Chapter 3 Chapter 2 Rise

The desire to survive coupled with the hope of growth constitutes the driving force behind the start of an enterprise. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, China has been learning and imitating the Soviet model in the field of economic construction, giving priority to the development of heavy industry.After 30 years, the daily chemical light industry has fallen into a trough.Since the opening up, although the country has established a work line centered on economic construction, it is still operating along the track of a planned economy.Fortunately, there are tens of thousands of Wenzhou people who have devoted themselves to this, so that daily chemical products can be active in the market again.Only 10 years later, small commodities from Wenzhou, China, can already be exchanged for planes in the Soviet Union.

It can be seen how great their opportunities are in the early stages of the start. Although Wenzhou's economic development was under heavy pressure, at the end of the 1970s, Wenzhou's commodity market had accumulated a strong force. In 1978, under the planned economic system, non-staple food for the people of the whole country was distributed uniformly by the state, and most daily necessities such as firewood, rice, oil, salt, soy sauce, vinegar and tea had to be purchased by ticket.In Wenzhou, small merchants and hawkers have quietly emerged in the agricultural and sideline products market.

In the market, there are often small vendors who carry two or three fish and stuff small slips of paper stating the catty and price into the gills of the fish.When a buyer who is familiar with the routine meets them, he lifts the gills of the fish and bargains with small traders for a deal. Chen Shouzhu, who was in his 30s at the time, was a staff member of the Marketing Section of the Wenzhou Industry and Commerce Bureau. The main task of him and his colleagues was to inspect the market and crack down on unlicensed vendors.Facing these tricks of small traders, Chen Shouzhu and his colleagues usually turned a blind eye to them, and sometimes even whistled from a distance to remind small traders to avoid inspection.

In October 1978, the Wenzhou City Agricultural and Sideline Products Market was fully opened. On January 8, 1979, one grain and oil market, including Qingming Bridge, Shangdoumen, Yongzhong, and Quxi, was also opened one after another.It was not until September 15, 1979 that official documents were issued, and Zhejiang Province approved the opening of the Wenzhou agricultural and sideline products market, allowing three types of agricultural and sideline products to be listed and traded. The lifting of the ban means that the policy is loosened, and the explosive force that has been suppressed for a long time in Wenzhou's commodity market is amazing.Various trade markets and professional markets began to spring up like mushrooms after rain, becoming a symbol of the development of Wenzhou's private economy.

On August 15, 1981, an article titled "Active Wenzhou Market" appeared in "People's Daily": People who have been to Wenzhou feel that Wenzhou's agricultural and sideline product market and catering service industry are very prosperous.Snacks can be bought at any time from 4:00 in the morning to 0:00 in the middle of the night; raw and cooked dishes can also be purchased at any time when guests come to the house; making clothes throughout the year is not a problem; haircuts and repairs are not difficult. In the past, due to the influence of "left" ideology, the market was deserted and the masses suffered.After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the relevant departments in Wenzhou cleaned up the influence of the "left", and the situation gradually changed...All kinds of economies were allowed to coexist, the circulation channels were smoothed, the commercial outlets increased, and the market became active...

In February 1983, the Qiaotou Button Market in Yongjia County, Wenzhou officially opened, which is the earliest professional rural market in my country.Tracing back to the origin of the button market, Ye Kechun, the "cotton player" who brought back the first batch of buttons from his hometown, was included in the "Qiaotou Town Chronicle" and became the first person engaged in button sales in Qiaotou Town, Wenzhou. In 1985, Sang Jinquan, a reporter from Liberation Daily, reported on the Qiaotou button market: One year, two cotton paddlers found a bunch of defective buttons from the garbage dump of a button factory in another place, and they were sold out in Qiaotou Town.So, they resolutely put down the burden of elastic cotton, and started to operate buttons... The "Oriental Big Market" was born inadvertently.

And indeed it is. Ye Kechun left his hometown at the age of 17 to play quilts. Ye Kechun, who had been away for more than 10 years, returned to Qiaotou Town at the end of 1978.Ye Kechun also brought back a bunch of buttons.Ye Kechun, who has been walking for many years, has seen the world after all. He nailed buttons on white cloth and sold them to the outside world.These buttons were novel in style and bright in color, and were quickly snapped up by the neighbors. Just imagine, in 1978, the Chinese people had just begun to bid farewell to the blue, gray, and black suits, and put on Dacron shirts, and their love for beauty began to explode.As the most basic clothing decoration, buttons are naturally popular.

What Ye Kechun's neighbors didn't know at the time was that the pile of buttons were defective products discarded by the factory, and Ye Kechun and his brother picked them up at the gate of the button factory in another place.Ye Kechun, who had just tasted the sweetness, began to seriously consider the button business.He started asking around for button manufacturers. At that time, a fellow from the same town was selling a plastic braided shrimp.This kind of plastic braided shrimp and braided goldfish are usually used to hang with keys and make ornaments.Best of all, this braided plastic goldfish has big, vivid eyes.The keen Ye Kechun saw a business opportunity, and he found out that this kind of "eye" is a glass button produced by the state-owned button factory in Luqiao District, Taizhou City.

The colorful and lively braided shrimp has become a fashion, with orders reaching 100,000 yuan at once.Ye Kechun's button business naturally opened up the market.In this way, Ye Kechun was recorded in "Qiaotou Town Chronicle" and became the first person engaged in button sales in Qiaotou Town, Wenzhou. Seeing that Ye Kechun's button business is very prosperous, the villagers also started selling buttons.At that time, Wang Suinai, the women's director of Qiaotou Village in Yongjia, was in her early 30s, and she was in a hurry. She began to take the villagers to Jiangsu and Shanghai in the north, and Jiangxi and other places in the south to buy buttons.At the same time, button buyers from Jinhua, Yiwu, Jiaxing, Jiangsu, Shanghai and other places also flocked to Qiaotou Town.At that time, Wang Suinai's own stall could earn more than 200 yuan a week, which means that after a year, it could become a veritable "ten thousand yuan household".

The market took shape, and some people started producing buttons in their own family workshops. According to Wang Suinai's recollection: "At the beginning, it was a mess. A button production requires several processes: cutting, scraping, 'digging the buttocks', polishing, and the four holes of the Chinese tunic suit are also a process. There are many processes. , The speed is relatively slow, and the maximum production is about 20,000 pieces a day. But even if it is so slow, it saves a lot of cost compared to running supply and marketing, and the profit is much higher. If the family does not produce buttons, they will go to the next door to buy and sell them. At that time, every household in Qiaotou had to deal with buttons, and the entire Qiaotou town was supported by small buttons.”

In its first year of operation, the Button Market was crowded with hundreds of stalls lining the bridge.Afterwards, Wang Suinai organized a group discussion and relocated the town's primary school to build a real professional market with two floors, more than 1,000 stalls and 700 stores.Qiaotou Town began to become the production and sales base of buttons. In May 1987, Wang Suinai became the secretary of the party branch of the button market in Qiaotou Town.In this way, the professional market has gradually formed a scale. The button market drives the economy of Qiaotou Town. In the past, there was only "one restaurant, one hotel, and one passenger car" in the whole town. By 1986, "more than 40 restaurants and more than 50 hotels had been opened in the town, and 6 long-distance buses went directly to Jinhua, Hangzhou, and Shanghai every day. , more than 20 short-distance vans and nearly 200 motorized tricycles shuttled between Wenzhou City and the county.” At the end of 1983, Wenzhou City formed ten commodity production and sales bases and professional markets headed by Yongjia Qiaotou Button Market: Yueqing Liushi Hardware and Electrical Appliances Market, Yueqing Hongqiao Comprehensive Farmer’s Market, Cangnan Yishan Recycled Textile Market, Cangnan Qianku Comprehensive Commodity Wholesale Market, Pingyang Shuitou Rabbit Hair Market, Pingyang Xiaojiang Plastic Weaving Market, Ruian Xianjiang Plastic Leather Market, Jinxiang Badge Sign Production and Marketing Base, Ruian Tangxia, Xincheng Plastic Woven Bag Elastic Band Market, etc. At that time, there was such a story: a peasant woman in Pingyang saw people from her hometown go out to buy rabbit fur to make money.Being illiterate and unable to speak Mandarin, she put two notes in her pocket, one of which read: I am from Pingyang, Wenzhou, please help me buy a bus ticket.Another one said: I want to buy rabbit fur, how much is it per catty?With the two notes, the old lady traveled all over most of China and became a household with ten thousand yuan. At the National Rural Work Conference on November 29, 1983, Wan Li, then Secretary of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee and Vice Premier of the State Council, commented on the regenerative textile industry in Yishan District, Cangnan County, which turned the single agricultural production into a comprehensive agricultural, industrial and commercial operation, "showing rural productivity. full of vigor and development prospects". Behind the formation of the top ten professional commodity markets, there are a variety of "small commodities", thousands of "family workshops" and a mighty "supply and marketing army".Formed in the 1980s and developed in the 1990s, it became the pillar industry of Wenzhou's economy. The top ten professional markets are the first stage of Wenzhou's economic reputation in the future. From the perspective of the historical process, in 1956, Wenzhou Yongjia's "household production contract" was an earth-shattering pioneering work.But at that time, this kind of anti-agricultural cooperative move suffered overwhelming blows. The Southern Zhejiang Dazhong Daily, the official newspaper of the Wenzhou prefectural committee, criticized Li Yunhe's leadership of household production contracting by name as a "retirement." Li Yunhe, deputy secretary of Yongjia, the "initiator" of "Yongjia Household Contract Production", wrote a 5,500-word special report and published it in Zhejiang Daily, the official newspaper of the Zhejiang Provincial Party Committee, to defend himself. Two years later, a big-character poster criticizing Li Yunhe was posted at the meeting place of the Zhejiang Provincial People's Congress. During the "Cultural Revolution", Li Yunhe could not escape "bad luck" - he was expelled from the party, dismissed from all positions, classified as a rightist, and underwent labor reform. Twenty-two years later, in December 1978, the pioneering act of farmers in Xiaogang Village, Anhui Province, "household production contract" was later recorded in the annals of history, and was hailed as "opening the prelude to China's reform and opening up." Another three years passed, and in August 1981, an article titled "The Unjust Case of Yongjia County’s 1956 Trial Implementation of Household Production Contracts Should be Completely Rehabilitated" appeared in the 282nd Issue Briefing of the Research Office of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and was affirmed by a commentary "This kind of responsibility system was first created in that year". Although Yongjia's "house-to-household contracting" has been rehabilitated, Wenzhou's private economy is still shrouded in fog. On September 22, 1981, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council approved the merger of Wenzhou area and Wenzhou City, and implemented a new system of city management and counties. Yuan Fanglie was appointed as the first secretary of the Wenzhou Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China.It is said that Yuan Fanglie, who took up his new post, came to Wenzhou with a "military order" issued by the provincial party committee to solve the ownership problem in Wenzhou within one year. Obviously, Yuan Fanglie was prejudiced against the individual economy at that time, and the focus of the new official's work was to cut off the cancer of privatization, and a series of combinations to attack the private economy were vigorously launched. The "Eight Kings" and "Climbing Shoes Factory" incidents are typical cases of Wenzhou's economic purge campaign. However, while drastically "cutting the tail of capitalism", Yuan Fanglie also conducted two down-to-earth investigations in the second half of 1982. Once, on the way of Rui'an's investigation, Yuan Fanglie was surprised to see hundreds of cows, fat and strong.Working at the grassroots level all year round, most of the cows that Yuan Fanglie has seen are poorly cared for, thin and dead.So he asked the cowherd for advice.The cowherd told him: The cows are raised by each family, the ownership belongs to the collective, and the income belongs to the individual.People in Rui'an call buffaloes "three-five brand cadres". The annual value of a buffalo is 500 yuan, the milk is 500 yuan purchased from the condensing milk factory, and a calving is 500 yuan a year. 1,500 yuan is exactly equivalent to the annual income of a 30-year-old cadre. . In Tangxia Township, Ruian, Yuan Fanglie got into the dimly lit underground workshop.Half a house, 5 simple machines, the owner and worker is an old lady with her grandson.She picked the materials in the morning and handed over the finished elastic to the vendor in the evening. The investment of 5 machines is 500 yuan, and the annual net income is 6,000 yuan.The income of the old lady makes Yuan Fanglie, the vice-provincial, feel inferior.He calculated an account: 100 such old ladies, the annual profit is 600,000; 1,000, that is 6 million.In Wenzhou at that time, Yuan Fanglie tried his best to support, but there were only three state-owned enterprises with a net profit of more than 600,000 yuan. It was what he saw and heard during the investigation that caused Yuan Fanglie's attitude towards the private economy to change unconsciously. From December 16th to 19th, 1982, at Yuan Fanglie's suggestion, the Wenzhou Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Government decided to hold a "Two Households Meeting" to invite representatives of the two households to speak out. The representatives participating in the meeting were "capable people" who took the lead in commodity production from all walks of life, and they were also "capable people" who got rich first in all parts of the city, with a total of 1,200 representatives.The so-called "two households" is a generalization of professional households and key households at that time.The so-called professional households refer to the family whose main labor force is specialized in a certain professional production, and the income becomes the main source of income of the family, and the income of the professional part accounts for more than 60% of the total household income; Engage in a certain professional production, and the income accounts for more than 50% of the total household income.In today's words, the "two households" at that time were representatives of advanced productive forces. Among them, Zhouren, a professional forestry household, is becoming a prominent figure in the "Two Households Conference".Since 1979, Zhou Renzheng invested 38,000 yuan, hired 50 people, and contracted 2,000 mu of barren hills.At the meeting of the two households, he made a typical speech. "Wenzhou Daily" published a 400-character news on the front page, and published a full-page newsletter on the second page to cooperate with the publicity. Although the secretary of the municipal party committee invited them personally, the representatives of the "two households" seemed to still feel lingering fears when they thought of the "eight kings" incident. Therefore, all representatives asked the municipal party committee to distribute a copy of Yuan Fanglie's speech to each of them as evidence in black and white. The meeting between the two households was like a fire in winter, prompting Wenzhou's private economy to develop into a prairie fire.According to media records at the time, in a school-run factory affiliated to a school in Ruian, 40 to 50 of the more than 100 employees suddenly resigned after the "two households" meeting to set up a factory independently. Initially, Yuan Liefang, who took it as his own responsibility to support the state-owned economy and combat the private economy, began to escort the development of Wenzhou's private economy.A series of blows suffered by Wenzhou in history began to be re-characterized one after another. In 1984, Yuan Fanglie organized relevant departments to set up an investigation team to review the "Eight Kings" case.Finally, on March 27, 1984, Zheng Yuanzhong, the "Electrical King" who had been imprisoned for 186 days, was acquitted.Other "big kings" have also been reborn, and the development of Wenzhou's private economy has opened a new chapter. At this time, the general environment across the country is also getting warmer. "Looking forward, looking forward, the east wind is coming, and the footsteps of spring are approaching..." The self-employed and private owners in Wenzhou finally sighed, watching the clouds and seeing the moonlight. From a series of media reports in 1983, we can get a glimpse of the change of "wind direction" at that time: "Zhenan Daily" reported that "in January, 59 collectively owned enterprises in the city's second light system implemented a management contract responsibility system"; "Economic Daily" Reported, "On February 26, Jinhua and Wenzhou started LTL material container transportation business"; "People's Daily" reported, "On May 24, Wenzhou Cement Plant reversed the loss-making situation for many years, and the first month after contracting Production exceeds the sum of the previous three months." In 1983, self-employed Ye Yongguo won the title of "National Advanced Self-employed Worker" and went to Beijing to be received by party and state leaders.Ye Yongguo originally graduated from high school and set up a stall selling women's clothing in the small commodity market in the city.At first, embarrassed, he hid behind the storefront and let his mother work as a salesperson in the store.After being rated as "National Advanced Self-employed Workers", he was just in his early 20s and was elected as the vice president of Wenzhou's first self-employed workers association. Ye Yongguo's deeds marked that the self-employed who had suffered discrimination began to appear on the historical stage of Wenzhou with a positive image.This year, Wenzhou's self-employed accounted for one-tenth of the country's total, with 80,000 to 90,000 people. The next year, another Wenzhou native named Ye became a national celebrity. In May 1984, the front page of the "People's Daily" published news: Ye Wengui, a household industry professional in Cangnan Jinxiang, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, was exceptionally promoted by the government to be the deputy head of Jinxiang District.It was an astonishing pioneering work under the circumstances at that time for private owners to become serious parents. Ye Wengui, who started his official career in 1984, felt the "unbearable weight" and inadvertently "confided" to the media, thus ending his official career.After that, he plunged into the research and development of "electric cars", and finally "the hero who fell into the sand fell into the sand." Although Ye Wengui's story ended with regret, in four or five years, Ye Wengui developed a small family workshop into Wenzhou's No. 1 enterprise group and became the richest man in Cangnan. His story reflects the 1980s. A microcosm of Wenzhou's private economic development. The Ye family in Jinxiang, Cangnan is a business family. His grandfather opened Yinlou in Shanghai in his early years, and his second uncle founded the Shanghai No. 3 Bicycle Factory. The Phoenix brand bicycles that were popular across the country in the 1970s and 1980s came from the No. 3 Factory. In 1969, Ye Wengui was assigned to a remote village in Heilongjiang as an educated youth from Wenzhou. Because he is an electrician and understands technology, Ye Wengui has a long history of contacts with the local mining bureau.Ye Wengui, who has been influenced by family business ideas, found that the local mining bureau needs a lot of shovel handles for a long time, and Ye Wengui's educated youth spot has a lot of trees.So Ye Wengui and several educated youths started a spade handle factory.Before the Wenzhou educated youth returned to the city in 1978, Ye Wengui's iron handle factory market had expanded from outside the customs to inside the customs.Ye Wengui completed his first accumulation of wealth in a remote educated youth camp. After returning to his hometown, he found that the nameplate and badge workshops in Jinxiang, Cangnan have become magnificent. There are more than 700 trademark factories in a small town with a population of 80,000, with more than 10,000 employees. More than half of the school badges in the country come from Jinxiang. However, most of the aluminum plates used for badges are purchased from other places, so Ye Wengui called relatives to raise funds to form a family workshop to produce aluminum plates.In just 4 months, the investment in the aluminum plate factory was fully recovered, and by the end of the year, it had made a net profit of more than 200,000 yuan. The technical content of aluminum sheet manufacturing is low, and the barriers to entry are low. Therefore, Ye Wengui retreated bravely and invested in high-frequency heat-sealing machine factories and calendered film factories successively, all of which achieved amazing returns.After that, he created Jinxiang's first enterprise group, which can be said to be the first enterprise group in Wenzhou. In 1984, the whole country began to clear the fog of the planned economy.In this year, in the words of an article in Japan's "International Trade": "China has entered the era of real commodity economy." The "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Economic System Reform" affirmed the commodity economy (synonymous with market economy), broke through the shackles in economic construction, and officially opened the prelude to the reform of the urban economic system.The basic task of the reform proposed in it is to establish a socialist economic system with Chinese characteristics, full of vigor and vitality, and to promote the development of social productive forces. .Regarding the decision, Deng Xiaoping made this comment: "I have written a first draft of political economy, which is a political economy that combines the basic principles of Marxism with the practice of socialism in China." The strength accumulated for a long time in Wenzhou's private economy took advantage of the momentum and exploded violently. In 1984, Nan Cunhui, a cobbler in Yueqing, Wenzhou, and Hu Zhongcheng, who ran supply and marketing, founded Qiujing Switch Factory, which became the predecessor of Chint and Delixi Electric, well-known enterprises in Wenzhou in the future. At the same time, Zheng Yuanzhong, the "Electrical King" who is also from Yueqing, did not change his ambition after being released from prison.The Jingyi switch factory at that time was actually a joint-stock system in the form of cooperation, but the country did not have an official name for this economic form at that time. In the same year, Chen Min, who worked at the Wenzhou Arts and Crafts Research Institute, was not satisfied with the status quo, and had a whim, sewed five trench coats and sold them on the market, earning 100 yuan.So he began to formally set foot in the clothing industry, designing and producing blue jeans that were popular at that time. In 1986, Chen Min quit his job at the research institute and founded the Wenzhou Hualian Garment Factory, specializing in the production of men's suits.In the second year, his net worth exceeded one million, and then he created the "Golden Thimble" suit brand. In 1996, Chen Min cooperated with Zheng Yuanzhong and Wu Bangdong to establish Zhuang Ji Group, and Chen Min served as the chairman. In 1985, in the impoverished small town of Qiaodun Town, Cangnan County, a few friends who were in the beer wholesale business approached Wu Zuzong, a dentist at Qiaodun Hospital.They took a fancy to the rich and high-quality spring water in the local area and wanted to start a brewery with an investment of 350,000 yuan.Unable to get investment assistance from the state, and unable to get a loan from the bank, friends came to Wu Zuzong to raise the cost of setting up the factory. In the absence of a leader, Wu Zuzong was elected as the director of the factory.Wu Zuzong took the lead in buying shares with 5,000 yuan per share, and recruited shareholders widely. Eight farmers raised 375,000 yuan as start-up capital. The funding problem was finally resolved.According to the unwritten conventional practice, to set up a factory needs to find an affiliated unit.The joint-stock company is neither state-owned nor collectively owned, so it failed to obtain the industrial and commercial business license several times.In the end, it was the Qiaodun Industrial and Commercial Bureau who "deceived the situation" and issued a temporary business license to the brewery. Instead, breweries without affiliated units got rid of the shackles and constraints, unscrupulously and boldly promoted the separation of ownership, decision-making rights and management rights, and correctly divided the rights and business of shareholders, board of directors and factory directors on this basis.China's first formal joint-stock cooperative enterprise was born in the countryside of Cangnan County, Wenzhou. In fact, in the first two years, the development of the brewery was not smooth.It wasn’t until 1987, when Dong Chaocai, the secretary of the Wenzhou Municipal Party Committee at the time, led a team to inspect Ouhai and Cangnan, that Dong Chaocai proposed to name those “non-donkey and non-horse” enterprises: “In the past, there were joint-stock enterprises and cooperative enterprises. 'Shares' and 'cooperation' together are called 'shareholding cooperative enterprises'." Later, under Dong Chaocai's proposal, Wenzhou promulgated the "Interim Regulations on Several Issues Concerning Rural Joint-stock Cooperative Enterprises." As soon as the document came out, it undoubtedly showed that the government recognized the identity of the brewery, which immediately boosted the confidence of Wu Zuzong and others.The nature of the joint-stock cooperative system allows the brewery to enjoy the support of the government and develop rapidly. Around 1990, a share of 5,000 yuan could get a dividend of 1,000 yuan. Zhao Zhangguang, a barefoot doctor in Yueqing City, Wenzhou, witnessed the pain of hair loss patients with his own eyes, so he devoted himself to researching hair growth potions for treating hair loss.Unexpectedly, this kind of benevolence of doctors has become an entrepreneurial journey that has gone through untold hardships. In order to develop the potion for graduate students, Zhao Zhangguang became a seller and experimented on his family members. After hundreds of failures, finally around 1974, his potion "Zhangguang 101" was successfully developed. However, fate seems to be playing tricks on Zhao Zhangguang. The Health Bureau regards Zhao Zhangguang as a "fake medicine cheater" and a "quack doctor", and warns him, "Stop practicing medicine to deceive people again, otherwise it will be banned and brought to justice." After that, Zhao Zhangguang went to Wenzhou, Ningbo, Lucheng and other places to apply for medical practice, but all of them failed. In 1985, through an advertisement in "Zhejiang Daily", Zhao Zhangguang got in touch with the Yamei store in Zhengzhou City, Henan Province. After being recommended by Yamei, Zhao Zhangguang became the honorary director of Zhengzhou Guancheng Hair Loss Specialist Hospital. He opened a clinic , treating more than 13,000 hair loss patients in Zhengzhou. Later, with the help of the hospital's mediation, the Henan Provincial Science and Technology Commission presided over the convening of well-known dermatologists, professors, and pharmacology experts across the country to identify "101 hair growth is really effective". In 1986, the Institute of Alopecia was established, with Zhao Zhangguang as the director.Immediately afterwards, Zhengzhou "101" hair regeneration factory was successfully established.The reputation spread, and at the invitation of the Beijing Civil Affairs Bureau, Beijing "101" hair regeneration factory was established, with Zhao Zhangguang as the factory director. Throughout the history of Wenzhou’s private economic entrepreneurship in the 1980s, no matter Ye Wengui, Wu Zuzong or Zhao Zhangguang, they are no longer “mud legs” in the traditional sense. Entrepreneurship is completely different, and its production scale, technical content, and organizational form are all incomparable. By 1986, there were 10,413 joint-stock cooperative enterprises in the city, with an annual output value of 1.361 billion yuan and paid taxes and profits of 91.24 million yuan, accounting for 71.3%, 71.5% and 69.6% of the number of rural industrial enterprises, output value and tax revenue respectively. Economist Fei Xiaotong, who went to Wenzhou for an investigation at that time, walked around Ye Wengui's factory three times and praised: "A great new type of entrepreneur." A famous Canadian professor of electromechanics traveled thousands of miles to see Ye Wengui: I can't imagine you in rural China the strange man. At the same time, Ye Wengui's business ideas have formed a corporate management system: cultivate reserve talents, select and send employees to Tongji University and Zhejiang University for further training; set up TV classes and reading rooms within the company, and organize employees to update and upgrade their knowledge. Zhao Zhangguang’s deeds of starting a business without food and clothing broke the fixed pattern of Wenzhou’s entrepreneurship that “poverty is the driving force behind the rise of private enterprises in Wenzhou”.The "Zhangguang 101" developed by it won the highest award for personal invention - Oscar Invention Award and Product Gold Medal Award at the 16th Geneva International Exhibition of Inventions, and then successively won 11 international awards. Nan Cunhui, Hu Zhongcheng, Chen Min, Zheng Yuanzhong and others also founded enterprises in the real sense in the 1980s, which is the origin of today's famous Wenzhou enterprises Chint, Delixi, Zhuangji, etc., and is still the foundation of Wenzhou's private economy. Mainstay. In the mid-1980s, Wenzhou's economy was booming.According to the statistics at that time, 80% of the households with ten thousand yuan in Qiaotou Town, Yongjia, Wenzhou had nearly 60 bicycles per 100 rural households in Wenzhou.What's more, young people's pursuit of high-end brand bicycles has also set off a "motor fever"; farmers in Yishan, Jinxiang, Longgang, and Liushi have built new houses one after another, and modern furniture and equipment such as marble and flush toilets have become must-haves for new houses; The high-end materials and clothing such as woolen cloth and satin that I care about are widely used in people's homes; suits, dresses, parkas, and bodybuilding pants have become popular; at that time, the training fee was 1,000 yuan for the third year of junior high school, and 2,000 yuan for the third year of high school, which was astonishingly high. Many entrepreneurs still send their children to study in Shanghai and Hangzhou at any cost; the sense of the glory of getting rich has penetrated into the hearts of tens of thousands of Wenzhou people. From 1978 to 1985, the annual growth rate of Wenzhou's GDP was 13.71%, the growth rate of industrial output value was as high as 21.14%, and the growth rate of per capita national income also reached 12.97%. In particular, the rural commodity economy has developed considerably, among which the development of 133,000 household industries and joint household industries is striking, and their annual output value accounts for more than 60% of the rural industrial output value. There are 415 specialized markets in the city, and 10 of them have an annual turnover of around 80 million yuan. In 1985, the city's trade turnover was 1.06 billion yuan, accounting for 57.28% of the retail sales of social commodities. When Wenzhou's economy is booming, the attention of Wenzhou from all over the country and from all walks of life has also suddenly increased. From the end of 1983 to the beginning of the next year, People's Daily systematically organized reports and published commentary articles on the issue of rural commodity production in Wenzhou.Since then, Wenzhou has entered the field of vision of experts and scholars, and theoretical research articles on Wenzhou's economic issues have gradually increased, which has attracted the attention of the central government. 1985 was called the "Year of Wenzhou".In this year, the "Wenzhou Model" private economy became another national model after the "Southern Jiangsu Model" collective economy. On March 18 of that year, Yang Zhong, Minister of Forestry, Wu Xiang, Deputy Director of the Agricultural Development Research Center of the State Council, and Du Runsheng, who participated in the drafting of the famous five "Central No. 1 Documents", made a special trip to Wenzhou.They successively inspected Yongjia Qiaotou Button Market, Ruian Tangxia Household Industry, Yueqing Beibaixiang Village Construction, and Liushi Hardware and Electrical Appliances Market.After the inspection, they commented: "Wenzhou's commodity economy is active and distinctive." In late March, Wan Li, Vice Premier of the State Council, wanted to visit Wenzhou from Shanghai, but fell ill in Shanghai.When Yuan Fanglie learned of this, he immediately appointed Li Renxu, deputy director of the Agricultural Committee, to rush to Shanghai to report with a videotape of "Wenzhou Rural Commodity Production and Marketing Base". Wan Li was very happy after watching the video, and said to Li Renxu: "I don't see anyone here today, but you are an exception. You have come so far, and you have achieved such great results. I have watched your video, and I will not return it. I am going to Show it to Comrade Xiaoping. You go back and tell everyone to continue to work boldly. As long as there is revolution and progress, there will always be inevitable shortcomings in the work. But you have to come out. You are not allowed to go here, and you are not allowed to break in there , how can we reach the four modernizations.” In April, "People's Daily" published an article "The Mystery of Wenzhou - Notes on Interviews in the Rural Areas of Zhejiang".The reporter used a lot of space to record the achievements of Wenzhou's private economy, saying: "Wenzhou is a mystery, and many people who have been there have this feeling!" Unlike southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang, which have a relatively strong foundation of township enterprises, it is a very different model-the sudden emergence of family industries to play the leading role. The development of the cottage industry is astonishingly fast.Three or four years ago, family factories were just a few dots.Now, like the golden rapeseed flowers in the south of the Yangtze River, a large area has sprung up.In Tangxia Township, Ruian County, there are more than 1,500 ribbon looms among 3,000 farmers.In the small town of Tangxia, shops in the front and factories in the back abound, and almost every machine sounds "da, da".Although the small town is inconspicuous, more than 20 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions across the country want to order elastic bands from it.Each machine can make a net profit of 4,000 yuan a year. Among the reports on the "Wenzhou Model" that can be found in the past, this article is considered to be an early awareness article.However, due to genre constraints, the article focuses more on description than comment, and the author only touches on the Wenzhou model.Only 20 days later, the "Jiefang Daily" found the answer to "Wenzhou's Mystery", and the article condensed the answer to four words - Wenzhou Model. On May 12, the "Jiefang Daily" published a news report and a commentator's article affirming Wenzhou's private economy on the front page: The vast villages and towns in Wenzhou, located in the south of Zhejiang Province, have embarked on a new path of economic development, poverty alleviation and prosperity in recent years. The unique way of this path is the vigorous development of rural household industries and the rise of various professional markets.Compared with the Yangtze River Delta region with developed township industries, it has distinct characteristics, and is called the "Wenzhou model" by some economists. The Wenzhou model has been brought up for public discussion, and doubts have stirred up some waves. In February 1986, when it was warm and cold, Fei Xiaotong, vice chairman of the CPPCC National Committee, came to Wenzhou, determined to find out the Wenzhou model. As a result of this trip, Fei Xiaotong published a 15,000-word article "The Big Market of Small Commodities" in "Lookout", rectifying Wenzhou's name.The article wrote passionately: "Whether it is the Southern Jiangsu model, the Wenzhou model or other models created by the masses, the only criterion for evaluation should be whether it promotes the development of social productivity and whether it improves the living standards of the people. These models are widely used in China. In history and even in the history of human development, there are no teachers from ancient times..." Fei Xiaotong inspected Wenzhou three times.The second time was 8 years later.He visited urban areas, Ruian, Cangnan and other places, and wrote investigative articles on revisiting Wenzhou under the title "Family Real Estate Innovation", which were published consecutively in "Lookout" weekly magazine.In the article, he concluded: "The historical facts that are happening in Wenzhou show that the market economy can be combined with socialism to develop productive forces." In October 1998, Fei Xiaotong went to Wenzhou for the third time.During the "two sessions" of the country that year, Mayor Qian Xingzhong brought Nan Cunhui to visit Fei Xiaotong.Qian Xingzhong introduced the changes in Wenzhou. Fei Xiaotong was very happy and said that he would write another article reflecting Wenzhou's economic and social development, and the title "Building a Wharf to Breakthrough the World" was finalized on the spot. Fei Xiaotong, known as the "Godfather of the Wenzhou Model", made an investigation, which not only brought support from the government and all walks of life to the development of Wenzhou's private economy, but also enabled people to enjoy various benefits brought by the Wenzhou Model for free, and made the Wenzhou Model There is an opportunity to model the country and become famous all over the world. In October 1985, Wenzhou products were sold in Beijing, and more than 60,000 customers visited.The well-known authentic seafood, local snacks, a series of matching "Qingdiao" milk products, evenly tough "Longshan" Songhua eggs, delicious and mellow nectar soy sauce, fragrant "Old Jiuhan" wine, and cheap and high-quality High Wenzhou shoes are welcomed by people in the capital.During the exhibition period, there was a lot of water in front of the counters.On the day after the end of the exhibition, in 8 days, the retail sales reached 1 million yuan, and the batch volume reached 7 million yuan. It is in this kind of fame that Wenzhou people are more motivated to "dare to be the first" and their desire for wealth is more inflated. The era of restless outbreaks is the era when the pursuit of wealth and showing off reached its peak.There are many people with seven or eight gold rings in both hands.But this is nothing at all, because there are Wenzhou people who have done better.There, when a person of style treats guests, they must serve two soups. A small boat made of hundred dollar bills floats in a large seafood bowl, which means "smooth sailing", and a small bowl floats in another large seafood bowl. Ten imported watches are regularly placed on it, and each person present has one watch, which is to "show your heart". The "speed of life and death" of development and the almost deformed view of wealth laid the groundwork for the changes in Wenzhou in the next few years. In the financial catastrophe in 1986, Wenzhou goods were burned to ruin, and Liushi suffered a sudden turmoil... Specifically, Zhao Zhangguang encountered a trademark crisis, and Nan Cunhui and Hu Chengzhong of Qiujing Switch Factory experienced the "itch of cooperation" "... All of them explain: haste makes waste, and loss of control leads to forgetfulness.