motorized screens showed that the 23-nation proposal passed with an overwhelming majority of 76 votes in favour, 35 against, and 17 abstentions.Twenty-six African countries voted in favour, and they are—

People's Democratic Republic of Algeria; Republic of Botswana; Republic of Burundi; The Federal Republic of Cameroon; Arab Republic of Egypt; Republic of Equatorial Guinea; Ethiopian Empire; Republic of Ghana; Republic of Guinea; Republic of Kenya; Libyan Arab Republic; Republic of Mali; Islamic Republic of Mauritania; Kingdom of Morocco; Federal Republic of Nigeria; People's Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville); Republic of Rwanda; Republic of Senegal; Republic of Sierra Leone; Somali Democratic Republic; Democratic Republic of the Sudan; Republic of Togo; Republic of Tunisia;

Republic of Uganda; United Republic of Tanzania; Republic of Zambia. As soon as the results of the vote came out, before the chairman of the conference made an official announcement, the entire conference hall erupted immediately. Some people laughed loudly, some shouted happily, and some were so excited that they slapped the table. Thunderous applause and cheers sounded from all directions in the hall. Come, come together, and last forever.The African black representatives were so happy that they even sang and danced in the hall, which became a sea of ​​joy under the golden dome of the hall.Only representatives of the United States and a few other Western countries and Chiang Kai-shek's "representatives" looked depressed and embarrassed.

Nixon's face was distorted watching the telecast in the Oval Office While the 23-nation joint proposal was being voted on in the United Nations conference hall in New York, Nixon was sitting on a sofa watching a television broadcast in the Oval Office of the President of the United States at the White House in Washington.He seemed to have a premonition, watching very focused and nervous at the critical moment.An assistant who could directly enter this office came in and wanted to ask him for instructions, but he waved his hand and drove him out. When he saw the results of the vote and the joyous scene in the hall, he angrily knocked on the armrest of the sofa, jumped up, and ran over to turn off the TV.According to the memories of the witnesses, he was so angry that his forehead was bulging and his face was contorted.In order to prevent China from entering the United Nations, the United States racked its brains this year to propose a so-called "dual representation" plan. The content is to allow China to enter the United Nations, and even obtain the qualification of one of the five permanent members of the Security Council, but retain the seat of the Chiang Kai-shek administration .His government spent a lot of effort to formulate and promote this proposal. This proposal was concocted together with Japan, a powerful partner. The U.S. representative to the United Nations, Bush, and the representative of Japan contacted representatives from more than 100 countries in advance. Representatives, it is estimated that there are a few more votes than those who support China.At that time, the reports of the United Nations and the public opinion of many observers all tended to such an estimate.How could this be the result?Why do these many represent duplicity?The proposals made by the United States and Japan have no chance of being voted at this UN General Assembly.In addition to the failure of the proposal, it also shows that the baton of the United States has failed. How can this not make him angry!

On this day, US White House spokesman Ziegler announced at a press conference that President Nixon was annoyed by the practice of "jubilation, applause, and dancing" at the UN General Assembly after the proposal was passed, and even threatened to punish countries that voted for it. Retaliate and cut aid to them. Kissinger said in Beijing that China will not enter the United Nations until at least next year after Nixon's visit to China The news reached Beijing in the early morning of October 26th, Beijing time.At this time, it was mid-afternoon in New York, the 23-country proposal had just been passed, and while the hall was still reveling, U Thant, the Burmese secretary-general of the United Nations, immediately sent a telegram to China's acting foreign minister, Ji Pengfei, asking China to send a representative to New York as soon as possible.This is a big event, and the whole world is watching, but it is a fact that China is not prepared.There is neither ideological nor organizational preparation.At that time, Kissinger was still in Beijing for his second visit to China, making preparations for Nixon's visit to China in the spring of the following year. The Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the UN General Assembly still needs to hold a meeting to decide on important matters, so it will be too late to give U Thant a clear reply.

Wu Dan was in a hurry, and he sent three telegrams to Acting Foreign Minister Ji Pengfei to urge him.Because U Thant encountered a very embarrassing problem, that is, who will be the chairman of the Security Council next month.At that time, the chairman was changed about once a month.The rotation of the chairman is based on the first letter of the name of the country.The abbreviation of China is "C", which has been stolen and used by the Chiang Kai-shek Group for 22 years.If the word "C" is used to represent it, there is also an advantage, that is, there is only one China. In the past, it was fake and fake, but now the real China has come.If the full name of the People's Republic of China is used, it will start with the word "P". If the word "P" is used at the beginning of the UN General Assembly, it will be China's turn to be the chairman next month. It was the early morning of the 26th when U Thant's first telegram came.It happened to be the busiest time for Zhou Enlai. Starting at 5:30 in the morning, Zhou Enlai and Dr. Kissinger held the tenth round of talks, and finally reached a preliminary agreement on the draft joint communiqué of President Nixon’s visit to China. Shanghai Gazette".After this round of talks, Vice Foreign Minister Qiao Guanhua sent Kissinger to the airport.The blue and white "Air Force One" special plane is ready to take off at the Capital Airport.Zhou Enlai estimated that the news of the General Assembly would embarrass Kissinger, so he did not tell him the news.The "Air Force One" parked on the tarmac of the Capital Airport has already received this news, but the telegrapher thinks that Dr. Kissinger will board the plane and take off soon, and thinks it is not necessary to try to send it to Kissinger who is negotiating at Diaoyutai immediately. . At 9 a.m. that day, the talks ended, and Zhou Enlai sent Kissinger to the gate of Diaoyutai Building No. 5.Before Kissinger got into the car, Zhou Enlai said to him in English: "Doctor, you are welcome to come back soon to share the pleasure of the meeting." Kissinger smiled in surprise. This was the first time Zhou Enlai spoke in English. This morning Zhou Enlai was in a very happy mood. This was not only because the "Shanghai Communiqué" had initially reached an agreement, but also the news of the voting results of China's entry into the United Nations just before dawn.At the gate of Building No. 5, when Kissinger was about to leave, Zhou Enlai Gu Kong whispered to Qiao Guanhua who was going to take the guests to the airport. In the red flag car driving from Diaoyutai to the Capital Airport, Qiao Guanhua couldn't hold back the joy in his heart, and consciously talked with Kissinger about China's seat in the UN General Assembly. Qiao Guanhua: "Doctor, I got news that the UN General Assembly is now voting on the restoration of our country's seat. Look, will our country be able to restore our seat at the UN General Assembly this year?" Kissinger said without hesitation, "I don't think you will be able to enter the UN General Assembly this year." Qiao Guanhua said calmly, "When do you think we can go in?" Kissinger said with certainty: "At least after next year, after President Nixon's visit to China, you will be able to enter." Qiao Guanhua raised his face and laughed heartily, "I can't see it!" Chairman Mao said: This is the African black brothers who carried us in. If we don’t go, we will be divorced from the masses. When the day was about to dawn, the news of China's entry into the United Nations was urgently reported by relevant departments to Mao Zedong's study in Zhongnanhai.Mao Zedong took sleeping pills and had just fallen asleep.This is a long-term habit formed during the war years, working at night and sleeping during the day. These days are Kissinger's second visit to China. Starting from October 20, Zhou Enlai and Kissinger will have many talks to discuss the specific arrangements for Nixon's visit to China and the Sino-US joint communiqué.The talks were all held by Mao Zedong himself. He read the draft of the communiqué proposed by the United States, but he did not agree.Later, he agreed to Zhou Enlai's proposal that the two sides "talk about their own ideas".After several rounds of back and forth, the basic structure of the Communiqué was finalized in the early morning of the 26th. When Zhou Enlai and Kissinger had the last meeting, Mao Zedong took sleeping pills and fell asleep.It is said that when Kissinger visited for the second time, he really wanted to meet this doctor, this American official of German Jewish origin; but according to the US side, the top Chinese leader can only meet with other US officials after meeting with President Nixon. official.Before falling asleep in the early hours of the morning, he was still muttering that the rules of etiquette in the United States were outdated. When the emergency report from Xinhua News Agency was sent, the staff on duty around Mao Zedong considered it for a while, and decided that without special instructions from Zhou Enlai or other central leaders, it was better not to rush to wake Mao Zedong, who was asleep after taking medicine.During this time, Mao Zedong was in poor health and was too tired. Mao Zedong woke up near noon, and was very happy to learn that the UN General Assembly had passed the proposal to restore China's seat with an overwhelming majority, and asked people to learn more about the situation. In the afternoon, Mao Zedong called Zhou Enlai to inquire about this matter. At that time, Zhou Enlai held a meeting in his office in the Great Hall of the People to discuss the issue of the UN General Assembly.Participating is the party group and relevant personnel of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.Mainly to discuss whether to send people to attend the 26th session of the UN General Assembly being held in New York?The representative of the Kuomintang had quietly packed up his documents and left the UN General Assembly with his three advisers, hardly attracting people's attention.The seats in the UN General Assembly are already vacant. Shall we go?U Thant, Secretary-General of the United Nations, has sent an official telegram requesting China to send a delegation to attend the UN General Assembly quickly. Shall we go?There are still five days left before the meeting, and if you go to the western hemisphere, you can earn an extra twelve hours, which is three and a half days.The whole century is watching us and we are not ready.going or not? Under the specific circumstances at that time, the cloud of "leftism" still hung over the land of China.At that time, the understanding of the United Nations institution had to be tinged with "Left".At that time, most people believed that the United Nations was a forum for the bourgeoisie, which was manipulated by the United States and the Soviet Union. They believed that it was not a forum for democracy, and that it could not truly speak for the oppressed nations and people.At that time, the party group of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs decided not to go after discussion and research, and planned to return a telegram to Secretary-General U Thant, thanking him for his invitation, saying that we are also very happy, and that China's legal seat in the UN General Assembly should have been restored long ago; however, China has decided not to send a delegation to participate at this time. Mao Zedong called, and Zhou Enlai reported the discussion and the opinions of the party group of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Mao Zedong clearly instructed: "Go. Why don't you go? We will form a group to go immediately. This is the African black brother who carried us in. If we don't go, we will be divorced from the masses. Our country has two major victories this year. One is the downfall of Lin Biao and the other is the restoration of Seat in the General Assembly." Zhou Enlai: "Just now we considered letting Xiong Xianghui take someone to find out the situation first." Mao Zedong said: "Send a delegation to the United Nations General Assembly, let Master Qiao be the head of the delegation, and Xiong Xianghui can be the representative or deputy head of the delegation. You can come back after the meeting." The "Master Qiao" Mao Zedong ordered was Qiao Guanhua. That night, Zhou Enlai went to Mao Zedong's study for a meeting and agreed to immediately organize a delegation to attend the current UN General Assembly.In deciding this matter, Mao Zedong vividly used the phrase "African black brothers carried us in", which highly summed up the support of African brother countries for China.In other speeches, he also said humorous and profound words such as "Our poor friends in Africa are very good friends". Many African countries regard China's entry into the UN as a victory for themselves When news spread that China had resumed its legal seat at the 26th UN General Assembly, newspapers and news agencies in many African countries published editorials and comments to express their congratulations. On October 27, Algeria's "Daily Jihadist" published an editorial titled "A Day in World History" saying: "This victory actually went beyond the scope of the United Nations, and became an epoch-making event in world history." "In this In the incident, the defeated power was the United States. Even at the last minute, the United States did its best to obstruct the victory of justice. However, no matter whether it played the last plots directly or indirectly, in front of the vast majority of the people, the United States To be Tulao. For the first time in the history of the United Nations, American pressure has failed to bring Washington's point of view to bear. At the same time, it is a new sign of our times." An editorial broadcast by Mali National Radio on October 26 pointed out that this victory "is not only a victory for China, but also a victory for the third world including the 700 million Chinese people." The heads of state and government of Equatorial Guinea, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Congo (Brazzaville), Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Zambia, Burundi, Cameroon, Tunisia and Mauritius also sent congratulatory messages.Some African countries met with Chinese ambassadors to their countries to express their congratulations the day after the vote was passed.When meeting with Chinese Ambassador to Congo Wang Yutian, Congolese President Ngwabi said that this is not only a victory for the people of China, but also a victory for all progressive countries, and a victory for the cause of peace and justice for mankind. The first thing Deng Xiaoping did when he took over the responsibility of foreign affairs entrusted by Zhou Enlai was to attend the special UN General Assembly Now I am afraid it is hard to imagine that there is a head of government of a major country who has not attended the UN General Assembly meeting! Premier Zhou Enlai, after long-term and arduous efforts, finally restored China's legal seat in the United Nations during his term of office; as the first premier of new China, one of the five permanent members of the Security Council, he did not have the opportunity to attend the United Nations General Assembly, failed to attend the It is a great pity to speak on behalf of the Chinese government and the Chinese people at the forum of the United Nations.Looking at the reasons, the years when China first entered the United Nations in the early 1970s were the years after the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution. Looking at it now, we cannot but think that political and historical factors that were disturbed by the "Gang of Four" were the main reason. It was also an important reason that Zhou Enlai was terminally ill from exhaustion. On May 18, 1972, Zhou Enlai was diagnosed with bladder cancer by expert consultation. On November 11 of the same year, Bian Zhiqiang and Zhang Zuoliang of the Zhongnanhai Outpatient Department wrote a report to Ye Jianying, Li Xiannian, Li Desheng, Ji Dengkui, and Wang Dongxing, reporting in detail Zhou Enlai's progress since he was diagnosed with cancer in May, and listed blood pressure, Inspection data such as pulse, electrocardiogram and blood in stool.The report stated that after organizing expert consultations, it was unanimously agreed that "Comrade Enlai's heart disease must develop seriously" and "serious attention must be paid in time."The report suggested that Zhou Enlai "should pay special attention to rest, increase sleep, reduce work and other feasible measures."After reading it, Ye Jianying and others agreed with the opinions in the report and emphasized that Zhou Enlai's health should be protected.On the 12th, after Mao Zedong read the report, he instructed: "You should rest and save labor, and don't be careless." At that time, Zhou Enlai's illness was a top secret of the state, and even among the top leaders of the central government, it was only known to a few people. Under such circumstances, Zhou Enlai was already thinking about how to get Deng Xiaoping to work.As early as August 1970, during the Lushan Conference, Zhou Enlai said on Lushan: "Deng Xiaoping is at the foot of the mountain. Originally, this time he could come up the mountain..." On January 10, 1972, when Mao Zedong attended Chen Yi's memorial service, he mentioned Deng Xiaoping to Chen Yi's wife, Zhang Qian, saying that the nature of Deng Xiaoping's problem was a contradiction among the people. In November of this year, after confirming the progress of his illness, Zhou Enlai stepped up his efforts to get Deng Xiaoping to work.On December 18, according to Mao Zedong's opinion, he wrote to Ji Dengkui and Wang Dongxing. While talking about Tan Zhenlin's return to work in the letter, he asked Ji and Wang to consider Deng Xiaoping's request to do some work, saying The chairman has also participated several times.On December 27, Ji Dengkui wrote back to Zhou Enlai, proposing that Tan be transferred to Beijing to arrange work, and Deng would still be the vice premier and be assigned appropriate work.Considering the resistance of the Gang of Four, Zhou Enlai said after reading the letter: Tan's affairs can be handled first, and Deng's affairs can be decided after consulting the chairman. In the spring of 1973, Zhou Enlai's condition developed again, blood in the stool increased sharply, and coronary heart disease also aggravated.On March 9, Zhou Enlai, while asking the Politburo for a two-week leave of absence for examination and treatment, wrote to Mao Zedong, reporting several discussions in the Political Bureau of the Central Committee on the restoration of Deng Xiaoping's party organization and the situation of the Vice Premier of the State Council. Make a decision and send it to the county and regiment-level party committees so that the party committees at all levels can explain it to the masses inside and outside the party.And report: Now Comrade Xiaoping has returned to Beijing.After Mao Zedong read it, he wrote "agree" on this document. In this way, on March 10, before Zhou Enlai asked for leave for medical treatment and left for medical treatment, he completed the CPC Central Committee document "Decision on Resuming Comrade Deng Xiaoping's Party Organization Life and the Position of Vice Premier of the State Council" for Deng Xiaoping's comeback.Then, accompanied by Deng Yingchao, he went to Yuquan Mountain for a comprehensive examination and treatment.Until March 24, his condition had stabilized, and he returned to Zhongnanhai Xihuating from Yuquan Mountain. On March 29, Zhou Enlai invited Deng Xiaoping to Mao Zedong's study for a meeting.That night, according to Mao Zedong’s opinion, Zhou Enlai presided over the Politburo meeting, and it was agreed that Deng Xiaoping “formally participate in the work of the State Council’s business group, and participate in foreign activities as the vice premier of the State Council; on important policy issues, Comrade Xiaoping attends the Politburo meeting to participate in the discussion.”Two weeks later, on April 12, Zhou Enlai held a grand banquet in the Great Hall of the People to welcome Sihanouk and his wife to Beijing after inspecting the Liberated Areas of Cambodia. Deng Xiaoping attended the banquet as Vice Premier of the State Council.This is the first time Deng Xiaoping has met with Chinese and foreign people in public since he was overthrown in the Cultural Revolution.In August, Deng Xiaoping was re-elected as a member of the Central Committee at the 10th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. After the National Congress, Mao Zedong, who was lying in bed due to a stroke and coronary heart disease, was already thinking about his death. He felt that he needed to conduct an investigation on Deng Xiaoping and Wang Hongwen, who was the vice chairman of the Party Central Committee, and sent Wang and Deng to leave Beijing together. Go to the field for inspection.After they inspected and returned to Beijing, Mao Zedong asked them, what would happen to China after his death?Wang Hongwen replied that China would continue to be committed to adhering to the Chairman's revolutionary line and achieving reunification on this basis.Deng Xiaoping said that warlords will reappear and the country will fall into chaos.Mao Zedong was quite satisfied with Deng's answer. Believing in Deng Xiaoping's prophecy, Mao Zedong took action at the end of December to switch the commanders of the country's eight major military regions.Soon, Deng Xiaoping was elected to the Politburo, and Mao Zedong also suggested to the Military Commission that Deng Xiaoping be the chief of the general staff.Beginning in early 1974, Zhou Enlai also handed over the daily work of foreign affairs to Deng Xiaoping. The first important task Deng Xiaoping faced after assuming his new role was to speak at a special session of the United Nations on behalf of China.Because of this incident, in the spring of 1974, a considerable political disturbance was caused in the Chinese political arena. For Deng Xiaoping to go abroad, Jiang Qing made a big fuss at the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse, and Zhou Enlai refused to be hospitalized In March 1974, Zhou Enlai became seriously ill.On March 12, he just had his second bladder examination and electrocautery treatment in Yuquan Mountain.The postoperative effect was not satisfactory, and the tumor recurred again, with massive hematuria.Originally, he should have been hospitalized a long time ago, but the doctor advised him to be hospitalized earlier for this relapse.But he still endured the pain and insisted on working while treating.On the night of March 24, the banquet hall of the Great Hall of the People was brightly lit.Zhou Enlai is holding a state banquet here for Tanzanian President Nyerere who has just arrived in Beijing. That night, almost at the same time, in the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse in Xicheng District, Jiang Qing summoned Wang Hairong and Tang Wensheng from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to her building to accuse and sternly reprimand her.The reason why Jiang Qing lost her temper this time was because she had just seen a document sent to the Politburo members for review. This is a special report requested by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the issue of the head of the Chinese delegation to the sixth special session of the UN General Assembly.Zhou Enlai approved it, and Mao Zedong also circled it in his own hand.There is only one last procedure left: to formally report to the Political Bureau of the Central Committee for approval.In this way, it seems a foregone conclusion that Deng Xiaoping will lead the Chinese government delegation to attend the conference.Unexpectedly, Jiang Qing, a member of the Politburo, saw it, and his anger broke out immediately. Originally, she was extremely annoyed that Deng Xiaoping came back and took power in the army and government.Deng Xiaoping was the "No. 2 largest capitalist roader in the party" who had been defeated by the "Central Cultural Revolution" group she led long ago.Deng Xiaoping's comeback was decided by Mao Zedong. Although she was furious, she had nothing to do.However, she was not reconciled, and after much deliberation, she recently wrote a letter to Mao Zedong asking for an interview.But Mao Zedong replied three days ago (March 20) refusing to see her, and criticized her in the letter.Mao Zedong said to her in the letter: "It would be better if I didn't see you. I have talked with you for many years, and you have not implemented many of them. What good is it to see?" "You have privileges. I am dead. What do you do? You are also a big deal." People who don’t discuss and send small things every day.” Having been criticized by Mao Zedong, she was feeling angry. On March 24, she read the report written by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to allow Deng Xiaoping to attend the special session of the UN General Assembly. She became even more angry. , the prestige is higher, and it will be more difficult to be crossed in the future.The backlog of fire during this period of time erupted together.She called Wang Hairong and Tang Wensheng to her residence, scolded them severely, and forced them to immediately withdraw the report from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Wang Hairong and Tang Wensheng were not afraid, they faced each other calmly, and argued hard with reason. It turned out that in the spring of 1974, the Sixth Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly, which specializes in the study of world raw materials and development issues, was about to be held in New York. An important international meeting of the urge to plunder, exploit.The third world countries attach great importance to this meeting, and the heads of state of many countries will attend this meeting.On March 20, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs asked Mao Zedong for instructions on the selection of the head of the delegation to attend the meeting.After Mao Zedong read it, he immediately suggested that Deng Xiaoping be the head of the delegation, and that Qiao Guanhua, who had attended the General Assembly for three consecutive years, be Deng Xiaoping's "consultant".Out of respect for the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, Mao Zedong said to Wang Hairong and Tang Wensheng: Don't say that this matter is his opinion, it is better to let the Ministry of Foreign Affairs write a report and put it forward formally. According to Mao Zedong's instructions, Wang Hairong and Tang Wensheng immediately organized the drafting of the report. On March 22, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs formally submitted to the Central Committee a request for instructions on the candidates for the delegation to the sixth special session of the UN General Assembly. Zhou Enlai fully agreed with Mao Zedong's plan.On the morning of March 24, while Zhou Enlai gave instructions and agreed to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ request for a report, he also considered that Ye Jianying’s retinal hemorrhage caused by high blood pressure had not yet recovered, and that Wang Hongwen was busy guiding the campaign of “criticizing Lin Biao and Confucius” and that he needed Deng Xiaoping’s assistance. Therefore, he suggested that the special session of the General Assembly should have a duration of three weeks. Deng Xiaoping would only attend for one week. After delivering a speech to the assembly and meeting with leaders of major countries, he would leave for China.Zhou Enlai specifically pointed out that his comments should be submitted to Chairman Mao first, and not sent to Wang Hongwen and Kang Sheng for the time being, but then sent to members of the Political Bureau of Ye Jianying, Zhang Chunqiao, Jiang Qing, Yao Wenyuan, Li Xiannian, Deng Xiaoping, etc. . Mao Zedong circled Zhou Enlai's comments on the 24th.In this way, it will be sent to the members of the Politburo for review.As soon as Jiang Qing read this document, he made a fuss in Diaoyutai. At this time, Zhou Enlai's cancer had worsened day by day, and he urinated dozens of milliliters to one or two hundred milliliters of blood every day. He often had to rely on blood transfusions and other treatments to keep working.At this time, in order to ensure that Deng Xiaoping led a delegation to attend the special UN General Assembly, he felt that he could not go to the hospital, and rejected the doctor's repeated suggestions for hospitalization.What Zhou Enlai was worried about was that Deng Xiaoping was forced to leave his leadership position for a long time due to the punishment, and was relegated to Jiangxi, where he was basically isolated from the outside world.Now that he has resumed work not long ago, he still does not fully understand the complex situation of the outside world at that time. Zhou Enlai felt that once he was admitted to the hospital and had an operation, and left the crucial leadership positions of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and the Premier of the State Council, Jiang Qing and his group would wait for the opportunity. Come out to make trouble, and then punish Deng Xiaoping.At that time, it will be difficult for Zhou himself to grasp the situation and control the situation, and he will not be able to help him, so he is worried that he will get into trouble again. Zhou Enlai was thinking hard and anxious, Mao Zedong wrote again to criticize Jiang Qing Zhou Enlai was extremely anxious when he learned that Jiang Qing had stepped forward to make trouble in Diaoyutai.On the afternoon of the next day (March 24), after Zhou Enlai accompanied Mao Zedong to meet with President Nyerere in Zhongnanhai, for the sake of the overall situation, he proposed to Wang Hongwen to ask Chairman Mao for instructions on the selection of the head of the delegation to attend the special session of the UN General Assembly. , Yu Mao made the final decision. However, once contacted, Mao Zedong, who was seriously ill, was too tired after meeting Nyerere and could not have an interview. Mao Zedong asked his secretary to send a message to Zhou Enlai and Wang Hongwen: Regarding Deng Xiaoping's going abroad, he is a personal opinion. If everyone in the Politburo disagrees, then it will be considered up.Zhou Enlai replied immediately: It will be conveyed to the Politburo tomorrow, and work will be done on the relevant comrades.Wang Hongwen also made a confession: He didn't know it before, but since Chairman Mao said so, he should act accordingly.Zhou Enlai wisely entrusted Wang Hongwen to talk with Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan and do some work. At the same time, after Jiang Qing reprimanded Wang Hairong and Tang Wensheng, he continued to put pressure on them both.Jiang Qing called Wang and Tang four times in a row, insisting on forcing them to withdraw the report asking Deng Xiaoping to lead a delegation to the UN General Assembly.Wang and Tang saw that Jiang Qing was aggressive and arrogant, and they were very worried whether the Politburo meeting on the 26th would turn to Jiang Qing's side. If Jiang Qing got his way, the consequences would be disastrous.Wang and Tang wanted to know what Mao Zedong's attitude was, which was the most important thing.On the 25th, Wang and Tang dialed the phone number of Mao Zedong's residence in Zhongnanhai, and asked for the most important two instructions—— "Does Chairman Mao still advocate that Deng Xiaoping lead a delegation to attend the meeting?" "Can we express Chairman Mao's proposal to let Deng Xiaoping be the head of the delegation?" It was Mao Zedong's secretary who answered the phone, and he asked them to wait.He was obviously going to ask Mao Zedong for instructions.After a while, the secretary called back.In addition to repeating Mao Zedong’s opinions conveyed to Zhou Enlai and Wang Hongwen, he also added a special sentence: "Chairman Mao said that if it really doesn't work, it can also be explained that Deng Xiaoping was the head of the regiment at his suggestion." Wang and Tang, who had been worried about this for a long time, had a bottom line in their hearts. On the morning of March 26, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held a meeting in the East Hall of the Great Hall of the People to discuss the issue of Deng Xiaoping leading a delegation to attend the special session of the UN General Assembly.Everyone's expressions were solemn and serious, the atmosphere was dignified, and the two armies were clearly separated. However, because someone on the Gang of Four learned of Mao Zedong's opinion, they adopted a quiet strategy and let the unscrupulous Jiang Qing come forward to attack.In the middle of the meeting, Jiang Qing ordered Wang Hairong and Tang Wensheng to be summoned. Wang and Tang Yi walked into the East Hall. Although the venue was silent, they felt the smell of gunpowder.The two of them saw Zhou Enlai sitting upright, his face was thin and pale, and his expression was tired, but his brows were tightly knit.Unexpectedly, Jiang Qing yelled loudly, breaking the silence and almost making the two young women startle. "Is it the opinion of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or Chairman Mao that Deng Xiaoping led a delegation to attend the meeting abroad?" Wang Hairong and Tang Wensheng have been interpreting with Chairman Mao for a long time, and have dealt with Jiang Qing a lot. They have foreseen and prepared for today's confrontation.The two of them calmed down immediately, and spoke out the ins and outs of the matter without fear—— "This report was written by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, but..." General Wang and Tang explained in detail how Deng Xiaoping was sent abroad to participate in the special session of the UN General Assembly, and some members of the Politburo who originally had opinions on Deng Zuo's participation in the meeting stopped talking about it.Jiang Qing saw that the two young men from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs could not be overwhelmed with power, so he wanted to be soft on them.Jiang Qing called the two of them to a small room on the side of the east hall, and suddenly his evil face turned into a smiling face: "Xiao Wang, Xiao Tang, it's not me, Jiang Qing, who opposes Deng Xiaoping's going to the United Nations for a meeting, but the Central Military Commission who wants to solve Li Desheng's problem. Deng Xiaoping must Participate. No matter how good we are, we must first establish a good base area. Relatively speaking, overseas affairs are secondary..." Wang and Tang let her make up reasons, but kept silent. Seeing that Jiang Qing couldn't make the two of them let go and withdraw the report from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, He had no choice but to return to the venue angrily and continue to entangle.When most of the committee members learned of Mao Zedong's opinion, they all expressed their approval for Deng Xiaoping to go to the United Nations as the head of the delegation.However, Jiang Qing did not give up. Jiang Qing said angrily: Chairman Mao allowed me to reserve my opinion.Before launching the Cultural Revolution, Chairman Mao did not agree to criticize Peng Zhen and Wu Han, so he allowed me to reserve my opinion.Later, I organized a criticism of the article "Hai Jui Dismissed from Office", and Chairman Mao still supported me, and thus the Cultural Revolution began. Wang and Tang personally saw Jiang Qing restraining and setting up obstacles for Zhou Enlai; in order for Deng Xiaoping to be the head of the Chinese delegation, Zhou Enlai really tried his best, and it was so embarrassing.The two of them already knew that Zhou Enlai was ill, but they didn't know that he was terminally ill.After the two of them came out of the East Hall, after a brief discussion, they reported the meeting to Mao Zedong first. After Mao Zedong learned of the inside story, he was very unhappy.三月二十七日凌晨，毛泽东写信给江青，告之：“邓小平同志出国是我的意见，你不要反对为好。”同时，毛泽东让秘书把信的内容打电话告诉了王、唐两人。江青收到毛泽东的批评信后，在当晚十二时复信给毛泽东，表示拥护毛泽东让邓小平率团出国的提议。 当晚，周恩来参加中央政治局主管批林批孔的七人小组会议，会上江青被迫同意邓小平带团出国参加特别联大。当晚会议结束后，周恩来致信给毛泽东，说：“大家一致拥护主席关于小平同志出国参加特别联大的决定。小平同志已于二十七日起减少国内工作，开始准备出国工作。”并告：“小平等同志出国安全，已从各方面加强布置。四月六日代表团离京时，准备举行盛大欢送，以壮行色。” 邓小平从西线乘中国专机去纽约 第六届特别联大预定四月上旬末在纽约召开，从三月二十日开始张罗，因江青等的作梗，在确定由邓小平率团出席的问题上，已经耗去了一个多星期，计算起来，至少不能迟于四月六日要从北京起程，周恩来只有一个多星期为代表团作准备工作，时间是够紧张了。准备工作的关键是两个：一个是专机长途飞行安全问题；一个是主持中央政治局审定中国在特别联大的主题发言稿，与确定与会的方针。这两个问题都得周恩来出面来主持准备工作。 毛泽东早就曾向周恩来嘱咐过，以后每届联大开会时，中国代表团团长都要坐专机。此次邓小平率团出席特别联大，是作为政府首脑率团出席，在当时复杂的国际环境下，周恩来对邓小平此次去联大的安全问题，更是考虑得十分周全。 三月二十七、二十八日，周恩来在西花厅召集外交部、民航局有关负责人开会，研究邓小平率团出席联大迎送礼仪和飞行安全等问题。周恩来提出：邓小平同志代表中华人民共和国出席联合国大会，我们要为他圆满成任务打通道路，增添光彩。为了确保邓小平乘坐的专机安全与及时到达纽约，周恩来指示民航机组安排东、西两线同时试飞。东线飞越太平洋、经夏威夷抵达美国西海岸，西线经法国巴黎飞越大西洋抵达美国东海岸。两条航线备好，届时如一条航线因故不能飞行，还可以走另一条航线。 周恩来与邓小平商量，决定以毛泽东提出的关于划分“三个世界”的战略思想作为邓小平在特别联大的主题发言稿，由乔冠华执笔起草。 这年二月二十二日下午二时至三时半，毛泽东在中南海的书房里会见了再次访华的赞比亚总统卡翁达和夫人贝蒂？卡翁达。在这次会见中，毛泽东提出了划分“三个世界”的观点。毛泽东说：“我看美国、苏联是第一世界。中间派，日本、欧洲、加拿大，是第二世界。咱们是第三世界。”他又说：“美国、苏联原子弹多，也比较富。第二世界，欧洲、日本、澳大利亚、加拿大，原子弹没有那么多，也没有那么富。”“第三世界人口很多。亚洲除了日本，都是第三世界。整个非洲都是第三世界，拉丁美洲是第三世界。” 毛泽东提出的“三个世界”理论引起了中国共产党中央的极大重视，在四月三日至五日间，周恩来主持中共中央政治局会议，决定由邓小平在第六届特别联大上将此思想向世界公布并全面阐述。但是，江青、张春桥、姚文元借口“有病”，没有参加会议。会后，周恩来、邓小平联名写信给毛泽东，汇报发言稿讨论与修改情况。四日，毛泽东就此批示：“好，赞同。”五日，周恩来致信给邓小平、乔冠华，告之：外交部将毛泽东批示影印若干份，送中央政治局成员传阅后归档。 四月六日上午，一阵料峭春寒过后，风沙停了，首都机场上空从覆盖的阴云中露出了一片兰天。一架中国民航专机已经发动起来，正待起飞要经巴黎飞往纽约。经毛泽东批准，在机场举行了隆重的欢送仪式。周恩来亲自前往机场与数千名群众一起，欢送邓小平一行启程。有西方记者如此报道：邓小平复出不久，就作为政府首脑人物出席联大会议，这引起了国际社会的广泛关注，“这是至今为止出席联大的中共最高级官员，大多数中共政治局委员都到机场欢送，甚至包括打倒他的对手”。 后来担任英国驻华大使的理查德？伊文思曾经这样分析那天拍摄下来的周恩来送邓小平的照片：“……照片上可以看出，两人的健康状况呈现出相当强烈的对比。邓只比周小六岁，脸圆圆的，肤色发亮。周是凹现的面颊，从鬓角到下巴长着深色的斑点。穿的衣服就像挂在衣架上一样。” 周恩来清瞿消瘦而苍白的脸上露出了笑容 四月十日这天，据联合国秘书处的官员说，因为“中国的一位大人物来到了联合国，今天要发表演说”，使得会场内外和观众席上挤满了代表和观众。 邓小平从中国代表团的席位上站了起来，健步走向讲台。会场顿时安静下来，所有的目光都在注视着他。他个子不高，身穿黑色中山装，精神抖擞，显得十分高兴。宽敞的联合国会议大厅里，响彻了他那带四川口音的中国话的声音，坚定、明朗、清晰、自信。他阐述了毛泽东提出的“三个世界”的理论： ——两个超级大国是最大的国际剥削者和压迫者，是新的世界战争的策源地。 ——处于超级大国和发展中国家之间的发达国家的情况是复杂的。它们当中的一些国家至今还同第三世界保持着不同形态的殖民主义关系；同时，所有这些发达国家，都不同程度地受着这个或者那个超级大国的控制、威胁和欺侮。 ——广大的发展中国家，长期遭受殖民主义、帝国主义的压迫和剥削。它们取得了政治上的独立，但都还面临着肃清殖民主义残余势力，发展民族经济，巩固民族独立的历史任务。这些国家地域辽阔，人口众多，资源丰富。这些国家受的压迫深，反对压迫、谋求解放和发展的要求最强烈。它们在争取民族解放和国家独立的斗争中，显示了无比巨大的威力，不断地取得了辉煌的胜利。他们是推动世界历史车轮前进的革命动力，是反对殖民主义、帝国主义特别是超级大国的主要力量…… 联合国大会召开时，一般不鼓掌，很少出现中断的场面。邓小平三十多分钟的讲话，中间被多次热烈掌声所打断。许多亚非拉国家的团长或常驻的外长向邓小平表示热烈祝贺，大会因此中断了好些时候，这在联合国历史上是少有的。 这时候，远在太平洋西岸的北京已经是后半夜。 渐渐天就快要亮了。在中南海西门旁那座叫西花厅的灰旧院屋里，周恩来被癌症的疼痛所折磨着，要吸氧和配以别的治疗才能减轻疼痛而入睡。他的身体已经非常虚弱，他醒来的时候，已经不能像过去那样，自己伸手端起茶杯或者拧开收音机了。他手指已经极为乏力，走路、洗漱等活动都会使呼吸和脉搏加速。 身边的工作人员按时给他拧开收音机，早晨新闻联播里广播着邓小平在特别联大的发言的新闻，他听着听着，那清瞿消瘦而苍白的脸上露出了笑容…… 四月十九日，邓小平回到北京，周恩来与数千名群众又到机场热烈欢迎。邓小平回到家不久，就让秘书送了一袋名叫“魁桑”的法式棍子小面包到西花厅给周恩来品尝。这是他俩年轻时在法国勤工俭学都爱吃的食物。这是他特意在纽约用零用钱为周恩来买的。 一个余月之后，周恩来终于住进了北海公园西侧的三〇五医院。 但是，随着邓小平代表中国在特别联大阐述关于“三个世界”的理论和中国的外交政策，中非关系也掀开了新的一页……