Chapter 54 History calls for the CCP to convene the 17-year-awaited Seventh National Congress

1945 was a very unusual year. Since the Second World War, world fascists have trampled all over Europe and Asia, drowning the people in smoke and blood.When the wheel of history entered 1945, Stalin's army not only broke Hitler's "Barbarossa plan", but also crossed Poland and the Baltic countries and went straight to the lair of fascism.With the help of the Soviet army, countries in northern and southeastern Europe fought against the German invaders one after another and liberated their motherlands.After the British and American Allies landed in Normandy in June 1944, they drove straight in, reached the Rhine River, and advanced into the hinterland of Germany.The world and the fascist war are on the eve of final victory.

China's Anti-Japanese War has also shown the dawn of victory.The Chinese troops stationed in India and the Chinese Expeditionary Force that went to northern Myanmar in May 1944 were victorious. On January 28, 1945, a meeting ceremony was held in Mangyou Town on the border of Myanmar.After being blocked by Japan for three years, the China-India Highway reopened to traffic on this day.A car convoy loaded with gasoline, munitions and various cannons drove towards China through the road covered with weeds and small bushes.This broke Japan's overall blockade of China and closely linked China's rear with the world's anti-fascist camp.

This made 400 million Chinese people cheer for joy!The army in China is also planning a counteroffensive. Mao Zedong and other CCP leaders in Yan'an applauded the victory of the Chinese Expeditionary Force. "Xinhua Daily" used a lot of space to praise and praise the achievements of the Chinese expeditionary force. The joy of victory inspired Mao Zedong. During the New Year's Day and Spring Festival in 1945, he spent the festive season with the people of Yan'an with rare ease. He participated in the cadre party on New Year's Day and attended the Spring Festival Gala lunch in Zaoyuan.On the first day of the Lunar New Year, he paid New Year's greetings to the people of Zaoyuan, handed cigarettes to the villagers in the small meeting room of the township government, and toasted the New Year; grabbed melon seeds and scattered peanuts for the children, and kindly held the hands of the villagers to ask questions.

However, Mao Zedong was not intoxicated by the upcoming victory, because the dawn of victory does not equal the reality of victory, and the victory of the War of Resistance does not equal the victory of the Communist Party.He is exploring and thinking about how to turn possible victories into real victories, and how to turn the old China, which has been oppressed by colonists for more than a hundred years, into an independent, free, democratic, unified, prosperous and powerful country after defeating the Japanese invaders. new China.On the eve of the victory, in order to welcome and organize the victory of the Anti-Japanese War and the victory of the democratic revolution in the whole country, Mao Zedong realized that it was necessary to convene the Seventh National Congress of the Party, which had been delayed for many years.

The Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in Moscow in 1928.From 1928 to 1945, the time is 17 years apart.People waited 17 years.As early as the Fourth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee held in January 1931, it was proposed to hold the Seventh National Congress.In the "Resolution of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Communist Party of China" written in December 1930, the convening of the Seventh National Congress, summing up experience and lessons, and passing the party program and other documents were regarded as the "most undelayable" tasks.But at that time, the war continued, and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in Shanghai was in a difficult situation. The Central Soviet Area was repeatedly suppressed by the Kuomintang, and survival was the first. It was impossible to hold the Seventh National Congress.

In 1937, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party realized the second cooperation, and the head center of the Communist Party moved to Yan'an, and there was a relatively stable environment.So the Politburo meeting held in May decided that the Seventh National Congress would be held within 1939, and initially stipulated the main agenda of the Seventh National Congress, and established a preparatory committee with Mao Zedong as the chairman and 25 people including Wang Ming, Zhu De, and Zhou Enlai.However, due to the severe pressure of the war of resistance, this committee failed to carry out the expected work.

The Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held from September to November 1938 made the "Decision-making Proposal on Convening the Seventh National Congress", which decided to speed up the preparations and hold the Seventh National Congress in a relatively short period of time. Rated for 360 people. In June and July 1939, the Secretariat of the Central Committee issued two notices to local party organizations on how to elect representatives to the Seventh National Congress, and requested that representatives be elected before September 1.However, due to the Kuomintang’s anti-communist friction and the Japanese invaders stepping up their raids on the liberated areas, the situation changed suddenly, forcing the planned Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China to be postponed again.

Later, he proposed to hold the Seventh National Congress in 1942 and 1943, but failed due to immature conditions. During the rectification movement, the whole party gradually reached a consensus on some major issues in the party's history, making important preparations for the convening of the party's Seventh National Congress. On May 19, 1944, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued a notice to convene the Seventh Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee, saying: "In order to start preparations for the Seventh National Congress, it was decided to hold the Seventh Plenary Session. It was decided to hold the first meeting of the Seventh Plenary Session on May 21. "In this way, the convening of the Seventh National Congress was actually put on the agenda.

At 2:00 pm on May 21, the first meeting of the Seventh Plenary Session was officially held.The meeting proposed the agenda of the seven congresses: Mao Zedong made a political report; Liu Shaoqi made a report on organizational issues and the revision of the party constitution; Zhu De made a military report; Zhou Enlai made a report on the united front and made a public speech; Election of a new Central Committee. In addition, it is also prepared to listen to work reports from several representative regions such as North China, Central China, and Northwest China. After 10 months of hard work, the preparations for the Seventh National Congress have been gradually completed.The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a plenary meeting on March 21, 1945, and approved the draft political report and draft party constitution prepared for the Seventh National Congress.

On March 21, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China made important changes to the agenda of the Seventh National Congress. The report on the party's historical issues was changed to be discussed at the Seventh Plenary Session to form a resolution. historical issues. There are two reasons for this: First, it is convenient for the conference to concentrate on discussing current political and military issues with one heart and one mind, that is, follow the line of democratic unity, strive for a democratic coalition government, defeat the aggressors, and build a new China.Second, in the years since the Sixth Plenary Session, especially during the period from the Fourth Plenary Session of the Party to the period before the War of Resistance Against Japan, mistakes in the leadership line of the Central Committee have occurred continuously, causing heavy losses to the cause of the Party, many comrades suffered blows, and many comrades sacrificed their lives. During the process of discussing the historical resolution, everyone was very angry and spoke fiercely, and some shed tears. This is understandable.However, the national situation was at a historic turning point at that time, and the party's National Congress should focus on looking forward, rather than staying on reviewing historical issues, and this must be guided.

Zhu De said: "Deputies are interested in settling old scores and should be prevented." Mao Zedong said: The mistakes in history are a social phenomenon, because the party was politically immature at that time, and now everyone has awakened; the main ideas are all the same. If the weapon of the conference is used, it will inevitably take two or three weeks to shift the central goal. The result still cannot exceed the current draft. In view of the need to patiently persuade the representatives to change the original agenda, Mao Zedong said: It is necessary to go through a step to obtain the agreement of all delegations, and it cannot be forced. In early April, Ren Bishi, Secretary-General of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, in order to carry out this intention, carefully did ideological work with representatives and cadres who made mistakes "with good reasons and attitudes" to promote the unity of the party. On April 20, at the last meeting of the Seventh Plenary Session, the "Resolution on Certain Historical Issues" and the Military Work Report were passed. At this point there is one more thorny puzzle to solve.The seven representatives elected by party organizations from all over the country arrived in Yan'an one after another.Since the convening of the Seventh National Congress has been repeatedly postponed, representatives are not elected at one time, and the qualification review of representatives has become a very difficult task.Ren Bishi reported this situation to Mao Zedong, and said that if the qualifications of the representatives of the so-called problematic people were not recognized, and the representatives of each region were re-elected, then it would take a year and a half for the representatives of the farthest regions to arrive in Yan'an. .In doing so, the Seventh National Congress will be postponed.But if this problem is not resolved, the Seventh National Congress cannot be held.Hope Central Research Discussion. After listening to the report, Mao Zedong made a decisive decision after careful consideration: "The meeting will be held, all representatives will attend, and there will be no more censorship." In this way, all the work is ready, and the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China, which has been expected for 17 years and has received widespread attention at home and abroad, is about to be held. "On the Coalition Government" made Chiang Kai-shek's subjects lose their lives. On April 23, the day after the Soviet Red Army invaded Berlin, Germany, the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China opened in Yan'an amid the majestic "Internationale".There were 546 official delegates and 208 alternate delegates attending the congress, representing 1.21 million party members in the whole party. Mao Zedong delivered an opening speech amidst warm applause.He said: Our congress this time is a congress that concerns the destiny of the 450 million people in China, a congress to defeat the Japanese aggressors and build a new China, and a congress to unite the entire Chinese people and the people of the world to strive for final victory.Our congress is on the eve of the final victory of the anti-fascist war. There are two roads before the Chinese people, the road of light and the road of darkness.China has two destinies, the destiny of a bright China and the destiny of a dark China.Now Japanese imperialism has not been defeated, and even if Japanese imperialism is defeated, there are still two prospects.Either an independent, free, democratic, unified, prosperous and strong China, that is to say, a bright China, where the Chinese people have been liberated; or another China, a semi-colonial, semi-feudal, divided, poor and weak China, that is to say, One old China, one new China. Mao Zedong pointed out that our task "is to mobilize the masses freely, strengthen the people's power, and unite all forces that can be united. Under the leadership of our party, in order to defeat the Japanese aggressors, build a bright new China, build an independent, free We should fight for a new, democratic, unified, prosperous and powerful new China. We should use all our strength to strive for a bright future and a bright destiny, and oppose another dark future and a dark destiny.” The conditions for realizing this task are already in place: that is, there is a strong Communist Party of China, the liberated areas, and the assistance of the people of the whole country and the people of the world.As long as we have the right policies and as long as we work together, our task will be accomplished. After Mao Zedong's speech, Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Lin Boqu and Okano Susumu (the then leader of the Japanese Communist Party) delivered speeches one after another, wishing the conference a success.Peng Zhen made a report on the qualification examination of representatives, which was unanimously approved.Hu Qiaomu served as the minutes of the conference and the minutes of the Bureau meeting. The opening ceremony ended with the sound of "The Internationale". On April 24, Mao Zedong made a political report to the General Assembly.He wrote a written political report, "On the Coalition Government" and distributed it to the congress delegates, one volume per person. This written report stated at the beginning: "China urgently needs to unite representatives of all parties, factions and independent parties to form a democratic interim coalition government in order to carry out democratic reforms, overcome the current crisis, mobilize and unify the whole nation. China's anti-Japanese forces will effectively cooperate with the allies to defeat the Japanese aggressors and liberate the Chinese people from the Japanese aggressors. Then, it is necessary to convene a national congress on a broad democratic basis and establish a broader A formal democratic government of a coalition nature, including representatives of all parties and factions and representatives without party affiliation, will lead the people of the whole country after liberation and build China into an independent, free, democratic, unified, prosperous and powerful new country. words, take the line of unity and democracy, defeat the aggressors, and build a new China. "We believe that only by doing so can it reflect the basic demands of the Chinese people. Therefore, our report mainly discusses these demands." Mao Zedong's idea of ​​a "coalition government" is a mature reflection on the fate of China. It is not only a strategic policy of the CCP, but also a strategic policy of the struggle against the Kuomintang. After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the Communist Party of China issued a manifesto, clearly proposing to "immediately democratize the institutions of the central government and local governments, to accommodate representatives of all parties and factions to participate in the National Assembly and the government", and "to make the national government truly a national defense government for resisting Japan and saving the nation." .However, because the KMT Chiang Kai-shek stubbornly insisted on one-party dictatorship and refused democratic reforms, the CCP's proposal for the establishment of a national defense government was not realized. Although the political idea of ​​organizing a national defense government failed to come true, the Communist Party was determined to implement democratic reforms in the anti-Japanese base areas and establish a coalition regime. It successfully established a local democratic coalition regime of the "Three-Three Systems", which was widely implemented in base areas in North China and Central China.It is in stark contrast to the one-party dictatorship of the Kuomintang, and plays a "major exemplary role in promoting national democratization." When the Anti-Japanese War entered the final stage, the relationship between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, which had become stagnant since the Southern Anhui Incident, tended to ease. On September 13, 1943, the Eleventh Plenary Session of the Fifth Central Committee of the Kuomintang was held in Chongqing.At the meeting, Chiang Kai-shek proposed to "use political methods to solve" the CCP issue.In this regard, when Mao Zedong talked with the Kuomintang liaison staff, he expressed his intention to adhere to the two principles of "supporting Chiang Kai-shek to resist Japan and supporting Chiang Kai-shek to build a country." This year, the European anti-fascist battlefield achieved a decisive victory, and the anti-Japanese battlefield in the liberated areas led by the Communist Party of China reported frequent successes, but the Kuomintang army suffered a disastrous defeat in the Battle of Henan, Hunan and Guangxi, which aroused strong dissatisfaction across the country.The failure of the Battle of Henan has become the content of many senators' inquiries in the third and third National Political Councils that are being held.The people in the Kuomintang-controlled area even thought that "the only thing to do is to prepare a small red flag to welcome the Eighth Route Army."This shows that the ruling crisis of the Kuomintang has further deepened, and the complete abolition of the Kuomintang's one-party dictatorship has become a common wish of the people. The incompetence of the Kuomintang regime and the defeat of the Kuomintang army also caused disappointment and dissatisfaction among the U.S. government and opposition. In June 1944, after visiting China, US Vice President Wallace told President Roosevelt that the Republic of China would soon collapse.Some even say that only a miracle can prevent the collapse of the Chinese government.Under such circumstances, the U.S. government adjusted its policy toward China and openly demanded that the Kuomintang seek a "peaceful solution" to the "communist issue," and that the Kuomintang government must implement democratic reforms. The upsurge of European Communist Party participation in politics has encouraged the CCP and provided an example for the Chinese Communist Party to realize the idea of ​​a coalition government. In April 1944, the Communist Party of Italy first joined the Badoglio government.Then, the communist parties of Belgium, France, Denmark, the Netherlands, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Romania, Norway, Austria, and Finland joined the cabinet and joined the coalition government.The Chinese Communist Party has expressed great concern about this new situation in Europe, and believes that: "These countries have established coalition governments, and the Communist Party, which represents the interests of the broad masses of the people, has participated in the government and has become a decisive force in the political life of each country. One", this is "the great victory of the democratic forces of the European people, which will undoubtedly profoundly affect the future of the world". After a comprehensive analysis of the international and domestic situation, the Chinese Communist Party felt that the time was ripe to propose to the Kuomintang and both at home and abroad the idea of ​​reorganizing the Kuomintang government. On September 15, 1944, according to the instructions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Lin Boqu formally proposed at the Third National Political Consultative Conference that "the KMT will immediately end the situation of one-party rule, and the national government will convene all parties, anti-Japanese troops, local governments, and Representatives of people's organizations, held state affairs conferences, and organized a coalition government of various anti-Japanese parties." This political proposition of the Communist Party of China was immediately warmly supported by people from all walks of life in China, and it also attracted great attention from international public opinion. On September 19, the second day after the Political Participation Conference ended, the "China Democratic Political Group Alliance" was reorganized into the "Democratic League". On October 10, the China Democratic League issued a statement, putting forward the political requirements of "immediately ending the one-party dictatorship", convening meetings of all parties, and establishing a coalition government. On September 24, at the Qianchuan Building in Chongqing, more than 500 people from various parties and factions gathered together, strongly demanding the reorganization of the central government and the establishment of a coalition government. On September 28, the U.S. Information Service issued a radio speech, saying: "The situation in China is very serious, and it is urgent to form a coalition government." In early November, Hurley, the personal representative of the U.S. President, flew to Yan'an, had three days of talks with Mao Zedong and others, discussed issues concerning the coalition government, and reached a "Five-Article Draft Agreement", agreeing to reorganize the National Government, establish a coalition government and a coalition military committee, recognize the legal status of all anti-Japanese parties, etc. Meeting with Hurley, the personal representative of US President Roosevelt. But when Hurley handed over the five-point agreement to the KMT with great joy, Chiang Kai-shek told Hurley: Recognition of this agreement will mean the defeat of the Kuomintang, and the ultimate result will be the Communist Party's control of the government. Starting from the interests and standpoint of the United States, Hurley considered the Chinese issue in an American way of thinking, thinking that as long as the Communist Party handed over the army and guaranteed that Chiang Kai-shek's leadership status would not be damaged in the slightest, a compromise to establish a coalition government would be acceptable.However, Chiang Kai-shek regarded this compromise as a "trap enough to kill him", rejected it, and put forward three counter-suggestions, asking the CCP to hand over the army first.The established policy of the United States is to help the Kuomintang to control China so as to safeguard its interests in the Far East.Hurley's attitude also took a 180° turn. On January 24, 1945, Zhou Enlai flew to Chongqing to negotiate with the Kuomintang. Chiang Kai-shek flatly refused to set up a coalition government and hold a party meeting. He said arrogantly: "Unification is unconditional. The Kuomintang is the only revolutionary organization. , the party meeting is a spoils-sharing meeting." The negotiations did not make any progress. On March 1, Chiang Kai-shek emphasized at the Constitutional Government Promotion Association that before the National Assembly was held, the government could not hand over power to a coalition government composed of various parties and factions.This shows that the Kuomintang has completely rejected the idea of ​​organizing a "coalition government" supported by people from all walks of life. To add fuel to the flames, in April 1945, Hurley held a press conference in Washington, where he made a statement that the U.S. government would only cooperate with Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang, singing a harmony with Chiang Kai-shek, and co-starring in oboe. The Chinese Communist Party is resolutely fighting against this.Mao Zedong pointed out that if the United States wants to continue to support Chiang Kai-shek, that is the power of the United States, but no matter what the United States does, Chiang Kai-shek is doomed to fail. At the Seventh Congress, Mao Zedong made a political report entitled "On the Coalition Government", which showed the sincerity and dedication of the Chinese Communist Party to the establishment of a coalition government. The Communist Party of China holds high the banner of establishing a "coalition government" and complies with the people's demand for democracy, uniting more and more people around itself. The "On Coalition Government" report had a great influence after it was issued.Thirty thousand copies were distributed in the rear, and some people read it all night long.Many people say: "The Communist Party speaks well and has a way." However, Chiang Kai-shek of the Kuomintang resisted the Communist Party's request for a coalition government and insisted on the one-party dictatorship of the oligarchy, so he isolated himself, placed himself on the opposite side of the people, lost popular support, and put The political initiative was given to the Communist Party.In this way, when Chiang Kai-shek was in power, he thought that the world belonged to him, but he did not know that his subjects had been united part by part by the Communist Party, and the outcome of his rule can be imagined. At the conference, Mao Zedong mainly made oral reports on some issues in the written reports.He mainly talked about three issues: (1) the issue of the line; (2) several issues concerning policies; and (3) several issues concerning the party. In the political line proposed by Mao Zedong at the Seventh National Congress, the driving force of the revolution is the workers, peasants, petty bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie.Mao Zedong believed that "freely mobilizing the masses and strengthening the people's power" means organizing a team, which is the masses of the people, and the majority of the masses are farmers, followed by the petty bourgeoisie, and finally other democrats. He said that four-fifths of China's population are farmers, just like five fingers account for four.If you forget the word "peasant", even reading a million Marxist books is useless.Without the peasants, the commander-in-chief of the proletariat becomes the "commander of the air force".To mobilize the peasants, the policy of "land to the tiller" must be implemented. Mao Zedong pointed out that to strengthen the people's power, we must focus on the growth and development of the people's army and the liberated areas.He said that the Kuomintang's cry: "You hand over the army, I will give you freedom" is a complete hoax, because without a people's army, the people have nothing.Not only can we not hand over the army to the Kuomintang, but we must strengthen the people's army as much as possible and continuously expand the liberated areas. Only in this way can we win the victory of the War of Resistance and the national revolution. The leader of the revolution is the proletariat.Mao Zedong believed that the organizational team must have a commander, that is, a leader, and the commander should be a proletarian.He said: "The experience of the three revolutions, especially the experience of the War of Resistance Against Japan, gave us and the Chinese people such confidence that without the efforts of the Chinese Communist Party and without the Chinese Communists as the mainstay of the Chinese people, China's independence and liberation would be impossible. The industrialization and modernization of agriculture are also impossible." Therefore, we have to fight for this leadership. Mao Zedong pointed out that the enemies of the revolution are imperialism and feudal forces. In the early days of the Anti-Japanese War, some people thought that the Kuomintang was good and wanted to rely on the Kuomintang to defeat Japan, but the three anti-communist upsurges of the Kuomintang shattered these people's illusions.He said humorously: We invited two volunteer teachers, the Japanese fascist and the chairman of the committee, without salary, and they taught many of our comrades well.Mao Zedong was aware of the details, and at this time he had already seen the ambition of the United States to covet China.He said that the United States helped Chiang Kai-shek because it wanted to control China, and China might become a semi-colony dominated by the United States and rule the Kuomintang.This actually indicates the new change that after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the US-Chiang clique will become the main enemy of the Chinese people.This pointed the way for the revolution. The goal of the revolution is to establish a new democratic China.The specific form of the new democratic regime should be "coalition government". The basic content of the seven major political lines expounded by Mao Zedong became the starting point and basis for the formulation of policies by the Communist Party of China. In his report, Mao Zedong also made a high-level theoretical summary for the first time of the excellent style of work formed by the party in the long-term struggle. and self-critical style". This is one of the distinctive signs that distinguish us Communists from any other political party.The proposal of the party's three major styles of work marks the maturity of Mao Zedong's party building theory system. Regarding policy issues, Mao Zedong talked about 11 points, the most important ones were the issue of continuing to develop capitalism; preparing for transformation issues, that is, shifting from guerrilla warfare to regular warfare, from rural areas to cities, and from reducing rent and interest to land for the tiller; It also emphasized that leaders must have foresight, implement democratic centralism, and continue to wash the face of the Kuomintang. Regarding the issue of the party, Mao Zedong emphasized the relationship between party spirit and individuality.He pointed out that all work done by party members has party spirit and individuality.It is impossible to imagine that 1.2 million party members will be turned into 1.2 million pieces of wood. What kind of party spirit will we have?As long as you obey the party, try to develop everyone's strengths within this scope, and don't just like those who are made of paper.He believes that there are two kinds of personality: creative personality and destructive personality. The former is the complete unity of party spirit and personality, while the latter is petty bourgeois and wrong.Therefore, it is required to unify party spirit and individuality, which cannot be neglected.This clarifies some people's confused understanding on this issue.Mao Zedong also emphasized the need to learn not only the realism of the Americans, but also the revolutionary enthusiasm and realism of the Russians, earnestly, bit by bit, take positions one by one, and strive for the liberation of the people of the whole country! At the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Mao Zedong demonstrated and transmitted to his comrades the blueprint designed by the CCP leadership group headed by him for the Chinese revolution in vivid, vivid, vivid, humorous, and witty language rich in theoretical logic.The atmosphere of the meeting was unprecedentedly active.And in this relaxed and active atmosphere, the representatives turned the party's instructions into their own action programs, which will play a huge role in practice.