Chapter 3 Part Two Premier Zhou Enlai's First Visit to Africa

Nasser went beyond protocol specifications and asked everyone present to stand up and pay tribute to Zhou Enlai Eight and a half years after the Bandung Conference, Zhou Enlai and Nasser met again.After shaking hands and hugging, Nasser personally hung a glittering "Medal of the Republic" on Zhou Enlai's chest, and also awarded Vice Premier Chen Yi the "Grand Belt of the Order of the Nile".It was seven o'clock in the afternoon on December 14, 1963, at the Egyptian Presidential Palace in Cairo.Zhou Enlai arrived at Cairo Airport at noon that day.President Nasser specially appointed Ali Sabri, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the United Arab Emirates, to greet him at the airport.

At that time, public opinion believed that President Nasser would greet him at the airport in person, but in fact Nasser did not appear at the airport, which aroused the attention and discussion of some public opinion figures.Even Han Suying, a British-Chinese female writer, was influenced by her biography of Zhou Enlai, Zhou Enlai and His Century (1898-1998), and described, "Suddenly, Nasser had an 'urgent matter' and could not Doppelgänger. It took about twenty-four hours before I met Zhou, and I kept apologizing to Zhou." At that time, the Sino-Soviet conflict had reached a feverish stage.The two sides are continuously publishing a large number of articles in the newspapers and periodicals to openly debate. Two days before Zhou Enlai arrived in Cairo, on December 12, the People's Daily and Red Flag Magazine just published the sixth long review article "Two Fundamentally Opposed Peaceful Coexistence policy".Although Nasser didn't like the Soviets interfering in Egypt's internal affairs, Egypt was negotiating with the Soviet Union for a follow-up loan of 100 million pounds for Egypt's construction of the Aswan Dam; and the Soviet ambassador in Cairo reminded him that if he was too friendly to the Chinese, He Ruchev would refuse the loan.Nasser's failure to greet the Soviets at the airport was just a gesture to the Soviets. Han Suying said, "Zhou didn't seem to care about this rude behavior."

In fact, Nasser did not meet Zhou Enlai twenty-four hours after Zhou Enlai's arrival as Han Suying wrote, but a few hours after Zhou Enlai's arrival, after a long flight, Zhou Enlai took a rest at the hotel, and Nasser met Zhou Enlai in the afternoon of the same day. Met with Zhou Enlai. After awarding the medal to Zhou Enlai, Nasser and his wife held a grand reception to welcome the Chinese Premier who came from afar.In his speech, Nasser said enthusiastically: "Please stand up and join me in paying tribute to this dear friend. His revolutionary spirit has won our admiration long before we had the opportunity to meet him directly. After meeting him in 1955 (referring to the Bandung Conference), our admiration grew even deeper."

Nasser made amends for not being welcomed at the airport in this special way.According to Zhu Qizhen, who was the first secretary of the embassy in Cairo at the time, recalled, "At the banquet, the president asked all the people present to stand up and pay tribute to the visiting foreign prime minister. The prime minister gets that honor." At the reception, Zhou Enlai delivered an impassioned speech—— ...Before this, I have passed through your country more than once. In 1924, when I passed through the Suez Canal on my way back from Europe, Egypt had just shaken off its status as a protectorate, and almost the entire African continent was still under the dark rule of imperialism.

When I passed through Cairo during the Geneva Conference in 1954, the Egyptian people had overthrown the Farouk dynasty, the Algerian people were preparing for an armed struggle against colonial rule, and the whole of Africa was on the eve of a storm. Today, when we came to Africa as friendly envoys of the Chinese people, what we saw was an awakened continent and a fighting continent.On this vast land called the "Dark Continent" by the imperialists, the dawn of freedom has risen, and the imperialist colonial system is inevitably falling apart. On December 16, Zhou Enlai and Nasser both delivered wonderful speeches at the Ninth Education Day Celebration Conference of the United Arab Emirates.Zhou Enlai said that Western countries laughed at our backwardness and boasted of their civilization.In fact, the modern civilization of Western countries was largely achieved at the expense of Asian and African countries.As long as we Asian and African people control our own destiny, we will not only be able to catch up with them, but also surpass them and shine even brighter in the great cause of creating a new human culture.

In his speech, Nasser praised Zhou Enlai in a long and obscure Arabic-style sentence, which caused headaches for the translators and reporters present.Nasser praised Zhou Enlai as "an outstanding warrior in Asia, the creator of an ancient pioneer civilization in the first century of human thought, the creator of the Chinese revolution who is currently standing on the trend of modern history with influential power and its driving force, and a living symbol of the great Chinese people."This kind of praise is indeed rare. In the night talk bathed in the fragrance of flowers, another famous five principles emerged

Winter is the golden season in Cairo.The air is humid, the temperature is pleasant, the trees are green and the flowers are still in full bloom.Amid the rich aroma of flowers and trees, amidst the faint sound of wind chimes or chanting from mosques, Zhou Enlai held three official talks and one private talk with President Nasser in the presidential palace or the Quba Palace.The conversation is in an atmosphere of sincerity, friendliness, frankness, mutual trust and understanding.Sometimes it comes more late at night. Zhou Enlai's heart-to-heart and sincere talks dispelled Nasser's doubts and deepened his understanding of New China's foreign policy.Due to the recent Sino-Indian border war and the nuclear test-ban treaty among the three major powers, in the distorted propaganda of the Western countries, the Soviet Union and India, China seems to be a potential aggressor who is about to drag the world into a nuclear catastrophe.Nehru was once again an old friend of Nasser.Various circumstances caused Nasser's doubts.Nasser said to Zhou En: "When I heard that your country had a border conflict with India, I felt very uncomfortable."

Zhou Enlai knew that Sino-US relations and the Sino-Indian border dispute were hot spots of concern to leaders of the world, including Nasser and other African countries.Zhou Enlai frankly explained the history and current situation of these two issues. Zhou Enlai: Some people say that China is belligerent and expanding. This is groundless.China does not have a single soldier abroad, while the United States has more than one million troops stationed abroad, distributed in dozens of countries.China is surrounded and hostile by the United States, and the new Chinese people have no choice but to oppose the United States; but we have repeatedly stated that we are friendly with the American people.The failure to resolve bilateral relations between China and the United States does not hinder our policy of peaceful coexistence and friendship with other countries.Although China and the United States are still negotiating, the time to truly resolve the issue has not yet come.He predicted to Nasser that after China waited for fourteen years, it could wait another fourteen years.The result is that after fifteen years, the relationship between China and the United States has achieved the normalization of diplomatic relations.

After introducing the history and current situation of the Sino-Indian border issue, Zhou Enlai said: We hope that the relationship between China and India will be relaxed, and Asian and African countries should live in peace and friendship. This is different from our relationship with imperialism.Japan has invaded China in the past, and now we are willing to improve relations with it. Why do we have a stalemate with India? After Nasser's doubts were eliminated, he said sincerely: In the past, we "tend to pay more attention to our own problems and pay less attention to the problems of other regions. Such an introduction is very beneficial to us." "We are very concerned about the easing of the tension between your two countries and the restoration of good relations." "We will try to promote the negotiations between the two sides again." The two sides played a certain role in communication.This has had an important impact on the long-term basic stability of the Sino-Indian border situation.

During the harmonious talks with Nasser, in view of the important position of the Arab League in the Arab countries, Zhou Enlai summed up the Chinese government’s consistent propositions for the Arab countries, and solemnly announced during the talks—— When dealing with relations with Arab countries, China has always taken the following stand unswervingly: 1. To support the struggle of the people of Arab countries against imperialism and to win and maintain national independence.2. Support the Arab governments in pursuing a non-aligned policy of peace and neutrality.3. Support the aspirations of the Arab peoples to achieve unity and unity in a way of their own choosing.Fourth, support the Arab countries to resolve their disputes through peaceful consultations.5. Advocate that the sovereignty of the Arab countries should be respected by all other countries, and oppose any infringement and interference from any aspect.

President Nasser appreciated Zhou Enlai's five-point position very much.As the five principles for China to handle relations with Arab countries and African countries, it was written into the "Joint Communiqué" signed by China and the Arab governments on December 16.A few days later, these five principles were written into the "Joint Communiqué" between the Chinese and Algerian governments.Since then, the Chinese government has properly handled the relations between China and Arab countries and African countries according to these principles, ensuring the lasting, stable and healthy development of the friendly relations between China and these countries. Nasser and Zhou Enlai became very good friends. Later, the second Asian-African Conference scheduled to be held in Algiers encountered obstacles. When Zhou Enlai was in a very difficult situation, Nasser came forward to coordinate with the leaders of relevant countries, which relieved Zhou Enlai. pressure. Later, Zhou Enlai once said: I have two lifelong friends, one is Prince Sihanouk and the other is President Nasser. All the ships in the hero port honked in unison to pay tribute to Zhou Enlai Before leaving Cairo on the 16th, when Nasser talked about Port Said to Zhou Enlai, his face was shining and his tone was full of pride.He introduced the Chinese people to Port Said as brothers fighting side by side.Port Said is the pride of the Egyptian people!Nasser said: "Port Said thwarted the plot of imperialism. Port Said contributed itself to save the whole of Egypt." During the Suez War that broke out at the end of October 1956, capturing Port Said, located at the mouth of the sea on the north side of the canal, was the main goal of the British and French coalition forces.It is the second largest port in Egypt after Alexandria, and its status is extremely important.But it faces the sea on one side and is surrounded by lakes and swamps on three sides. There is only a narrow passage to the south, which is difficult to defend militarily.At the beginning of the war, Nasser had planned to abandon Port Said in order to lure the enemy into a decisive battle in the Ismail area.But after the war broke out, the fighting spirit of the Egyptian people exceeded Nasser's expectations, and Nasser, who was encouraged, decided to stick to Port Said.At that time, there were only six battalions of the defenders guarding Port Said. On the eve of the battle, Nasser ordered to send a train to transport a large number of light weapons to Port Said to distribute to the residents of the city, causing the whole people to turn into soldiers. After the British and French Air Forces bombarded Port Said for four consecutive days, they began to drop paratroopers on the morning of November 5th.On the morning of the 6th, the combined Anglo-French fleet consisting of 150 warships arrived at the waters near Port Said. More than 20,000 marines, under the cover of naval guns and combat helicopters, landed on the beach with superior forces.In the afternoon, a troop of British tanks rumbled into Port Said flying the Egyptian flag.When the residents of the city saw the triumphant return of "their" troops, men, women and children flocked to the streets to welcome them; but the tanks they were welcoming suddenly fired with machine guns, and a large number of residents fell in pools of blood.The soldiers and civilians in Port Said were enraged by the bloody crimes of the invaders. They fought fiercely with the enemies who broke into the urban area and fought fiercely. Even children in their teens took up arms to fight against the invaders.Muguyi, the commander of the Port Said garrison, was unfortunately only captured in heavy fighting, but he heroically refused to order the surrender.The British and French allied forces dispatched a total of 80,000 sea, land and air forces, and originally threatened to take Port Said within 24 hours.However, the heroic soldiers and civilians of Port Said broke the enemy's dream with their tenacious and heroic fighting.Britain and France failed to fully occupy Port Said until the ceasefire was broken at 2 o'clock in the morning on November 7.In the tragic defensive battle, more than a thousand soldiers and civilians in Port Said died for their country, more than 20,000 people were injured, and the entire city was almost reduced to ruins. On December 17, when Zhou Enlai visited Port Said accompanied by Sabri, Chairman of the Executive Council of Ministers, the city of 150,000 people boiled!In this city rebuilt from the ruins after the war, men, women and children waved small flags and cheered, and the whole city became a sea of ​​flags. He mourned the martyrs who died in the defense of Port Said. When he visited the Martyrs Memorial Hall, he wrote: "My colleagues and I would like to take the opportunity of visiting this heroic city-Port Said to pay tribute to the heroic United Arab Emirates. The people pay tribute to the immortal great anti-imperialist martyrs." When Zhou Enlai visited the Suez Canal Authority, the entrance of the canal, the port and the shipyard, all the ships near and far from the port blew their whistles at the same time, paying tribute to Zhou Enlai in unison. The scene was extremely spectacular and moving. Zhou Enlai had a nosebleed at the Aswan Dam... While visiting the Aswan High Dam Project on the upper reaches of the Nile, Zhou Enlai suddenly had a nosebleed.It started to flow a little, but he still insisted on continuing to visit. He stayed at the top of the dam for an hour, and came down to return to his residence due to excessive nosebleeds.The incident of Zhou Enlai's nosebleed also attracted the attention and reports of the foreign journalists following the interview. Everyone is concerned about his health.Ambassador Chen Jiakang has followed him for many years, and has a better understanding of his life and body. He also knows that Arabic cuisine, which is mainly mutton, is easy to get angry. He once suggested sending the chef of the embassy to cook Chinese food for him, but Zhou Enlai firmly reject.He considered external influences in everything, saying: "We should do as the guests please, respect their customs, and respect the master's arrangements." Zhou Enlai's visit to Egypt was short and his schedule was full.He ended up with a nosebleed from overwork and unaccustomed to the local diet.At this time, he agreed to the embassy to send him mung bean soup to reduce the fire.Let's look at the schedule of his visit to Egypt—— —— On the 15th, in the morning, visit the Egyptian Museum, the Arab Military Academy, and the Shengli Automobile Factory; in the afternoon, talk with Nasser; in the evening, watch folk art performances at the Cairo Opera House. ——On the 16th, attend the 9th Celebration Education Day Conference of the United Arab Emirates in the morning; go to Port Said in the afternoon. —— On the 17th, attend the welcome meeting held by Mayor Rushdi of Port Said; return to Cairo in the afternoon to continue talks with Nasser; in the evening, meet Numan, the Yemeni Minister of State who is in charge of presidential affairs in Cairo. —— On the 18th, go to visit the Aswan High Dam Project. —— On the 19th, visit the Great Pyramid, the Sphinx and the Cairo Tower on the outskirts of Cairo.In the afternoon, continue the talks with Nasser. —— On the 20th, call on President Nasser.Hold a press conference.Meet the producers, directors and actors and actresses of the UAE film "Saladin". In addition to holding many meetings with leaders of the Arab League such as Nasser and Sabri, he also arranged many visits and meetings. After the nosebleed, someone suggested to Zhou Enlai whether to consider reducing some tiring visits.Zhou Enlai still insisted on implementing the original plan.On this day, after returning from Aswan, he immediately engaged in talks with Nasser on the development of economic and trade relations between the two countries.In the evening, he and his assistants prepared for the next round of political talks with Nasser. Because they involved sensitive issues such as Sino-US relations, Taiwan issues, and Sino-Indian relations, they prepared until late at night, and Zhou Enlai did not fall asleep until dawn.The next day, he drove to the outskirts of Cairo to visit the pyramids and the Sphinx. Zhou Enlai counted the seconds and pulse for the athletes under the Great Pyramid As soon as Zhou Enlai arrived in Cairo, he said more than once in his speech, "The Yellow River and the Nile River gave birth to the ancient cultures of our two countries. The Great Wall and the Pyramids shine with the brilliance of the labor and wisdom of the ancient people of our two countries."He said that he had passed through Egypt before, and had seen the pyramids as great as our Great Wall from both boats and planes. On the morning of December 19th, Zhou Enlai's convoy set off from Cairo, crossed the rolling Nile River, and drove southwest to about ten kilometers away from Luocheng. , the vast sea of ​​sand stretches to the horizon, the hills are undulating, and oases are everywhere. The most attractive thing is the ancient and huge pyramidal pyramids standing in the long sand. The ancient Egyptians called the pyramid "Pirimus", which means high.It is the mausoleum of the ancient Egyptian king (Pharaoh), and it looks like the word "gold" in Chinese from all sides, so it is called a pyramid.There are nearly eighty pyramids in Egypt, large and small.The leaders of the Presidential Council accompanied Zhou Enlai and his party to visit the mausoleums of the three generations of King Kufu, King Kafra and King Menkaola.Among them, the Kufu Pyramid is the largest, with a history of four or five thousand years.The tower is 146 meters high and looks as high as a 40-story building. It is built with 2.3 million huge stones, each weighing about 2.5 tons, and the largest one weighs 16 tons.These granites were shipped from the Aswan region, which is 900 kilometers away.If modern trucks were to be used to carry these stones, 978,286 large trucks would be required.According to historical records, King Kufu spent 30 years building this pyramid. During the construction period, 100,000 people often worked under the scorching sun and whips.This pyramid is not only majestic in appearance, but also the angles, lines, earth-rock pressure, etc. have been carefully calculated. After four or five thousand years of wind and rain, it still stands tall.What is even more surprising is that the height of the Kufu Pyramid multiplied by 1 billion is equal to the distance from the earth to the sun, and the double tower height divided by the base area of ​​the tower is just equal to the cycle rate, which is 3.14159.It took three thousand years before people calculated the cycle rate to this accuracy. When Zhou Enlai and his entourage came to the bottom of the Kufu Pyramid, an Egyptian athlete who had been waiting at the bottom of the tower rushed up the pyramid and ran towards the top of the tower, attracting everyone's attention.The athletes turned around immediately when they reached the top of the tower, and flew down at a faster speed. They reached the bottom of the tower in an instant, and won warm applause from Zhou Enlai, Chen Yi and everyone.No one expected that the careful Zhou Enlai would have already looked at his watch to count the seconds when the athlete started from the bottom of the tower. Zhou Enlai walked quickly to the athlete, shook hands and praised, "Amazing! You ran the 146-meter-high pyramid back and forth in only seven minutes." Zhou Enlai also took the athlete's wrist to signal his pulse.A minute later, he said in amazement: "After strenuous exercise, your pulse is still the same as that of a normal person, more than 80 beats a minute. It is true that life lies in exercise." Zhou Enlai gave the athletes a hero gold pen with him as a souvenir. The American journalist who made the attack was left speechless by Zhou Enlai's rhetorical question Before leaving Egypt, on the afternoon of December 20, Zhou Enlai held a press conference at the Palace of the Republic in Cairo to answer questions from journalists from various countries. When first answering the Cairo "Pyramid" reporter's request to talk about the impression of the visit, Zhou Enlai said: The visit to the United Arab Emirates made a deep impression. In a short period of time, the appearance of an emerging country appeared.He also said that he came to Africa this time not because he came too early, but because he came too late. At the press conference, Zhou Enlai also talked about the second Asian-African Conference, the Sino-Indian border issue, why China opposed the tri-nation nuclear test ban treaty, and the differences between China and the Soviet Union.At that time, China and the United States were in a hostile situation. Zhou Enlai answered some difficult questions raised by American reporters in a frank, friendly and convincing manner, which showed Zhou Enlai's quick-wittedness, wisdom, profound and broad thoughts, and sincere and candid personality. charm. Reporter from California News: Your Excellency, I would like to know your reaction to the killing of Kennedy? Zhou Enlai: The murder of President Kennedy is an internal matter of your country.Of course, assassination itself is despicable and shameful.You know, we communists are against any such actions, even though the people who were killed were hostile to our new China. When answering the question about China’s aid to South Vietnam posed by reporters from New York’s “Life” and “Time”, Zhou Enlai answered the question by referring to the experience of the Chinese people and the history of the United States’ struggle for independence, which instead put him in a proactive position. The Western reporters present had to be convinced. Zhou Enlai: There is no doubt that one of the main contents of the foreign policy of the government of the People's Republic of China is to actively support the national liberation movements in Asia, Africa and Latin America.China is a country liberated from the shackles of imperialism and colonialism.We share common experiences with the peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America, so we must sympathize and support each other.China is a country that has already won, and it is obliged to support those countries that are winning and will win. ... Mr. Reporter, you will know that when a nation is oppressed by outsiders, it will naturally develop invincible resistance.The reporter must also know how heroic Washington was when he led the American people to fight against colonial rule.Now, this situation is re-emerging in South Vietnam.This has caused headaches for the White House, the Pentagon and the US State Department.But our independent people are happy.There is no question of our sympathy and support for them, just as the French people sympathized with and supported the revolutionary struggle of the American people in Washington's time. Associated Press: I heard that a British minister said at the NATO Council meeting that China will test an atomic bomb within a year.Is it true?If so, is it going to be tested in the atmosphere? Zhou Enlai: As Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, I don't know about this yet.Please go ask the British minister.This is still news to me. Zhou Enlai's answer caused a burst of laughter. Immediately afterwards, a reporter from the American "Time" magazine extended from the issue of China's opposition to the nuclear test ban treaty among the three major powers to China's opposition to peaceful negotiations.This sharp question made the atmosphere of the entire press conference suddenly tense.People held their breaths to listen to how the Chinese Premier answered—— US "Time" magazine reporter: Why does China oppose the peaceful negotiation between the East and the West? Zhou Enlai: When did the Chinese government say such a thing?I don't know. ...you are representing American Magazine.The United States should be said to be a Western power!China should also be said to be a country with a large population in the East!Of course, we are an oriental country just like the United Arab Emirates.Think about it, if China is opposed to easing tensions between the East and the West, why did the Chinese ambassador hold talks with the US ambassador in Warsaw for more than eight years?The number of negotiations reached 118 times.With my limited historical knowledge, such a long negotiation is probably unprecedented in modern history.Now the United States still continues to occupy the Chinese territory of Taiwan, and the US Seventh Fleet continues to threaten China in the Taiwan Strait.How can it be said that China does not want peaceful negotiations?I hope to pay tribute to the American people through your American magazine. The Chinese people are willing to be friendly with the American people. However, we must oppose the US government's policy of aggression and war against China to the end. The American TV reporter heard that Zhou Enlai was going to visit Albania, so he asked: Your Excellency, may I take your plane to Tirana? Zhou Enlai: You can go by your own plane. American TV reporter: I will go by myself, they will not give me a visa. Zhou Enlai: That is a matter of other sovereign states, and I cannot interfere. The press conference Zhou Enlai held in Cairo this time was the first press conference during his first visit to Africa.This was a very successful press conference, which conquered the participating journalists from both the East and the West.The Associated Press reporter reported that Zhou Enlai "answered all the questions with ease."Many people who originally had misunderstandings about China have changed their views.Some people say that Zhou Enlai's tact, friendliness and peacefulness made the American journalists who made things difficult taste his "power". At the press conferences when he visited other African countries later, the American reporters did not dare to ask difficult questions rashly. Before the visit, Zhou Enlai forwarded a top-secret telegram When Zhou Enlai was about to visit, Zhou Enlai personally instructed to forward a top-secret telegram to Ambassador Zeng Tao.This telegram was sent to Zhou Enlai by Yang Qiliang, the second Chinese ambassador to the Kingdom of Morocco. The main points of the telegram sent to Zeng Tao are: Some people suggested that because of the many internal conflicts and unstable situation in Algeria, a coup might occur during the Prime Minister's visit, and suggested that the Prime Minister postpone the visit to Algeria.Zhou Enlai asked Zeng Tao to express his opinion on this suggestion quickly. After Zeng Tao received the telegram, he realized that this was an extremely important problem.He immediately convened the embassy party committee and stayed up all night for an emergency meeting.The participants presented the situation from the front, the side, and the back, raised questions, and conducted comprehensive research and analysis. At that time, there were already rumors of conflicts and disputes and power struggles between Ben Bella, the main person in charge of the Algerian National Liberation Front of the ruling party, and Boumediene.Book?Bella served as prime minister and later president, and Boumediene served as deputy prime minister and minister of defense.After Algeria's independence, Boumediene advocated the Arabization of the country.Out of aversion to colonial rule, the broad masses of the people of Albania showed great enthusiasm for any measures to develop national culture.France has ruled Algeria for more than a hundred years and implemented a policy of Frenchization of the North African colonies. As a result, many party and government cadres in Algeria were educated in French, and first of all they used Arabic in an all-round way. embarrassing.Boumediene is an exception.Boumediene received Arabic education since he was a child. He graduated from the famous religious institution of higher learning in Egypt, Al-Ashar University, and speaks pure and authentic Arabic.The different attitudes of Ben Bella and Boumediene to the Arabization issue reflect their different cultural backgrounds and political differences.Although Ben Bella is the president, Boumediene is the Minister of Defense and has military power in his hands. Looking back in history, the differences between Ben and Bu have a long history. Although Mohammed Ben Bella was born in a small mountain town in Oran Province, Algeria, he was drafted into the army at a very young age and served in the French army to fight abroad.Participated in the war against German fascism, fought bravely and won the Crusader Medal.Years of military life broadened his horizons, increased his knowledge, and gained a fuller understanding of armed struggle and national independence.He served as the backbone of commando officers trained from the Baghdad military school in Cairo. After returning home, he went deep into the countryside to mobilize the masses. He successively attacked the post offices of Oran and Algiers, obtained a large amount of funds, and carried out guerrilla activities all over the country.In March 1954, some key members abroad met in Bern, Switzerland, and established a secret military organization: "Revolutionary Committee for Unity and Action."In October of the same year, this committee announced the establishment of the National Liberation Front of Algeria in Switzerland and decided to hold an uprising in the mountains of Aures.Since then, the national liberation war has been carried out in full swing.Two years later, on August 20, 1956, the National Liberation Front secretly held its first national congress in Sumat in the Kabyle Mountains, attended by more than 200 representatives from various war zones in the country.Historically known as the Sumam Conference.This meeting determined the principles of implementing collective leadership, domestic affairs take precedence over foreign affairs, and politics takes precedence over the military. Important decisions were made on the organizational construction of the National Liberation Army, and the National Liberation Front Program was adopted.Due to transportation reasons, the foreign delegation led by Ben Bella rushed back from Switzerland and waited in Italy for three weeks but still failed to attend the meeting.Because of this regrettable absence, Ben Bella lost the opportunity to personally participate in the leadership of the National Liberation Front and the National Liberation Army.This was one of the objective reasons for the subsequent divergence between the foreign delegation of the National Liberation Front and the domestic leadership.After the Summam meeting, the French Mollet government resumed secret negotiations with the Algerian National Solution Front, but the French military still opposed the government's negotiating position.On October 26, the French military authorities learned that Ben Bella and several other leaders of the National Liberation Front were on their way from Morocco to Tunisia. The French army forced the passenger plane to land in Algiers and arrested them.Negotiations broke down again.Ben Bella and others have been imprisoned by the French military ever since.Therefore, in the following long-term anti-French war, Boumediene, who stayed in the border area between Algeria and Tunisia and insisted on armed struggle, has been in command of the army. The border city of Uzda.After independence, Boumediene served as the powerful Minister of Defense.Several people including Ben Bella were imprisoned for a long time until March 18, 1962, when the French government and the Algerian Provisional Government reached the Evian Agreement in Geneva. On March 19, Algeria's military hostilities The operation is over, and Ben, who has been in prison for five and a half years?Bella and her comrades were freed.Although Ben Bella received a warm welcome and was elected as the supreme leader after returning home, he did not hold military power. Later, when Zhou Enlai visited Morocco, he asked Ambassador Yang Qiliang about the details of his telegram.Ambassador Yang said that before the independence of Afghanistan, Boumediene's general staff was located in a city in Morocco, and their people often came to the Chinese embassy in Morocco.I heard from their people that if they get along with Ben Bella, they will cooperate for a long time, and if they don't get along, they will kick him away at any time.When I knew that the Prime Minister was going to visit Africa, I heard some friends say, "Afghanistan's internal struggle is becoming increasingly fierce, and something may happen."Ambassador Yang convened the party committee of the embassy in Morocco to conduct research, and they were unanimously worried that they would take advantage of the opportunity and prestige of the Chinese Premier's visit to launch a coup, so they decided to report it. Here, Zeng Tao and the members of the party committee of the embassy in Afghanistan have studied it carefully. What do you think?Although there are contradictions between Bella and Boumediene, there are indications that this contradiction has not yet developed to the point where a coup d'état occurred recently.After studying all night, Zeng Tao immediately sent a confidential message to Premier Zhou Enlai to report: There are indeed different opinions in Afghanistan, but there will be no coup d'etat at present, and it is recommended that the Prime Minister visit Afghanistan as scheduled and not postpone it. After Zhou Enlai came to Algiers, when he talked with Zeng Tao during the visit, he emphasized the importance of reflecting the situation of the host country from the actual situation.He said that when writing a report to the higher authorities, one should not first touch the intentions of the superiors and write according to the opinions of the superiors, as some people do, which will cause delays.Zhou Enlai contacted Zeng Tao's reply to the telegram and praised: "You are still bold and dare to express your own opinions." Zhou Enlai was very rude for not being able to face the welcoming crowd in a convertible car "China China!……" "welcome!……" "Yo! Yo! Yo! Yo!..." ——Wherever Zhou Enlai's convoy passed by, there were extremely enthusiastic and almost deafening cheers.The voice is extremely passionate and high pitched.Some even shouted until their voices became hoarse.Although it can be seen that it is trained, the feelings revealed are sincere.People cheered, applauded, and waved small flags. Photos of Zhou Enlai and Chen Yi were hung and posted everywhere on the building.The welcome sign is also written in crooked Chinese.Welcome the masses to wave two small national flags in their hands out of sincerity: the five-star red flag and the green and white two-color red crescent flag... At 2 pm on December 21, 1963, Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai arrived in Algiers from Cairo by special plane.Algeria is boiling!During the long-term armed struggle, the People's Republic of China, which firmly supported Algeria's War of Resistance Against France both morally and materially, enjoyed a high reputation among the Algerian people.People of all ages, men, women, and children all love China, which is far and close, and are familiar with the names of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai... Red carpet.guard of honor.Banners and flowers.A group of journalists crowded closely together.President Ben Bella and Deputy Prime Minister Boumediene greeted him by the gangway.The deputy speaker and members of the Algerian National Assembly, government ministers, senior commanders of the People's Army and leaders of various mass organizations all went to the airport to greet them.It looked extraordinarily grand.Book?Bella said in her welcome speech: "Algiers is proud and happy to welcome the messengers of the people who lived through the Long March at the dawn of her regained freedom." On both sides of the 20-kilometer-long road from the airport to the People's Palace, the State Guest House in the city center where the delegation stayed, 300,000 people lined the road to warmly welcome them.The balconies and windows of the buildings along the way were crowded with welcome crowds.Zhou Enlai and Chen Yi could only stretch out their heads and hands from the window of the car to wave to the welcoming crowd. The scene was very touching.However, Zhou Enlai regretted that he could not face the masses directly in a closed car.Originally, the Algerian side arranged for Zhou Enlai and Chen Yi to take a convertible car, but the Chinese security department took into account the remnants of the French underground army secret organization in Algiers. This underground army organization is still organizing the attack on President Charles de Gaulle in mainland France. Assassination.For the safety of Premier Zhou, after discussing with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, he reported to the central government, and did not agree to the Argentine's proposal to enter the urban area in a convertible car. 车队到达人民宫，周恩来与陈毅进入一间路易十四式的房间里休息时。周恩来对阿方的组织能力与群众的友好情谊，甚为赞赏地说：“进城才一年多的阿尔及利亚政府组织群众的能力这么强，这是了不起的。” 陈毅说：“在战争中锻炼出来的领导干部就是不一样噢。” 周恩来很有感触地说：“阿国的群众那么热情，而我们只能坐在车内伸出头和手打打招呼，你看多么失礼呵！” 陈毅也赞同说：“这样坐车面对群众挺蹩扭的，我看得改一改。” 周恩来提出意见说：“要向国内打招呼，应该从实际出发，把这个规定改过来嘛。” 此后，在阿尔及尔与奥兰活动时，凡是遇到有群众夹道欢迎，周总理就采取临时下车向群众招手致意的办法，以弥补不坐敞篷车的不足。 本.贝拉说，周恩来的访问继续几个月都是有益的 周恩来说，他喜欢在夜间谈话，没有白天活动的时间限制，谈话可以进行得很深入，精力集中而兴奋。当然，这也和毛泽东、周恩来等中共第一代高级领导在长期戎马生涯中形成的夜间工作习惯有关。在北京的外国外交官将得到深夜电话而在梦中醒来，被周恩来召去夜谈视作一种很高的荣誉。 周恩来和本.贝拉的会谈几乎都是在晚间进行的。地点在总统官邸约丽别墅，夜深都可以听到附近海岸边传来的地中海的涛声。会谈往往都从傍晚开始，本.贝拉听到空中隐隐约约传来的祈祷声就说，这是高耸入云的宣礼塔传来的晚祷声，我们的谈判也是很虔诚的。有一次，双方谈到夜深、很兴奋。 在六天的访问中，周恩来和本.贝拉进行了四次政治会谈。中方陈毅副总理和主要陪同人员，阿方的布迈丁副总理与布特弗利卡外长等高级官员都参加了会谈。会谈的气氛非常友好、亲切。第一、第二次会谈是本.贝拉主谈。本.贝拉着重介绍了阿尔及利亚革命发展的历史进程、独立后的形势和有关内外政策。周恩来十分认真地倾听，待对方谈完后，他提了一些问题，如阿尔及利亚与与美国的关系、与摩洛哥的边界问题，阿国的货币、金融、教育等方面的情况。本.贝拉作了回答。 第三次会谈是周恩来主谈，时间在十二月二十四日，在周恩来参加了阿尔及利亚大学的欢迎活动后进行的。周恩来根据本？贝拉介绍的情况，分析了阿尔及利亚革命成功的原因说：第一，“当时发动的革命是民族性质的革命，直接同帝国主义、殖民主义作战，赶走它们。这样，这个革命就必然有最广泛的、全民族的统一战线”。“除了极少数走狗外，绝大多数人在反法斗争中是一致的、团结的”。第二，“依靠人民，发动武装斗争和革命战争，直到取得胜利。你们从武装农民开始，建立了革命军队”。第三，“阿尔及利亚革命有一个革命的领导集团，有一个革命的纲领，联系着革命的广大人民群众”。“人民总是要革命的，这主要是指广大劳动人民；谁能依靠人民，坚持革命，谁就能领导革命。”革命能否成功，“关键在于领导是否正确”。 在谈到中国的经济建设问题时，周恩来说：新中国诞生已经十四年了。“在第一个五年计划期间，我们建立了工业化的初步基础。”“第二个五年计划，已有第一个五年计划的基础，就想更依靠自己的力量来更快地建设。”“象中国这样的大国，如果依靠外援，任何国家都不能满足。我们不仅需要质量，数量也是很大，因此必须依靠自己来建设。同时，胜利了的占世界人口四分之一以上的大国，有义务支援正在争取胜利、将要革命的国家，支援已经胜利的不发达的、正在培养自己力量的国家。这两个方面的原因，要我们必须建设得快一些，以有利于建立一个独立的经济体系并尽国际义务。” 周恩来还坦率地谈到中国发展中的缺点和错误。他说：“由于要加速建设和依靠自己，由于经验不足，发生一些错误和缺点。有的是不可避免的，有的本来是可以避免的。”“我们希望更快一些，但把建设规律同中国实际一结合，发现也不能太快。以前的一些错误很多就是要求太快而产生的。总起来说，我们的速度要比资本主义快，但也不能太快。”经过十来年的经济建设，我们已经“摸出一些经验”。 周恩来的谈话，引起了本.贝拉总统的极大兴趣。总统说：周总理“讲的都是很重要的东西”。“我们对你的讲话很满意”。“你们的经验很丰富”，“对我们很有用”。“这是一个我们学习的机会。”从我们的需要来说，继续几个月都是有益的。 因为周恩来讲得太好了，阿方想把范围扩大，邀请周恩来给阿民族解放阵线的高级干部作一次报告。这是原来商定的访问安排中所没有的，周恩来欣然同意了。 第二天，十二月二十五日，在去西部城市奥兰访问回来的当天晚上，周恩来不顾旅途疲劳，周恩来用了两个多小时给阿尔及利亚党政军高级干部和议员们做报告。据当时在场的曾涛大使回忆说：“周总理像对老朋友那样侃侃而谈，从与会者聚精会伸倾听和崇敬的表情以及不时爆发的阵阵掌声中，可以清楚地感觉到他们完全赞同周总理的观点。” 把用法国总督名字作街名的大街命名为“北京大街” 阿尔及尔位于地中海南岸的两个海湾之间，沿着阿尔及尔湾伸展二十公里，形状象一个半圆形的剧场。城市建筑于起伏高低的山坡之上，建筑物层层叠叠，街道迂回曲折。从海上回头眺望，由地中海海滩的豪华楼房、绿树丛中的别墅、高耸入云的清真寺，一直到层叠伸向山巅的阿拉伯风格的旧城区，密密麻麻的低矮石屋，高耸其间的圆顶尖塔的大清真寺，墙壁全为白色。在街头来来往往的阿拉伯居民也都穿着白色的阿拉伯长袍。每当清晨或是黄昏，地中海的白纱似的薄雾常常萦绕着这白色的城区，景色非常优美，难怪人们称它为“白色城市”。 这天清晨，在白雾、白楼房之中，在若诺大街一大早就可以看见在街头的路碑上，盖着一面鲜艳的五星红旗，红得特别耀眼。 若诺大街是城南阿尔及利亚国防部大楼与中华人民共和国大使馆之间的一条大街，街道与海岸线平行，街道两旁花木繁茂，欧洲风格的楼房精美雅致。这是法国殖民统治时期在海岸边所建的新城区中一条著名的大街。若诺是当年统治阿尔及利亚的一个法国总督的名字。与若诺大街一样，整个新城有好些地名，都具有法国殖民统治的色彩。阿尔及利亚政府决定，利用周恩来总理来访的机会将若诺大街改名为“北京大街”，以纪念中国政府和人民长期以来对于阿尔及利亚革命的支持，纪念中阿两国人民间的战斗友谊。 十二月二十二日上午，在阿尔及利亚副总理兼国防部长布迈丁、国务部长乌兹加尼、阿尔及尔市长巴拉马纳等领导人的陪同下，周恩来主持了北京大街的命名典礼。 当周恩来总理把覆盖在路碑上的五星红旗揭下来时，白色路碑上“北京大街”的蓝色字样出现了！ 参加典礼的群众向周恩来鼓掌并欢呼：“北京！北京！” 这样，在美丽的阿尔及尔城里，“北京大街”与“一九五七年五月十七日烈士街”、“迪杜什.穆拉德街”、“穆罕默德.拜勒卡塞姆大街”、“民族解放军路”等这些富于阿拉伯民族色彩或是含有纪念阿尔及利亚革命意义的街名一起，闪耀着光辉。 周恩来召见了中法建交谈判的中方代表又接见法国记者 十二月二十六日，是周恩来访问阿尔及利亚的最后一个晚上。 这天黄昏，一架来自欧洲的班机在阿尔及尔机场降落，旅客们刚刚走下飞机，走在旅客中的一个中国人马上就被一哄而上的记者包围了。照相机闪着，录音机伸了过来。 这个中国人是新中国派驻瑞士的大使李清泉。 当时周恩来首访非洲，是国际上的一件大事，许多国家的记者都云集非洲，紧紧跟踪着采访。几乎所有与周恩来有关联的事几乎都成了新闻，都会引起新闻记者的关注。嗅觉敏锐的记者也不知道从哪儿得到消息，获悉中国驻瑞士大使要飞到阿尔及尔来面见周恩来，记事们当然也不肯放过。他们查到航班后，早就到机场等候着。 记者们频频向李清泉提问—— “大使先生，您从欧洲来到阿尔及尔有何使命？” “是周恩来总理召见您吗？” 据李清泉在有关文章中回忆说—— 因为在那个时候，怎样回答都不好，也没有必要回答，我一概以“无可奉告”回绝。这时我国驻阿国使馆的同志，也迎上来，带我离开了机场。 ... 我走进总理的房间，看见总理正伏案写着什么。办公桌临窗而置，台灯放射着柔和的灯光，办公桌后放置一套大沙发，室内显得宁静而庄重。总理听见我走进房间，头未抬就问：“在机场被记者包围了吧？” 我说：“是的，我一概回答'无可奉告'。” 周恩来在办完案头的工作后，就同李清泉谈中法建交谈判的问题。周恩来在听了李清泉关于中法建交谈判进程的分析报告后，先让李大使复述了中央有关中法建交公报的谈判方针及设想的几种方案后，周恩来在确认复述无误后，接着就作了一些新的指示。周恩来指示说，中法建交以速决为宜。在整个谈话中，周恩来对有关原则和具体细节上都都作了详尽的指示。最后，周恩来要李大使把这次谈话综合起来写一个报告给外交部。 李清泉走后，尽管已是夜深，周恩来又单独接见了法国《观察家》记者克鲁德？高达。在紧紧跟踪采访周恩来访非的记者群中，这位法国记者得到了周恩来特殊礼遇。 中法建交问题在前几年一直是和中国支持阿尔及利亚米民族独立联系在一起的。在戴高乐政府承认阿尔及利亚正式独立以后，鉴于戴高乐不乐意听从美国的指挥棒，西方舆论界已经根据蛛丝马迹在判断中法可能即将建交了。敏感的法国记者捕风捉影，好些法国记者在非洲跟踪着周恩来在访问中的动向。 还在开罗召开的记者招待会上，法国电视台的记者就曾弦外有音地向周恩来提问：“总理阁下，您对法国有什么要谈的吗？” 在非洲的繁忙访问中还亲自掌握着中法建交谈判具体进程的周恩来，巧妙地使用了带有怀旧之情的外交辞令说：“我和陈毅元帅四十年前都在法国勤国俭学，我们是在法国参加共产主义组织的。我愿借此机会，向法国人民致意。我和陈毅元帅都希望有机会到法国访问。我们对法国热情的人民印象很深。” 在临离开阿尔及尔的这个晚上，周恩来对法国记者高达说：作为一个普通人，我对阿尔及利亚“最强烈的印象是阿尔及利亚人民的革命热情很强，他们医治了战争的创伤，在革命的道路上前进”。 哈桑二世国王破例接待周恩来、陈毅 深得民心的摩洛哥老国王穆罕默德五世于一九六一年初因病去世后，即由穆莱？哈桑二世继承了其父的王位，当时他只有三十二岁。穆罕默德五世是摩洛哥挣脱法国殖民统治争取独立的民族英雄，在非洲享有很高的声誉。哈桑二世曾跟父亲一起被法国当局囚禁流放。深受其父的影响，年轻的哈桑二世也是一个爱国主义者和民族主义者。哈桑二世除了接受过穆斯林的传统教育之外，曾到法国波尔多大学学习并获得法学学士和民法硕士的学位，因而眼界开阔，思想开明。他还接受过法国海军的训练，在独立后奉父王之命组建了王室武装部队并任参谋长，还担任过武装部队总司令。摩洛哥王国在独立后，一直公开积极支持非洲民族独立解放运动。安哥拉、莫桑比克、几内亚比绍、佛得角等国的民族独立斗争，都曾得到摩洛哥道义上、军事上和物资上等多方面的援助。摩洛哥还为阿尔及利亚抗法战争提供可靠的后方基地，阿军总参谋部就设在摩洛哥境内的城市。为此，法国当局曾向摩王室施加强大的压力，甚至派飞机对摩国边境大肆轰炸，使摩国遭受了重大损失。摩王室在法国的军事高压下毫不动摇，继续支持非洲民族独立运动，获得了非洲人民的钦佩和赞扬。 无论是老国王或是哈桑二世，对中国人民都十分友好，心心相印，彼此相通。哈桑二世还对中国大使谈到万隆会议对非洲争取民族独立运动的巨大影响力。中国向阿尔及利亚民族解放阵线提供的物资援助，从枪炮到药品、衣物，有相当一部分都是通过摩洛哥渠道转交给阿方的。一九六二年底，中印边界发生战争，引去国际上的关注。当接手白认担任驻摩国大使的杨琪良携带着边界地图和中国政府声明约见哈桑国王，向国王详细说明了所谓中印边界的“麦克马洪线”的由来和中国政府的立场。哈桑二世看着地图上那刀裁一样直的边界线就笑了起来，因为摩洛哥也有这类边界问题，这类刀切一样笔直的边界线也是殖民者划的。国王说：“完全清楚了，中印边界是帝国主义造成的。中国的主张是合情合理的，希望像中国政府主张的那样，通过谈判合情合理地解决。” 这次，周恩来总理访问摩洛哥，对中国人民怀有感情、并十分仰慕周恩来的哈桑二世国王对于接待工作亲自过问，动了脑筋，要破例接待。 作为中国政府代表团秘书长的黄镇，对周恩来总理到达访非第三站摩洛哥王国情景作了真实的记述—— 在一九六三年的最后四天里，我们访问了摩洛哥王国。按照惯例，不管来访的是总统、国王或总理、首相，摩洛哥国王都一概不去机场迎接，只是等在自己王宫门口，等人家来见他以后再回拜。这一次接待周总理，哈桑二世国王考虑到虽然不便破例，但要充分表达对中国客人的友好情意。因此，特地作了安排，将市郊的一座豪华的宫殿“和平宫”让给中国客人住。周总理到达那天，国王特地前去市郊，亲自站在“和平宫”门口迎接，引领客人们进宫，喝了茶，寒喧一阵，才告辞而去。外交大臣私下告诉中国客人说：我们国王这次是破例了，哪一个来都没有这样。 摩方对陈毅副总理兼外长的住所，也很费考虑、很细心。摩方认为，陈毅是位元帅，需要单独住，而和平宫只有一套供国王住的高级房间，给周总理住后，而其它房间格局都不适合给元帅住。他们说，不能把元帅的礼遇降低。另一方面又不能将陈毅安排得太远，以免影响陈毅和周恩来研究工作。于是，摩方礼宾司又在市区内安排了一处别墅，专供陈毅居住。礼宾司长还问杨琪良大使：“你们陈毅元帅穿什么衣服？要是穿元帅服就应同周总理一起检阅仪仗队，如果穿便装就不参加检阅了。”杨大使打电话请示了正在阿尔及利亚的陈毅。陈毅回答说：“非洲之行不穿军服。” 在抵达的这天晚上，哈桑二世举行国宴时，又一次打破了惯例。摩洛哥接待外国首脑人物的国宴，本来早就已经改革而采用了欧洲国家的通常惯例：西餐两菜一汤。这次宴请周恩来总理，哈桑二世特别下旨，以“烤全羊”、“巴斯提拉”、“古斯古斯”等摩国传统名菜盛情款待。这一破例的做法，使出席宴会的各国使节均感意外，他们也因周恩来的到访而得以领略难以一尝的摩洛哥美食名菜。 当时中国驻摩洛哥大使杨琪良对宴会的情景有所记载—— 依照当地习俗，主人哈桑国王陪主宾围着一张矮脚长方桌席地盘膝而坐。直径长达八九十厘米的瓷盘中盛着一只烤好的整羊。席间，好客的主人首先用手挑选一块最好的羊肉放在周总理的食盘里（摩洛哥的传统饭菜是用手抓着吃的），以后每上一道菜都如此，以示对客人的尊重。周总理也依样回敬主人，气氛极为亲切融洽。总理和陈总一再盛赞摩洛哥的饭菜堪称世界佳肴，哈桑国王则不住地称赞中国饭菜乃世界之冠。总理说“欧洲饭菜要以法菜为最好了”，哈桑国王点头称是。 宴会是在王宫举行的，始终洋溢着欢快的气氛。 大铜茶炉旁的高超外交对话 大西洋边的拉巴特城，美丽而宁静，入夜之后，更是显得静寂无声。在城市西南的阿特拉斯山挡住了南边撒哈拉大沙漠的酷热风沙，使岁末的城区晚上颇有些寒意。但是，哈桑二世的王宫灯火辉煌，在国王那豪华的会客室里，一个特制的亮晶晶的大铜茶壶冒着腾腾的热汽，壶底的炉里木炭火烧得火红。王宫里的专设的茶官亲自司炉煮茶。 在宴会之后，哈桑国王十分高兴地邀请周恩来、陈毅来到王宫会客室里品茶。所品的虽然是中国产的名茶“喜珍眉”，但煮茶的方式是摩洛哥传统式的。在哈桑国王的解说下，周恩来与陈毅都兴致勃勃地观看着这位王室专职茶官煮茶。煮茶时，茶官先抓了一把极品茶叶进大铜壶里，再加上一大把鲜薄荷和好些类似冰糖的刚打碎了的糖块。茶官控制着火候，待煮了一定的时候，经他亲口品尝认为够味道了，才斟入一个用银托盘盛着的玻璃杯内，端送至客人面前。煮出的茶呈淡绿色，晶莹透澈，香甜清凉，确实别具香味。 宾主在融洽亲切的气氛中，海阔天空，无拘无束地闲谈起来。周恩来对摩国特有的饮茶方式表示了欣赏。在场的中国大使杨琪良对这晚的品茶夜谈作了详细的记载—— 哈哈桑国王介绍说：“这是六七十年前流传下来的吃法，传说是一位英国使节，从中国带来的茶叶，送给了当时的国王，国王把中国茶叶加入当地人喜欢的薄荷，一起煮，喝起来众皆赞美，就流传了下来，人人爱饮。摩现在有一千二百万人口，每年需绿茶一万二千吨，面包、茶叶、糖，已成摩人民生活三大要素，没有茶叶，人民会造反的，所以希望中国多供应一些茶叶。” 周恩来立即说：“陛下讲的情况，已经听说过了。贵国喜欢的那些绿茶品种，在中国只产在一个特定的不大的地区，且产量有限，国内市场没有出售，统统供应了贵国。”总理继而表示：“回国后，找茶叶产区的负责官员研究一下，看能不能扩大生产，如能，问题就解决了。” 哈桑国王深表谢意。哈桑国王问到了中国飞机、导弹的生产情况，还问到固体燃料的前景等等，陈总一一作了答复。蓦地，他又提出了一个问题。这位年轻聪明的国王笑着说：“当今世界，像我们这样的国王、皇帝，已为数不多了，不知以后怎么办？” 总理和陈总听了，不约而同地都笑了起来，笑得那样自然。我在一旁静听着。总理说：“你们可以组织一个委员会嘛，开个会商量商量嘛！” 国王也笑了起来。 陈总笑着说：“亚洲有个西哈努克亲王，我们是好朋友，可邀请他参加开会。” 总理又说：“陛下可以担任这个委员会的委员长嘛！” 三人一起哈哈大笑起来。 哈桑国王可能是有准备而发。周恩来、陈毅来自共产党中国，共产党领导的革命是要打倒地主、资本家、国王、皇帝的，摩洛哥国内也有共产党，他不是没有顾虑的，因而他十分机智地将问题提得巧妙。我们的总理和陈总回答得更妙，恢谐中含有深意，体现了总理精湛高超的外交艺术。 笑罢之后，哈桑国王又提出一个问题。他说：“我们这里有个共产党，总书记阿里.亚塔，正在监狱里，如总理阁下愿叫我放出，我立即下令释放。” 周恩来说：“我已经听说了。我们同阿里？亚塔观点不同，不过都是共产党就是了。”他将话说到这里为止。 哈桑国王说：“我明白了。”第二天，哈桑国王就下令释放了阿里？亚塔。 周恩来还对哈桑二世谈起了他对其父老国王穆罕默德五世的敬慕。他说：“摩洛哥的革命，为独立而奋斗的英雄事迹，我们在年轻时就知道。我在法国时，第一次大战后北非的民族解放斗争是从摩洛哥开始的。我们留法学生的共产主义青年团组织，在提到民族独立斗争时，就以摩洛哥为例子。后来，先王陛下被放逐，我们也知道。” 周恩来对摩洛哥革命和哈桑国王的父亲如此关注和称赞，令哈桑二世甚为惊叹和感动。哈桑国王也谈到了关心中美之间的紧张关系，周恩来介绍了新中国成立后所遭到美国的敌视、包围、封锁和禁运，然后对哈桑说：“尽管美国如此，中国并不打算向美国发动武装冲突，根本没有这种设想。我们主张和平谈判解决争端。对于中美谈判，我们主张先达成原则协议，再解决具体问题。但美国都不同意。我们只有等待，同时继续谈下去，要谈多长就多长，除非美国宣告谈判破裂。已谈了八年，可再谈八年多，甚至八十年。历史上有百年战争，现代可以有百年谈判。我们相信中美最终总是要达成协议的。” 周恩来说：千万不要以为非洲没有看头 还在周恩来乘坐的专机从昆明起飞、经听停仰光与卡拉奇后而直飞埃及的时候，在漫长的航程中，有一次，周恩来想起什么，突然问起担任秘书长的黄镇，有关到北非访问在每个国家参观炼油厂的具体安排。 周恩来在牵挂着中国石油工业的发展。 所有在六十年代初期到了能记事年纪的中国人，都不会忘记国家那个最困难最艰辛的岁月。在苏联撕毁合同，撤退专家、停止供应中国急需的