Chapter 45 The anti-Japanese base area is a grand view garden for literary and artistic fighters

During the Anti-Japanese War, Yan'an gathered a large number of young intellectuals from all over the country. Their arrival brought cultural prosperity to the barren and barren Loess Plateau, and brought a thriving new situation to Yan'an literature and art. Ding Ling was the first famous writer who arrived in northern Shaanxi from a big city on the eve of the Anti-Japanese War.As soon as she got out of the Kuomintang prison, she came to northern Shaanxi. Mao Zedong once asked her what she planned to do, and Ding Ling replied that she wanted to be in the Red Army.Mao Zedong said: "Well, we can still catch up, and there may be the last battle. Let's go to the front with the General Political Department led by Yang Shangkun and the others!" Ding Ling followed the Red Army to the Longdong front.

After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, in August 1937, Ding Ling organized and established the "Northwest Field Service Corps" in Yan'an. In Mao Zedong's words, they used their pens and their mouths to fight against Japan. Front line) On September 22, the "Western War Regiment" set off from Yan'an, crossed the Yellow River east to the Shanxi Anti-Japanese Front Line, and transferred to Xi'an for propaganda, and returned to Yan'an in May 944. Ding Ling herself wrote many works on the subject of the people's army generals and the lives of the masses, which were highly valued by Mao Zedong.Mao Zedong once wrote a poem for Ding Ling:

The red flag on the wall flutters down, and the westerly wind sweeps across the lonely city. The security guards are new for a while, and a banquet is held in the cave to entertain the prisoners. Who is similar to a fine pen, three thousand Mauser soldiers. The array map opened to Longshan Mountain. Miss Wen yesterday, General Wu today. In March 1938, the famous composer Xian Xinghai came to Yan'an.He cooperated with Guang Weiran, and in just a few days, he created the "Yellow River Cantata", which sang the nation's anti-Japanese spirit and looked majestic. On May 11, the first performance, Mao Zedong, who was crowded in the crowd, applauded repeatedly after hearing it.Zhou Enlai happily wrote: "Shout out for the war of resistance and create a voice for the masses."

Later, a newspaper in Chongqing commented on this anti-Japanese song that was sung all over the country: a chorus with 100,000 muskets on top! Some theater companies staged programs such as "Hate of the Subjugated Country" and "Compatriots Under the Iron Heel", and the crying on and off the stage merged into one. In short, the literary and artistic fighters in Yan'an created many works that the people love to hear and see, and can inspire fighting spirit. The songs that have a greater influence include "Anthem of the Anti-Japanese Military and Political University", "Anthem of Anti-Japanese War", "Production Chorus", "Going to the Enemy's Rear" ", "Song of Going Forward", "Big Sword March" and so on.

The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Mao Zedong paid special attention to the construction of Yan'an literary and artistic teams.Mao Zedong believed that in order to defeat Japanese imperialism and reactionaries, a variety of fronts were needed, including cultural fronts and military fronts. "In order to achieve the victory of the revolution, in addition to relying on the army with guns, the army of culture is also indispensable." In 1938, initiated by Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, etc., the "Lu Xun Academy of Arts and Letters" named after the late modern great writer Lu Xun was established.

At the inaugural meeting, Mao Zedong said: We have two literary and art teams, the team between the pavilions in Shanghai and the team on the mountain, and they have joined together.We have to learn from each other and learn from each other.We must unite well to create and perform.To go down, to go down to the masses, proletarian writers and artists must go to the revolutionary struggle and learn the language of the people. He said that there is a Grand View Garden in the park, and there are Lin Daiyu and Jia Baoyu in the Grand View Garden.You Luyi is a small garden.You are Lin Daiyu and Jia Baoyu.However, our lesbians should not learn from Lin Daiyu, they only cry.Our lesbians are much better than Lin Daiyu. They can sing and act, and they will go to the front to fight in the future.The anti-Japanese base area is the Grand View Garden.Your Grand View Garden is in Taihang Mountain and Luliang Mountain.

After the establishment of Luyi, a large number of literary and artistic talents were trained in accordance with the direction of literature and art guided by Mao Zedong. A large number of literary and artistic youths flocked to Yan'an. While promoting the prosperity of Yan'an's literature and art, it also brought many problems.This is just as Mao Zedong pointed out, "From the pavilion to the base area, there are not only two regions, but also two historical eras." "When you arrive at the base area, it does not mean that you have completely integrated with the masses of the people in the base area."Before integrating with the new masses, most intellectuals still retain the old set of thoughts, feelings, living habits, and even their words and deeds are "out of tune" with the masses.

In terms of how literary and art workers integrate with reality, many people still lack this string.For example, some colleges and theater troupes staged many big, foreign and ancient costume dramas regardless of the objective conditions and the needs of the masses.Chinese dramas such as "Thunderstorm", "Peking Man", "The Death of Li Xiucheng", etc., foreign dramas include "The Imperial Envoy", "Hypocrite", "The Miser", "Marriage Proposal", "Idiot".The staging of these plays is beneficial to invigorating cultural life and broadening horizons, but it is not suitable to perform these plays behind enemy lines.One is that the cultural level of the masses is low and they can’t understand; the other is that there are many props in the play. Often a lot of folks are sent to carry the props of a play.

In literary and artistic creation, there are some phenomena that work behind closed doors, are seriously divorced from reality, and divorced from the masses.For example, a multi-act play written by Liu Yin, the third student of the Luyi Drama Department, imagined a story of life behind enemy lines, but it was far from the real life. After the performance, the masses were very dissatisfied after watching it. Even scolded. Intellectuals were also less willing to interact with the workers and peasants.Lu Yi's teacher Zhou Libo once said: "The site of Lu Yi's institute is in Qiao'ergou, ten miles away from the city. It is in the countryside. The teachers' dormitory is not far from the cave dwelling, and there is a farmer's yard. We can be said to live next to the peasants, and we drink the same food. The spring water in the well lives in a cave dwelling of the same format, but we are 'inseparable from old age and death'. For four years, I have not been to a farmer's cave dwelling once." And in this case, "other literature and art There are not a few in the group."

At that time, sectarianism in the literary and art circles was also very serious. At the end of the 1970s, Zhou Yang said in an interview: "At that time, there were two factions in Yan'an. One was represented by 'Lu Yi', including He Qifang, and of course I was the leader. The other was represented by 'Wen Kang' and headed by Ding Ling. These two factions already had sectarianism in Shanghai.” The two factions were not convinced by each other and fought unprincipled pen-and-ink lawsuits. They could not be twisted together to form a united and unified force. From the autumn of 1941 to the spring of 1942, with Ding Ling, Xiao Jun, Wang Shiwei and Ai Qing as the backbone, he wrote a batch of essays "exposing the darkness".

On March 7, 1942, Ding Ling rushed to write an article overnight for the "Liberation Daily" commemorating the March 8th Festival. In the article, she vented all her grievances for lesbians caused by the two divorce incidents. Then, Wang Shiwei, a special researcher at the Compilation Office of Academia Sinica in Yan'an, published "The Statesman Artist" and two articles in succession. Wang Shiwei was a translator and writer. He was admitted to Peking University in 1925, joined the Party in 1926, lost contact with the Party the following year, rejoined the Party in 1937, and entered Yan'an in October.Earlier, he said: "Old China is still a society full of pus and blood, full of filth and darkness. Chinese people who grow up in this society are bound to be infected with them. Even we ourselves, the revolutionary fighters who created the new China, cannot Exception.” “The nature of the current revolution also determines that, in addition to being an allied army with the peasants and the urban petty bourgeoisie, we must take other more backward classes along the way and make concessions to them to a certain extent, which makes us Contaminated with more filth and darkness."It is because of this dual reason of history and reality that the work of our "artists" to transform the soul is therefore more important, more arduous, and more urgent. Boldly but properly revealing all the filth and darkness, and cleaning them, is the same as praising the light. equally important, if not more important." "Uncovering the cleansing work is not only negative, because the darkness disappears, and the light naturally increases." In one article, Wang Shiwei, who devoted himself to translating Marxist-Leninist classics and had no hobbies, set up a club in Yan'an. The entertainment of singing opera and dancing on weekends was compared with the tragic and heroic scenes of soldiers fighting to the death on the battlefield. Golden Lotus Step".He mentioned that some leaders in Yan'an did not love the masses, and there was a hierarchical system in Yan'an, "clothes are divided into three colors, and food is divided into five classes"; he thought that although Yan'an was much better than "outside", "Yan'an may and must be better." , "reduce the darkness to a minimum", and oppose some "not necessarily necessary and reasonable" places during the difficult revolutionary years. In the article, Wang Shiwei said that the above phenomena "may be biased and exaggerated, and the 'image' may not be very universal; but we must not deny that they have the function of a mirror." But later the Kuomintang compiled these "biased and exaggerated" articles into a book and used them as anti-communist propaganda materials, which produced adverse consequences. In the spring of 1942, a large number of such essays "targeting oneself" and "exposure" appeared in the supplement of "Liberation Daily".At the same time, the "Qing Qi Squad" established by the Central Youth Committee in Wenhuagou, the "Caricature Exhibition" of the Border Area Artists Association, and the "Ya Yu De" of the Academia Sinica all targeted some of the remaining weaknesses in Yan'an. Severe criticism was once a sensation. Academia Sinica launched the publication of the poster "Arrows and Des" published in conjunction with the rectification movement. Historian Fan Wenlan proposed in his opening speech that "the arrow of democracy should be shot at the evil wind" and advocated "thorough democracy" and "absolute democracy." At the rectification meeting, Wang Shiwei spoke fiercely and took the lead in opposing the opinion proposed by President Li Weihan that leaders at all levels should be "ex-officio members of the rectification work committee". Procuratorial committees are democratically produced by the masses.On the poster, Wang Shiwei published a signed article, continuing to criticize Li for retaining remnants of the party's patriarchal style. This had a strong repercussions within the party and the cultural circles, and there was an endless stream of people who came to visit.Wang Zhen was very dissatisfied after watching it, and said: "The comrades in the front are shedding blood and sacrificing for the party and the people of the whole country, while you are eating and scolding the party in the rear." Wang Zhen immediately reported the situation to Mao Zedong, and Mao turned on the lamp overnight to read the poster.On the way back, he said to the entourage: "These things are very educational, and they are good negative teaching materials. In this way, we have targets for ideological struggle." Mao Zedong, who was in charge of the rectification movement on the cultural front, always believed that under the circumstances at that time, all work should put the needs of the revolution first, so he repeatedly advocated that culture must be "popular", "national", and "anti-Japanese".This rectification in the literary and art circles must also use this purpose to solve the problems in the literary and art circles and clarify right and wrong. To this end, Mao Zedong first implemented a complete revision of the "Liberation Daily". On March 31, Mao Zedong and Bogu, the president of the "Liberation Daily", convened an informal discussion on the revision of the edition with the heads of various departments in Yan'an, inside and outside the party, and writers. Mao Zedong said: "We are not running a newspaper standing in the Himalayas, neither belonging to this class nor to that class." Our newspapers must play the role of educating the people, mobilizing the people, and fighting the enemy. "Today we rectify the three winds, we must make good use of newspapers." Speaking of this, Mao Zedong pointedly pointed out: "With regard to the rectification of the three winds, various departments have started heated discussions. This is a very good phenomenon. However, some people speak from an incorrect standpoint. This is the concept of absolute equality and The method of sneering at the back... Criticism should be serious and sharp, but it should also be sincere, frank, and kind. Only such a critical attitude can benefit unity. Sneaking at the back is a destructive agent , is detrimental to unity.” This is a criticism of Wang Shiwei. In order to solve the problems and bad tendencies in Yan'an literature and art circles, at the turn of spring and summer in 1942, when the mountain flowers were blooming in Yangjialing, Mao Zedong successively invited Ai Qing, Ding Ling, Luo Feng, Bai Lang and Hua Hua from the "Wen Kang" Jun Wu, Cai Ruohong, Ouyang Shan and Cao Ming from the Department of Literature and Art of Academia Sinica, He Qifang, Yan Wenjing, Zhou Libo, Cao Baohua, Yao Shixiao from Luyi and other dozens of people from the literary and art circles went to Yangjialing for a knee-to-neck conversation and entrusted them to collect opinions . After an in-depth investigation, Mao Zedong analyzed that the cause of the problem was that before the intellectuals came to Yan'an, they thought that everything in Yan'an was good according to the thinking of the petty bourgeoisie.When these people came to Yan'an and saw the shortcomings, they became dissatisfied with Yan'an and complained.In essence, it is a manifestation of petty bourgeois ideology.In the end, everyone discussed that a meeting should be held to allow literary and art workers to fully express their opinions and exchange ideas, and then let Mao Zedong give a concentrated speech in order to unify thinking and benefit the development of literary and artistic undertakings.Mao Zedong agreed to everyone's proposal. In this way, the Yan'an Literature and Art Symposium was brewing. Comrades at the symposium took a group photo at Yangjialing, Yan’an On May 2, 1942, the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a symposium with more than 100 literary and art workers in Yan’an at the General Office Building of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in Yangjialing, about 5 kilometers northwest of Yan’an City.The meeting was presided over by Kai Feng, the acting head of the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee. Mao Zedong delivered a speech at the meeting, which was later called the "introduction" of the symposium. Mao Zedong said that the purpose of the symposium was to "study the relationship between literary and artistic work and general revolutionary work, to seek the correct development of revolutionary literature and art, and to obtain better assistance from revolutionary literature and art to other revolutionary work, so as to defeat the enemies of our nation and accomplish The task of national liberation". Pointing to Commander-in-Chief Zhu De beside him, he said, "We have two armies, one is Commander-in-Chief Zhu's and the other is Commander-in-Chief Lu." Mao Zedong's humorous statement made everyone laugh. In this relaxed atmosphere, Mao Zedong proposed the standpoint, attitude, objects, feelings and learning issues of literary and art workers, and asked everyone to discuss them. He said: "I will come up with a topic, and everyone will make a fuss." Literary and art workers who "make a fuss" are also welcome. Everyone rushed to speak and express their views. The discussion continued until the evening. Xiao Jun was the first to speak.He said that red lotus, white lotus root, and green leaves belong to the same family; Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism also belong to the same family; people inside the party, people outside the party, and progressives belong to the same family; politics, military affairs, and literature and art also belong to the same family.Since each is a family, their seniority is equal, and no one can lead another.Our revolution will smash the old world to pieces like Mr. Lu Xun, and we will never write articles praising anyone.For a meeting like today, I can write 100,000 words.I really appreciate Romain Rolland's new heroism.I want to be the number one writer in China, and I want to be the number one writer in the world. Xiao Jun is a northeastern writer highly regarded by Mao Zedong.He has a bold personality and talent, but he is stubborn, aloof, and extreme in his views. He once wanted to leave Yan'an because of conflicts at work, but Mao Zedong's sincerity and enthusiasm kept him.To Xiao Jun's speech, Mao Zedong sometimes nodded and sometimes smiled faintly. The second speaker was He Qifang.He said sincerely: After listening to Chairman Mao's teachings, "I was very inspired. The souls of the petty bourgeoisie are unclean. They are selfish, cowardly, fragile, and wavering. I feel that I urgently need to be reformed." In her speech, Ding Ling put forward her own opinions on the issues of "exposure" and "singing": "I think that the bright and progressive things should of course be enthusiastically praised, but we will never let go of our arms when it comes to the dark hindrances." , stood by and should expose it mercilessly." Regarding the views of Xiao Jun and Ding Ling, Mao Zedong expressed his views in his speech on May 23: "Whether it is progressive, backward, bright or dark, our literary and art workers should expose and praise according to each person. Differences, that is to say, there must be clear class sentiments and class positions." "The exposed objects can only be the aggressors, exploiters, oppressors and their bad influence among the people, not the masses of the people. The masses also have shortcomings, and these shortcomings should be overcome by criticism and self-criticism among the people", rather than "exposing the people". On May 16, the second symposium was held. Mao Zedong, Zhu De and other central leaders continued to attend the meeting to listen to everyone's speeches. At the meeting, Ke Zhongping, head of the People's Theater Troupe, talked about his feelings. People's theater troupes go to the countryside, villages, and cave dwellings every month and every year to learn from farmers and perform for them.The group song written by Ke Zhongping expresses the purpose of the group: "Where do you come from? From the common people. Where do you go? To the common people." He said: Don't look down on "Little Cowherd", the common people like it, we performed "Little Cowherd", when the troupe left the village, the masses reluctantly sent it far away, and presented many comfort items. "If you want to find our troupe in those areas, how do you find it? You just need to follow the road full of egg shells, peanut shells, fruit skins, and red date pits." The participants laughed, and so did Mao Zedong.However, Mao Zedong then said, if you always read "Little Cowherd", you will have no eggs to eat. Ouyang Shanzun, the president of the 120th Division Fighting Drama Club who came back from the front line, called on literary and art workers to go to the front line, so that they can not only meet the needs of the soldiers and ordinary people in the front line for literature and art, but also see and learn a lot from them. On this day, the discussion continued, mixed with heated arguments. May 23 was the last meeting of the symposium on literature and art.Due to the large number of people present at the meeting, the meeting was moved to the loess flat outside the auditorium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.People bathed in the bright sunshine, smelled the fragrance of tender grass, and their thoughts followed the words and activities of the top leaders of Yan'an. Commander-in-chief Zhu De, who has been sitting and listening to everyone's discussions for several days, made a speech. He pointed out that writers should be close to workers, peasants and soldiers.Some people like Li Bai's poem "I don't need to be enshrined in ten thousand households, but I hope to know Han Jingzhou once." The current "Han Jingzhou" is workers, peasants and soldiers. He said: "Don't set your eyes too high, and look up to the workers, peasants and soldiers. Whether China is the number one or the world's number one, you can't make it yourself, it must be approved by the workers, peasants and soldiers." Regarding the change of thinking, Zhu De said: "There is not only a change, but also a surrender." He explained from his own experience: "I am a person from the old army, and I surrendered to the Communist Party. I think the Communist Party is good, only Only the Communist Party can save China. I went to Shanghai to look for the party, but I didn’t solve the problem of joining the party. I joined the party when I came to Germany. I surrendered to the proletariat, not because I wanted to be the commander-in-chief. Later, I fought too many wars and worked for the proletariat for a long time. Well, everyone saw that I can still do a good job, so they recommended me to be the commander-in-chief." "The Communist Party and the Eighth Route Army have meritorious deeds, so why shouldn't they sing or praise them?" In the end, Mr. Zhu said: "Some comrades feel that life in Yan'an is not good, and it is too bitter. In fact, it is already a paradise compared to the time when we lived in snowy mountains and grasslands. Some comrades said that Chongqing has food, housing and clothing. Things are better than those in Yan’an. But no matter how good they are, they belong to them! No matter how bad things in Yan’an are, they belong to us!” After Zhu De's speech, taking advantage of the afterglow of the setting sun, the leaders of the central government and the representatives present at the meeting took a group photo together, leaving precious historical photos. After dinner, three wooden poles were used to form a triangle to hang a gas lamp on the square for lighting, and Mao Zedong made a conclusion. Under the dazzling lights, people listened attentively to Mao Zedong's speech.He said that the symposium was held three times and it went well.In the first two times, I set the topic and everyone made a fuss.Today is a test for me, and everyone asks me to write an essay on a topic called "Conclusion". In response to the questions raised by the conference, the current situation and debates in the literary and art circles in Yan'an, and the problems in the revolutionary literary and artistic work since the "May 4th" Movement, Mao Zedong stipulated the revolutionary literary and artistic principles and policies, and pointed out the development direction and road of Chinese literature and art.He pointed out in his "Speech": "Our problem is basically a problem for the masses and a problem of how to serve the masses." , used by the workers, peasants and soldiers.” To do this, “it must integrate with the new masses without any hesitation.”In the process of integration, pay attention to transforming the world view and shifting the foothold.Only in this way can we become one with the masses, blend emotions, sing and cry, and truly become their spokesperson; only in this way can we dig out the "mineral deposits", dig deep into the "source", and write good works that the masses love. Finally, Mao Zedong called on writers and artists to go to the masses, to the front lines, to the anti-Japanese battlefields! Mao Zedong's speech at the symposium on literature and art brought the thoughts of Yan'an writers and artists to a new level.After the meeting, the majority of literary and art workers swept away the unhealthy style of being divorced from reality and the masses, rushed to the countryside, went to the front line, entered the factory, and entered the base areas behind the enemy, determined to transform themselves in the actual struggle.Xiao San, Ai Qing, and Sai Ke went to Nanniwan, Chen Huangmei went to Yan'an County, Xiao Jun went to the mountains to open up wasteland, Liu Baiyu and Chen Xuezhao went to the countryside to the company, Gao Yuan and Liu Qing went to Longdong, and Ding Ling went to the factory.Many literary and art groups also rushed to the countryside and the front line. Due to the efforts of literary and art workers to integrate with workers, peasants and soldiers, and to become one with the masses of the people, they have written many works that reflect real struggles.Taking "People's Literature and Art Series" as an example, 86% of the works reflect the anti-Japanese war and the people's army.At that time, many inspiring works were created, such as the new opera "The White-haired Girl" by Lu Yi, the Yangko opera "Brothers and Sisters Opening up Wasteland" co-starred by Wang Dahua and Li Bo, "Literacy of Couples" by Ma Ke, and "Ten Two Scythes", "A Red Flower" by Zhou Ge of the Yangko Team of the Central Party School, "Forcing to the Liangshan Mountain" by the Peking Opera Team of the Central Party School, "Three Attacks on Zhujiazhuang" by the Yan'an Pingju Research Institute; in terms of novels and poems, there is "Little Song" by Zhao Shuli. Erhei's Marriage", "Li Youcai's Banhua", Li Ji's "Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang", Ke Lan's "The Story of Yang Tietong"; in terms of reportage and prose, there are Ma Feng's "Zhangcun No Story", Zhou Erfu's " Encounters at Sea", Huang Gang's "Guan Xiangying Illness", Zhou Libo's "Southern Records", Sun Li's "Lotus Lake"; others include Gu Yuan's woodcut "Mowing the Grass", Zongzheng Film Troupe's "South Niwan" and so on, it can be said that a hundred flowers are blooming and colorful. China's new literature and art movement thus opened a new page. Mao Zedong's speech at the Yan'an Literature and Art Forum was sorted out by Hu Qiaomu and officially published in Liberation Daily on October 19, 1943, the seventh anniversary of Lu Xun's death. An article commemorating "Speech" written by the famous writer Lao She when he was 50 years old can best illustrate the influence of "Speech" on the literary world.He said: I studied "Speech" and felt that "the heart is bright and the vision is broad, as if living in the city circle for a long time, suddenly I went out of the city gate, walked on Yangguan Avenue, and saw green water, green mountains and fertile fields thousands of miles away. What Chairman Mao said The need for literature and art to serve workers, peasants and soldiers does not narrow the scope of literary and artistic creation, but broadens it, allowing me to see boundless beauty and giving me new ideals that I have never had before. I have never been inspired before Inspired and inspired, my creative enthusiasm has increased many times.” "Before liberation, I was just me, alone, and had nothing to do with others. I was a poor weed leaf, unable to reach the sky, unable to descend to the ground, drifting with the wind, and may not know where to end! Now, I must be among the masses. I am no longer an 'orphan', but a person with thousands of friends." In short, "I am excited and happy, because I have a new life in literary and artistic writing!" This is also the common aspiration of a generation of literary veterans.