Chapter 82 Fu Ying has become a typical example of "middle-right"

In the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's "Instructions on Further Intensifying the Anti-Rightist Struggle" drafted by Mao Zedong himself, the concepts of "extreme rightists", "ordinary rightists" and "centre rightists" were put forward for the first time.It is not difficult to distinguish between "extreme rightists" and "ordinary rightists", not to mention that both are "rightists", even if they are wrong, there is nothing wrong. The most difficult to divide is the "centre-right element".Because these people "push" a little, and they are "rightists"!

Mao Zedong himself set up a typical example of "centre-right". This person is Fu Ying, a professor of chemistry at Peking University. Mao Zedong talked about Fu Ying as early as in the article "Things Are Changing": "Most people's criticisms are reasonable, or basically reasonable, including Professor Fu Ying of Peking University's sharp criticisms that were not published in newspapers. The purpose of these people's criticisms is to improve mutual relations, and their criticisms are well-intentioned .Criticisms from the right are often malicious, and they are hostile. Goodwill and malice are not conjectures, but can be seen.”①

In addition, Mao Zedong also mentioned Fu Ying in the "Instructions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Dealing with Current Criticism by Non-Party Personnel" issued on May 16, 1957: "No matter how sharp the criticisms of people outside the Party are, including professor Fu Ying of Peking University, they are basically sincere and correct. This kind of criticism accounts for more than 90 percent. Mistakes, great benefits." The author is quite familiar with Professor Fu Ying, because in the autumn of 1957, when I stepped into the chemistry building of Peking University, it was Professor Fu Ying who taught general chemistry to our freshmen.At that time, Peking University practiced the system of famous professors attending classes in person, so I had the honor to listen to Professor Fu Ying's class for a year.Because of this, in November 1979, when I was in Beijing to attend the 4th National Cultural Congress, I received the task of interviewing and writing Fu Ying's reportage, and I readily agreed...

Professor Fu Ying is an upright and upright intellectual.He has no city in his chest, and his heart is the same. Fu Ying was born in Fuzhou, Fujian Province on January 19, 1902.However, he speaks authentic Beijing dialect without any Fuzhou accent. This is because he spent his childhood in Beijing. In 1919, Fu Ying entered the Chemistry Department of Yenching University.In 1922, he entered the Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan.In 1928, he received his doctorate in the United States.He is a student of Pauling, a Nobel Prize winner and famous American chemist. In late August 1950, Fu Ying and his wife, Professor Zhang Jin, returned to China from the United States.Fu Ying initially taught at Beijing Petroleum Institute, and later transferred to the Chemistry Department of Peking University.

The upright Fu Ying published an article "Scientific Research in Higher Institutions—A Trilogy" (referred to as "Trilogy") in the ninth issue of "Chemical Bulletin" in 1955, sharply criticizing Various ills in the scientific research work of colleges and universities.After the article was published, it caused a storm. Later, Fu Ying talked about it like this: In that article I talked about some of the problems we have in chemical research.I admit that my tone is a bit bad, but I can't agree with some people's views.The purpose of that article was to talk about bad phenomena, so I didn't say "grades are the main thing...".The party is not mentioned in it either, because I think the fact that the party leads scientifically is not a problem at all.I cited some examples from the Institute of Petroleum, and thought that laymen should not criticize and criticize. I said, "Criticisms from people who have never held test tubes, and have never dabbled in world literature, even if they do not have ulterior motives, are nothing but criticisms." It's just a cap."This was terrible: some people thought I was alluding to the party, saying that the party could not lead science.Some people at Peking University and Peking University School of Medicine said that I was the same as Hu Feng. ①

Originally, "Chemical Bulletin" was only read by people in the chemical industry.Fu Ying's article caused controversy and attracted the attention of the Beijing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China.The Beijing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China ordered the "Chemical Bulletin" to print many copies of Fu Ying's article "Trilogy" and send them to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. When Fu Ying heard the news, he laughed at himself: "Because of this article, I have become a celebrity."② In the past, many people thought that Mao Zedong began to pay attention to Fu Ying because of this article, even Fu Ying himself thought so.In the second issue of "Fujian Literature" in 1980, the author published an article about Fu Ying's reportage "The Man Who Dare to Tell the Truth".Later, "Xinhua Monthly" reprinted my book "The Man Who Dare to Tell the Truth".Mr. Gong Yuzhi saw it, and sent a letter to the author's literary friend, Mr. Wang Communication, asking Wang Communication to forward it to the author.Gong Yuzhi's letter, based on his personal experience, explained the origin of Mao Zedong's evaluation of Fu Ying, and corrected several errors in the author's reportage.

Mr. Gong Yuzhi is a native of Xiangtan, Hunan. He graduated from the Department of Chemistry of Tsinghua University in 1952. He has worked in the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China for a long time, and has been engaged in the research of philosophy and natural dialectics.After 1977, he served as the head of the theoretical group of the Mao Zedong Works Editing and Publishing Committee Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and the deputy director and researcher of the Literature Research Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.Since 1988, he has served as Vice Minister of the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.He is currently the vice president of the Party School of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

After finishing the first draft of the book, the author found two personal letters about Fu Ying written by Mr. Gong Yuzhi more than ten years ago when sorting out the old letters, which are quite valuable as historical materials, and are now included in the new edition. Gong Yuzhi wrote in a letter to Wang Newsletter on November 17, 1980: In May 1981, the author completed the "Biography of Fu Ying" in response to the book "Biography of Chinese Scientists", and sent the printed draft to Mr. Wang Communication, and asked him to pass it on to Mr. Gong Yuzhi for reading. Gong Yuzhi's reply letter is as follows:

Gong Yuzhi copied and sent a few passages of Fu Ying's original words in the original "Mission and Education News".In 1997, when the "Hundred Years Tide" magazine was first published in Beijing, Gong Yuzhi published the article "Mao Zedong and Fu Ying" in the first issue, and published the full text of the report on Fu Ying contained in "Propaganda News". The excerpt is now as follows: Fu Ying makes sharp criticism of the relationship between the party and intellectuals Fu Ying, a professor of Peking University, made several speeches at the symposium on "Correctly Handling Contradictions among the People" in the Department of Chemistry of Peking University.

The speeches at the first (April 27th) symposium are as follows: Young party members are like KMT spies The relationship between the party and people outside the party is not good, first of all due to the deviation during the "three antis". After the "Three Antis", when the professors talked, as long as a party member came, they would all look at each other and smile, and say something specially for party members. In fact, the professors were not scolding Chairman Mao, but maybe they were talking about Mei Lanfang's "noble concubine" Drunk".But if you want to add a crime, there is nothing to worry about.During the struggle, party members would say, one time I heard Fu Ying talking about Mei Lanfang, why didn’t he respect artists?What kind of thinking is this?what root?So my view of young party members is the same as that of Kuomintang spies in Chongqing.Especially those who are trying to join the party and become regulars are wary.The more they beat you, the greater the chance of joining the party and becoming a regular.

Not sure about the "three evils" Although speaking now there is no danger of beheading or even unemployment, but I am not sure that there will be no more "three evils".The movement is coming, and it is not Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai who give you opinions (if Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai make suggestions, I promise to accept them), but those young party members and league members.They scolded you at the meeting, called you a three-point bastard, and you admitted that you were a five-point bastard, and then applauded.Afterwards, he said it was a mistake, and he only apologized in front of you alone.Why do scientists all want to come to Beijing?Because the size of the deviation in motion is proportional to the distance from Beijing.I believe in the party, but I don't believe that individual party members will not make trouble.Don't be afraid of officials, just be afraid of management.A hero does not suffer from immediate losses.You can criticize others for being spineless, why not take it up?This criticism is wrong.Survival is the nature of animals, and hanging is an "irreversible" response. Of course, it does not mean that all party members are bad. Party members and non-party members have one thing in common: good and bad are mixed. I hate thought remolding I hate the word "thought remolding" the most, and it is associated with labor reform.I have to change only when I have made mistakes. I am confident that I will make no major mistakes in my life. I am as patriotic as any party member. What should I change?The so-called "reform" nowadays is to ask people to say a buzzword impassionedly on some occasions, citing scriptures, such as Ma, En, Lie, and Si.Why use words that no one can understand to say what everyone understands?In the Department of Chemistry, I was the only one who didn't go to night college, so I couldn't bear it.Evening university teachers treat people as uneducated.When Chairman Mao said a word, it was originally clear, but he had to understand it from the left to the right.The coal is black—one by one it's over.It is all nonsense to insist on saying "the blackness of coal is different from the blackness of ink, and how does it compare to shoe polish". It's not fair to describe bad ideas as bourgeois influence People's bad thoughts and behaviors are always said to be influenced by bourgeois thoughts, which is unfair.The ancestor of bourgeois thinking is nothing but Confucius. How many times did Confucius teach people to be corrupt, to benefit themselves at the expense of others, and to seek profit only?I have read the words of Confucius since I was a child, and I don't think there is anything wrong with it.Zhang Zishan, Liu Qingshan, Gao Gang also do not represent the proletariat. How can a chemist be idealistic I don't see how a chemist can be idealistic.Natural scientists are naturally dialectical materialists.I have read many philosophy books and admire Berkeley very much, but he finally brought up God, so I don't believe him. The year before last, I wrote an article in "Chemical Bulletin" (quote's note: "Trilogy"). Fan Changjiang gave a speech at Peking University, saying that I opposed the party's leadership, at least I had no sympathy for veteran cadres.At that time, I just came from the Petroleum Institute, and the veteran cadres of the Petroleum Institute have a formula: I am an old party member, and you are the masses, so you are wrong.What else is there to say.Young party members of the Petroleum Institute pointed out how I should do research.Can't stand it.If they want to talk about learning with me, they have to study for five or six years first, and they have to work hard.In the Petroleum Institute, I taught general chemistry with two children. Based on my many years of experience, I suggested that a certain teaching order should be reversed. The two children refused to listen and insisted on following Glinka (note: it is a Soviet textbook).You are free not to listen.But in turn, they criticized me in the school magazine for not being active in studying the Soviet Union.In fact, I have read more Soviet literature by myself than the professors of the Petroleum Institute, who have only read one Glinka. Fu Ying also said: "The party has not got the right temper for intellectuals. The intellectuals' request is to treat us as their own people, that's all, and they don't need preferential treatment. They are grateful for the salary increase, so what should we do if Chiang Kai-shek gives more money? Dangerous?" Fu Ying said: "Intellectuals are patriots. My father used to work in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and I heard from him since I was a child that everything from the Kangxi Nerchinsk Treaty to the Xin Chou Treaty was China's disadvantage. When I arrived in Shanghai, the sign in the park said 'Chinese people and dogs are not allowed to enter'. Later, I went to the United States and crossed the border to Canada to see the waterfall. Japanese people can come and go freely, but Chinese people can't. I went to the material department to get medicine, and the people there said , "What do you Chinese people do for science?" My lifelong hope is that one day China will turn around, and now this hope has come true, so I support this government. I don't understand communism. From the books, I am ideologically I don’t necessarily agree with everyone, but the Communist Party has made the country what it is now, and I support it. But I still feel unhappy, and the party will still treat me as an outsider. I am very hard and only use six points, not unwilling to use my full strength , there is no chance, and I haven’t gotten to know myself with the party.” In the big talk, "People's Daily" reporter Wang Che went to Zhongguan Garden of Peking University to interview Fu Ying. Fu Ying still has no chest, and talked about his own opinion: "The Party hasn't figured out the temper of intellectuals until now. The intellectuals' request is to treat us as their own people, that's all, and they don't care about the comfort of life. Living alone is not about being comfortable. A professor with a special card, There is no need to queue up to get a haircut, but he would rather not enjoy this kind of privilege, because he is embarrassed. When watching a movie, a special seat is reserved for us. Sitting in this special seat, he thought in his heart: I should still be treated as a guest. " Fu Ying also proposed "democratic school governance".This is a very taboo topic.The reporter reported Fu Ying's opinion as follows: Regarding the school's leadership style, Professor Fu Ying thinks that the current party committee system is not good, but the school committee's method in the past is not good either.His idea is to govern the school democratically. "You can't ignore the party committee, because without the party committee, many things will not work; you can't ignore the professor, because the professor is an expert in business. In addition, it is best to have student representatives, because there are the most students." Fu Ying not only expressed his thoughts frankly to the "People's Daily" reporter, but also uttered them at various conferences and small meetings. Based on these remarks of Fu Ying, Mao Zedong defined him as a typical "centre-right". "Center to the right", one centimeter forward, is the "rightist".If Mao Zedong hadn't said in "Things Are Changing" that Fu Ying's sharp criticism was "well-intentioned", if Mao Zedong hadn't regarded Fu Ying as a typical "centre-right", in the age of preferring the left to the right, This month, Fu Ying has already entered the "right book"! Because Mao Zedong paid attention to Fu Ying, Fu Ying also attracted the attention of the press.On July 1, 1957, "Wen Wei Po" published an interview with Fu Ying written by reporter Ye Gang.Fu Ying told reporters: During the rectification period, the opinions I raised were strong enough, and some words were a bit out of control.Mayor Peng Zhen once called my name at a professor's symposium of the municipal party committee, saying that my opinions were very sharp. Although Fu Ying's opinions were so sharp, because Mao Zedong spoke for him, he passed the "anti-rightist" test safely. Fu Ying told the reporter of Wen Wei Po: The party is the marshal, and those of us who hold the test tubes are the company platoon leaders.The task of the marshal is to draw a blueprint, determine a strategy, and take care of the overall situation. Our task is to occupy positions and attack fortresses according to the blueprint.If we company platoon leaders leave the marshal, there will be chaos in marksmanship. Fu Ying originally thought that how could someone who had never taken a test tube lead him?At this moment, through the "Anti-Rightist Movement", Fu Ying criticized that "a layman cannot lead an expert".He told the Wen Wei Po reporter: To give a simple example, Chairman Mao can't fly a plane, and he doesn't necessarily know how to drive a tank, but he commanded our army to win many battles.He is the soul of the People's Liberation Army, and the three armies won battles under the guidance of his strategic thinking.If we look at the issue of leadership in this way, why can't the party lead the natural sciences? Therefore, Fu Ying also joined the ranks of "anti-rightists".On July 16, 1957, at a meeting to criticize Zeng Zhaolun held by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fu Ying was the first to speak, criticizing his old friend Zeng Zhaolun. Fu Ying said: "Zeng Zhaoxuan himself was used by Zhang and Luo, which is a complete lie. If he was used, why did he ask Qian Weichang to find out the bottom line of the Scientific Planning Committee when formulating the anti-socialist program? Why? How about pre-publishing? This approach is not a 'divided court' at all, but to tell people 'I am leading science'." Fu Ying also said: "Zeng Zhaolun's ambition is not unique today. During the 'Three Antis' period, one of Zeng Zhaolun's students told people that Zeng Zhaolun used to treat others with power and tactics, and we should draw a clear line with him." Although Fu Ying survived the troubled 1957 safely, he could not change his straightforward temper.At a meeting of the Ministry of Education in 1961, Fu Ying fired again.The following is an excerpt from the original text of the meeting briefing: Fu Ying said that any party member is a "party representative", and if you don't listen to them, you are "anti-party". Who can stand "anti-party"!After the professor finished writing the lecture notes, he wanted to "apply for review." A second-year student picked up a red pen to scribble, not this one, not that one. In fact, he didn't understand anything, but he "represented the party." Fu Ying said that there are always a small number of experienced teachers in a teaching and research group, but there are many inexperienced teachers.Subordination of the minority to the majority on academic issues is a misinterpretation of the mass line.Very bad for the scientific enterprise. Fu Ying said that the exaggeration in scientific research in recent years has been overwhelming.As soon as the Department of Chemistry of Peking University made a report, it said that more than a thousand scientific research projects were completed within one year.According to the strength and level of the teachers, it is not bad to complete more than a dozen decent studies within a year.On the surface, progress is fast, but in fact it is not the case at all.In recent years, there have been gifts every year, and the gifts should be to get the best results, but often the ones that are taken are not even second-hand goods, but waste products.There is another problem with presenting gifts, that is, presenting presents every year requires new projects every time. Where are there so many new projects?Just like singing, how can you ask for new pains to come on stage every time? Fu Ying also said that the biggest achievement of the Department of Chemistry at Peking University in the past three years is that we know how to do it will bring losses to our work.As for the positive research results, there are very few. We have gained some experience, but the price we paid is very high, and the time spent is irreparable. However, Mao Zedong still forgave Fu Ying. In 1963, Fu Ying was appointed vice president of Peking University. In 1964, in his critique of the theory of "combining two into one", Zhou Peiyuan told Fu Ying: "The chairman is very aware of your opinion that it takes tens of millions of years to synthesize water by hydrogen oxidation. He said that your opinion is worth noting. Chairman Mao also said: 'There was an article in Guangming Daily two days ago, talking about hydrogen, oxidation It takes millions of years to synthesize water. Professor Fu Ying of Peking University said it would take tens of millions of years. I don’t know if the author of the Guangming Daily article discussed it with Fu Ying?’” How did Mao Zedong know that "Professor Fu Ying of Peking University said it would take tens of millions of years"? At that time, Zhou Peiyuan asked Fu Ying, and Fu Ying guessed that Mao Zedong learned about it from the hundreds of thousands of words of his handout "General Chemistry". Therefore, Zhou Peiyuan said on other occasions that Chairman Mao Zedong read a lot of books, and he even paid attention to Professor Fu Ying's lecture "General Chemistry"! In the reportage about Fu Ying, the author also repeated Zhou Peiyuan's words. In this regard, Mr. Gong Yuzhi already mentioned in his letter dated November 17, 1980 that Zhou Peiyuan's statement was wrong.In 1997, Gong Yuzhi discussed this matter in detail in the first issue of "Hundred Years Tide": "Mission and Mission Trends" published a news item on August 3, 1964 in the special issue (18th issue) on "Combining Two into One": "Several Natural Scientists Talk about the Problem of 'Combining Two into One'", in which There is such a paragraph: "Fu Ying (Vice President of Peking University) from the Department of Chemistry said that everyone knows that hydrogen and oxygen form water, that is, HO, but it must not be said that hydrogen and oxygen are 'combined into one' to form water, because hydrogen and oxygen do not know how to form water. After tens of millions of combinations, it is possible to turn into water under certain conditions. And this water is not only different from 'hydrogen', but also different from 'oxygen'." I don’t know who interviewed Fu’s talk, and how it was selected by Mission News. Gong Yuzhi believed that Mao Zedong learned of Fu Ying's opinion on the tens of millions of years needed for hydrogen and oxidation to synthesize water from "Propaganda News". Gong Yuzhi said: "Zhou Peiyuan was the vice president of Peking University at the time. When he heard Mao mention Fu Ying, he talked with Fu Ying when he went back and asked Fu how Mao knew about the hydrogen-oxygen combination. Fu didn't know, because at that time "Xiaojiao" This kind of reaction in "News" is generally not told to myself. He probably didn't remember who he had talked with, so he said that he had mentioned similar opinions in the general chemistry lecture notes he wrote. Zhou thought that Mao Lian's chemistry lecture notes at Peking University I have read them all, and I am amazed at the breadth of Mao's reading. Mao's reading is indeed extensive, but Fu Ying's views on hydrogenation and oxygenation, Mao learned from the "Xiaojiao News" he often read, not from the chemistry lectures of Peking University. This is certain. After Mao's death, Zhou wrote a commemorative article, mentioning Mao's conversation with Yu Guangyuan and him, mentioning Fu Ying and their speculation that Mao went to Peking University About the chemistry lecture notes. Ye Yonglie wrote about Fu Ying, and based on Zhou’s article, he wrote about Mao’s reading of Fu Ying’s lecture notes.”① During the "Cultural Revolution", Fu Ying's experience was very miserable.Originally regarded as a typical "centre-right", it suddenly became a "rightist who slipped through the net".Coupled with big hats such as "bourgeois reactionary authority", "gangster", and "university leader of the bourgeois black-line dictatorship", Fu Ying was criticized, ransacked, beaten, "jetted", and sent to Beijing. Entering the "reform through labor compound"... Among the "gangsters" of Peking University, Fu Ying was the one who was beaten the hardest, and even spit on his face! Fu Ying, as a first-level professor and a member of the academic department, spent a lot of time pulling carts and transporting coal, and even climbed to the roof of the building to lay tiles because the tiles were smashed by the fighting "warriors". Fu Ying is still so forthright.Pointing to the "People's Daily" during the "Cultural Revolution", he said: "Most of the current newspapers are lies and cannot be trusted." In the spring of 1975, Fu Ying said: "The central government gave Comrade Deng Xiaoping so many leadership positions. I believe he will be able to do a good job. I fully support him. If he was given so many jobs earlier, many problems would have been solved early... Wang Hongwen Compared with the veteran cadres, what have they done!" When Zhou Enlai passed away on January 8, 1976, Fu Ying said: "I am worried that after the death of the Prime Minister, the world will be in chaos." He finally hoped to smash the "Gang of Four".He was originally a member of the third and fourth CPPCC National Committee. At the Fifth CPPCC National Committee, he was elected as a member of the Standing Committee. On September 7, 1979, Fu Ying died of cerebral hemorrhage.